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Immigrants are a special group in society, and their health is of great concern. Few studies have targeted this population in China. A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted from July to August 2018 in Hubei Province, China. Chi-square tests, Z-tests and multivariable linear regression analysis were performed to analyze the data using SPSS 24.0. A total of 1068 questionnaires were distributed. The results showed that the variables that affected the mental health of the immigrants with chronic diseases included gender, annual income, life events (L), negative emotion (NE), negative coping styles (NC) and objective support (OS) (p ≤ 0.05). Future research should focus on the physical and mental health of different immigrant groups and design effective, individualized interventions to improve the health status of immigrants, especially those with chronic diseases.

Background/ Purpose: Reviewing of the various work and literature in the proposed areas will help in developing a strong foundation of the domain on which the research is planned. The reason forth for literature review is to become familiar in the health care domain. Since the area selected is the health care domain, the recent literature review is carried out as it is very important. Objective: A strong background on health care domain is developed and a new problem which is not addressed is discussed.The gaps in research area are identified.A new solution for solving the problem is designed and developed. Design/Methodology: This work has adapted secondary source of data which is mainly journals, articles and review comments. The relevant literature is selected and a detailed study is conducted. This has help in drafting the problem statement. Findings/Results: The finding and drawbacks of all the recent work is well studied. The reason for the gap is also well studied and the results of each work are also well analyzed. Research Limitations: A detailed study done on the chronic diseases and its impact has helped to open up the importance of studying about comorbid diseases. The limitations of various machine learning algorithms are also studied. Originality/Value: This paper aims at studying the relvant existing literature that incudes research journals, conference papers,technical book chapte and few web sources. All the papers selected were relevant to the proposed work and all papers are recent and from well reputed publisher. The papers are cited by many authors. Paper Type: Literature review paper is carried out on scientific papers especially from well indexed services.

Background/ Purpose: Reviewing of the various work and literature in the proposed areas will help in developing a strong foundation of the domain on which the research is planned. The reason forth for literature review is to become familiar in the health care domain. Since the area selected is the health care domain, the recent literature review is carried out as it is very important. Objective: A strong background on health care domain is developed and a new problem which is not addressed is discussed.The gaps in research area are identified.A new solution for solving the problem is designed and developed. Design/Methodology: This work has adapted secondary source of data which is mainly journals, articles and review comments. The relevant literature is selected and a detailed study is conducted. This has help in drafting the problem statement. Findings/Results: The finding and drawbacks of all the recent work is well studied. The reason for the gap is also well studied and the results of each work are also well analyzed. Research Limitations: A detailed study done on the chronic diseases and its impact has helped to open up the importance of studying about comorbid diseases. The limitations of various machine learning algorithms are also studied. Originality/Value: This paper aims at studying the relvant existing literature that incudes research journals, conference papers,technical book chapte and few web sources. All the papers selected were relevant to the proposed work and all papers are recent and from well reputed publisher. The papers are cited by many authors. Paper Type: Literature review paper is carried out on scientific papers especially from well indexed services.

Objective: To systematically evaluate health literacy (HL) interventions in chronic conditions by exploring theoretical perspectives, intervention content and effectiveness. Method: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, Web of Science and PsycINFO. Standardised systematic review methods were used, and sequences informing our research question were extracted and analysed. The study includes a descriptive summary of the included papers. Results: We included 39 unique interventions, with diabetes and heart disease as the most targeted chronic conditions. Fifty-four percent of papers included a definition of HL, but the studies showed significant hetero-geneity of theoretical underpinnings, modes, measures and content. We identified 23 HL measures, mostlyassessing functional HL. The HL interventions were often more complex than the measures indicated. A significant change in HL was found in 28 studies. Study quality was generally poor. Conclusions: Interventions optimizing HL appear important to improve health outcomes in chronic conditions. To ensure cumulative knowledge development of this field we need theory-based interventions, consistency in methods and more tailored and comprehensive measures to capture the interventions’ complexity. Practice implications: A more valid understanding of HL interventions and measurements is needed to reach an agreed understanding of their components and intentions.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the progression and trends of multimorbidity in the elderly in China and internationally from a bibliometric perspective, and compare their differences on hotspots and research fronts. Methods: Publications between January 2001 and August 2021 were retrieved from WOS and CNKI databases. Endnote 20 and VOSviewer 1.6.8 were used to summarize bibliometric features, including publication years, journals, and keywords, and the co-occurrence map of countries, institutions, and keywords was drawn. Results: 3857 research papers in English and 664 research papers in Chinese were included in this study. The development trends of multimorbidity in the elderly are fully synchronized in China and other countries. They were divided into germination period, development period, and prosperity period. Research literature in English was found to be mainly focused on public health, and the IF of the literature is high; In China, however, most research papers are in general medicine and geriatrics with fewer core journals. Co-occurrence analysis based on countries and institutions showed that the most productive areas were the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, while the Chinese researchers have made little contribution. The clustering analysis of high-frequency keywords in China and around the globe shows that the hotspots have shifted from individual multimorbidity to group multimorbidity management. Sorting out the top 10 highly cited articles and highly cited authors, Barnett, K’s article published in Lancet in 2012 is regarded as a milestone in the field. Conclusion: Multimorbidity in the elderly leads to more attention in the world. Although China lags behind global research the research fronts from disease-centered to patient-centered, and individual management to population management is consistent.

This paper examines the impact of chronic illnesses on labor force participation using labor market surveys data for Egypt and Tunisia. The study also investigates the reverse effect of labor force participation on the incidence of chronic diseases. We adopted the simultaneous equations modeling technique to address the potential endogeneity of chronic illnesses in the labor participation equation. The results reveal that chronically ill people are less likely to participate in the labor force in both Egypt and Tunisia. However, the sub-samples analysis indicates some variations across gender and age groups. Specifically, the effect of chronic illnesses is found to be larger and significant for the male group compared to female counterparts. Likewise, the feedback effect shows that labor force participation exerts negative impact on chronic illness, particularly for the total sample. Moreover, the impact of labor force participation on chronic diseases in elder group is larger compared to its effect in the younger group. The study recommends that policymakers in the Arab countries should endeavor to reduce chronic health conditions in order to boost labor force participation and productivity. Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, and Caroline Crafft for her valuable comments on the first draft.

RESUMO Objetivo: To describe the initial baseline results of a population-based study, as well as a protocol in order to evaluate the performance of different machine learning algorithms with the objective of predicting the demand for urgent and emergency services in a representative sample of adults from the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Methods: The study is entitled “Emergency department use and Artificial Intelligence in PELOTAS (RS) (EAI PELOTAS)” (https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/eaipelotas/). Between September and December 2021, a baseline was carried out with participants. A follow-up was planned to be conducted after 12 months in order to assess the use of urgent and emergency services in the last year. Afterwards, machine learning algorithms will be tested to predict the use of urgent and emergency services over one year. Results: In total, 5,722 participants answered the survey, mostly females (66.8%), with an average age of 50.3 years. The mean number of household people was 2.6. Most of the sample has white skin color and incomplete elementary school or less. Around 30% of the sample has obesity, 14% diabetes, and 39% hypertension. Conclusion: The present paper presented a protocol describing the steps that were and will be taken to produce a model capable of predicting the demand for urgent and emergency services in one year among residents of Pelotas, in Rio Grande do Sul state. RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados iniciais da linha de base de um estudo de base populacional, bem como um protocolo para avaliar o desempenho de diferentes algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina, com o objetivo de predizer a demanda de serviços de urgência e emergência em uma amostra representativa de adultos da zona urbana de Pelotas, no Sul do Brasil. Métodos: O estudo intitula-se “Emergency department use and Artificial Intelligence in PELOTAS (RS) (EAI PELOTAS)” (https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/eaipelotas/). Entre setembro e dezembro de 2021, foi realizada uma linha de base com os participantes. Está previsto um acompanhamento após 12 meses para avaliar a utilização de serviços de urgência e emergência no último ano. Em seguida, serão testados algoritmos de machine learning para predizer a utilização de serviços de urgência e emergência no período de um ano. Resultados: No total, 5.722 participantes responderam à pesquisa, a maioria do sexo feminino (66,8%), com idade média de 50,3 anos. O número médio de pessoas no domicílio foi de 2,6. A maioria da amostra tem cor da pele branca e ensino fundamental incompleto ou menos. Cerca de 30% da amostra estava com obesidade, 14% com diabetes e 39% eram hipertensos. Conclusão: O presente trabalho apresentou um protocolo descrevendo as etapas que foram e serão tomadas para a produção de um modelo capaz de prever a demanda por serviços de urgência e emergência em um ano entre moradores de Pelotas, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

International audience; Purpose For decades, it has been customary to relate human health to the nutritional composition of foods, and from there was born food composition databases, composition labelling scores and the recommendation to eat varied foods. However, individuals can fully address their nutritional needs and become chronically ill. The nutrient balance of a food is only a small part of its overall health potential. In this paper, we discussed the proof of concept that the increased risk of chronic diseases worldwide is primarily associated with the degradation and artificialization of food matrices, rather than only their nutrient contents, based on the assumption that "food matrices govern the metabolic fate of nutrients". Methods An empirico-inductive proof of concept research design has been used, based on scientific data linking the degree of food processing, food matrices and human health, notably on the glycaemic index, nutrient bioavailability, satiety potential, and synergistic effects. Results We postulate that if the nutrient content is insufficient to fully characterize the diet-global health relationship, one other dimensions is necessary, i.e., the food matrix through the degree of processing. Both matrix and nutrient composition dimensions have been included under the new concept of the 3V index for Real (Vrai), Vegetal (Vegetal), and Varied (Varie) foods. The Real metric, reflecting the integrity of the initial food matrix, is the most important, followed by the Vegetal (nutrient origin) and the Varied ("composition" effect) metrics. Conclusion Concerning their effects on health, food matrix comes first, and then nutrient composition, and calorie quality matters more than calorie quantity.

Introduction: Patients with multiple chronic diseases suffer from reduced life expectancy. Care for these patients is often divided over multiple healthcare professionals. eHealth might help to integrate care for these patients and create a continuum. It is the primary purpose of this paper to describe an intervention that integrates first, second, and third line care in patients with multiple chronic conditions using remote monitoring, remote therapy and data automatization, all integrated in a virtual care center (VCC). Methods: Patients diagnosed with three or more chronic conditions are included and given smartphone compatible devices for remote monitoring and a tablet for video consultations. Patients will be followed-up by the VCC, consisting of nurses who will coordinate care, supervised by general practitioners and medical specialists. Data is reviewed on a daily basis and patients are contacted on a weekly basis. Review of data is automated by computer algorithms. Patients are contacted in case of outcome abnormalities in the data. Patients can contact the VCC at any time. Follow-up of the study is 1 year. Results: The primary outcome of this study is the median number of nights admitted to the hospital per patient compared to the hospitalization data 12 months before enrolment. Secondary outcomes include all-cause mortality, event free survival, quality of life and satisfaction with technology and care. Conclusion: This study presents the concept of a VCC that integrates first, second, and third line care into a virtual ward using remote monitoring and video consultation.

Sabiedrības veselība Veselības aprūpe Public Health Health Care Darba nosaukums: Depresijas un somatoformās veģetatīvās disfunkcijas saistība ar veselības aprūpes pakalpojumu izmantošanu Latvijas iedzīvotājiem. Darba mērķis: Analizēt pēdējā gada laikā diagnosticētas vai ārstētas depresijas un somatoformās veģetatīvās disfunkcijas saistību ar veselības aprūpes pakalpojumu izmantošanu. Maģistra darba hipotēze: Latvijas iedzīvotājiem, kuriem pēdējā gada laikā ir diagnosticēta vai ārstēta depresija vai somatoformā veģetatīvā disfunkcija biežāk izmanto veselības aprūpes pakalpojumus, nekā tie iedzīvotāji, kuriem depresija vai somatoformā veģetatīvā disfunkcija nav diagnosticēta vai ārstēta pēdējā gada laikā. Pētījuma dizains: Šķērsgriezuma pētījums Aktualitāte: Smagie depresijas traucējumi ir viens no izplatītākajiem garīgajiem traucējumiem visā pasaulē. Depresijas klīniskās izpausmes tiek plaši saistītas ar citiem garīgās veselības traucējumiem, tādiem kā trauksme un/vai somatiskie simptomi, kas mēdz izpausties kā slikts garastāvoklis, nomāktība, sāpes ķermeņa orgānos. Pacienti ar šādiem traucējumiem, kuri nepareizi interpretē sava ķermeņa fiziskās sajūtas vismaz pēdējo sešu mēnešu laikā ir pārliecināti, ka viņiem attīstās nopietna slimība, tāpēc, lai šīs pārliecības pārbaudītu, tiek regulāri apmeklētas medicīniskās iestādes. Ņemot vērā būtiskas demogrāfiskās un epidemioloģiskās pārmaiņas, psihiskās slimības arvien vairāk kļūst par primārās veselības aprūpes pakalpojumu izmantošanas sloga noteicošu iemeslu, kā arī Latvijā arī strauji pieaug uzskaitē uzņemto pacientu skaits ar depresiju un somatoformiem traucējumiem. Rezultāti: Depresijas un/vai somatoformās veģetatīvās disfunkcijas izplatība pētījuma populācijas grupā sastādīja 4,4%. Depresijas un/vai somatoformās veģetatīvās disfunkcijas, kā arī hronisko slimību esamība palielina izredzes apmeklēt biežāk ģimenes ārstu līdz 1,8 reizēm, ārstu – speciālistu līdz 2,7 reizēm, izsaukt neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības dienestu līdz 8,6 reizēm, kā arī būt hospitalizētam vai atrasties dienas stacionārā līdz 3,3 reizēm. Secinājumi: Personām, īpaši sievietēm un pieaugušajiem virs 55 gadiem, ar diagnosticētu depresiju un/vai somatoformo veģetatīvo disfunkciju ir izteikti lielākas izredzes vērsties pēc veselības aprūpes pakalpojumiem tādiem kā ģimenes ārsta prakse, ārsts – speciālists, neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības dienesta izsaukšana, kā arī hospitalizācija vai dienas stacionāra apmeklēšana. Riska grupā biežākai veselības aprūpes izmantošanai ir pakļauti arī cilvēki ar trīs un vairāk hroniskām slimībām. Priekšlikumi: Gan ģimenes ārstiem, gan ārstiem – speciālistiem ir jāpievērš lielāka uzmanība pacientu riska grupām: pacientiem ar hroniskām slimībām, sievietēm, vecākā gadagājuma cilvēkiem, kā arī personām, kurām nav dzīves partnera, novirzot personu pie cita speciālista piemēram, pie klīniskā psihologa konsultācijas saņemšanai. Saturs: 67 lpp., 8 tabulas, 1 attēls, 5 pielikumi, 72 literatūras avoti Valoda: Latviešu valoda Title: The relationship between depression and somatoform vegetative dysfunction, and primary health care services usage in population of Latvia. The aim of study: To analyze the relationship between diagnosed depression and somatoform vegetative dysfunction in the last year and primary health care services. Hypothesis: Residents of Latvia, who have been diagnosed or treated for depression or somatoform vegetative dysfunction in the last year are more likely to use health care services than residents for whom depression or somatoform vegetative dysfunction has not been diagnosed or treated in the last year. Study design: Cross-sectional study Background: Strong forms of depressive disorders are most often encountered as common mental health diseases in the world. Manifestations of clinical depression are frequently related to other mental health problems and/or somatic symptoms such as bad mood, dispiritedness and body pains. Patients who experience mental health problems and misinterpret their body sensations in the last six months are convinced of having a serious illness. This becomes the main reason for a more frequent attendance to health facilities. After examining recent demographical and epidemiological changes and major increases in diagnosed depression and somatoform dysfunction cases, it can be stated that mental health illnesses become a primary reason for attending health care services. Results: Depression and/or somatoform vegetative dysfunction has been diagnosed in 4,4% of the population under study. The presence of chronic diseases among depression and/or somatoform vegetative dysfunction rise the probability of increased attendance rate to a family doctor’s practice up to 1,8 times, specialized doctor – up to 2,7 times, calling an emergency medical service – up to 8,6 times and hospitalization or attending day hospital – up to 3,3 times. Conclusion: Women and individuals over 55 years with diagnosed depression and/or somatoform vegetative dysfunction are more likely to seek health care from a family doctor’s practice, specialized doctor, an emergency medical service as well as a high probability of hospitalization or attending day hospital. Individuals with three or more chronic diseases also belong to the group of risk with a need for increased attendance at the health facilities. Proposals: Both family doctors and specialized doctors must pay more attention to patients at risk groups: patients with chronic diseases, women, the elderly people, as well as persons who do not have a life partner, referring the person to another specialist, for example, clinical psychologist for consultation. Content: 67 pages, 8 statistical tables, 1 image, 5 annexes, 72 literary sources and references to other review research papers. Language: Latvian

Chronic diseases are a growing concern worldwide, with nearly 25% of adults suffering from one or more chronic health conditions, thus placing a heavy burden on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. With the advent of the “Smart Healthcare” era, a series of cutting-edge technologies has brought new experiences to the management of chronic diseases. Among them, smart wearable technology not only helps people pursue a healthier lifestyle but also provides a continuous flow of healthcare data for disease diagnosis and treatment by actively recording physiological parameters and tracking the metabolic state. However, how to organize and analyze the data to achieve the ultimate goal of improving chronic disease management, in terms of quality of life, patient outcomes, and privacy protection, is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. Artificial intelligence (AI) can provide intelligent suggestions by analyzing a patient’s physiological data from wearable devices for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In addition, blockchain can improve healthcare services by authorizing decentralized data sharing, protecting the privacy of users, providing data empowerment, and ensuring the reliability of data management. Integrating AI, blockchain, and wearable technology could optimize the existing chronic disease management models, with a shift from a hospital-centered model to a patient-centered one. In this paper, we conceptually demonstrate a patient-centric technical framework based on AI, blockchain, and wearable technology and further explore the application of these integrated technologies in chronic disease management. Finally, the shortcomings of this new paradigm and future research directions are also discussed.

Chronic diseases quickly become broader public health issues because of the difficulty in obtaining appropriate, often long-term health care. So that, it requires the extension of health care for patients with chronic diseases beyond the clinic to include patient’s home and work environment. To reduce costs and provide more appropriate healthcare, we need telehealth care where internet of things (IoT) technology plays an important role. The integration of the IoT and medical science offers opportunities to improve healthcare quality, and efficiency and to better coordinate healthcare delivery at home and in the workplace. In this paper, we present the realization of a remote healthcare system based on the IoT technology. The function of this system is the transmission via a gateway of internet collected data using biomedical sensors node based Arduino board (e.g., temperature, electrical activity of the heart, heart rate monitor). These data will be stored automatically in a cloud. The health can then be monitored by the doctor or patient using a web page in real-time from anywhere at any time in the world using laptops or smart phones, etc. This method also reduces the need for direct interaction between doctor and patient.