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In this study, it is aimed to evaluate whether the relationship between religion and morality is a necessary one. First of all, the existence of a logical relationship between religion and morality in terms of cause-effect relationship is discussed. In this context, based on the proposition "If a person believes in religion A, that person will be moral (within the framework of the moral teachings of that religion)", the validity of the hypothetical syllogism to be created using this proposition has been examined. Thus, it has been demonstrated how vitally important being morality is, especially in terms of monotheistic religions, when it is handled not at the level of behavior but at the level of personality. The basics of morality are briefly mentioned, and "duty" or "intention" and "benefit" or "result", which can be considered as the most basic concepts of a moral teaching, are examined in terms of duty ethics and utilitarianism, and how these concepts should be understood in the context of religion-moral relationship has been examined. The negative consequences that may arise from the displacement or ambiguity of concepts such as purpose and result in a moral system have been analyzed and examples related to the subject have been given. Then, it is discussed with examples whether the same problems exist within the framework of religion-morality relationship. As a result, it is mentioned that the basic building blocks of religion-based moral systems are concepts, as in all moral systems, and it is pointed out that different interpretations of these concepts pose a great threat to the moral system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Andalusia, significant studies in the field of hadith were conducted. Competent hadith scholars were raised, leaving substantial works on the science of the hadith behind. One of these is al-Qurtubī's work. He compiled a seven-volume book on Sahīh Muslim. His commentary on Sahīh Muslim, in particular, provides a wide spectrum of commentary content. To understand the hadiths, he went to all of the sources, analyzed the hadiths holistically, and drew on other disciplines. Subsequent authors referred to his commentary and methods in the field of "ikhtilaf al-hadith". Al-Qurtubī's work contains a lot of information about the commenting approach. He attempts to clear up the ambiguities in the hadiths in the commentary. He employs Qur'anic verses, hadiths, and poems as needed to explain the subject. He goes down to the sources before him to describe the hadiths in depth. In this article, after briefly discussing the history of Andalusia and the author's biography, I will deal with the approach of the commentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in the Japanese appreciation of nature in environmental philosophy. However, numerous studies on the subject put forward several ambiguities and contradictions about the Japanese conception of nature. This article aims to investigate these ambiguities and contradictions by considering the Japanese word shizen as an "untranslatable". In philosophy, the investigation of the meaning of an untranslatable term includes determining its polysemy in the source language and clarifying the difficulties when the term is translated into another language. To this aim the article examines the semantic differences between shizen and nature, the conceptual difficulties in defining a particularly Japanese conception of nature, and the semantic history of the term shizen. Such an examination reveals not only the significance of the polysemy of shizen in the discussions on the Japanese perception of nature but also how different meanings of the term nature intermingle in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to reveal whether the excess workload plays a moderator role in the relationship between the role ambiguity of the employees and their perceptions of work alienation. For this purpose, the data obtained through questionnaires from 312 people working in universities, banks, health institutions and different institutions that produce security services operating in Ankara were analyzed. The scales used in the first works in the analyzes are exact analytic factor analysis as AMOS and can be simply redesigned to be able to play a simple analysis game to predict the choice among the choices and test the possible outcomes to be solved. Regression analysis based on Bootstrap was performed with the software. As a result of the findings, it was revealed that the role ambiguity perceptions of the employees affected the level of work alienation significantly and positively, and the perception of overwork had a moderating effect on the relationship between role ambiguity and work alienation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the phenomenon of uncertainty (ambiguity) is discussed in terms of the purposes of religious education. The relevant literature was examined according to the document analysis method. The study aimed to make a discussion that can help to develop a perspective to balance the protection from the harms of ambiguity and benefiting from its advantages in religious education. The study's conclusions and recommendations are as follows: (1) One of the main purposes of religious education should be "to contribute to the ability of individuals to live in harmony with uncertainties". 2) Considering the basic aims of religious education, the approach of religious education to uncertainties should be positioned somewhere between modernity and postmodernity. 3) It is expected that the discipline of religious education will discuss the theories, methods, and approaches that will "develop the ability to live with ambiguities" and produce literature to guide the religious education processes. 4) In religious education, the habit of living in harmony with uncertainty should be given to the learners, gradually and measuredly, starting from the first stages. (5) Based on the idea that is preparing for the future lies in the sense of being ready for uncertain situations, competencies, and acquisitions aiming more specifically at living with uncertain situations should be included in both pre-graduate and undergraduate and graduate programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructive leadership behaviors have been the primary focus of the organizational behavior field, while destructive leadership behavior, although quite common in business life, has received less attention. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of role ambiguity in the relationship of laissez-faire leadership with interpersonal conflict and work alienation, based on role stress theory. The results of this cross-sectional study using a sample of 368 municipal employees from the Central Anatolia Region showed that laissez-faire leadership was positively associated with role ambiguity, work alienation, and conflict with co-workers. According to the results of the mediation analysis, role ambiguity mediated the positive relationship between laissez-faire leadership and co-worker conflict, while role ambiguity did not mediate the relationship between laissez-faire leadership and job alienation. Implications for theory and practice as well as directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the discussions about the origin of the work called Ümmü'l- Kitâb, which is claimed to belong to the early period. Our aim is to reveal the findings of the researchers who have worked on this work and to offer a solution proposal on who this work may belong to. The fact that each researcher comes to a different conclusion shows how difficult it is to determine the belonging of Umm al-Kitab. One reason for this is that until the 19th century, when Umm al-Kitab was found, there was neither a reference to this work nor any information mentioning it. The other reason is that Umm al-Kitab does not present a wholeness in terms of content. In order to reveal the origin and the period in which it was written, there is no other way but to express an opinion within the framework of the information conveyed to us in the book. In the article, after the different conclusions reached by the researchers regarding the origin of Umm al-Kitâb were analyzed, our opinion on this issue has been expressed. However, despite all the ambiguity, the Gnostic character of Umm al-Kitab and its relationship with the Extremist Shia should not be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their rule in Egypt and Syria (1250-1517), the Mamluks showed ambiguity in their attitudes towards the sultanate regarding the rules of succession and the power base of the ruler. This uncertainty has led to various ideas about the nature of the Mamluk State in scientific studies on Mamluk History. It is generally implied that the principle of succession was adopted to varying degrees in the Mamluk State, but that it was weak during the Bahri period and completely abandoned during the Circassian period. However, it was stated that the Mamluks wanted to establish an inheritance system, but it was emphasized that it often failed as a result of its conflict with the Mamluk system. In this study, although it is pointed out that there are dynastic system tendencies in the Mamluk State from time to time, it will be emphasized that the heirship was not applied as a system mostly, and that the Mamluk sultans remained in the "primus inter pares" rank alongside distinguished emirs rather than an absolute ruler. In this study, it will be tried to make a general inference by showing what kind of sultanate understanding was adopted in the Mamluk State through historical examples rather than a limited date range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minority is one of the two important concepts in international law that have not been definitively defined yet. Very few countries have homogeneous population in ethnic, religious and/or religious terms. Minority law, despite the ambiguity of the universal definition, is a branch that has been around for centuries. If we take the law of minorities as a relationship of states with minorities on their land, we can go back to the earliest milestone. However, it is a broad consensus that the law of minorities, in modern history, began to evolve with the 1648 Westphalia Treaty, unless some early examples, such as the 1598 Treaty of Nantes, envisioning France's revenge on protestants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the mediator effect of alienation between its antecedents and organizational commitment. The data obtained from 399 employees, who work in Ankara, and analysed with quantitative research methods. By analyzing the data, a strong positive relationship has been found between role ambiguity and organizational alienation according to the results of the analysis conducted to determine the relationship between those variables. Besides, democratic leadership behaviors have a significant effect on both organizational alienation and organizational commitment. Additionally, organizational alienation has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between democratic leadership, which is one of the antecedents of alienation, and organizational commitment. Similarly, there is the partial mediation effect of organizational alienation in the relationship between role uncertainty and organizational commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutions that provide health services have matrix organization structures and teamwork is needed in these structures to provide uninterrupted, high quality and effective health services where teamwork is intense, employees sometimes experience uncertainties and conflicts between their roles. This situation can negatively affect the commitment of healthcare workers to the organization. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict and organizational commitment of employees in a 407 healthcare workers public hospital. Administrative personnel, data were obtained from 198 employees with confidence interval of 95% using random sampling method. According to the results of the hypothesis tests, the hypotheses were partially accepted between role ambiguity and organizational commitment in terms of age, gender, educational status, time spent in the institution, time spent in working life, service class; hypotheses between role conflict and organizational commitment in terms of age, gender, marital status, education, time spent in working life service class were partially accepted. As a result of the correlation analysis between variables; negative relationship between role ambiguity and organizational commitment in emotional and normative commitment dimensions; It has been determined that there is negative relationship in all dimensions of role conflict and organizational commitment. In order to minimize the role ambiguity and role conflicts of employees, intra-organizational communication should be strengthened, work flows should be rescheduled, excessive duties and responsibilities on employees should be reduced. In addition,employees should be identified with the organization, employees requests should be evaluated periodically and their opinions should be given importance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop an interactive probabilistic approach that asks small number of questions to the decision maker for multi-criteria sorting problems. Alternatives are assigned to categories by the decision maker through iterations. The assignment probabilities of alternatives are calculated by collecting information from the mathematical models that are solved to determine the possible categories of alternatives. Relative entropy is used to measure the assignment ambiguities of alternatives and the one with the highest uncertainty is asked the decision maker. Alternatives with a certain level of assignment uncertainty are probabilistically assigned to categories. The aim here is to minimize misclassifications by not allowing probabilistic assignments without getting sufficient assignment information from the decision maker. Although several interactive approaches are suggested in literature, there is only one study that classifies the alternatives according to their assignment probabilities. Our approach is tested against it on the energy trilemma index data published annually by the World Energy Council to evaluate the energy performance of countries. Experiments on the problem, in which 128 countries are evaluated on four criteria and assigned to four categories, show that the proposed approach is successful in reducing the cognitive burden of the decision maker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu makalenin temel amacı, Allah'ı bilmenin imkânı ve O'nun hakkında konuşmanın sınırlarını dile getirmeye çalışan alternatif bir yaklaşımı ortaya koymaktır. Düşünce tarihi içerisinde Tanrı hakkında dile getirilen ve birbirinden farklı unsurlara işaret eden pek çok anlayış bulunmaktadır. Metafizik boyutu ilgilendiren hususların dilin sınırları çerçevesinde ifade edilmesindeki zorluk, bu yaklaşımların büyük oranda eksiklikler taşımasına neden olmuştur. Ancak anlama ve ifade etme faaliyetlerinde, bütün alternatiflerin dikkate alınması elzem görünmektedir. Böylece, herhangi bir ifadede karşılaşılan sorunlar, bir diğerinin vasıtasıyla kısmen de olsa giderilebilir. Kimi çağdaş düşünürlerin belirttiği gibi, İslam düşünce geleneği zengin birikimiyle, salt ibarelerin bir tekrarı olmanın ötesine geçirilebildiği ve ilham verici yönleri ön plana çıkarıldığı zaman çağdaş dönemdeki anlamlandırmalara ciddi katkılar yapma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Yine de özellikle böyle bir konuda her sorunun çözülmesinin bir garantisinin bulunmadığını belirtmek gerekir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın ilk aşamasında İslam düşünce ekolleri içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan ve irfan geleneğinin temsilcilerinden biri olarak kabul edilen Molla Sadrâ'nın görüşleri üzerine odaklanılmış ve onun ontolojik yaklaşımlarının çerçevesi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Böyle bir temellendirmenin gerekçesi, ontoloji ile epistemoloji arasındaki derin ilişkinin vurgulanması ve Sadrâ'nın bu konudaki hassasiyetinin ve üslubundaki maharetin tespit edilmesidir. Varlığı asıl kabul eden ve bütün sistemini bu düşünce üzerine konumlandıran Sadrâ'nın bu sürecin sonunda ulaştığı nihai gerçek, Allah hakkında tenzihî bir dilin kullanılmasının zorunlu olduğu ifadesidir. Bu noktada onun kendisinden önceki dönemlerde böyle bir dili kullanan düşünürlerden ciddi bir şekilde etkilenmekle birlikte, özgün olarak nitelendirilebilecek yanlarıyla dikkat çekici bir düşünür olduğu gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ö zellikle onun felsefe, kelam ve tasavvufun tartıştığı konuların kesişim noktasında yer alması ve ahenkli bir yapı inşa etme gayreti büyük bir önem arz etmektedir. Dolayısıyla çalışmanın ilk başlığı Sadrâ'nın tenzihî dilinin dayanaklarını ve çerçevesini içermektedir. Ö zellikle teşbihî dilin doğurduğu sorunların kapsamlı bir şekilde dile getirilmesi ve temsilî dilde aşırıya kaçmanın hakikati yansıtmaktan uzaklaşmaya yaptığı etkiye dair eleştirileri dikkate değer görünmektedir. Ardından, insanların varlık alanına girişlerinden tekrar Gerçek Varlığa dönüşlerine kadar geçirdikleri bilişsel süreç irdelenmiştir. Böylece Sadrâ'nın varlık anlayışı ile bilgi anlayışı arasındaki bağ daha açık bir şekilde ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış; varlıktaki ve insani boyuttaki hiyerarşik yapılanmaya dair söylemleri üzerinde durulmuştur. The main purpose of this article is to put forward an alternative approach that tries to express the possibility of knowing Allah and the limits of talking about him. In the history of thought, there are many ideas expressed about God that point to different elements. The difficulty in expressing issues related to the metaphysical dimension within the boundaries of language has caused these approaches to be largely incomplete. However, it seems essential to consider all alternatives in comprehension and expression activities. Thus, the deficiencies encountered in any statement can be partially corrected by the means of another. As some contemporary thinkers have noted, the İslamic tradition of thought, with its rich experience, has the potential to make serious contributions to meaning in the modern era, when it can go beyond simply repeating phrases and its inspirational aspects are brought to the fore. However, it should be noted that there is no guarantee that every problem will be solved, especially in such a matter. İn this context, at the first stage of the study, the views of Mullah Sadra, who has an important place in İslamic thought schools and who is accepted as one of the representatives of the tradition of knowledge, were focused on and the framework of his ontological approaches were tried to be determined. The rationale for such a justification is to emphasize the deep relationship between ontology and epistemology and to determine the sensitivity and skill of Sadra on this issue. The ultimate truth that Sadra, who accepts existence and positions his entire system on this thought, reached at the end of this process, is the statement that the use of an apophatic language about Allah is mandatory. At this point, it was tried to show that although he was seriously influenced by the thinkers who used such a language in the previous periods, he was a remarkable thinker with his unique aspects. İt has great importance that he is located at the intersection of the topics discussed especially by philosophy, theology and Sufism, and his effort to build a harmonious structure. Therefore, the first title of the work includes the foundations and framework of Sadra's apophatic language. Particularly, his criticisms of the comprehensive articulation of the problems caused by the simile language and the effect of excessive exaggeration in the representational language on moving away from reflecting the truth seem noteworthy. Then, the cognitive process that people go through from their entry into the realm of being to their return to the real being is examined. Thus, the connection between Sadra's understanding of existence and understanding of knowledge was tried to be put forward more clearly, in other words his discourses on the hierarchical structuring in existence and human dimension are emphasized. İt is possible to understand this hierarchy as a tightly linked chain that reflects divine wisdom. Although Sadra argues that apophatic language is finite, he is aware that one cannot remain completely silent about Allah. For this reason, in the third stage of the study, the opinions of Sadra about the bases such as text (nass), wisdom, science and unveiling (muqâshafah) on which people can utilize while talking about Allah are discussed. İn this respect, his thoughts can be seen as an important alternative for approaches that both completely ignore the hierarchy of existence and deny the special position of the human being in the world, and ignore the ties that facilitate a better understanding of the relationship between beings. İn the last part, how the representative language that people necessarily use can be used is examined in the context of the approaches expressed by Sadra. İn this way, in the last two stages, it was attempted to show how the existence and knowledge focused on the first two stages affect the boundaries of discourse. Throughout the study, the works of Sadra, especially Esfar, were taken as a central reference and in order to make more in-depth analysis of some subjects, it was tried to benefit from the sources that have increased in number and published in Turkish in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of cooperation between the police and private security tried to carry out in Turkey on the role ambiguity and role conflict perception of private security officers. The research was designed as "random pattern with pretestposttest control group" which is one of the experimental research methods. The full count sample was used in the study conducted with the participation of private security officers working in Kütahya. The questionnaire form including role conflict and role ambiguity scale developed by Rizzo, House and Lirtzman (1970) was used as a data collection tool in the study. As a result of the analysis of the research data collected in three stages, it was determined that there was no difference occurred in the role ambiguity and role conflict levels of the private security officers working in the scope of the Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a unique task-related stressor, illegitimate tasks (ILT) is a recently developed concept in organizational behavior. A task is legitimate to the extent that it complies with professional norms that occur within reasonable expectations, and considered illegitimate as it violates these norms. Employees, forced to perform such tasks, begin to experience role conflict and ambiguity. Although it has important consequences for the employee and the organization, ILT concept has not been adequately examined yet, therefore its theoretical and empirical contribution to the field has not been fully understood. This study aims to examine and discuss ILT in a comprehensive manner through systematic literature review. The findings reveal that ILT research carries a great potential in explaining the relational and psychological dimensions of the employee-task interaction in work-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study isn‟t to create a mixture of concepts. This study has very clear purpose: To examine Kirkpatrick model as an attempt to eliminate ambiguity by considering evaluation of training and development activities in the context of falsifiability. In the evaluation phase of education investment, inability to calculate success training provided makes training and development activities very ambiguous area. However, modern organization claims to be based on rationality. This basis points to calculability, predictability and foresight. In short, rationality is characteristic that requires keeping distance from "unfalsifiable" facts and situations for modern organization. In this study, contradictory situation training and development activities in modern organization as "unfalsifiable" area is discussed and Kirkpatrick model, which is one of attempts to overcome this ambiguity, is discussed in axis falsifiability concept. As a result, it has been concluded that Kirkpatrick model can be applied to ambiguity evaluation phase training in modern organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In worklife, organizational based self esteem levels of individuals affect their productivity significantly. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of organizational based self esteem concept on the concepts of role ambiguity and job performance. In this study the data collected by the method of questionnaire from white-colar employees working in corporate companies using organizational based self esteem, role ambiguity and job performance scales. It is identified that higher levels of organizational self esteem leads to lower ambiguity of roles and higher job performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace victimization has been an important phenomenon because it effects organizational performance (ex: employee absenteeism, increasing employee turnover) and personal performance (ex: appearance of workplace violence, stress) negatively. "Role conflict" appears when chain of command principle and unity of command principle are violated in an organization. When the employee doesn't know how he/she will perform his/her duties according to his/her position and what should be done in that position, "role ambiguity" appears. These are the problems which can arise about employee's role in the organization. Negative affect can be defined as one's having negative mood and it can effect personel and organizational performance negatively. Although there are researches which investigate reasons or resources of workplace victimization in literature, a research which focuses on the relationship of "role conflict and ambiguity" and "workplace victimization"and searches the moderating role of "negative affect" on the effect of "role conflict and ambiguity" on "workplace victimization" couldn't be reached which can be characterized as the importance of this research. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of role ambiguity and role conflict on workplace victimization and determine the moderating role of negative affect on this effect. For this purpose a research is made on 137 bank employee which were chosen by convenience sampling. Data is collected by questionnaires and according to the aim of the study hierarchical regression analysis is done. It is found that negative affect has an independent variable and partial moderating variable role on the effect of role conflict and role ambiguity on workplace victimization. This finding can show that "role conflict and ambiguity" may not be one of the reasons of "workplace victimization" whereas "negative affect"as an independent variable may be. This finding (negative affect is one of the reasons of workplace victimization) runs in with the emprical researches in the present literature by struggling them. Also this study can be a start point for evaluating the moderating role of negative affect on the effect of role ambiguity and role conflict on workplace victimization in larger samples by demonstrating a finding which has a theoretical background by this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 198/1 of the TCC provides an obligation to notify limited liability companies of any shareholding in the company reaching or dropping below certain thresholds, and register such shareholding with the trade registry and publish it in the trade registry gazette. This provision constitutes the broadest exception requiring the registry and publication of changes in shareholding in joint stock companies. The most important consequence of the breach of such notification obligation is suspension of all rights attached to relevant shares. It is controversial whether such sanction is proportionate, considering interests protected by the provision. It is also difficult to conclude that Article 198/1 is completely successful in providing necessary clarity on the scope of the said obligation which have such severe consequences. In particular, ambiguities regarding those subject to the notification obligation and the addressee of the notification make it difficult for undertakings to determine whether the notification obligation has arisen. This article, therefore, aims to examine the conditions, scope and legal consequences of the notification obligation set forth in Article 198 TCC, by presenting controversial points, criticisms and suggestions in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the impact of role ambiguity and role conflict which emerge from job design on thriving levels of employees. Based on job demands-resources theory and socially embedded model of thriving at work, a research model was established and tested with data collected from 393 participants by using structural equation modelling. The results show while there is strong evidence that role ambiguity influence both dimensions of thriving at work, role conflict was found to have a significant effect only on vitality. The results support the hypothesis that role ambiguity impedes employee psychological health and hampers employee concentration on tasks, and in turn decrease vitality and learning. Whereas, role conflict has implications for affective processes, however, it may have positively contribute for cognitive processes -needs further evidence-. As a result, this study contributes to thriving at work in Turkish literature, supporting job demandsresources model and socially embedded model thriving at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic ambiguity is considered as a communication tactic involving ambiguous messages that trigger to emergence of different opinions and interpretations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate strategic ambiguity as a communication tactic within the dynamics of the public sector. As a result of the stakeholder diversity of organizations operating in the public sector is greater than those operating in the private sector, necessity to balance multiple competing interests of stakeholders can be met by the use of strategic ambiguity as a communication tactic. On the other hand, public sector dynamics such as impartiality, equality, accountability, transparency cause strategic ambiguity to be questioned as a communication tactic. This study contributes to the literature by assessing strategic ambiguity among these dilemmas. The fact that it has not been examined in the national literature, especially in relation to public sector, has triggered to emergence of new research questions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this stduy is to examine the relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict, organisational cynicism and perceived performance. 233 people from two different public universities located in İstanbul and Ankara participated in this study. Of those, 56% were female and 44% were male, whose ages ranged between 23 and 38. A number of scales, such as Brandes's (1997) Organisational cynicism scale, Rizzo et.al.'s (1970) Role ambiguity and Role conflict scales, Sigler and Pearson's (2000) Perceived performance scale were employed in this study. The internal consistency reliabilities of the scales were between 0,76 and 0,91. It was found that after controlling relevant variables, each role perception variable and workplace's cynicism contributed significantly to organisational cynicism. Additionally it was found that there is significant relationship between role perceptions, organisational cynicism and perceived performance. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of institutions and organizations, in addition to many others, depends on the success of their management. It is important for managers at all levels of an organization to fully understand their roles. In this sense, deans, who are responsible for the management of their respective schools, should play the roles that are expected of them properly and be satisfied with the management roles that they execute. Although there are multiple studies that focus on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction, the number of studies that handle the situation from the perspective of academic staff is limited. This study, in order to fill the gap in the literature, aims to put forward the relationship between the role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction of the deans of all faculties of communication in Turkey. The survey, which was created with the aforementioned goal, was applied to the deans of faculty of communication in Turkey. This study shows that role conflict doesn't have a direct effect on job satisfaction and that there is a negative but significant relationship between role ambiguity and job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harold Pinter sets his plays in contemporary society, embellishes them with realistic settings and natural dialogue. The realism of the presentation serves as a deception, masking the absurdity underlying modern existence. Consequently, his characters use various strategies to cover up the loss of identity in the absurd world, the most prominent of which is the assertion of power that allows the temporary sense of meaning. "Old Times" (1970) is no exception from the pattern. The whole motion of the play depends upon the vigor of the power contest among its characters - Kate, Deeley and Anna, as well as Kate's final triumph over the two. As a result, the paper argues that "Old Times" serves as a model of power structure, in which characters attempt to dominate each other in order to counter the uncertainty, insecurity and loneliness arising from the absurdity of human condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to determine burnout of academics, to investigate effects of role ambiguity, role conflict and social support on burnout and to analyze level of burnout in terms of some demographic variables. In this research done on 417 academics working in public and foundation universities in Istanbul and whose data collected by survey method, the relationship between variables and interactions found out with regression analyze. At the end of the research, it was determined that the role ambiguity, role conflict and social support correlated with burnout and all dimensions, these variables affected burnout and there were significant relationships/differences between some demographic variables and level of burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a kind of communication established between the poet and the addressee (the reader) through aesthetic function of the language of poetry. The strength of such communication relates to understandability of poems. Difficulty in grasping the meaning preferred by the poet or incomprehension by the reader is called ambiguity in poetry. This case is taken as a significant criterion in literary criticism; however, it is occasionally considered as a linguistic defect. The term ambiguity, which hinders communication between the poet/poem and the reader is called ta'ķįd and ibhām in rhetoric (belagat); and ambiguity in the Western rhetoric, linguistics and the contemporary criticism. In this paper, firstly, the terms ta'kîd, ibhâm and ambiguity are discussed, the equivalent of obscurity described in relation to rhetoric (belagat), fluency (fesahat), semantics, stylistics and literary criticism in sources. The next part of the paper mentions certain views about whether ambiguity is a linguistic defect in terms of the literary value of a given work or the poet's style. The third part includes a discussion of obscurity, a remarkable feature of sebk-i Hindî (Indian style), traced back to the 17th century in the Persian, Indian and Turkish literature. Finally, cases that lead to obscurity in an ode (gazel) by Fehîm-i Kadîm (died in 1647), a leading figure in sebk-i Hindî in Turkish literature, are discussed with explanations and comments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akif's poetry, besides having a genuine/wise style and along with the acknowledgment of its achievement in displaying, describing and analyzing the social disruption and problems, was underestimated by many poets especially in the early years of his death since his poetry was considered to be simple, too close to prose and too clear. The style, esthetic understanding and technique of the poet, as well as his subjects, were significant and decisive in this underestimation. However, Âkif was a poet who attained his major achievement based on these elements criticized and he also realized what he aimed at. In the framework of the discussions about “implicit poetry, pure poetry, obscurity and ambiguity in poetry, damages of prose elements to poetry”, this paper aims to shed light on the clarity of Akif's poetry. In the title of this paper, the word “clarity”, instead of “radiance” (or splendidness), is preferred consciously. While radiance sometimes refers to delicacy, fragility, splendor, and sometimes being esthetical, “clarity”, on the other hand, includes sincerity, modesty and renunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular uprising that started in Syria on March 2011 has not come to an end despite the fact that it started more than 1,5 years. While the extension of the conflict makes the change in Syria harder, it also increases the cost to be caused by the change. One of the most important problems on Syrian problem is the ambiguity regarding what kind of socio-political structure will emerge after the Baas regime. This study strives to find an answer to the aforesaid question, and it tries to make a prediction regarding the "post-Assad Syria". The aforesaid prediction will be based on the Lebanon and post-2003 Iraq examples which have similar social structures with Syria and ruled by the weak central authority. The main argument of the paper is the possibility that in case of a sudden regime change in Syria, it might be worse than the current situation and that it might not generate democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study 20 sentences in German language including the word "wie" were given to undergraduate students of Faculty of Education German language Teaching Department at Trakya University for the academic years 20120-2011. The students were asked to translate the sentences into Turkish and to disambiguate the word "wie". The study aims to determine the competence level of the students about disambiguating the meaning of the word "wie" and transforming it into Turkish accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of information literacy has long been debated in the literature. Because it means lots of things to lots of people, there has been a disagreement over the concept. There are numerous definitions of information literacy and the concept is still evolving. Consequenlty, the result has been ambiguity concerning information literacy. The aim of this article is to clarify the main components of the concept throught an analysis of its various definitions, models, and standards, as well as other literacy concepts which are closely linked to information literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between political attitudes and authoritarianism, intolerance of ambiguity, submissive act and complexity of political thinking among university students. In other words three groups of students, namely, extreme right, extreme left and politically moderates were compared in terms of their authoritarianism, intolerance of ambiguity, submissive acts and complexity of political thinking. In the framework of this objective, hypotheses developed in accordance with the idea of the authoritarian right and the ideologue hypotheses were tested. The ideologue hypothesis indicates that if there is right wing authoritarianism there might also be a left wing authoritarianism as well. According to the intergroup comparisons extreme left oriented students were higher than the moderate and extreme right oriented students in the complexity of political thinking and in the level of political thinking. When the groups are compared in terms of authoritarianism, the extreme right group was the highest. The level of authoritarianism in the moderate group was significantly higher than what it was in the extreme left. Furthermore, boys were more authoritarian than the girls. When compared with the extreme left and moderates the extreme right oriented students, were more intolerant of ambiguity. However moderate and extreme left oriented students didn't differ significantly in intolerance of ambiguity. Extreme right oriented group was more submissive acting than the extreme left group. The moderates on the other hand did not differ significantly from extreme right and extreme left in terms of submissive acting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study firstly, the relationship between risk and risk management was investigated by examining concepts such as probability, ambiguity and decision making. The development of risk management in the USA in the 1950s aimed the protection of people and goods with minimum loss. Such management techniques intended to minimize losses with lowest cost while protecting an organization's profit making power by planning, organization, management and control of necessary resources and activities. Afterwards the processes of risk management such as identification, evaluation and assessment of the risk, alternative risk correction devices, selected alternatives, evaluation and control were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article is evaluated the philosophical thought that translated from Grek Culture to İslamic Culture by translations, its establisment in language of Arabic and its philosophical language in the model of al-Farab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]