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Fans, one of the components of sports, are an important element for the future of sports. One of the most important features for sports to be sustainable is to receive the support of spectators and fans. In line with this information, this study examined the relationship between fan motivation and fan aggression. A total of 371 football fans, 192 male and 179 female, participated in the research. "Personal Information Form," "Fan Motivation Scale," "Buss-Perry Aggression Scale (BPAS)" were used as data collection tools in the research. Normality analysis was performed to examine whether the data had a normal distribution in the study, and it was found that the data did. For this reason, parametric tests were used in the study. T-test was applied for binary variables, Anova test for more than two variables and Pearson correlation analysis was applied to reveal the relationship between the variables. As a result, While no statistically significant difference was found in the dimensions of fan motivation and aggression in terms of the gender variable, it was observed that the aggression levels of single participants were statistically significantly higher than those of married participants according to the marital status variable. According to the educational status variable, it was observed that the aggression levels of participants with a bachelor's degree were higher than those with a postgraduate degree. When the fan motivation levels of the participants were examined in terms of the reasons for watching the match, it was observed that the participants who watched the match for entertainment purposes had statistically significantly higher averages than those who watched the match for leisure purposes. It was observed that there was a statistically significant positive and low-level relationship between the fan motivation and aggression levels of the participants. The way to end violence and aggression in sports is for all parties and stakeholders of the sport to come together sincerely and rationally around the principles of friendship, struggle and sportsmanship. The findings of this study will help us better understand the factors affecting the fan motivation and aggression of individuals and will enable better shaping of future intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Buca Faculty of Education Journal / Buca Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Buca Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nigde University Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Nigde Üniversitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International (AJESI) is the property of Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Araştırmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinde saldırganlık ve cesaret düzeylerini bazı değişkenlere göre incelemektedir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2019-2020 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı Trabzon ili Akçaabat ilçesi ortaöğretim kurumlarında öğrenim gören lise öğrencileri, örneklemi ise tesadüfi yöntemle ve çalışmaya gönüllü katılan 917 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu, Little, Jones, Brauner, Nock ve Hawley (2003)’in geliştirdiği Little Saldırganlık Ölçeği ve Konter ve Johan (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Sporda Cesaret Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS-22 programı ile analiz yapılmış ve anlamlılık düzeyi p

Copyright of Research in Sport Education & Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Sciences Studies is the property of Social Sciences Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sports Sciences Research / Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Sport Sciences Researches / Spor Bilimleri Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aggression includes behaviors that are done with the intention of harming others. The experiences of individuals between the ages of 2-11 can be expressed as childhood experiences. The sense of inadequacy is the sense of self that an individual sees as insufficient from others. This study aimed to investigate whether the feeling of inadequacy has a mediating role in the relationship between childhood experiences and aggressive behavior and also to examine whether the variables of the study differ according to some demographic characteristics. In this context, 291 volunteers, 190 women and 101 men. Data were collected with the Childhood Experiences Scale, Feeling of Inadequacy Scale, and Buss-Perry Aggression Scale. Quantitative analysis techniques were used. Significant relationships were found between feelings of inadequacy, aggression, and childhood experiences. Independent groups t-test findings showed that the sense of inadequacy and aggression differed significantly depending on the educational status. The mediation analysis showed that feelings of inadequacy played a mediating role in the relationship between school experiences and aggression. Findings were discussed on the basis of the relevant literature and suggestions were made to both academicians and field workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trakya Journal of Education is the property of Trakya Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research in Sport Education & Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Civilization Studies is the property of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Sportif Bakis: Spor ve Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports is the property of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science / Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Karya Journal of Health Science is the property of Karya Journal of Health Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Sleep problems are frequently reported in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In our study, we evaluated sleep quality, impulsivity, aggression levels and quality of life in adult ADHD, and to investigate the effects of sleep quality on impulsivity, aggression levels and quality of life. Materials and Methods: Our study included 50 patients with ADHD who applied to a psychiatry outpatient clinic and 50 healthy controls. Two interviews were conducted with the participants. In the first interview, Diagnostic Interview for ADHD 2.0, Structured Clinical Interview-1 were applied and socio-demographic data were obtained. In the second interview, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11, Buss-Perry Aggression Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Form were filled in by the participants. Results: The incidence of sleep problems in the patients was 84% (p<0.005). The patients' sleep and quality of life were worse (p<0.05), and their impulsivity and aggression levels were higher (p<0.05). Sleep quality was better and daytime sleepiness was less in patients using methylphenidate (p<0.05). The impulsivity and aggression levels of the patients who didn't receive treatment were high (p<0.05). Impairment of sleep quality in patients; it was associated with high impulsivity levels and deterioration in quality of life (p<0.05). Increased levels of impulsivity and deterioration in quality of life in patients; we found it to be a predictor of deterioration in sleep quality. Conclusion: We can say that patients have worse sleep quality, increased impulsivity and aggression levels, and impaired quality of life. Additionally, we determined that the increase in the severity of impulsivity and the deterioration in the quality of life were predictors of the deterioration in sleep quality. We can say that the curative effects of methylphenidate include sleep quality, impulsivity, and aggression levels. In this sense, such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; it can be thought that sleep problems are neurodevelopmentally included in the ADHD clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trakya Journal of Education is the property of Trakya Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aggression refers to the unpleasant behavior of a person towards another person. Although the use of brute force comes to life in people's minds when aggression is mentioned, it is very difficult to define a single behavior or group of behaviors as aggression. Because aggression can turn into behavior in many different ways. Violence and aggression in traffic have increased significantly in recent years. Given the lack of regulations regarding violent and aggressive behavior, the number of incidents and accidents involving drivers has increased significantly. This study aims to examine the relationship among socio-demographic characteristics, aggression and life satisfaction levels of taxi drivers. Quantitative research design was used in the study. The sample of the research consists of 146 taxi drivers registered in 19 taxi stands in Istanbul. As a data collection tool, a semi)structured sociodemographic form prepared by the researcher; Aggression Scale developed by Buss and Perry (1992); Life Satisfaction Scale developed by Diener et al. (1985) were used. When the results of the research are examined, all of the participants are male and 92.5% of them are at high school or below education level. It was found that Taxi drivers work 11.3 hours a day; and 72.6% of them felt under stress in traffic. A negative and significant relationship was found between the aggression and life satisfaction levels of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Sportif Bakis: Spor ve Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sporcular için empati hem başarıyı elde etme hem de rakibiyle hoşgörülü bir ilişki kurmada önemli bir yetkinliktir. Empati başkalarının duygusal tepkilerini anlamaya yardımcı olan, etkili iletişim kurabilmek için oldukça kolaylaştırıcı bir beceri olup, bir konuya kendi perspektifi dışında, ben-merkezcilikten uzak ve karşıdaki kişinin bakış açısı ile bakabilmeyi gerektirir. Araştırma Modeli: Çalışma tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel türdedir. Evren ve Örneklem: Çalışma Türk Milli Boks takımı sporcuları ile yapılmış olup, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle Temmuz ve Ağustos 2021’de araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 62 sporcu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç: Saldırganlık değişkeni bakımından erkek ve kadınlar arasında anlamlı düzeyde farklılık çıkmıştır. Empati, Kendine Saygı ve Saldırganlık değişkenleri bakımından antrenman süresi seviyeleri arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır. Varyans analizi sonuçlarına göre değişkenler bakımından ekonomik durum seviyeleri arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır.

Copyright of Journal of Ilahiyat Researches / Ilahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sportive is the property of Journal of Sportive and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social media has emerged as a widely used tool in the communication age. This new virtual world, where individuals freely share their views and express themselves, is also used for many different purposes including personal, corporate, and public usages. Because of using social media, social relationships established in the past and face-to-face relationships until today have been replaced by newly established virtual relationships. This new digital world also allows individuals to easily exhibit rude and aggressive behaviors that they do not demonstrate in daily life. The correlation between social media addiction and aggression can be widely seen worldwide and in our country. Depression, being anti-social, social media addiction, which we can call mental erosion which usually occurs with social media addiction. The data of the study were collected by a questionnaire form from 296 individuals residing in Çorum. While the scale created in Şahin and Yağcı (2017) study was used as the social media addiction scale, the scale created in the Buss and Perry (1992) study was used to measure the aggression attitude. As a result of the study, while the social media addiction level of the participants varies according to their education level and online shopping status, however, it does not change according to gender and working status. While the level of aggression varied according to gender, it did not differ according to employment status, education level, and online shopping status. In addition, there is a linear moderate positive relationship between social media addiction and aggression score. Finally, in this study a statistically significant difference was found in the duration of social media use, the number of shares, and aggression score according to gender. Implications are provided related to social media addiction and aggression for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, one of the basic problems against mobile games is the effect of violent games that is played on aggressive behavior. Digital games, which are defined as a popular activity, have become a broad industry in today's world. Violent posters, images, film industries, websites are the components of this popular industry. It is known that there are different understandings among researches and researchers about violence. As an example of these differences and researches, while Bandura defines aggression as behaviors that have consequences such as injuring an individual or damaging their property; according to Lorenz aggression is not a bad act, on the contrary, Lorenz argues that aggression is a necessary fact for life. Apart from descriptive differences, studies have proven that there are differences according to conducted researches. In a study on gender and use of digital games, it was found that, on average, girls spend less time playing digital games than boys. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship among violent digital games and aggression and violence. In addition to this, it is also aimed to bring clarity to this issue by both descriptively and by evaluating and comparing the studies. This article has been prepared as literature review and compilation. While preparing this study, scientific books, thesis, journals and articles have been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education is the property of Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Psikolojik, biyolojik ve sosyo-kültürel pek çok kaynağı olan saldırganlık günümüzün en önemli sorunlardan birisidir. Saldırganlık çok boyutlu bir problem olduğundan dolayı, çözümü de çok yönlü olarak ele alınmalıdır. Saldırganlığı önleyici en önemli yaklaşımlardan birisi dindir. Din anlam, vicdan, merhamet, sabır ve empati duygularını geliştirerek, ödül ve ceza mekanizmaları ile duygu ve davranışlarda kontrollü olma kabiliyeti kazandırmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinde dindarlık ve saldırganlık ilişkisi tespit etmektir. Araştırmanın örneklemi Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih, Sosyoloji, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümleri ile Trabzon Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi’nde öğrenim görmekte olan 507 genç bireyden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği, İçsel Dini Motivasyon Ölçeği ve Ok-Dini Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada toplanan verilerin analizi sonucunda şu bulgular elde edilmiştir. Kadınların saldırganlık düzeyi erkeklerinkinden daha düşüktür. Sigara kullanım sıklığı ile saldırganlık arasında pozitif yönlü ilişki bulunmuştur. İçsel dini motivasyon ve dini tutum ile saldırganlık arasında ise negatif yönlü ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma güncel bir sorun olan saldırganlığın önlemesinde dindarlığın geliştirilmesinin önemini ortaya koymuştur.

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Health Sciences / İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Gelisim Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Yuksekokulu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of National Education / Millî Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Milli Egitim Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the relationship between university students' gender role attitudes and life satisfaction and aggression levels were tried to be determined. For this purpose, screening model was used as a method in the research conducted within the framework of gender concepts and theories. In the analysis of the data, the nutritional statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-variable regression analysis were used. According to the findings, the students were seen to be prone to traditional education, although they showed an egalitarian attitude in terms of gender roles. The life satisfaction and aggression levels of the students were found to be medium level. Apart from these, the most important findings in the study were found in the relationship between gender role attitudes and aggression variable. According to the results of the analysis, individuals have a very low negative relationship between overall gender roles and general levels of aggression. According to the multivariate regression analysis performed to see this relationship, it was determined that the dimensions of female gender roles, gender roles in marriage and traditional gender roles had a significant effect on aggression level. This result shows that the roles and responsibilities related to socially structured gender differences affect the individuals' aggression levels as reflections of individuals on daily life practices as admissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale University Journal of Education is the property of Pamukkale University Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)