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Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to determine the psychographic characteristics of the target markets of the hotel businesses in İstanbul. Within the scope of the qualitative research, semi-structured interviews conducted, and the data obtained from the marketing managers of 41 five-star hotels using the case study method. The obtained data subjected to content analysis by means of the MAXQDA Analytics Pro v.18.2 qualitative data analysis program. According to the findings; it is determined that the majority of the tourists in İstanbul are from the Middle East at the time of the research was conducted, and the psychographic characteristics of tourists from the Middle East, Europe, America, Far East and Domestic Market (Türkiye) differed significantly from each other in various aspects. Middle East Market with its uncleanliness problem and high demanding level; Far East Market with its naive and timid nature; European and American Markets are similar to each other with their moderate/positive and extroverted features; The Domestic Market (Türkiye), on the other hand, is come to the forefront with its high expectation level and demanding feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt, which had an important place in the economic and financial life of the Ottoman State, was a mine both used in the domestic market and exported. After the Salt Regulation was enacted in 1862, the circulation of salt in the domestic market and the control of its export were conducted by the state. Those who did not want to comply with the monopoly and import ban imposed after the enactment of the regulation brought salt to the Ottoman ports by the routes they used before. However, although salt was available in adequate quantities in the domestic market, salt smuggled from abroad was preferred because it was often cheaper. Sicily, which had diplomatic and commercial relations with the Ottoman State, was one of the centers where salt was imported. While Sicilian sailors attempted to smuggle salt to Ottoman ports, Rustem Pasha, the ambassador in Florence, developed his own methods to prevent salt smuggling. Rustem Pasha asked the consulates to report the information of the ships that smuggled salt and sent the intelligence he had obtained to the Customs House. Rustem Pasha reported all the ships loaded with smuggled salt that set out from Sicily to the Ottoman ports with the information he received from the consulates and warned the Sublime Porte to take precautions against these ships at the customs. Studies on salt trade and smuggling in the Ottoman State focused on Duyun-ı Umumiye (Public Debts) in terms of period, and on Cyprus and the Black Sea regionally, but Sicily, which had world-famous salt, was not included. Therefore, all correspondence in French that Rustem Pasha sent to Customs House and Foreign Affairs Office in order to take precautions against the ships carrying salt from Sicily to the Ottoman ports is of great importance. The documents in the study include the smuggling events after 1862, when the Salt Monopoly began to be implemented. The documents contain information about the departure and destination ports of ships smuggling from Sicily, their capacities, and the amount of salt they carried. A table created from the French translations of Rustem Pasha's correspondence in the Ottoman Archives Foreign Office catalogue will be given at the end of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Hacettepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economic & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From Turkistan to Anatolia, weaving came with the Turks. In the Ottoman period, there was an important production in the production of fabrics as well as carpets and rugs. Izmir was one of the cities that had a well-deserved reputation in fabric production during the Ottoman period. It is known that in İzmir, where fabrics are sent to both the domestic market, the palace and the foreign market, it is common in workshop and factory style production, as well as personal production. There are many documents about Izmir fabrics in the Presidency Ottoman Archives. Some of these documents will be examined within the scope of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamalari Dergisi (MUVU) / Journal of Accounting & Taxation Studies (JATS) is the property of Ankara Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Musavirler Odasi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Financial capital which has accelerated because of increasing functionality of financial channels has been helpful in development of investments. This new situation occurred in 1980s, provided high level of productions by acceleration of production as a result of increasing investments. High production levels have headed to new foreign market researches considering domestic market limitations. Competition issue has become one of the most elaborated issue by producers with opening to foreign markets. Competition concept and competitiveness which is one of the most discussed issues nowadays have improved to an eligible position not only in foreign markets but also among different regions within a country as well. Index calculations which have become highly popular and may be asserted as mathematics of averages are accomplished. Importance of those calculations are increasing day after day in terms of analyzing indicators of competition in general and regional competition in particular; comparing those indicators and observing progress compared to previous years. A trend is constituted via applying a sample of index studies which draws attention for region TR52 including 2007-2018 years; Konya, Karaman and TR52 region. According to the results of calculated index considering human capital, branding ability, trade ability and accessibility; it is concluded that Konya province has high index values in most criterias as expected. However; Karaman has higher index values in some sub-indexes such as trading ability and human capital. The trend including 2007-2018 and constituted in respect of years will certainly provide contribution to various plans accomplished for the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to investigate the possible effects of foreign investments (foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investments) and financial development on economic growth. For study, data from 133 countries between 1990 and 2017 were investigated using the system generalized moments method and multiple mediator analysis. In the study, it was determined that foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign portfolio investments (FPI) and financial development increase economic growth. In addition, while FDIs entering the country are found to increase economic growth indirectly by affecting financial markets and domestic investments, FPIs only support economic growth through financial markets. In addition to these results, another striking result is the existence of the threshold effect of the financial development level in the country on the effect of FDI and FPI on economic growth. In other words, after the financial development level in the country exceeds a certain level, the positive effect of foreign investment (FDI and FPI) on economic growth will disappear. Another important result is related to the level of financial development in the country. It was determined that financial development has a non-linear "inverse-U" effect on economic growth. Financial development has a positive effect on growth up to a certain level. After exceeding this level, the increase in financial development has a negative effect on growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world the usage area and market demand of Salvia officinalis (common sage) species is gradually increasing. In recent years, this species, which has been cultivated in different provinces of our country, is exported to many countries around the world every year, and a significant amount of foreign currency input is obtained. It is important to know the effects of environmental factors on the plant when it comes to quality and yield in Salvia officinalis cultivation, which has an important place in domestic and foreign markets. In this review, the responses of plants to some abiotic stress factors in Salvia officinalis cultivation practices were investigated. Research has shown that different abiotic stresses trigger different responses in the Salvia officinalis species. The most important advantage of some abiotic stress factors on Salvia officinalis is that the high concentration of an active substance desired to be used as a phytopharmacon can be achieved by deliberate application of some stress factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, alternative gap indicators for domestic and foreign demand are introduced for the Turkish economy on the basis of firm-level tendency survey data. Firstly, firms are classified according to their production to the domestic and foreign market. Then, in the domestic and foreign markets distinction, capacity utilization rate for the firms that do not expect any price and employment changes together with no investment gap are determined as potential output proxies for the domestic and foreign demand and the difference with the actual capacity utilization rates are considered as alternative gap measures for domestic and foreign demand. Results provide supportive evidence for the adequacy of domestic and foreign demand capacity utilisation gaps as alternative indicators for assessing the overall state of the business cycle and inflation pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is the biggest fig producer and exporter of the world with its nearly 10 million fig tree and nearly 300,000 of fig producing annually. Therefore it is important to make foresight about fresh fig producing and quantity of dried fig export for Turkey, which has ability to affect not only domestic market but also world market. In the study, in order to make the predictions of the export quantities of dried figs and production quantities of fresh figs for the years between 2019-2025 for Turkey; using the annual data of 1961-2018 for fresh fig production and 1980-2018 for dried fig export, obtained from the statistics of "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" and "Turkish Statistical Institute", estimation was made with ARIMA model which is one of the time series analysis methods. Within the scope of the analysis; Dickey-Fuller unit root test was used to evaluate the stability of the variables, and the mean absolute percentage error and Theil's Inequality Coefficient was used to test the predictive power of the model. Considering many criteria, the most suitable model for both fresh fig production and dried fig export amount has been determined as ARIMA (2,1,2). According to the results of foresight; it is estimated that fig production will increase to 317.000 tons in 2025 with an increasing trend outside of 2020 and 2022, and the amount of dried figs will increase to 97.000 tons with an increase of 19% in 2025 compared to 2018. Under the assumption that 2.9 kg of fresh figs are required for the production of 1 kg of dried figs, considering the estimation made for both series in this research; it can be stated that 74.17% of the figs to be produced in 2019, 80.10% of the figs to be produced in 2022 and 86.05% of the figs to be produced in 2025 will be exported as dried figs. Considering that this rate was 46.08% in 1980, 52.03% in 2000 and 66.28% in 2010; it can be concluded that the figs to be produced in the estimated years will be exported as a dried fig at a much higher rate than the previous years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine how much ready the plants are for the health tourism, to determine their needs and to present alternative solutions. Therefore, the managers or the owners of spa, mineral springs and thermal plants which have taken permission from the Ministry of Health to operate in provinces of the Central Anatolian Region (Ankara, Nevşehir, Kırsehir, Sivas, Eskisehir, Konya, Kayseri, and Cankırı) have been questioned. Much more customer do not comes these plants from abroad and they are domestic market oriented. Facilities recommended developing marketing strategies to Turkish citizens living in Europe, the Middle East countries and the Turkish Republics. The plants need to be supported by the government financially, by the staff speaking foreign languages and by the health staff. Employment regulations of the health staff in spas need to be fastidiously put into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Political Science is the property of Journal of Faculty of Political Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Internal and external sources, particularly after the year 1925 export season was not enough to meet the increasing demand for money. Contraction occurring after the year 1927 the money supply in the domestic market, the demand for Money and credit did not met the demand. Decline in the money supply has increased interest rates. This situation has raised rates in the existing national and local banks' profitability. In order to meet the market demand for heavy money and credit in order to obtain higher profits and capital of small local merchant banks, called the local bank was opened. Bank of Diyarbakir, in the country for similar reasons was founded by Mr. Hasan Rasid and his friends in 9 november 1930. Banking activities began in 1931. TL. 75.000 to be paid ten percent of initial capital. Bank of Diyarbakir, had important functions performed by invesment banking activities formed new commercial organizations, partly contributed to the economic development of Diyarbakir. The purpose of this study is to explainthe reasons for the foundation of the Bank of of Diyarbakir, its founders, the annual balance sheets, profit and loss accounts, banking activities and the possible contribution of these activities is to reveal the local economy. This study is based on archival resarch and documentation with the bank resulting from the first study on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the confectionary, cacao and chocolate subsector which is the most traditional subsector in terms of innovation. We also explore whether the firms in this subsector involves in innovation from the point of differences in firm's strong and weak points in international markets. We obtained the data by establishing questions in Likert manner and use Mann Whitney U test. Our results suggest that the firms involving in any innovative activity in the subsector examined consider themselves strong in the following areas; product diversification, research and development, innovation, input advantages, advertising capability, ability to produce in accordance with standards, ownership of skilled workforce, labour costs, brand image and price of product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]