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In recent times, when environmental pollution has increased and climate change has accelerated, the impact of these changes and transformations on social life and welfare levels has become undeniable. This study aims to understand the determinants of green social policy. This new concept emerged in the context of social policy and the environment in conditions where the effects of environmental destruction on sustainable development are increasingly visible. In this stud, The importance of sustainable development in terms of the climate crisis, the place of social justice and ecological justice approach in social policy discussions, and discussions in the national and international literature on environmental ethics in sustainable development are included. This article is a compilation study prepared with the contribution of rich national and international literature to increase the visibility of “green social policy”, a relatively new concept in the literature and offers a unique perspective on sustainable development and social justice in the climate crisis. One of the main inferences of the study is that poverty and environmental problems take place in a nurturing cycle, that the policies to be developed are sustainable and that it is inevitable to move to a “green” understanding in the field of social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, it is aimed to determine under the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis whether the newly industrialized countries, which need high output in order to gain competitive advantage, provide their economic development by considering environmental policies. For this purpose, the hypothesis was tested with panel data analysis for the years 1980-2021. In the study, CADF unit root, Westerlund cointegration and Augmented Mean Group Estimator (AMG) tests were used. According to the obtained findings, although it is observed that there is a long-term relationship between the variables, it has been determined that the increase in per capita income in Brazil and Turkey reduces carbon emissions. In Mexico and the Philippines, it has been observed that increases in income and per capita income, respectively, increase carbon dioxide emissions. Although there is no statistical significance in terms of income per capita for the panel in general within the scope of newly industrialized countries that have not yet completed their development, it has been determined that increases in income used as a control variable increase CO2 emissions. The results show that the environmental Kuznets curve, which states that increases in per capita income first increase environmental pollution and then decrease it, is valid only in Brazil and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of foreign direct investment inflows on renewable (clean) and fossil energy consumption in Turkey during the period 1970-2020. For this purpose, the long-term relationship between the series are analyzed with the Engle-Granger cointegration approach and the hidden cointegration approach of Granger and Yoon (2002) which considers shocks on the positive and negative components of the series by separating. Empirical findings show that foreign direct investment inflows do not have a significant effect on both renewable energy consumption and the positive and negative components of renewable energy consumption in the examined period in Turkey. On the other hand, foreign direct investment inflows have a significant and positive effect on fossil fuel consumption in the long run. These findings reveal that foreign direct investments to Turkey increase carbon-based fossil fuel consumption instead of supporting clean energy consumption. Therefore, it is of great importance to simultaneously include foreign direct investment inflows that will support clean/renewable energy consumption in economic and environmental policies in order to achieve sustainable environmental goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 both triggered the organization of environmental management in many countries and brought about the formation of an understanding of environmental protection on a national and international scale. Similarly, the Conference has been a starting point in terms of institutionalizing environmental management, creating legislation, and developing environmental policy practice in Turkey. When the institutional structure is examined, a process comes to the fore in which the central government is the main actor in terms of institutional, legal, and representation. Parallel to this, when the environmental protection perspective of the environmental management organization in question is considered, an understanding that prioritizes economic development draws attention. The main argument of this paper is that environmental management has a institutionally centralized, practically developmentalist nature that displays a continuity. In order to illuminate the centralist and developmentalist continuity, this process which started in 1973, is handled over a period of 50 years and changes in the institutional structure of environmental management are discussed. Afterwards, the legal sources that support environmental policies and the institutional structures are discussed, and their positioning on the axis of protection-development is debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruşen Keleş takes active roles in many different institutions at a local, national, regional and international scale, making important contributions to the field of urbanization not only academically but also practically. In addition, Keleş has made significant contributions to the fight against real problems in the field of urban policy, urban planning, local governments and environmental policies, both at national and international level. The most important of these is the contributions and experiences of our Professor Ruşen Keleş as an independent expert in the Council of Europe for many years. This article aims to discuss the important steps taken by the Council of Europe to strengthen local democracy and local autonomy, with an interview where Ruşen Keleş shares his experiences. In addition, before moving on to Keleş's experiences at the Council of Europe, some of his other non-university experiences will be briefly included in the light of the interview. This interview based on the experiences of Ruşen Keleş also provides a picture of the institutions that left their mark on the practices of urbanization and environmental problems of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TThe global economy is highly dependent on oil due to its densely use as a primary energy source. For this reason, changes in oil prices can affect countries through many economic and environmental channels. Based on this motivation, in this study, the relations between oil prices, oil consumption and environmental degradation are investigated with Hatemi-J (2012) asymmetric causality analysis, which takes into account positive and negative shocks, in Turkey in the 1987-2020 periods. Empirical findings show that there are causal relationships between oil prices, oil consumption and environmental degradation in Turkey differs according to positive and negative shocks. According to this; negative shocks in oil consumption and positive shocks in oil prices cause positive shocks in environmental degradation, negative shocks in environmental degradation cause positive shocks in oil consumption and negative shocks in oil prices cause negative shocks in environmental degradation. Although there is no causal relationship between oil prices and oil consumption, environmental degradation is associated with both oil prices and oil consumption. These findings reveal that oil should be considered as an important component in environmental improvement policies in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change which has showing its effects more severely both on a global and national scale requires global and national measures to be taken. In that means, European Green Deal (EGD) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are thought that they are like qualified climate change mitigation appeal which attract attention. For his reason, it is very important for future policies to examine these two climate change mitigation calls in detail and to internalize what can be done in this framework. About this, advisories, implementations, and precautions which are assimilated by individuals and sectors are going to be the most important steps in terms of the target of climate change mitigation. Within this scope, energy, economy, land use, soil management and agricultural implementations regarding what can be done in the direction of EGD and SDGs are mentioned in this review, and Turkey's current situation and applicable strategy and methods with just transition are examined in detail. Research which is investigated in the study show that SDGs and EGD in terms of Turkey can achieve common goals with supporting R&D studies, developing applicable economic and environmental policies, and changing sectoral production habits and individual consumption habits. In this sense, it may be possible for adaptation strategies towards climate change impact and risk to succeed with implementation plan which will be specified by Turkey within climate change mitigation appeal which attract attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acceleration of the use of raw materials (resources), the increase in energy use, and the change in consumption levels and individual habits as a result of globalization, which emerged with the transition to mass production, are the basis of environmental degradation. The fact that the negative effects on the environmental structure are in direct / indirect relationship with certain costs-expenditures in the country economies causes the economies of the country to enter an unsustainable growth trend process with industrialization. Although both local and global effects on the environmental pollution factors related to the countries come to the fore; within the scope of global effects, it is important to reveal the effects of neighborly relations first. For this reason, it is necessary to use models that reveal the effect of spatial relations in order to evaluate environmental sustainability by taking into consideration the neighborhood relations. Within the scope of the article, it is aimed to emphasize the necessity of dynamic spatial panel data method in environmental sustainability evaluations by emphasizing the importance of both dynamic effects and spatial effects in the modeling phase in the conceptual framework of environmental sustainability. It is shown that consistent and non-deviating results can be obtained by using the dynamic spatial panel data approach, as environmental sustainability policies are affected by neighborhood relationships and the periodic (shortlong) impact level changes in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research is to measure the effect of people's environmentalist consciousness level on environmentalist behavior within the framework of green marketing activities. It is also aimed to determine whether environmentalist consciousness and environmentalist behaviors differ according to demographic characteristics. The population of the study is the province of Duzce. In accordance with the research purpose, data was collected by using survey from 275 people. There are five factors related to environmentalist consciousness. These are consciousness of sensitivity to environmental protection, consciousness of sensitivity against negative consumption habits, consciousness of sacrifice to protect the environment, consciousness against environmental policies in the world and consciousness of needlessness of environmentalist efforts. There are three factors related to environmentalist behavior. These are sacrifices made to protect the environment, preference of products suitable for recycling and avoidance from waste. When the answers of the participants were evaluated, it is shown that the environmentalist consciousness affects the environmentalist behavior. It is also appeared that environmentalist consciousness and environmentalist behavior differ depending on the demographic characteristics of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stakeholders' views and opinions are important in the process of developing the environmental policy in the businesses. Depending on the developments that have taken place, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) have become one of the important stakeholders of the businesses and have begun to have a say in environmental practices and environmental policies of them. Examining the relationship and interaction between these organizations and the accommodation establishments are important for new start-ups in terms of developing environmental policies. In this study, the effects of environmental nongovernmental organizations on environmental policies of chain hotels were investigated. The data were gathered by implementing a face-to-face questionnaire to the middle and senior managers of 156 chain hotels operating in Turkey. Ordinal logistic regression was used for the analysis of the data and 4 models were designed for this purpose. Findings of the research indicate that the relationship and interaction of chain hotels with ENGOs play an important role on environmental policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "security" which is used in daily life has taken on a more comprehensive structure, isolating itself from the threats and dangers, which are found in "traditional security" definitions. Today, it is foreseen that the environmental menaces will also affect the security. Whether the environmental changes and disruptions lead to a security problem was discussed within the context of the concept and features of "the environmental security". The new concept was treated distinctively with the dimension of political stability. The study ended offering recommendations to public officers, taking into consideration that the environmental changes and disruptions will affect both the political stability and the national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment as a combination of natural, economic and cultural values, counter affection among these values are considered; with all animate and inanimate existences and all physical, chemical, biological and social circumstances that affects status and behavior of the living. Azerbaijan, since her independence, has been actively contributing to environmental issues by ratifying various international treaties on environment. As an independent member of international community, Azerbaijan has positively considered its responsibilities to future generations by approving environmental treaties, and has worked to raise its national environmental regulations to international standards. In order to understand the value of these treaties, however, it is important to assess the level of implementation of these treaties. This study discusses and evaluates Azerbaijan's efforts towards implementation of the international environmental treaties that were ratified and became part of her national regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental issues come into prominence with the increasing anxieties about the future of people and the live on the earth. While environmental issue's scope and density are ascending, meanwhile economic, social, legal and Political concerns increase accordingly. Present day governments reconsider their environmental organizations, number of academic studies on the subject of environment and the number of volunteer communities also have an upward movement. In that respect, Political Parties give special place to the environment within their programmes as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental civil society is situated within a globalizing civil society. In fact, environmental issues have always been global, crossing borders and making cooperation among various actors indispensable in efforts of environmental protection and conservation. Environmental regimes are manifestations of such efforts and one of the most controversial questions surrounding environmental regimes is the question of effectiveness. After considering the expanding roles environmental organizations play in global civil society, the article delves into the question of effectiveness of environmental regimes, particularly in the case of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) and the Barcelona Convention. More specifically, the role environmental organizations play in the implementation of the MAP in the context of Turkey is analyzed. It is concluded that the ineffectiveness of the MAP is related to the limited impact environmental NGOs have and that the capacity of environmental organizations to be effective actors in environmental regimes depends on the nature of their relations with other actors such as states and international and supranational organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) and its protocols aim to tackle transboundary air pollution problems. LRTAP is the first binding international environmental regime and forerunner of other environmental regimes. It aims to solve regional air pollution problems through scientific collaboration and deliberation within the framework of détente and rising environmental movements. Started as a weak regime, LRTAP became a stronger regime with the addition of new protocols. At the beginning LRTAP focused on sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions and later incorporated volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, eutrophication and ground level ozone pollution into its agenda and contributed to substantial cuts in emissions. Having signed the LRTAP and its first protocol concerning the financing of EMEP, Turkey hasn't been a party to other protocols without binding itself for cuts in emissions. Although a legal and institutional framework for air pollution control was introduced, Turkey lacks a comprehensive monitoring system and suffers from rising air pollution levels. Turkey's efforts towards harmonising its environmental legislation as a part of its EU membership process do not produce tangible results given the problems of implementation and discrepancies between the limit values and long transition periods. Prevailing developmentalist discourse that prioritises economic development over environmental concerns contributes to postponement of sound pollution control efforts until Turkey becomes a full member. Yet again rising pollution levels reminds us that Turkey should take LRTAP and its protocols into account to solve those problems left unattended for quite some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be said that in Turkey as well as in a lot of countries environmental education has come out with the concept of global warming. Because the impact of the environmental problems increased on the world together with the global warming, countries focused their own educational and political policies on the solution of environmental problems. The aim of this study is to examine the environmental education policies of such countries in detail Fiji, Papua New Guinea, India, Greece and Turkey. Document analysis has been used in the present study. Environmental education literature of the sample countries has been reviewed. Firstly, such literature edited and translated into Turkish and finally, common factors that effect the environment education are stated. In this sense common and uncommon features which are effective in countries' environmental education are tried to be explained with the help of analysis of the meaning of statements and descriptive analysis. The results of these evaluations show that environmental policies of Turkey and Greece have more similar characteristics. It is understood that there are differences between Turkey and the other countries that form the sample in terms of environmental education policy. In brief, it is concluded that the most similar country to the environmental policy of Turkey is Greece, whereas the most different one is Papua New Guinea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a proposal was developed on the use of most appropriate economic instruments by solving conceptual problems emerging on the definition and use of main economic instruments for environmental management and was applied on solid waste management particularly. To this end; first of all, all available environmental management tools were determined while present situation had been investigated in national and international scale. Effectiveness of the current system in Turkey was evaluated. Legislation and management system in use were taken into consideration during aforementioned study. Economic instrument can be described as any instrument that aims to induce a change in behavior of economic agents by internalizing environmental or depletion cost through a change in the incentive structure that these agents face rather than mandating a standard or a technology. Generally accepted classification of economic instruments is made by OECD. According to this classification main economic instruments for environmental management can be classified as user fees, emission charges, product taxes, non-compliance fees, tradable permits, deposit refund systems, performance bonds, voluntary agreements and environmental subsidies. User fees, emission charges, product taxes, deposit refund systems, voluntary agreements and environmental subsidies are frequently used ones in solid waste management. They can be used individually or together to reach an efficient solid waste management system. There is some misusage of economic instruments both in definition and in practical use. Economic instruments can be used for revenue raising purposes or earmarked for environmental quality goals. Taxes and tax-like charges are the powerful tools in solid waste management if they are applied correctly. However, price elasticity of solid waste collection and disposal are found as inelastic by some researchers. This fact causes that taxes are not too successful to decrease the solid waste amount produced by individuals. Despite environmental cleaning tax is named as tax; it is a user charge according to OECD classification. One of the most important environmental problems in Turkey is the lack of appropriate solid waste management system.In solid waste management, besides a number of Ministries and institutions, more than 3000 municipalities are responsible and authorized in Turkey. Except for municipalities, number of directly responsible institutions and authorities is 36. Legislation is also very scattered Direct and indirect law and regulations about environment are above one hundred in number. This structure is also an important obstacle and hampering the effectiveness of successful application of economic instruments and achieving the environmental quality goals. Municipalities allocate a significant portion of their budgets for solid waste management. Environmental Cleaning Tax (ECT), stipulated by the Municipal Revenues Law has been using since 1993 in Turkey to compensation of waste management financing in municipalities. However it is able to compensate only less than 30 percent of waste management costs. ECT is collected per m3 consumed water per household. It is not designed for environmental protection purpose. It is designed such as there is no relationship between solid waste emission and external marginal cost of solid waste disposal in a stimulating manner. Taxpayers have no incentive and/or enforcement for producing less solid waste. Externality can be defined as the impact of costs and benefits generated from economic activity on the people not related to this activity. In market economy, it is generally explained that the occurrence of externality caused by the activities of one person or company on other person or company beside of market prices. Environmental externalities are related to external costs that are described as the misuse of environmental resources in a harmful way to others without any financial indemnification. All alternative strategies about solid waste management cause some environmental externalities during collection, transfer and final disposal of solid wastes to some extent. These externalities create a number of local, regional and global problems. Human health effects, disturbance of ecosystem, depletion of resources and global warming can be sorted among them. Disamenities are also important problem for human welfare. When these externalities are not internalized by using some instruments, there will not be reached sustainable development goals. Therefore, it is believed that adoption of new economic instruments is necessary for municipal solid waste management by considering externalities and giving up the use of ECT in the future will be useful for sustainable solid waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam has put a lot of emphasis on the protection of the environment. The main elements of this emphasis are pollution and cleanliness. Especially for worshipping purposes, The Qur'an and the Hadith advise and even order us to keep our water and environment clean. We are also advised by these sources to plant trees. If those rules were adhered to, our environment would be clean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the interaction between business and environment, environment constantly comes to harm. Necessity of protecting the environment increases day by day. It is evident that protection of the environment cannot be ensured solely with the legal arrangements by the public authorities. Given this fact, this study investigates to what extent the businesses considerably responsible for the environmental pollution are able to undertake social responsibilities about environmental protection from a social marketing perspective. The theoretical part of the study discusses the businesses' social responsibilities concerning the protection of environment and particularly the green marketing approach in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bases of Research: Environmental problems have also become global with acceleration of globalization process. As environmental problems become global, the mentality to approach and solve these problems has changed as well. Impossibility of struggle with environmental problems reached to a level threatening the future of humanity has been understood, so it has become evident that in struggle against global environmental problems a cooperation mechanism effective at international level must be developed and new types of approaches must be adopted even beyond cooperation. Research Aims:: First objective of the study is to scrutinize the concept of global public goods, which has been used in public finance since the end of 1990s, in terms of global environment policies. In this respect, it will be theoretically set forth that environment is global public goods at first and thus the framework of global public goods must be used while forming new global environment policies. In addition, other different contemporary approaches in global environment policies will also be addressed with global public goods. Second purpose of the study is to provide contribution to discussion of global public goods theory in Turkey, which is still at development stage. Data Sources: Basically, this is y a theoretical evaluation study. For this reason, international literature is used while constituting the infrastructure of global public goods. On the other hand, both foreign and Turkish theoretical studies are used in evaluation of global environment policies. Main Discussion and Results: Today, environmental problems have become a global problem that cross the borders and involve transnational interdependence. Naturally, the policies aiming at resolution of environmental problems crossing the borders and having global implications must also be redesigned at global level. In this context, the resolution of global environmental problems exceeds the capacity of nation-states and necessitates effective involvement of international organizations to this process. The idea of benefiting from global public goods theory is very recent in resolution of global environment problems and establishing policies. To address environment as a public goods, furthermore to consider it as public goods, has brought a new perspective for approach to the problems. This may be considered as an approach that will result in far more systematic discussion of highly important elements of environmental problems such as spillover costs, common use, property problem, financing and more effective presentation of environment protection services. On global environment policies, beyond global public goods, the ideas of "global governance" and "establishment of World Environment Organization" show that approach to the said policies has changed in great degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While proponents of the Precautionary Principle regard it as a guide for environmental protection at all levels in dealing with uncertain risks, opponents point out many problems related to its various aspects such as its formulation, application and legal status. This paper highlights main arguments for and against the Precautionary Principle. The paper concludes that further refinement of the principle is necessary to govern environmental decision making under conditions of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey and the impact of the EU on social, economic and political spheres in Turkey have been discussed for a long time both in the EU and Turkey. On the eve of a new turn in this relationship, however, a long-forgotten dimension of European integration seems to challenge the debates concerning the environment and development in Turkey. Parallel to the developments taken place at the international level, both Turkey and the states constituting the European Economic Community, and the European Economic Community itself started to establish some administrative units and to develop policy responses for ever-growing environmental problems in the 1970s. Hence the evolution of the EU environmental policy was closely associated with the requirements of economic rationality of the integration which at the same time promised regional development, stability and peace in the region. The aim of this rather brief study is two-fold. To begin with it underlines that environment and development is inexorably linked. The overriding focus, here, however is not about the corrective and preventive ramifications but is also about alternative views on development. Secondly this study asserts that environmental considerations have an important role in shaping the future of the European integration project. Through an incremental process now it is possible to talk about "European environmental governance" which engenders domestic changes in Member States in economic, social, legal and political terms. Integration of environmental considerations into the legal structure of the European Union has also paved the way for new discussions on the possible effects of membership of candidate countries' economic and social structures. It is possible to assume the current status as a departure point to discuss whether and how patchwork environmentalism in Turkey can turn into a more integrated and comprehensive approach or to assume the current... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]