Search

The paper intends to examine a specific area of research concerning the pollution of large rivers – the Tiber above all but not exclusively – and the resulting contamination of water and air as well as the depletion of fish fauna and related food risks. The data on the damage to fluvial (but also lake and marine) habitats are not presented by the intellectuals of the Flavian-Trajan and Antonine ages (Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Galen) in an ‘environmentalist’ perspective stricto sensu, but each time presented in terms of moral condemnation, or of political propaganda aimed at seeking consensus or even in terms of risk to health and/or possible economic damage. In spite of this, from a legal point of view, appears undeniable a concern of the State to introduce measures aimed at limiting environmental damages as well as protecting and conserving natural resources, although certainly not systematic, but dictated by completely pragmatic needs and by occasional or emergency circumstances.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto enorme sobre casi todos los aspectos de la sociedad humana y sus proyectos; el mundo natural y su conservación no han sido la excepción. Por medio de un proceso de consultas a expertos, identificamos y categorizamos en 19 temas y 70 subtemas las maneras en las que la biodiversidad y su conservación han sido o podrían ser afectadas mundialmente por la pandemia. Casi el 60% de los efectos han sido claramente negativos. Posteriormente, creamos un compendio de todos los temas y subtemas, cada uno con textos explicativos, para que en agosto de 2020 un grupo diverso de conservacionistas experimentados con conocimiento de todos los sectores y geografías evaluara cada subtema de acuerdo con su probabilidad de impactar sobre la conservación de la biodiversidad en todo el mundo. Los nueve subtemas con la clasificación más alta tienen un impacto negativo. Estos temas son, en orden de clasificación: los gobiernos dejando de lado al ambiente durante su recuperación económica, reducción de los ingresos basados en el turismo de fauna, incremento en la destrucción de hábitat, financiamiento reducido del gobierno, aumento de la contaminación por plásticos y otros desechos sólidos, debilitamiento de las regulaciones en pro de la naturaleza y su aplicación, incremento en la captura ilegal de animales, disminución de la filantropía y amenazas para la supervivencia de las organizaciones de conservación. La combinación de estos impactos representa un futuro preocupante lleno de amenazas para la conservación de la biodiversidad y una capacidad reducida para contrarrestarlas. El impacto positivo con la clasificación más alta, el 10, fue el impacto benéfico de las restricciones en el mercado de fauna. De manera más optimista, entre los impactos clasificados de los lugares del 11 al 20, seis fueron positivos y cuatro fueron negativos. Esperamos que nuestra evaluación enfoque la atención hacia los impactos de la pandemia y así mejore la habilidad de la comunidad conservacionista para responder a tales amenazas en el futuro. Importancia Relativa de los Impactos de la Pandemia de COVID-19 sobre la Conservación Mundial de la Biodiversidad.

Es un ensayo argumentativo relacionado con el medio ambiente y el Desarrollo sostenible en Colombia., {"references":["P. M. Acosta Castellanos, H. Guerrero Sierra, and M. E. Vega, Estudios sobre medio ambiente y sostenibilidad: una mirada desde Colombia, 2018th ed. Ediciones USTA, 2018.","P. M. Acosta Castellanos, A. Queiruga-Dios, A. Hernández Encinas, and A. C. Ortegon, \"Analysis of environmental sustainability educational approaches in engineering education.,\" in Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, CISTI, 2020, doi: 10.23919/CISTI49556.2020.9140919.","P. M. Acosta Castellanos and A. Queiruga-Dios, \"From environmental education to education for sustainable development in higher education: a systematic review,\" Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ., vol. ahead-of-print, no. ahead-of-print, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-04-2021-0167.","Guerrero, H. F., María, S., Vega, E., Mauricio, P., & Castellanos, A. (n.d.). Estudios sobre medio ambiente y sostenibilidad: una mirada desde Colombia.","Jacqueline, G. de R., Jorge, C. G., Pacheco, G., María, A., Santana, V., & Gabriela, A. (2020). Desarrollo Sostenible: Desde La Mirada De Preservación Del Medio Ambiente Colombiano. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 26(4), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v26i4.34664","Álvarez-García, C., López-Medina, I. M., Sanz-Martos, S., & Álvarez-Nieto, C. (2021). Salud planetaria: educación para una atención sanitaria sostenible. Educación Médica, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2021.08.001","Girón, A. (2016). Objetivos Del Desarrollo Sostenible Y La Agenda 2030: Frente a Las Políticas Públicas Y Los Cambios De Gobierno En América Latina. Problemas Del Desarrollo, 47(186), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpd.2016.08.001","Bennich, T., Belyazid, S., Stjernquist, I., Diemer, A., Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, S., & Kalantari, Z. (2021). The bio-based economy, 2030 Agenda, and strong sustainability – A regional-scale assessment of sustainability goal interactions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, 125174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125174","G. De Romero, \"Desarrollo sostenible: Desde la mirada de preservación del medio ambiente colombiano,\" vol. XXVI, 2020.","Álvarez, A. M. (2016). Challenges for Latin America: the Agenda for Sustainabale Development and Negotiations in the Twenty-First Century. Problemas Del Desarrollo, 47(186), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpd.2016.08.002","Ugarteche, O. (2016). Lecciones De La Crisis Del Euro Para La Cooperación Financiera Regional. Problemas Del Desarrollo, 47(186), 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpd.2016.08.003","Rojas Hernández, J. (2007). Comunidad Humana, Desarrollo y Biosfera. Hacia una Sustentabilidad Integral. Revista de La Cátedra Unesco Sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, 1, 9–27. http://www.ehu.eus/cdsea/web/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Revista1.pdf#page=31","G. Contreras and J. Lorena, \"FROM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Abstract,\" 2014.","J. S. Castañeda, \"Suma de Negocios,\" Suma Negocios, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 34–39, 2014, doi: 10.1016/S2215-910X(14)70007-2.","D. E. S. Ostenible, O. D. S. En, G. Abel, and R. Flórez, \"C ONPES,\" 2018","Alina and A. García, \"Breve historia de la educación ambiental: del conservacionismo hacia el desarrollo sostenible,\" no. 12, pp. 1–10.","Rivera, I. (2011). ¿Puede el Perú llegar a ser desarrollado en una generación? Oportunidades y obstáculos para lograrlo. Economía, 34(67), 163–200.","Castillo Robayo, C. D., & García Estévez, J. (2019). Desempleo juvenil en Colombia ¿La educación importa? Revista Finanzas y Política Económica, 11(1), 101–127. https://doi.org/10.14718/revfinanzpolitecon.2019.11.1.7","Giménez, L., Lugo, M. A., Martínez, S., Colman, H., & José, J. (2017). The CEQ Working Paper Series. 58.","Bergel, S. D. (2020). Desarrollo sustentable y medio ambiente: la perspectiva latinoamericana. Alegatos, 1(24), 196–221. http://revistastmp.azc.uam.mx/alegatos/index.php/ra/article/viewFile/1131/1108","Alonso-Sainz, T. (2021). Education for sustainable development: A critical approach from pedagogy. Revista Complutense de Educacion, 32(2), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.68338","A. Hernandez, \"Planteamiento de un marco teórico de la Educación Ambiental para un desarrollo sostenible Title : Proposing a the ... Related papers.\""]}

Objetivo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender a influência do contexto de tomada de decisão no resultado de intervenções comportamentais baseadas em Economia Comportamental direcionadas a promover a conformidade fiscal, especificamente quanto aos elementos que estimulam a moralidade e honestidade do comportamento do contribuinte, bem como as implicações metodológicas decorrentes dessa influência. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi realizada pelo método qualitativo de análise de conteúdo de artigos científicos que tratam de experimentos realizados tanto em campo quanto em laboratório, publicados a partir do ano de 2015 até julho de 2020 e disponibilizados nas plataformas Web of Science e Scielo. Resultados: Os dados demonstram que o contexto - utilizado em sentido amplo para abranger aspectos sociais, aspectos econômicos e políticos, motivações intrínsecas, características individuais externas e aspectos relacionados ao débito e à renda do contribuinte - é crucial para explicar a eficácia das intervenções, sugerindo a necessidade de testagem prévia das intervenções em campo antes de aplicação em larga escala. Limitações: Apenas um artigo em língua portuguesa conduzido no Brasil satisfez os critérios de seleção do corpus da pesquisa, indicando uma lacuna de disponibilidade de material em ciência comportamental no país, o que delimita a representatividade da amostra quanto ao âmbito nacional. Essa lacuna de produção científica sobre o tema também pode ser observada em relação aos demais países quando considerados individualmente, o que representa uma limitação metodológica da pesquisa. O material analisado abrange experimentos diversos realizados em diferentes contextos, inviabilizando uma análise comparativa entre os resultados de um mesmo design experimental testado em laboratório e replicado em ambientes diversos, o que pode constituir uma limitação relevante para resultados mais precisos. Contribuições práticas: A pesquisa promove a melhor compreensão acerca de uma medida inovadora de combate à desconformidade fiscal e provoca a reflexão sobre a importância da análise do contexto no desenho das intervenções, bem como da conveniência de que tais medidas sejam embasadas pela ciência, que pode auxiliar a propor métodos e obter resultados mais eficazes. Contribuições sociais: A promoção da conformidade tributária e otimização de arrecadação de tributos com o auxílio das evidências da Economia Comportamental contribui para a viabilização de políticas públicas fundamentais para a sociedade. Originalidade: O estudo é original por analisar a influência dos aspectos contextuais com ênfase na aplicação de intervenções comportamentais apresentadas em vários experimentos conduzidos em laboratório ou em campo, o que vai além da análise de aspectos contextuais do processo de tomada de decisão tributária. Purpose: This paper aims to understand the influence of the decision-making context on the result of behavioral interventions based on Behavioral Economics in order to promote fiscal compliance, specifically regarding the elements that encourage the morality and honesty of taxpayer’s behavior, as well as the methodological implications of this influence. Methodology: The research was realized through a qualitative method of analyzing the content of scientific papers that explore field and laboratory experiments, published from 2015 to July 2020, and available on the Web of Science and Scielo platforms. Results: The data demonstrate that the context - used in a broad sense to cover social aspects, economic and political aspects, intrinsic motivations, external characteristics of individuals and the ones related to the taxpayer's debt and income - is critical to explain the intervention’s effectiveness, suggesting the need for prior field testing before large-scale application. Research limitations: Only one paper written in Portuguese language and performed in Brazil satisfied the selection criteria of the research corpus, indicating a gap on behavioral science content available in the country, which limits the sample's representativeness at the national level. This gap is also observed in other countries if they are individually considered, which represents a methodological constraint for the research. The analyzed material includes different experiments carried out in different contexts, making impossible comparison of the results of the same experimental design tested in laboratory and replicated in the different environments, which may constitute a limitation relevant for more accurate results. Practical implications: The research promotes a better understanding of an innovative initiative to battle fiscal non-compliance and generates insights on the importance of the context analysis in the design of interventions, as well as the convenience of such initiatives being based on science, which can help propose methods and obtain more effective results. Social implications: The promotion of tax compliance and optimization of tax collection with the support of Behavioral Economics contributes to the viability of fundamental public policies for society. Originality: The study’s originality lies in analyzing the influence of contextual aspects with an emphasis on the application of behavioral interventions presented in various field and laboratory experiments, which goes beyond the analysis of contextual aspects of the tax decision-making process.

Le présent article se penche sur une question de plus en plus importante, soit la réponse des mécanismes de justice formels aux victimes (humaines) des crimes environnementaux. On comprend désormais mieux les impacts des activités polluantes (pratiquées généralement par des personnes morales) sur les individus et les collectivités du monde entier. Ces impacts sont de plus en plus condamnés par les observateurs, issus ou non du milieu scientifique, mais peu d’articles abordent directement la question des victimes de ces dommages environnementaux et aucun n’a tenté de comparer les divers recours du point de vue des victimes ou d’aborder la manière dont de tels recours pourraient être facilités et les formes qu’ils peuvent prendre. La présente étude cherche à remédier à cet état des choses et à remettre en question la tendance actuelle à la critique et au manque de priorité accordé aux voies de recours pénales en réponse aux crimes et aux dommages environnementaux. Elle examinera ainsi les options de réparations disponibles pour les victimes de crimes sous un certain nombre de juridictions et proposera la première évaluation critique et systématique de leur pertinence dans les affaires environnementales., This paper concerns an increasingly pressing issue – the response of formal justice mechanisms to the impacts of environmental crime on its victims. The harms affecting individuals and communities across the world as a result of environmentally polluting practices are increasingly understood and condemned, but very little of the legal and criminological literature considers the victims of environmental harm directly and none of it has set out to systematically compare different mechanisms of redress from the victims’ perspective or to suggest how such redress might be better facilitated or what form it might take. The present article seeks to remedy this extremely unsatisfactory and potentially re-victimising situation. It also seeks to challenge the present trend among commenters to criticise and deprioritize proposals that suggest that responses to environmental harm should involve the criminal justice system. This paper scrutinises the options for redress open to victims of crime across a number of jurisdictions and offers the first systematic and critical assessment of their suitability for use in environmental cases., El presente estudio trata de un tema de importancia creciente : la respuesta de los mecanismos de justicia formales a las consecuencias de los crímenes ambientales para sus víctimas. Los daños causados a los individuos y a las colectividades del mundo entero por las actividades contaminantes del ambiente, son cada vez mejor comprendidas así como condenadas, pero muy pocos textos abordan directamente el tema de las victimas de dichos daños ambientales. Ningún texto intenta tampoco comparar los diversos recursos desde el punto de vista de las víctimas, o abordar la manera en la que tales recursos pueden ser facilitados en el marco de diferentes sistemas jurídicos así como las formas que éstos pueden adoptar. El presente estudio busca remediar este estado de la situación y cuestionar la tendencia actual de criticar y de no acordar la prioridad a los recursos penales en respuesta a los crímenes y daños ambientales. Este estudio examina también las opciones de reparación disponibles para las víctimas de crímenes bajo ciertas jurisdicciones y propone una primera evaluación crítica y sistemática de su relevancia en los casos ambientales.

Early life events can exert a powerful influence on both the pattern of brain architecture and behavioral development. The paper examines the nature of nervous system plasticity, the nature of functional connectivities in the nervous system, and the application of connectography to better understand the concept of a functional neurology that can shed light on approaches to instruction in preschool and primary education. The paper also examines the genetic underpinnings of brain development such as synaptogenesis, plasticity, and critical periods as they relate to numerosity, language and perceptual development. Discussed is how the child's environment in school and home interact with and modify the structures and functions of the developing brain. The role of experience for the child is to both maintain and expand the child's early wiring diagram necessary for effective cognitive as well as neurological development beyond early childhood.

La luz siempre se ha utilizado como un medio de comunicación. Ya en el siglo cuarto a. C. los griegos habían desarrollado un telégrafo hidráulico que se utilizaba en combinación con fuego. En 1821 Carl Friedrich Gauss inventó el heliotropo, un instrumento que utiliza un espejo para reflejar la luz del sol sobre grandes distancias. Hoy en día, los impulsos de luz viajan sobre el principio de la reflexión total entre materiales de diferente densidad, dentro de fibras acrílicas de sección transversal circular –guías de luz- y están protegidos de las inclemencias del tiempo y otras perturbaciones de los alrededores. El resultado de dicho transporte de luz puede ser indirecta (de transmisión de datos) o directa (con propósitos de iluminación). La Luz que sale en el extremo de una fibra óptica normalmente se forma como un punto, una línea o, como en nuestro caso, una superficie luminosa. La luz también puede ser interceptada en su camino a través de una guía de luz plana, a través de un tratamiento especial de la superficie. Las texturas sobre la superficie de láminas de cristal acrílico forman paneles de brillo ya sea uniforme o diverso. Estos paneles pueden asumir el papel de los elementos de un ambiente luminoso arquitectónico. La transmisión y la reflectividad también se investiga de forma teórica y práctica, utilizando mediciones de luz en un modelo físico a fin de mostrar que los paneles luminosos también se pueden utilizar como pisos / techos en edificios de varias plantas para mejorar la iluminación natural y de esta forma reducir el costo de la iluminación eléctrica. Los hallazgos en el documento pueden aportar información útil para arquitectos, diseñadores de iluminación e ingenieros estructurales. La llum sempre s’ha utilitzat com un medi de comunicació. Ja en el segle quart a.C. els grecs havien desenvolupat un telègraf hidràulic que s’utilitzava en combinació amb el foc. El 1821 Carl Friedrich Gauss va inventar l’heliòtrop, un instrument que utilitza un mirall per reflectir la llum del sol sobre grans distàncies. Avui en dia, els impulsos de llum viatgen sobre el principide la reflexió total entre materials de diferent densitat, dins de fibres acríliques de secció transversal circular –guies de llum- i estan protegits de les inclemències del temps i altres pertorbacions dels voltants. Els resultat d’aquest transport de llum potser indirecta (de transmissió de dades) o directa (amb propòsits d’il·luminació). La llum que surt a l’extrem d’una fibra òptica normalment es forma com un punt, una línia o, com en el nostre cas, una superfície lluminosa. La llum també pot ésser interceptada en el seu camí a través d’una guia de llum plana, a través d’un tractament especial de la superfície. Les textures sobre la superfície de làmines de vidre acrílic formen panells brillants, ja sigui uniforme o diversa. Aquests poden assumir el paper dels elements d’un ambient lluminós arquitectònic. La transmissió i reflectivitat també s’investiga de forma teòrica i pràctica, utilitzant mesures de llum en un model físic a fi de mostrar que els panells lluminosos també es poden utilitzar com pisos/sostres en edificis de vàries plantes per millorar la il·luminació natural i, d’aquesta forma, reduir el cost de la il·luminació elèctrica. Les troballes en el document poden aportar informació útil per arquitectes, dissenyadors d¡il·luminació i enginyers estructurals. Light has always been used as a means of communication. As early as in the 4th century B.C. a hydraulic telegraph that was used in combination with fires has been developed by the Greeks. In 1821 Carl Friedrich Gauss invented heliotrope – an instrument that uses a mirror to reflect sunlight over great distances. Nowadays, light impulses travel on the principle of total reflection between materials of different density, inside round cross-section acrylic fibers—light guides—and are protected from inclement weather conditions and other disturbances from the surroundings. The result of such light "transportation" can be indirect – a transmission of data, or direct – a transmission of light with the purpose of illumination. Light that exits at the end of an optic fiber is usually formed as a point, as a line or, in our case, as a luminous surface. Light can also be intercepted on its way through a flat light guide, through a special surface treatment. Textures on the surface of sheets of acrylic glass form panels of either uniform or various brightness. Such panels can assume the role of the elements of an architectural luminous ambience. Transmission and reflectivity is also investigated, theoretical and practical, using light measurements on a physical model in order to show that luminous panels can also be used as floors/ceilings in multi-storey buildings in order to improve natural illumination and thus to reduce the cost of electrical lighting. Findings in the paper can bring useful information for architects, lighting designers and structural engineers.

Natural resources and physical cultural resources, referred to in this paper as “Environmental Resources”, can be important assets for regional competitiveness and innovation. In recent years, these types of assets have been increasingly taken into consideration in the design and implementation of regional development strategies, as a consequence of their potential role as a source of differentiation and of new competitive advantages. However, in contrast to environmental policies, which usually focus on the protection of the environment, innovation policies and their instruments are largely shaped by, and geared towards, knowledge-based innovation.In this paper, we discuss the role played by environmental resources in the context of regional innovation policies. We begin by discussing the relationship between environmental resources and regional development, and by emphasizing some contrasting views with regard to the function of environmental resources in regional development. Then, we address the relationship between regional competitive advantages and innovation strategies. The specific issues and problems that arise whenever the aim is to attain competitive advantages through the valorisation of environmental resources constitute the core of section III. In that section, we highlight the specific characteristics of environmental resources and we discuss the applicability of the “natural resource curse” argument to the dynamics based on the valorisation of environmental resources. The reasons that justify public intervention as well as the difficulties concerning the adequate level of intervention (local / regional / national) are also examined. The paper ends with some conclusions and policy implications., Finisterra, vol. 44 n.º 88 (2009)

O presente artigo pretende realizar uma compreensão objetiva dos conceitos balizadores da ciência geográfica. Para isso trabalhamos com as categorias geográficas de espaço, território, paisagem, lugar e ambiente. O espaço geográfico é encarado como "uno e múltiplo". O objetivo final do artigo é construir um corpo referencial que expresse as possibilidades análiticas da Geografia, principalmente com relação à questão ambiental., This paper seeks to accomplish an objective understanding of the geography's primordial concepts. For that, we have worked with the geographical categories of space, territory, landscape, place and environment. The geographical space is considerated as "unitary and multiple". The mainly objective of the paper is to build a referential corpus that expresses the geography's analytical possibilities, mainly with relationship to the environmental subject.

El presente trabajo se propone reflexionar en torno al vínculo entre la noción de agencia material y el pensamiento posthumanista contemporáneo. Más específicamente nos proponemos cuestionar la necesidad de que una postura filosófica no antropocéntrica deba contener necesariamente una concepción simétrica de agencia. Para esto, en primer lugar, se analizarán los desarrollos de Lambros Malafouris en torno a dicha problemática, con el fin de caracterizar una concepción simétrica de la capacidad agentiva. En contraposición a esto, en segundo término, se explicitará la visión de Tim Ingold al respecto, con el fin de abrir paso a un nuevo enfoque. This paper aims to reflect on the link between the notion of material agency and contemporary post-humanist thinking. More specifically, we propose to question the need that a non-anthropocentric philosophical stance must necessarily contain a symmetrical conception of agency. For this, in the first place, we will analyze the developments of Lambros Malafouris around this problem, in order to characterize a symmetrical conception of the agentive capacity. In contrast to this, in the second place, we will explain Tim Ingold’s vision of agency, in order to make way for a new approach.

[ES] Entendemos la atención a la diversidad en el aula como el conjunto de medidas que tienen en cuenta tanto las necesidades educativas, como las diferentes capacidades que presentan los estudiantes y están dirigidas a todo el grupo-clase. Es por ello que el presente documento trata de un estudio de investigación que tiene como objetivo principal analizar la influencia de la organización del aula para atender la diversidad a través de maestros y maestras de Educación Infantil y Primaria. Además, a través de este, se busca reflexionar sobre las diferentes prácticas docentes y examinar las semejanzas y diferencias entre éstas. El método de investigación llevado a cabo se basa en un enfoque mixto cuantitativo-cualitativo para resolver la hipótesis sobre si la organización del aula influye para atender a la diversidad. Como técnica se ha utilizado la encuesta y como instrumento de recogida de datos el cuestionario que presenta preguntas acerca sobre los distintos aspectos que recogen la organización de un aula (ambiente, distribución, agrupamientos, docentes), sus experiencias y opiniones. La muestra fue no probabilística por conveniencia, estuvo constituida por treinta docentes y fue entregado vía online a través de la aplicación de WhatsApp. Cabe destacar que las respuestas han resultado muy similares y que los resultados apuntan a confirmar que la organización de aula en todo su conjunto influye para abordar las necesidades educativas especiales que pueden presentar los alumnos y alumnas dentro del contexto del aula., [EN] We understand attention to diversity in the classroom as the set of measures that take into account all the educational needs, as well as the different abilities of the students and they are aimed to all the classroom. Thats why this work focuses on a study which main goal is to analyse the influence of the classroom organisation in order to attend diversity through Pre-Primary and Primary teachers. Moreover, by means of this work, we try to think about the different teacher practices and to analyse the differences and similarities about them. The methodology used to carry out this investigation is a base don a mixed approach quantitative and qualitative, in order to solve the hypothesis on whether the organisation affects in the classroom to attend diversity. The technique used in this study was the poll and the instrument used to collect the data was questionnaire that includes questions about the different aspects that fullfil the classroom organisation (environment, distribution, grouping, teachers), their experiences and opinions. This simple was not probabilistic, it was formed by thirty teachers and was shared online via WhatsApp. It is important to mention, that the results have been very similar, so, this paper work concludes that, though teacher practices, the organisation of the classroom affects to attend all the educational needs of the students inside the classroom context.

Resumen: En el marco del desarrollo del denominado “Estado ambiental de derecho” existe un aspecto interesante a nivel iusfilosófico que tiene lugar directamente sobre la base de los compromisos asumidos por los jueces: el valor de la dignidad humana en relación con el cuidado del ambiente. Este trabajo se propone demostrar cómo en la jurisprudencia de los últimos años de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación argentina, concerniente al derecho al agua potable y la protección de los recursos hídricos, el respeto de la dignidad se encuentra en el centro de la labor interpretativa y constituye un criterio rector en la toma de decisiones judiciales. Abstract: In the development of the so-called “Environmental Rule of Law”, there is a very interesting feature which takes place directly based on the commitments assumed by judges: the value of human dignity in relation to the care of the environment. In relation to this, the propose of this paper is to demonstrate how in the recent case-law of the Supreme Court of Argentina, which is related to the human right to water and the protection of the hydrological resources, dignity is at the center of interpretive work and it also constitutes a guiding criterion in judicial decision-making.

Con este ensayo de aula se pretende que los estudiantes busquen las alternativas sostenibles a los problemas ambientales de Colombia, desde su pensamiento con un soporte bibliogr��fico y que fomenten en su quehacer la interdisciplinariedad. As�� mismo se pretende contribuir desde la asignatura de desarrollo sostenible de la facultad de ingenier��a civil a cerrar los vac��os existentes en la formaci��n y entrenamiento de los ingenieros en cuanto al desarrollo sostenible., {"references":["P. M. Acosta Castellanos, H. Guerrero Sierra, and M. E. Vega, Estudios sobre medio ambiente y sostenibilidad: una mirada desde Colombia, 2018th ed. Ediciones USTA, 2018.","P. M. Acosta Castellanos, A. Queiruga-Dios, A. Hernández Encinas, and A. C. Ortegon, \"Analysis of environmental sustainability educational approaches in engineering education.,\" in Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, CISTI, 2020, doi: 10.23919/CISTI49556.2020.9140919.","P. M. Acosta Castellanos and A. Queiruga-Dios, \"From environmental education to education for sustainable development in higher education: a systematic review,\" Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ., vol. ahead-of-print, no. ahead-of-print, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-04-2021-0167.","H. Fernando, G. Sierra, P. Mauricio, and A. Castellanos, Estudios sobre medio ambiente y sostenibilidad: una mirada desde Colombia. .","L. Morales, \"LA PAZ Y LA PROTECCIÓN AMBIENTAL EN COLOMBIA : Propuestas para un desarrollo rural sostenible,\" 2017.","V. L. Cantillo, \"Responsabilidad social empresarial. Su contribución al desarrollo sostenible.\"","G. De Romero, \"Desarrollo sostenible: Desde la mirada de preservación del medio ambiente colombiano,\" vol. XXVI, 2020.","M. Ambiente, \"Día Mundial,\" pp. 13–15, 2008.","F. A. Galán, medio ambiente y desarrollo. 2002","Microsoft Word - 1 - Análisis Multicriterio del cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en la OCDE para 2030.doc _ Enhanced Reader.pdf.\"","D. Sostenible, \"Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS): una revisión crítica,\" pp 107–118, 2017.","D. Chavarro, M. I. Vélez, G. Tovar, I. Montenegro, A. Hernández, and A. Olaya, \"Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en Colombia y el aporte de la ciencia , la tecnología y la innovación,\" vol. 1, pp. 1–32, 2017.","Q. Parques, N. Naturales, and N. Naturales, \"Ministerio de ambiente y desarrollo sostenible,\" 2017.","2021 Hacia una agricultura sostenible y resiliente en América Latina y el Caribe. 2021.","D. E. S. Ostenible, O. D. S. En, G. Abel, and R. Flórez, \"C ONPES,\" 2018.","Y. Du and Y. Girault, \"A Genealogy of UNESCO Global Geopark : Emergence and Evolution ,\" vol. 6, no. 644015, pp. 1–17, 2020, doi: 10.17149/ijgp.j.issn.2577.4441.2018.02.001.D. E. L. Decenio, J. Benayas, and S. Calvo, \"EDUCACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE : EVALUACIÓN DE RETOS Y OPORTUNIDADES,\" no. September 2015, 2014.","B. Del and O. Y. La, \"Horizontes 2030. La igualdad en el centro del desarrollo sostenible,\" vol. 186, no. 47, pp. 3–8, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rpd.2016.08.001.","A. M. Álvarez, \"Retos de América Latina : Agenda para el Desarrollo Sostenible y Negociaciones del siglo xxi Challenges for Latin America : The Agenda for Sustainabale Development and Negotiations in the Twenty-First Century,\" Probl. Desarro., vol. 47, no. 186, pp. 9–30, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rpd.2016.08.002.P.","A. Hernandez, \"Planteamiento de un marco teórico de la Educación Ambiental para un desarrollo sostenible Title : Proposing a the ... Related papers.\"","F. V. Salazar, \"Comparación de la forma cómo las encuestas de calidad de vida en Colombia.\"","S. Huenchuan, personas mayores y Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible Gracias por su interés en esta publicación de la CEPAL. .","M. Vázquez-maguirre, \"Estudios Sociales,\" vol. 52, no. 81, 2019.","G. Contreras and J. Lorena, \"FROM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Abstract,\" 2014.","S. Castañeda, \"Suma de Negocios,\" Suma Negocios, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 34–39, 2014, doi: 10.1016/S2215-910X(14)70007-2.","D. E. S. Ostenible, O. D. S. En, G. Abel, and R. Flórez, \"C ONPES,\" 2018","Alina and A. García, \"Breve historia de la educación ambiental: del conservacionismo hacia el desarrollo sostenible,\" no. 12, pp. 1–10."]}

El presente artículo científico tiene dos objetivos: a) realizar un análisis e interpretación de las primeras 50 Mesas de Trabajo Permanente (MTP) ejecutadas entre 2016 y 2022 en el marco de la Agenda Científica Participativa (ACP) 'Territorio, Industria y Ambiente' de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) y el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); y b) entablar diálogos teóricos, metodológicos y aplicados con aportes producidos desde perspectivas de la teoría de la transformación (Wright, 2014), del paradigma científico emergente (de Sousa Santos, 2009) y de la decolonialidad del saber (Quijano, 2000), con principios y metodologías de la Investigación-Acción-Participativa (Fals Borda, 1986; 2009) y componentes de la inteligencia territorial (Girardot, 2008) y justicia territorial (Bozzano, 2017), todo ello en franco desarrollo en nuestro colectivo latinoamericano de la Red Científica Territorios Posibles, Praxis y Transformación. La investigación se inscribe en una perspectiva de geografía transformadora y en un enfoque de la comunicación como proceso complejo, disciplinas que posibilitan ambas, articuladas, el diseño de acciones estratégicas interdisciplinarias con elevada participación y vocación transformadora, útil en la ejecución de políticas públicas. This paper has two objectives: (a) to conduct an analysis and interpretation of the first 50 Mesas de Trabajo Permanente (MTP) executed between 2016 and 2022 in the framework of the Participatory Scientific Agenda (ACP) 'Territory, Industry and Environment' of the National University of La Plata (UNLP) and Scientific and Technical Research National Council for (CONICET); and b) to engage in theoretical, methodological and applied dialogues with contributions produced from the perspectives of transformation theory (Wright, 2014), the emerging scientific paradigm (de Sousa Santos, 2009) and the decoloniality of knowledge (Quijano, 2000), with principles and methodologies of Participatory Action Research (Fals Borda, 1986; 2009) and components of territorial intelligence (Girardot, 2008) and territorial justice (Bozzano, 2017), all of which are being developed in our Latin American collective of the Scientific Network Territorios Posibles, Praxis and Transformation. The results indicate that the Reserve area presents a road network with low density and low connectivity due to a heterogeneous distribution over space. This situation remains in the two sources of information analyzed although they have different behaviour in the area. The research is part of a perspective of transforming geography and an approach to communication as a complex process, disciplines that make it possible to design interdisciplinary strategic actions with high participation and a transforming vocation, useful in the execution of public policies. Fil: Bozzano, Horacio. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina. Fil: Canevari, Tomás. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

56 páginas En el presente documento se analiza inicialmente el concepto de democracia deliberativa y sus principales elementos, como una de las nuevas tendencias en materia de ampliación de las posibilidades de participación activa de los ciudadanos en el debate y toma de decisiones en los asuntos públicos. En la segunda parte del texto se describe la democracia deliberativa ambiental y su avance teórico, como alternativa para la gestión colectiva e informada de los asuntos ambientales. En la última parte de la investigación se analizan las posibilidades de implementación de la democracia deliberativa en Colombia en el marco de la Constitución de 1991, las normas que regulan la institucionalidad ambiental y los mecanismos de participación ciudadana en asuntos ambientales, así como los principales desafíos que enfrenta este enfoque. This paper discusses the concept of deliberative democracy and its main elements, as one of the new trends in broadening the possibilities for active participation of citizens in debate and decision-making on public affairs. The second part describes environmental deliberative democracy and its theoretical advancement, as an alternative to collective and informed management of environmental issues. The last part of the research analyses the possibilities for the implementation of deliberative democracy in Colombia within the framework of the 1991 Constitution and the rules that governs environmental institutionality and citizen participation mechanisms and the main challenges that faces this approach.

I saggi contenuti in questo dossier sono l’esito di un confronto pubblico sull’intreccio tra salute, ambiente e rischio emerso da una sessione tematica focalizzata su questo tema del 2° convegno nazionale della Società Italiana di Antropologia Medica (Perugia 14-16 giugno 2018) dedicato alla memoria del fondatore Tullio Seppilli. Gli autori affrontano da diverse prospettive interpretative e in riferimento a contesti plurali, il rapporto tra ambiente e tutela della salute e i modi in cui la presenza di fattori di rischio ambientale/industriale attiva risposte, talora confliggenti, da parte di attori sociali portatori di interessi diversificati. In un tale quadro di complessità, il dossier ospita contributi teorici e ricerche etnografiche che esplorano, nella loro molteplicità, le articolazioni globali della crisi ambientale con le specificità locali incarnate nelle esperienze delle persone che vivono, lavorano, si ammalano in territori danneggiati o contaminati. The papers result from a public debate on the intertwining of health, environment and risk as emerged from a panel focused on these topics of the 2nd national conference of the Italian Society of Medical Anthropology (Perugia June 14-16, 2018) dedicated to the memory of its founder Tullio Seppilli. The authors discuss – within different interpretative perspectives and in reference to plural contexts – the relationship between environment and health protection and the ways in which the presence of environmental and/or industrial risk factors stimulate sometimes conflicting responses in social actors with diversified interests. In such a complex framework, this special issue hosts theoretical contributions and ethnographic researches that, in their multiplicity, explore the global articulations of the environmental crisis with its local peculiarities embodied in the experiences of the people who live, work and fall ill in territories damaged or contaminated.

The concept of creativity has been the subject of much research since the 1950s. These theories mainly focus on the individual, personal characteristics of creativity. However, in the past few decades this person-centered spectrum of creativity has been broadened, and today we encounter several theories that emphasize the importance of environmental factors. These research results underline the fact that individual qualities cannot evolve without a supportive environment, and environmental factors may mobilize and even develop personal creative skills. This paper provides a survey of the international professional literature of the new, environmental approach to enhancing creativity, with a special emphasis on previous organizational psychological findings and their adaptability in a school context. The concept of ‘creative climate’ is also introduced: its theoretical background, an overview of measurement techniques and its relationship with classroom motivation is presented. Finally some future research questions and educational practical issues are addressed.

Resumo O artigo aborda obra basilar da arquitetura moderna brasileira no sul, na qual além de sistemas construtivos pioneiros na construção de obras brasileiras manifestam-se relações entre estratégia urbana e meio ambiente, pavilhões modernos e paisagem, até então raros no campo das instalações industriais em âmbito internacional. Os projetos da Equipe de Arquitetos formada por Carlos Maximiliano Fayet, Cláudio L. G. Araújo, Moacyr Moojen Marques e Miguel Alves Pereira, para a Refinaria Alberto Pasqualini, em Canoas, RS, e Terminal Almirante Soares Dutra da Petrobras, em Osório, RS, relacionam igualmente sistemas espaciais do Movimento Moderno, cuja apropriação regional revela particularidades em relação ao centro do país, até então pouco valorizadas. Abstract This paper discusses one of the fundamental works of Brazilian modern architecture in the south of Brazil. As well as using pioneering constructive systems in Brazilian construction industry, this work shows links between urban strategies and the environment, modern pavilions and the landscape, which up until that moment were rare in industrial installations anywhere in the world. The designs of Equipe de Arquitetos, formed by Carlos Maximiliano Fayet, Claudio L. G. Araújo, Moacyr Moojen Marques and Miguel Alves Pereira, for the Alberto Pasqualini Refinery in Canoas, RS, Brazil, and for the Almirante Soares Dutra Terminal of Petrobras, in Osório, RS, Brazil, also relate spatial systems and the progressive motivations of the Modern Movement, which regional version reveals peculiarities- when compared to the center of the country - which have been undervalued.

El artículo presenta dos conceptos emergentes de la praxis en procesos de extensión e investigación–acción en el Gran La Plata, Argentina: Agendas Científicas Participativas y Mesas de Trabajo Permanentes. Ambos se basan en diálogos de saberes a la vez que promueven y ejecutan acciones concretas con el objeto de acercar los deseos de la comunidad a políticas públicas más inclusivas, justas y sustentables. Sintetizan una perspectiva desde la comunicación y la educación popular que pretende superar instancias de la crítica y la resistencia para aportar a procesos de transformación. Frente a la multiplicidad de agendas sectoriales para abordar problemáticas territoriales, sociales y ambientales, se expone en este trabajo una iniciativa para producir conocimiento y promover la ejecución de acciones específicas con una perspectiva multidimensional junto a las comunidades implicadas., This paper presents two concepts emerging from praxis in extension and action–research processes in Greater La Plata, Argentina: Participatory Scientific Agendas and Permanent Working Tables. Both are based on dialogues of knowledge while promoting and executing concrete actions with the aim of bringing the wishes of the community closer to more inclusive, fair and sustainable public policies. They summarise a perspective from communication and popular education that aims to overcome instances of criticism and resistance in order to contribute to transformation processes. Faced with the multiplicity of sectoral agendas to address territorial, social and environmental problems, this work presents an initiative to produce knowledge and promote the implementation of concrete actions with a multidimensional perspective together with the communities involved., O artigo apresenta dois conceitos emergentes da práxis em processos de extensão e pesquisa-ação na Grande La Plata, Argentina: Agendas Científicas Participativas e Grupos de Trabalho Permanentes. Ambos se baseiam em diálogos de conhecimento enquanto promovem e executam ações concretas a fim de aproximar os desejos da comunidade a políticas públicas mais inclusivas, justas e sustentáveis. Elas sintetizam uma perspectiva de comunicação e educação popular que visa superar instâncias de crítica e resistência para contribuir para processos de transformação. Diante da multiplicidade de agendas setoriais para abordar os problemas territoriais, sociais e ambientais, este trabalho apresenta uma iniciativa para produzir conhecimento e promover a implementação de ações concretas com uma perspectiva multidimensional com as comunidades envolvidas., Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales

Under an historic point of view, some key issues are related to the automobile. This paper approaches with other eyes to the automobile magnificent engineering world and its effects. It quotes inter disciplinary aspects and comments several facts, epochs and personalities about this theme. It mentions historic aspects and speaks on some detail in connection with internationalization consequences around this twenty century classic symbol invention. Lights and shadows regarding automobile impacts, are presented keeping in mind health and environment. Emphasis on Ecuador as a country is constantly settled along this article, reinforcing through a field approach in order to take more contact with reality. A new deal and attitude is compulsory in order to overcome dilemmas and the ambivalent relation man-machine. Historiando algunos hitos del coche. El presente trabajo anhela acercarse con otros ojos al mundo de la formidable ingeniería del automóvil y sus impactos. Cita interdisciplinariamente y comenta algunos acontecimientos, épocas y personajes sobre el tema. Menciona aspectos de la historia y aborda algunos pormenores relacionados a las consecuencias de la universalización de este invento clásico y símbolo del siglo XX. Luces y sombras en relación al impacto del auto se presentan, teniendo en cuenta salud y ambiente. Énfasis en el Ecuador salpica con frecuencia la trama del artículo, sustentado a través de un estudio de campo con el fin de tomar más contacto con la realidad. Un nuevo trato humanista es obligatorio, a fin de superar la ambivalente relación hombre-máquina.

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de los desafíos que en materia de responsabilidad administrativa ambiental se le presentan a Cuba hoy, teniendo en cuenta las nuevas proyecciones en materia de desarrollo económico y social. En este sentido se aborda lo relativo a la actuación de la Administración en materia ambiental y el papel que le corresponde a la misma en el logro de una protección efectiva del ambiente. Igualmente, se realiza un breve recorrido por las cuestiones teóricas de trascendencia en el ámbito de la responsabilidad ambiental en sentido general, con referencias al plano internacional y nacional. En un segundo momento el trabajo se centra en el caso específico de la responsabilidad administrativa ambiental, con énfasis en el contenido del Decreto Ley 200/1999 «De las Contravenciones en materia de medio ambiente». Se realiza una valoración en torno a la regulación actual de la responsabilidad administrativa ambiental y se esbozan los principales desafíos que desde nuestra consideración enfrenta hoy Cuba en este ámbito., In this paper, an analysis is made of the challenges regarding environmental administrative liability that are presented to Cuba today, taking into account the new projections regarding economic and social development. In this sense, it deals with the actions of the Administration in environmental matters and the role that corresponds to it in achieving effective protection of the environment. Likewise, a brief tour of the theoretical issues of importance in the field of environmental responsibility in a general sense, with references to the international and national level, is made. In a second moment, the work focuses on the specific case of environmental administrative responsibility, with emphasis on the content of Decree-Law 200/1999 “On Environmental Contraventions”. An assessment is made around the current regulation of environmental administrative liability and the main challenges that Cuba is facing today in this field are outlined., Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

A partir de las concepciones actuales sobre el ambiente en la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina), analizamos en este trabajo información documental sobre sus raíces históricas. Más precisamente, observamos testimonios sobre la experiencia del ambiente entre los siglos XVI y XIX, detectando indicios que permiten comprenderla en el contexto de la esquematización de modalidades de relación entre la sociedad y su entorno. Nos interesa especialmente observar el lugar de las plantas en este proceso; ya que en base a datos arqueológicos e históricos se ha corroborado que el período de estudio incluyó cambios en la conformación de los paisajes forestales. Asimismo, definimos a grandes rasgos unidades de análisis diferenciadas por la asociación de materialidades-significados que conformaron paisajes específicos, más precisamente, el paisaje nativo y el colonial. Los datos analizados permiten observar disposiciones de relación diferentes entre ambas; resultando los árboles y arbustos posibles elementos claves en la modelación de las experiencias. Estas interpretaciones habilitan para retomar el debate que sirvió de punto de partida discutiendo, a razón de la información histórica presentada y las interpretaciones construidas a lo largo del trabajo, las implicancias de las actuales conceptualizaciones y modos de relación con el ambiente en la región. Starting off from the current environmental conceptions in the Mendoza province (Argentina), we analyze here documentary information about its historical roots. More precisely, we observe testimonies about the experience of the environment between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, detecting clues allowing context understanding of the schematization of modalities in the relationship between society and its environment. We are particularly interested in observing the place of the plants in this process; since from archaeological and historical data it has been corroborated that the period of study covered changes in the conformation of the forest landscapes. For this purpose, we broadly define units of analysis differentiated by the association of materialities-meanings that conformed specific landscapes, more precisely, the native and colonial landscape. The analyzed data allows for observation of different relationship between both; resulting trees and shrubs possible key elements in the modeling of experiences. These interpretations make it possible to resume the debate that was used as a starting point, discussing, on the basis of the historical information presented and the interpretations built throughout the paper, the implications of current conceptualizations and modes of relation with the environment in the region.

ResumoNos últimos anos, a Demografia tem dedicado mais atenção às abordagens interdisciplinares sobre a questão ambiental. A incorporação da temática pela Demografia está em sintonia com o que tem sido observado em praticamente todos os campos do conhecimento, diante da nítida valorização das preocupações relacionadas à sustentabilidade no planeta. No centro das principais discussões ambientais da atualidade, os problemas gerados pelos desequilíbrios entre consumo, ambiente e população merecem cada vez mais destaque. Em um primeiro momento, este artigo oferece uma série de reflexões sobre a recente consolidação da demografia ambiental, buscando avaliar os caminhos ainda não trilhados e as possibilidades de crescimento dos estudos sobre população, consumo e ambiente. Em seguida, é apresentada uma revisão das abordagens oferecidas pelas Ciências Sociais sobre o consumo, investigando como estes estudos têm incorporado a questão ambiental. Ao final, explora-se a inserção do tema - consumo e ambiente - na Demografia, revelando a superação de velhos paradigmas e o surgimento de novos desafios. As reflexões presentes neste estudo demonstram que os trabalhos que lançam uma perspectiva demográfica sobre as implicações ambientais do crescimento do consumo esbarram na constante necessidade de desmistificar qualquer associação simplista entre crescimento demográfico e degradação ambiental. Atualmente, a explosão do consumo é, cada vez mais, vista como algo muito mais temido do que o crescimento exagerado da população. AbstractIn recent years, Demography has devoted more effort to assess environmental issues based on interdisciplinary approaches. Demography's incorporation of environmental issues is consistent with what can be observed in almost every field of knowledge, with a clear increase in the concerns related to sustainability of the planet. At the center of today's environmental debate the problems caused by the imbalance between consumption, environment and population deserve more attention. First, this study offers some reflections on the recent consolidation of environmental demography, seeking to evaluate the paths not yet taken, and the growth possibilities for studies on population, consumption and environment. The paper then presents an overview of the approaches offered by the social sciences on consumption, focusing on how these studies have incorporated environmental issues. Finally, the study explores the inclusion of this topic - consumption and environment - in Demography, overcoming of old paradigms and revealing new challenges. The reflections in this work show that the demographic perspective on the environmental implications of consumption growth come up against the constant need to demystify any simplistic association between demographic growth and environmental degradation. Currently, the consumption boom is increasingly seen as something much more concerning than the population overgrowth. ResumenEn los últimos años la demografía ha dedicado más atención a los abordajes interdisciplinarios sobre la cuestión ambiental. La incorporación de la temática a esta disciplina está en sintonía con lo que se ha observado en prácticamente todos los campos del conocimiento, ante la clara valorización de las preocupaciones relacionadas con la sustentabilidad en el planeta. En el centro de las principales discusiones ambientales actuales merecen cada vez mayor atención los problemas generados por los desequilibrios entre el consumo, el ambiente y la población. En una primera parte, este artículo ofrece una serie de reflexiones sobre la consolidación reciente de la demografía ambiental, procurando evaluar los caminos aún no transitados y las posibilidades de crecimiento de los estudios sobre población, consumo y ambiente. Después se presenta una revisión de los abordajes sobre el consumo que ofrecen las ciencias sociales, investigando el modo en que estos estudios han incorporado la cuestión ambiental. Finamente, se explora la inserción del tema del consumo y el ambiente en la demografía, revelando la superación de viejos paradigmas y el surgimiento de nuevos desafíos. Las reflexiones que se realizan en este estudio demuestran que los trabajos que proponen una perspectiva demográfica sobre las implicaciones ambientales del crecimiento del consumo tropiezan con la constante necesidad de desmitificar cualquier asociación simplista entre crecimiento demográfico y degradación ambiental. Actualmente la explosión del consumo es vista, cada vez más, como algo mucho más temido que el crecimiento exagerado de la población.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados del estudio de valorización integral de la desertificación en el departamento Santa María, provincia de Catamarca. El método de valorización utilizado combina herramientas de la economía ambiental y economía ecológica, realizando un análisis de todo el sistema, a través de la integración de resultados. El trabajo desarrolló un método para valorar la pérdida de secuestro de carbono en la cuenca entre 1997 y 2012. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la desertificación ha aumentado en el todos los casos, excepto en una localidad. Se evidencia también, problemas socioeconómicos, como bajos ingresos, alto porcentaje de población que vive bajo la línea de pobreza e indigencia, como así escaza capacitación de los pobladores en temas ambientales y baja percepción de la desertificación como un problema. Las pérdidas por desertificación representan un 2.4% del Producto Bruto Geográfico de la provincia. Las emisiones de CO2, de la cuenca, representan el 0,14% de las emisiones del país como consecuencia de los procesos de deterioro ambiental que se han producido en la zona. Todos estos resultados indican que se necesitan medidas urgentes para revertir estos procesos., This paper presents the results of the comprehensive valuation of desertification in the Department Santa María, Province of Catamarca. The valuation method used combines tools from environmental and ecological economics, with an analysis of the whole system through the integration of results. The work developed a method to assess the lost of carbon sequestration in the basin between 1997 and 2012. The results show that the desertification has increased in all cases, except in one location. Since socioeconomic systems show high percentage of population living under the poverty and indigence line, and producers’ also shows low education in environmental issues and low perception of desertification as a problem. Desertification losses represent 2.4% of the Gross Geographic Product on the province. CO2 emissions` basin, represent 0.14% of the country's emissions as a result of environmental degradation processes All these results indicate that urgent measures are need to reverse these processes.

A temática saúde e ambiente vem sendo amplamente discutida através de disciplinas tanto do campo da saúde quanto das ciências ambientais. No âmbito de uma visão ampliada de saúde, torna-se desejável que os profissionais desse campo de conhecimento apresentem um maior envolvimento na discussão acerca da temática saúde e ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e compreender as percepções, ideias e imagens de alguns profissionais da Saúde da Família sobre a articulação entre saúde e ambiente. A presente pesquisa foi realizada na perspectiva das Ciências Sociais sendo desenvolvida no contexto da abordagem qualitativa. Realizou-se a análise das informações obtidas de profissionais pertencentes a uma regional de Saúde de Belo Horizonte. Para a definição do número de participantes, foi utilizado o critério de saturação. Como técnica de análise das informações, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, desenvolvida na perspectiva da representação social. A coleta de informações foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A partir da análise das informações obtidas, foram apreendidas duas categorias de análise. Foi possível observar que, apesar da significativa percepção em relação à interação entre saúde e ambiente, essa percepção se mostra limitada e reducionista. A despeito de toda a complexidade do sistema de organização da Saúde da Família na atenção à saúde, a discussão sobre saúde e ambiente, como um saber necessário à prática ampliada da saúde, parece não se fazer presente de maneira abrangente e integrada com a discussão atual. Encontra-se, ainda, desvinculada de um enfoque ecossistêmico de saúde.La temática salud y ambiente ha sido ampliamente discutida en todas las disciplinas del campo de las ciencias de la salud y del medio ambiente. Dentro de una visión ampliada de la salud, es deseable que los profesionales en este campo del conocimiento tienen una mayor participación en la discusión sobre los temas de la saludy el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar y comprender las percepciones, ideas e imágenes de algunos profesionales de la salud de la familia sobre la relación entre la salud y el medio ambiente. Esta encuesta se llevó a cabo desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales que se desarrollan en el contexto de un enfoque cualitativo. Hemos llevado a cabo el análisis de la información de los profesionales que pertenecen a una regional de salud de Belo Horizonte. Para definir el número de participantes, el criterio de saturación. Como técnica para el análisis de la información se utilizó el análisis de contenido, desarrollado desde la perspectiva de la representación social. La recolección de datos se realiza a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. A partir del análisis de la información incautada había dos categorías de análisis. Se observó que, a pesar de la percepción significativa con respecto a lainteracción entre la salud y el medio ambiente, muestra que la percepción es limitada yreduccionista. A pesar de la complejidad del sistema de organización de la salud de la familia en el cuidado de la salud, la discusión sobre la salud y el medio ambiente, como un conocimiento práctico necesario para la salud ampliado, parece no estar presente en un amplio e integrado con el debate actual. Quedarse quieta, alejada de un enfoque ecosistémico para la salud.The thematic of health and environment has been widely discussed by both disciplines in the health and environmental sciences. Within an expanded vision of health it is necessary that professionals in this field of knowledge have a greater involvement in the discussion on the theme of health and environment. The objective of this paper is to identify and understand the perceptions, ideas and images of some public health professionals from the Family Health about the connection between health and environment. This survey was conducted from the perspective of social sciences being developed in the context of a qualitative approach. The analysis of information was obtained from professionals at a regional of health. For the definition of number of participants the criterion of saturation was used. As technical analysis of the information has been used content analysis, developed from the perspective of social representation. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. From the analysis of information two categories of analysis were seized. Despite the significant insight regarding the interaction between environment and health, it was observed that this perception is limited and reductionist. Despite all the complexity of the organization of the Family Health in health care, the discussion on health and environment, as a practical knowledge necessary to expanded health, doesn't seems to be present in a comprehensive and integrated way with the current discussion. Lying still, separated from an ecosystem approach to health.

O presente trabalho contrasta duas formas de relação com o meio hídrico no estuário do Amazonas – os lagos e a costa. Argumenta-se que a abordagem sobre o ambiente não pode prescindir de um tratamento das relações técnicas, o que envia ao problema do ritmo e do tempo. Ao fim, demonstra-se como nos lagos a pesca de pirarucu envolve relações semióticas, enquanto na costa a relação das técnicas com a maré resultam numa cinética (força, resistência etc.). This paper contrasts two forms of relation with the water environment in the Amazon River estuary – the lagoons and coast. It is argued that the approach toward the environment cannot prescind dealing with the technical relations, which send to the problem of rhythm and time. At the end, it is demonstrated how, in the lagoons, the fishing of piraracu (Arapaima gigas) involves semiotic relations, whereas, on the coast, the relation of the techniques with the tide result in a kinetic force, resistance etc.

Trabalhos de geografia médica sobre hanseníase discutem o papel da ocupação dos territórios como fundamento da permanência de focos leprógenos. No Brasil, os Estados que apresentam as mais altas taxas de detecção, historicamente, se localizam na região amazônica, o que evidencia uma desigual evolução regional da doença. Este trabalho analisa a evolução da hanseníase contextualizando os processos migratórios que ocorreram no Estado de Mato Grosso a partir da segunda metade do século XX. O crescimento econômico ocorrido no Estado nas décadas de 1970, 1980 e 1990 provocou taxas de crescimento populacional maiores que a média nacional. Os dados analisados permitem uma associação entre o crescimento e dispersão dos coeficientes de detecção da hanseníase com o processo de ocupação do território mato-grossense. Entretanto, a permanência da hanseníase em municípios da Baixada Cuiabana, assim como em outros municípios que sofreram perda de população, parece apontar a existência de contextos geográficos de diferentes vulnerabilidades à produção social da doença. A migração explicaria a instalação e evolução da hanseníase, entretanto consideramos que a manutenção da endemia pode estar associada a fatores contextuais relacionados com o ambiente. Studies on medical geography about leprosy discuss the role of the detailed report of the occupation of the territories as a basis of the permanence of leprosy focus. In Brazil, the states that present the highest rates of detection historically are in the Amazon region, which shows an uneven regional evolution of the disease. This paper analyzes the evolution of leprosy contextualizing the migratory processes that occurred in the State of Mato Grosso since the second half of the 20th century. The economic dynamism that occurred in the State in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s caused population growth rates higher than the national average. The data analyzed permitted an association between the evolution of leprosy and the process of occupation of the mato-grossense territory. However, the permanence of leprosy in the municipalities of the Baixada Cuiabana, as well as in other municipalities that lost population, seem to point to the existence of geographic contexts of different vulnerability to the social production of the disease in the tate. The migration would explain the appearance and evolution of leprosy. However, we consider that the maintenance of the endemic can be associated to contextual factors related to environment.

El Antropoceno puede definirse como una nueva era geológica que se caracteriza por el incremento en el potente y lesivo accionar de la especie humana sobre el planeta, en especial a partir de los últimos dos siglos. En este documento iniciamos definiendo el concepto, luego hacemos referencia al origen, surgimiento y características de esta era, para luego realizar un breve análisis de la importancia que adquiere en la investigación dentro de la geografía. Culminamos con algunas ideas, donde asumimos que el desenvolvimiento social en función de elementos naturales considerados como inmutables solo conllevan a generar y sufrir desequilibrios ambientales sin precedente alguno en la historia humana reciente, aumentando la incertidumbre., The Anthropocene could be defined as a new geological era characterized by the increase in powerful actions of the human species on the planet, particularly from the last two centuries. This paper began by defining the concept, then we refer to the origin, emergence and characteristics of this era, and then make a brief analysis of the importance acquired in research within geography. We ended with some ideas, which assume that social development based on natural elements considered as immutable only lead to environmental imbalances generate and suffer no recent precedent in human history, increasing uncertainty.

Trata-se de um artigo que se propõe a relatar as ações de capacitação de comunidades para a discussão e a efetivação de propostas voltadas para o desenvolvimento local, tendo por referência as dimensões cultural e ambiental nos municípios de Pureza e Vera Cruz que, embora situados em diferentes microrregiões geográficas, apresentam uma realidade muito próxima. A referência metodológica utilizada foi a da pesquisa-ação, por tratar-se daquela que melhor respondeu às demandas propostas pela indissociabilidade entre o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão; além de permitir a multidisciplinaridade e a troca de conhecimentos entre o saber universitário e o saber popular., It is a paper that proposes to describe the actions of empowering communities for discussion and execution of proposals aimed at the local development, with reference to the cultural and environmental dimensions in the cities of Vera Cruz and Pureza that, although located in different micro geographic regions, have a very similar reality. The methodological reference used was the action-research, because it is the one that best responded to the demands proposed by the integration between teaching, research and extension, and allows the multidisciplinary and knowledge exchange between university knowledge and popular knowledge.

Este artigo apresenta resultados da pesquisa realizada, em 2003/04, na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - municípios de São Paulo, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo e Diadema - sobre as relações entre atenção básica em saúde e meio ambiente. Avaliou-se o Programa de Saúde Família, uma política estratégica do Ministério da Saúde/Brasil, que visa a reversão do modelo assistencial vigente, contemplando a complexidade do quadro nosológico atual em que doenças relacionadas aos estilos de vida e ao meio ambiente adquirem crescente importância. O conceito de Promoção da Saúde, incorporado ao Programa, propõe a viabilização de ambientes favoráveis à saúde, entendendo que a Saúde se realiza na confluência de múltiplos fatores, atores e interesses; sendo vista, menos como um compartimento da administração pública, mais como um pressuposto na formulação de políticas, planos, programas e projetos. Neste ponto aparece, de modo inequívoco, que a proteção do ambiente e a conservação dos recursos naturais devem ocupar tempo e recursos do setor. O caráter inovador da temática levou a um estudo de modelagem sócio-antropológica, que permitiu identificar os principais problemas e aspectos da conexão saúde/ambiente na esfera do cotidiano das populações envolvidas e nas práticas dos profissionais da saúde. This paper is focused on the relation between health basic care and environment and how it is considered on the Family Health Program (PSF), an strategic policy of Ministry of Health/Brazil wich aims the revertion of usual health policies, strongly based on medical and health tecnologies resources and failing to avoid the incresase of incidence and prevalence of diseases due to environmental issues and way of living. Health Promotion concept is added to this program in order to make true the construction of kindly health environments, as health is more than a part of public administration, but the effect of public policies, plans, programs and projects proposed and executed by government agencies. On this point of view, environmental protection and nature resources conservation have to be considered as an important issue by health promotion program as PSF. In order to evaluate how PSF is implemented in four cities of São Paulo metropolitan area (São Paulo, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo e Diadema), a socio-antopological approach was adopted, wich allowed identify the main aspects of health/environment links in dayly activities of community and health professionals.

Congestion, energy consumption, pollution, and the need to increase transport system sustainability are top-priority problems in urban areas. Most European cities are beset with these issues; hence, the European Commission financially supports projects aimed at reducing the negative effects of vehicles on the environment by increasing accessibility, optimizing economic resources in transport management, and improving citizens’ quality of life. Presented are the main findings of one of these projects, Multi-Initiatives for Rationalised Accessibility and Clean Liveable Environments (Miracles), which focused on the measures implemented by the Rome municipality during the project, including incentives to attract passengers to transit and disincentives to the use of private cars. In particular, the most relevant aspects, such as restriction of vehicle access to the city center, road pricing, goods delivery reorganization, and the development of collective taxis, are analyzed because of their innovative features and their potential to achieve improvements. Also discussed is the suitable methodology, applied in the Rome case study, for controlling and validating all the implementation steps. Particular attention was paid to the simulation of scenarios that can be used to assess the feasibility of pricing-related measures and how they can affect the built environment. In conclusion, the paper outlines users’ reactions to the restriction policy changes.

A doce años de la Cumbre de la Tierra, el planeta presenta peores condiciones ambientales y sociales. La Agenda 21, propuso preservar los recursos naturales y reducir desechos. La apertura imponía imperativos de competitividad, planteando una dicotomía en la relación ambiente - industria. . Por lo tanto, se definía la actividad productiva entre los postulados de la Eco 92 y la competitividad. El artículo analiza cómo se estancó el proceso de aprendizaje socioinstitucional que considera cambios políticos, científicos y tecnológicos, de allí que la relación ambiente industria esté hoy más caracterizada por controversias que por búsqueda de soluciones. Twelve years after the Earth Summit, the planet shows worse environmental and social conditions. The Agenda 21 proposed the preservation of natural resources and the minimization of wastes. The opening economy, implied competitive imperatives, establishing a dicothomy in the environmental - industry relation. . Thus, productive activities were defined between the postulates of ECO-92 and competitiveness. This paper discusses how a socio-institutional learning process that considered scientific, technological and political changes was affected, fact that shows that the environmental - industry relation today is characterized by controversies instead of the search of solutions.

O artigo pretende ser uma contribuição para as discussões sobre a interdisciplinaridade em Psicologia Ambiental e Geografia. Espera-se contribuir para o debate dentro do pressuposto de que a afinidade entre as duas áreas se tece quando se entende o espaço e o ambiente como atores sociais, isto é, eles não são neutros, mas atuam sobre as sociedades e os sujeitos que os produziram, construíram e organizaram. Vai-se trabalhar com os pressupostos de que as fronteiras entre as ciências são tênues e que, para ultrapassá-las, deve-se romper com a compartimentação e articular pensamento e práticas sobre a realidade de maneira interdisciplinar. Considera-se que as representações sociais permitem ultrapassar as fronteiras entre as duas ciências e desvendar complexas relações psíquicas e sociais, tendo como objeto empírico as periferias do Distrito Federal. The article intends to be a contribution for the discussions involving the interdisciplinarity between Geography and Environmental Psychology. This paper is expected to contribute to that debate based on the affinity between the two areas when space and environment are understood as social actors, that is, they are not neutral, but act upon societies and individuals who had produced, constructed and organized them. The limits among sciences are seen as tenuous and should be exceeded in order to surpass such partitioning of reality by means of interdisciplinary articulation of ideas and practices. It is considered that the social representations allow to overrun the limits between the two sciences and to unmask complex psychic and social relations within the surrounding areas of the Federal District.

Se sostiene que uno de los grandes desafíos que enfrenta la Epidemiología contemporánea está situado en el campo teórico, y consiste esencialmente en la exigencia de revisar la conceptualización del objeto de la epidemiología dominante que reduce la salud de las poblaciones al comportamiento de los riesgos concebidos con abstracción de los vínculos particulares que los sujetos guardan con sus corporeidades geográficas y medioambientales. El artículo pretende reintroducir la perspectiva dialéctica que deja de lado la visión sustancialista de la realidad de las poblaciones de un lado y del medio ambiente, del otro lado, para proponer una visión estructural, funcional e histórica de ambos conceptos, desarrollando, en este sentido el espíritu de la obra del Gran Geógrafo Brasileiro. This paper argues that one of the major challenges that contemporary Epidemiology has to face is at the level of theory. In essence, it is necessary to revise the abstract conceptualization of the dominant Epidemiology object, which has reduced the health of the population to behavioral risks, without taking into account the link that people have to their geographical and environmental corporities. This article then seeks to reinsert the dialectical perspective that leaves aside the substantialist view of population reality, on one side, and that of the environment, on the other, in order to propose a structural, functional and historical perspective of both concepts, developing, in this way, the spirit of the Great Brazilian Geographer's work.

Nowadays, one of the main goals of the building industry and architecture is to exploit the solar source for the air‐conditioning of buildings. Over the last years many activities have started to develop new building and plant technologies oriented to energy saving by improving indoor comfort and reducing pollution emission. The guidelines deriving from various world conferences (Kyoto 1997, Buenos Aires 1998) are known. Industrial countries have committed themselves to try and carry out new strategies to reduce both energy consumption and air‐pollution. These aims have increased research works oriented to find materials, components and systems able to use energy gains from the environment, in particular from the sun. During the study carried out at ITC on the subject, two envelope technologies have been studied and realised. The paper describes such technologies and the methods used for their characterisation. It also reports on the most meaningful results obtained from the experiments carried out.

The paper aims to analyse the impact of "pigouvian taxation" on energy products in Italy and in Europe. It consists of two sections. In the first the impact (on the interfuel competition) of replacing present excise taxes with external costs is simulated in Italy and in Europe. In the second section, after simulating the effects related to the adoption of a common environmental taxation (a first best solution based on the internalisation of environmental external costs), a second best solution is proposed (an excise taxes harmonisation model). This model proposes: the introduction of a minimum level of taxation on all products equal to the external cost due to the greenhouse effect (a common carbon tax); the possibility, given to the Member States, of deviating from such minimum levels, in accordance with their specific requirements, internalising in the price of the different products (by means of taxes additional to that CO2 minimum) the external costs associated with other pollutant agents (the same in all countries).

O objetivo desta pesquisa de natureza teórica é o estudo do processo de integração psico-somática, em especial no que se refere à compreensão das doenças de pele, bem como sua relação com as falhas ambientais que podem ocorrer no processo de amadurecimento pessoal. Para Winnicott, a existência humana é psico-somática e seu desenvolvimento, em termos do amadurecimento afetivo, será possibilitado fundamentalmente pela relação de dependência e pela ação do ambiente. Inicialmente, para o bebê, não existe uma realidade não-self e, em relação ao desenvolvimento na saúde, os cuidados ambientais levarão à integração com a diferenciação interno/externo e entre eu/não-eu. Este fenômeno pode ter a pele como o reconhecimento de uma membrana limitadora entre o fora e o dentro. Defende-se, neste trabalho, que os sintomas das doenças psico-somáticas relacionadas à pele têm sua gênese em possíveis falhas ambientais que aconteceram em momentos precoces do desenvolvimento afetivo do bebê, cujo objetivo é alcançar um tipo de integração. Ao mostrar os diversos tipos de integração que ocorreriam num amadurecimento saudável, explicita-se que as doenças psico-somáticas podem ser entendidas como tentativas de integração. Com tal compreensão geral dos distúrbios psicossomáticos, analisam-se os diversos momentos em que Winnicott se refere às doenças da pele, aprofundando tanto a compreensão das doenças psico-somáticas quanto as dinâmicas psico-afetivas relacionadas especificamente às doenças de pele. The aim of this theoretical research is the study of the psycho-somatic integration process, especially concerning the comprehension of skin diseases and its relationship to the environmental failures that may occur on the emotional maturation process. Winnicott interprets that human existence is essentially psycho-somatic and the development, in relation with the emotional maturation, will be possible essentially by the relation of dependence and the environmental action. For the infant, initially, there is no such thing as the non-self reality and, in regard to the healthy development, the environmental care will lead to the integration process and the distinction of the internal/external and ultimately between me/not-me. This phenomenon may have the skin as the recognition agent of a limiting membrane as a sensitive bond between the inside and the outside. In this paper, we defend the thesis that the symptoms of psycho-somatic diseases, specifically skin diseases, may have its genesis in potential environmental failures that occurred in early phases of the baby‟s emotional development, which goal is to achieve some sort of integration. This research aims to describe the various types of integration that would occur in a healthy maturation, to explain that the psycho-somatic diseases can be understood as attempts of integration. The general comprehension of the psycho-somatic disorders made it possible to analyze the several moments in which Winnicott refers to skin diseases and to a profound study of both psycho-somatic illness and its psycho-affective dynamics related specifically to skin diseases.

espanolLa preocupacion por el deterioro ambiental y por el cambio climatico son temas que estan muy de actualidad. Esta reflexion aproxima al lector a las interrelaciones que se establecen entre la produccion ganadera y el medio fisico. La situacion de la ganaderia actual viene dada por el sistema economico-productivo actual. Un sistema basicamente injusto e insostenible que rige las actividades humanas a escala mundial. En este sentido, tanto el deterioro ambiental como el actual calentamiento global son una de las consecuencias negativas del desarrollo de estas actividades humanas, que estan llevando al planeta a su limite. En estas consecuencias ambientales, el sector agropecuario, relacionado con los procesos de elaboracion, distribucion y consumo, tiene un papel principal en el que contribuye, a la vez que se ve perjudicado, tanto directa como indirectamente. EnglishThe worry for the environmental deterioration and for the climate change they are topics that are very of current importance. This reflection brings the reader near to the interrelationships that are established between the cattle production and the environment. The situation of the current ranching comes given by the economic - productive current system. A basically unjust and untenable system that governs the human activities on a worldwide scale. Both the environmental deterioration and the current global warming are one of the negative consequences of the development of these human activities, which are leading to the planet to his limit. In these environmental consequences, the agricultural sector, related to the processes of production, distribution and consumption, has a principal paper in the one that contributes, simultaneously that meets harmed, so much direct as indirectly.

This paper looks to investigate the obsidians traffic between the Late Period groups of Antofagasta de la Sierra (Province of Catamarca, Southern Argentine Pune) and its variation with respect to the previous Formative ones. It looks to approach to the spaces and localities these groups would have acceded, by means of geochemical sourcing studies of archaeological artifacts. The results are discussed at the light of the environmental, political and social tendencies that, according to diverse authors, characterize the period ca. 1000-500 BP in the Circumpune Andes. El presente trabajo investiga la problemática del tráfico de obsidianas entre las poblaciones tardías de Antofagasta de la Sierra (Provincia de Catamarca, Puna Meridional Argentina) y sus variaciones respecto de las poblaciones formativas que las precedieron. Busca aproximarse a los espacios y localidades a los que esos grupos habrían accedido tanto a través de estudios geoquímicos como de la procedencia de artefactos arqueológicos. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de las tendencias ambientales, políticas y sociales que, de acuerdo con diversos autores, caracterizan el período ca. 1000-500 AP en los Andes circumpuneños.

The paper analyses the illegal and legal spatial blight, linked by abuse and disfigurement of the surrounding buildings, seen as wrong planning and balanced land use, wear disguise tourism, which only serve to justify and make winning the project and obtain the law permits. The pathology of urbanization without criteria or measures, connected to unspecified reasons tourism, which retain only the meaning of terminology has led the Italian news in some respects and the case for others to deal with those now commonly and sadly are known as ecomostri (eye-sores) . An effective tourism policy can be a powerful lever for sustainable development, or even a tool for sustainable tourism landscape transformed into a landscape of decay., Il fenomeno di una urbanizzazione senza criteri né misure, collegata a ragioni turistiche, molto spesso opportunistiche, è affrontato dalla giurisprudenza nella sua azione di controllo del territorio: ne sono un caso esemplare gli “ecomostri”, ormai comunemente e tristemente sono conosciuti dalla società civile. Queste costruzioni di grande impatto territoriale, ambientale e paesaggistico, in alcuni casi sono legittimati da interventi normativi non bene soppesati e in altri avvengono in maniera c.d. abusiva, con l’unica conseguenza, in entrambe le ipotesi, di deturpare l’ambiente circostante sotto molteplici profili, non ultimo quello incidente su località turistiche. Il contributo si pone l’obiettivo di contribuire ad una politica turistica attenta al profilo ambientale: occorre individuare una maggiore cogenza e conoscenza normativa a favore di una pianificazione urbanistica e politica del paesaggio, in grado di sostenere il recupero, la riqualificazione e valorizzazione delle bellezze naturali presenti sul territorio. Solo il coinvolgimento e la necessaria collaborazione di tutti i soggetti del territorio per una programmazione orientata a realizzare uno «sviluppo capace di rispondere ai bisogni delle generazioni attuali, senza compromettere la capacità delle generazioni future di rispondere ai propri». __________________________________________________________, Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development; Vol 1, No 1 (2010); 16-25

This paper presents the results of the geo-environmental assessment of the city and municipality of Santa Clara, Cuba, developed with the purpose of determining and focusing on environmental health problems, and to propose preventive actions to minimize them. To accomplish the goal of contributing to improvement the Health Surveillance System the theoretical-methodological bases that justify the contribution of the geographical sciences to the solution of this problem have been developed. These approaches are implemented in the study case of Santa Clara, offering valuable information for the office of Municipal Public Health and the Municipal Unit of Hygiene and Epidemiology. Such results favor a rapid and opportune decision-making process in relation to risk factors with spatial and territorial dimension. El artículo expone los resultados de la evaluación geoambiental de la ciudad y el municipio de Santa Clara, Cuba, desarrollada con el propósito de determinar y focalizar problemas de salud ambiental, y proponer acciones preventivas para atenuarlos. Con el fin de contribuir al perfeccionamiento del Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud se desarrollan los fundamentos teóricometodológicos que justifican la contribución de las ciencias geográficas a la solución del problema y se implementan en el caso de estudio, aportando una valiosa información al Sectorial Municipal de Salud Pública y a la Unidad Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología. La misma favorece la toma de decisiones rápidas y oportunas ante factores de riesgo en su dimensión espacial y territorial.

Most city planners and managers already recognize that urban areas require careful design/re-design and considered management, based on resource sustainability criteria. Involved aspects range from protection of natural and human resources, wise energy and water management, reduction of air pollution and traffic control, health and well-being of population, safeguard of cultural heritage, comfort standards in residential districts, industrial production, craftsmanship preservation, etc. Advanced instruments for territorial planning/management are required. Decisions should be based on "proper" information. Data set has to be accurate, objective, reliable, comprehensive and always up-to-date. Specific data/information have to be extracted out of all available information but some data/information have to be collected specifically for the purpose. This article is part of a wider research effort to carry out GIS (geographical information system) and a DSS (decision support system) for the city of Rome. Thematic maps are derived from accurately geo-coded remotely sensed images and used to draw "Guidance Tables for Urban Planning." A multidisciplinary team carries out coordinated work to this scope. Application examples and results for the city of Rome are illustrated in this paper, based on integration of multispectral data from various satellites (ESA-ERS, Landsat, SPOT) and MIVIS hyperspectral data from aircraft. High complexity has been observed in land cover types, surface composition and morphology, which is directly interrelated with all phenomena taking in urbanized areas (i.e. physical, chemical, social, economic, etc.). Attention has been focused on climate, urban elements, patterns and materials.

The theme of justice in the economics and, in particular, the theme of distributive justice is the subject of heated controversy as distributive justice raises critical questions such as, for example, in the case of migration or the inequality of wages. But the question of justice is also referred to the problems of the natural environment. In general, the theories that have tried to respond to complex problems put in place by the theme of Justice all have a moral and philosophical foundation. This paper aims to analyze and comment on the arguments contained in the volume edited by Villani and Mazzocchi “Ethics, Economics and Principles of Justice” in order to highlight the importance of the debate around the issue of distributive justice, the problems posed by theories based on contractualism, specifying the various positions of economists, philosophers, sociologists, historians. Among their theoretical positions, this contribution underlines the different approaches that counteract. On the one hand, the aim for absolute values and the search for permanent justice, on the other hand, the relativism dictated by history and tradition.

En este articulo vuelvo a visitar algunos de los temas que antes he abordado, hace mucho tiempo. Necesitan reiteracion porque han sido re-examinados. El tema trata esencialmente sobre aprender del pasado y de la amplia gama de entornos que conocemos. Este es un recurso increible, un registro de como el ser humano ha creado ambientes, patrones y sus exitos y fracasos, entre otros. La suposicion que uno puede aprender del pasado, que hay valor en la tradicion, presupone alguna constancia de las personas y el entorno. Esto se discute brevemente y el punto alcanzado es que tal aprendizaje debe estar a cierto nivel de abstraccion. El trabajo a ese nivel tambien abre muchos campos nuevos e inesperados (y “poco probables”), se torna importante involucrar nuevos campos y sus evoluciones en la investigacion EBS (Environment-Behavior Studies). Un ejemplo reciente de este tipo de campos “poco probables” se discute brevemente. ABSTRACT In this paper I revisit some themes I have addressed before, some a very long time ago. They need reiterating because they are being re-examined. The topic is essentially about learning from the past and from the full range of environments about which we know. These are an incredible resource, a record of how human have created environments, their successes and failure, patterns, etc. The assumption that one can learn from the past, that there is value in tradition, presupposes some constancy regarding both people and environments. This is discussed briefly and the point made that such learning need to be at some level of abstraction. Working at that level also makes relevant many new and unexpected (and “unlikely”) fields, it then becomes important to involve new fields, and developments in them in EBS (Environment-Behavior Studies) research, one recent example of such on “unlikely” field is discussed briefly.

This paper gathers conceptual fundamentals learnt during the graduate and specialization programs at the University of São Paulo. Since the author started these studies in 1987, she has had the opportunity to absorb the experience of outstanding researchers and professors who advised her research and conceptual formulations. In the Landscape and Environment field - originally part of FAUUSP's Urban and Regional Planning discipline - Prof. Miranda Martinelli Magnoli and Prof. Silvio Soares Macedo advised her research for the Master's Degree from 1987 to 1993. Later Prof. Murillo Marx advised her doctoral thesis on History and Fundamentals of Architecture and Urbanism from 1997 to 2002. All of them played an instrumental role in establishing important parameters and methodological references for the author's research. The reviewed and updated concepts summarized here validate the line of research started by the author in 2003 at Universidade São Judas Tadeu, where she has taught since 1991. Este artículo reúne fundamentos conceptuales que han sido logrados a lo largo de años de estudio en los programas de post-graduación y especialización en la Universidad de São Paulo, iniciados en 1987, cuando la autora, desde temprano, ha tenido la oportunidad de absorber la experiencia conceptual de notables investigadores y profesores, que la han orientado en sus investigaciones y conceptualizaciones: en los campos de paisaje y ambiente, inicialmente vinculados al area de Planificación Urbana y Regional, en la FAUUSP, los profesores Miranda Martinelli Magnoli y Silvio Soares Macedo, en investigación para la obtención del grado de master (1987-1993) y, años más tarde, entre 1997 y 2002, y en el area de concentración Historia y Fundamentos de la Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la FAUUSP, Murillo Marx, su profesor tutor en la tesis de doctorado. Esos profesores, especialmente, han contribuído para el establecimiento de parámetros y referencias metodológicos importantes en los trabajos de investigación de la autora, conceptos que se encuentran revisados y reciclados de manera resumida en este texto, orientado a la fundamentación conceptual de la línea de investigación iniciada en 2003, en la Universidad São Judas Tadeu, en la que actúa desde el 1991. Este artigo reúne fundamentos conceituais obtidos ao longo de anos de estudo nos programas de pós-graduação e especialização na Universidade de São Paulo, iniciados em 1987, quando a autora, desde cedo, teve a oportunidade de absorver a experiência conceitual de notáveis pesquisadores e professores, os quais a orientaram em suas pesquisas e conceituações. Nos campos da paisagem e ambiente, inicialmente vinculados à área de planejamento urbano e regional, na FAUUSP, os professores Miranda Martinelli Magnoli e Silvio Soares Macedo, em pesquisa para a obtenção do grau de mestre (1987-1993) e, alguns anos mais tarde, entre 1997 e 2002, e, na área de concentração História e Fundamentos da Arquitetura e Urbanismo da FAUUSP, Murillo Marx, seu professor orientador na tese de doutorado. Esses professores, especialmente, contribuíram para o estabelecimento de parâmetros e referenciais metodológicos importantes nos trabalhos de pesquisa da autora, conceitos estes que se encontram resumidamente revistos e reciclados neste texto, dirigido para a fundamentação conceitual de linha de pesquisa iniciada em 2003, na Universidade São Judas Tadeu, onde atua desde 1991.