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This paper assesses the relation between access to markets and cultivated land in Sub-Saharan Africa. Making use of a geo-referenced panel over three decades (1970-2005) during which the road network was significantly improved, the analysis finds a modest but significant positive association between increased market accessibility and local cropland expansion. It also finds that cropland expansion, in turn, is associated with a small but significant increase in local gross domestic product. These results are suggestive of agricultural activities that develop at the extensive margin, which are mostly to serve local demand, but are not indicative of commercial agriculture that serves external markets.

This study examines the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey in 1997—which involved substantial investment in school infrastructure—on schooling outcomes and, in particular, on the equality of these outcomes between men and women, and urban and rural residents using the Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys. This policy is peculiar because it also changes the sheepskin effects (signaling effects) of schooling, through its redefinition of the schooling tiers. The policy is also interesting due to its large spillover effects on post-compulsory schooling as well as its remarkable overall effect; for instance, we find that the completed years of schooling by age 17 increases by 1.5 years for rural women. The policy equalizes the educational attainment of urban and rural children substantially. The urban-rural gap in the completed years of schooling at age 17 falls by 0.5 years for men and by 0.7 to 0.8 years for women. However, there is no evidence of a narrowing gender gap with the policy. On the contrary, the gender gap in urban areas in post-compulsory schooling widens.

Men and women may be affected differently by the transition from central planning to a market economy and especially by the privatization and restructuring of state-owned enterprises. After briefly reviewing the international evidence on this issue, the author looks at the recent experience of Vietnam and the prospects of its new reform program. During the massive downsizing in Vietnam in the early 1990s, many more women than men were laid off. Women withdrew from the labor force in larger numbers than men after separation, but the difference nearly vanished after a year. Economic reforms were associated with a considerable decline in the gender gap in earnings, both in the state sector and outside it. Women are less likely to be retrenched in large numbers in the downsizing in the early part of this decade. Labor redundancies are concentrated in male-dominated sectors, such as mining, transport, and construction; redundancies are smaller in female-dominated sectors, such as footwear, textiles, and garments. Moreover, temporary and short-term contracts are more prevalent in female-dominated sectors, suggesting demand for women's work. Assistance programs for redundant workers have potential gender biases. The authors shows that separation packages defined as a multiple of earnings favor men more, while lump-sum packages favor women more. Packages based on seniority are roughly gender neutral, but require a substantially higher expenditure to reach the same acceptance rate as the other two.

Ten years ago, the Neonatal intensive care unit in Drammen, Norway, implemented Single-Family Rooms (SFR), replacing the traditional open bay (OB) unit. Welcoming parents to stay together with their infant 24 h per day, seven days per week, was both challenging and inspiring. The aim of this paper is to describe the implementation of SFR and how they have contributed to a cultural change among the interprofessional staff. Parents want to participate in infant care, but to do so, they need information and supervision from nurses, as well as emotional support. Although SFR protect infants and provide private accommodation for parents, nurses may feel isolated and lack peer support. Our paper describes how we managed to systematically reorganize the nurse’s workflow by using a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle approach. Significant milestones are identified, and the implementation processes are displayed. The continuous parental presence has changed the way we perceive the family as a care recipient and how we involve the parents in daily care. We provide visions for the future with further developments of care adapted to infants’ needs by providing neonatal intensive care with parents as equal partners.

Recently there has been more attention to the cultural aspects of social robots. This paper contributes to this effort by offering a philosophical, in particular Wittgensteinian framework for conceptualizing in what sense and how robots are related to culture and by exploring what it would mean to create an “Ubuntu Robot”. In addition, the paper gestures towards a more culturally diverse and more relational approach to social robotics and emphasizes the role technology can play in addressing the challenges of modernity and in assisting cultural change: it argues that robots can help us to engage in cultural dialogue, reflect on our own culture, and change how we do things. In this way, the paper contributes to the growing literature on cross-cultural approaches to social robotics.

Globalization has generated increased societal heterogeneity and awakened interest of a new kind in social cohesion and integration. But globalization is not the only contemporary process to give rise to societal hybridization. Two other such processes - much less attended to in the theoretical debate but no less problematic as regards social integration - are societal ageing and robotization. Drawing on statistical estimates, this paper begins by assessing the relevance of these new processes of hybridization. The predictions in question indicate that in the near future, everyday interaction, not just with cultural strangers and 'intelligent' machines, but also with people suffering from dementia, will be an omnipresent phenomenon, confronting our societies with types and degrees of alterity never before encountered. Whereas contact with cultural strangers is to some extent familiar (though not yet taken as standard), interaction with intelligent technological devices and dementia sufferers represent new forms of alterity for which most societies have not yet established routines of conduct. This paper gives a detailed account of a number of empirical studies showing how new forms of hybrid interaction and cooperation evolve out of repeated contact with each of the three alterities. With this groundwork in place, the paper then attempts to identify not only the ways in which routines may develop out of interaction with the three alterities but also the trends towards, and prerequisites for, the emergence of a new culture of cooperation and interaction.

During the last years, gamification has been a burning issue and a subject of scientific discussions. Gamification is an innovative solution to foster motivation. It relates to the use of game elements in non-game contexts. By applying game mechanics to training and other business critical processes, organizations can improve employee engagement, boost productivity and lift operational performance. Over the last few decades, it has been noticed the significant enhancement of time spent attending meetings. Meetings are essential for the organizations, they improve the effectiveness of a company team working and are necessary for human relations. Nevertheless, in many cases meetings are considered as a waste of time. There are very few scientific papers that regarding the use of gamification for business meeting changes. The study seeks to explore the behavioural change of participants towards business meetings after introducing a business game, in order to come up with an interesting solution that might be useful for other researchers and practitioners in understanding the use of gamification in similar contexts. With regard to this aim, a single-case holistic design methodology is used and qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with gamification experts and project managers is applied. This paper contributes both to the scientific literature and to managerial implication.

This paper presents a case study of how the adoption of BIM-based practices in the AECO industry is being reflected by cultural change in higher education in Ireland. The silo-mentality that has dominated the AECO sector for more than a century has, despite numerous reorganisations, been replicated in the structures of educational institutions, including in Technological University Dublin since the inception of its founding colleges in the late 1800s. Most AECO programmes must include content that is external to the programme’s specific discipline. Through the School structures of the Institute, delivery of such content is known as "service teaching" and is regarded by some as being of lesser importance than core, discipline-specific content. When new content needs to be fitted into a programme, such as BIM technologies, or when financial constraints reduce contact hours, ‘serviced’ content is often easier to remove or reduce than discipline-specific content because it typically affects non-School staff. Such reductions lead to reduced exposure of students to complimentary skill-sets held by other professionals in the AECO sector and increased separation of disciplines. Without deliberate instigation of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary project work, students are sometimes educated in isolation from the other disciplines with whom they will work during their professional lives. In extreme cases, graduates sometimes have their first interactions with other professionals when they attend their first site meetings or design team meetings on real-world projects. BIM processes require collaboration at all levels in AECO and it is imperative that current and future students are educated within a structure that equips them with the necessary technical, business, and inter-personal skills. The establishment of the School of Multidisciplinary Technologies (SMDT) at the College of Engineering and Built Environment (CEBE) at DIT and the adoption of a college BIM Strategy are essential steps towards facilitating this new dimension of collaborative education. The School currently manages a suite of postgraduate and CPD, modules and programmes related to BIM and, although some staff in the School teach BIM-related content on these programmes, the majority of teaching on SMDT programmes is provided by lecturers from the disciplines of Architectural Technology, Building Services Engineering, Civil Engineering, Construction Management, Electrical Services Engineering, Geomatics Engineering, Quantity Surveying, and Structural Engineering. SMDT is also investing in physical infrastructure, e.g. a Big BIM Room and laptop lab, to support existing activities but also to create the environment in which collaborative working between disciplines, structured initially around BIM practices but moving towards addressing Lean Construction, Sustainability, and N-ZEB agendas, becomes the norm for students as they progress towards graduation and entry into the professions.

The Irish AEC Sector is facing one of its most uncertain and challenging periods and will see major cuts in all areas of the economy in 2012. Despite this the Irish Government has announced a number of large capital expenditure investments which have resultantly become a lifeline to a struggling construction industry. In order to compete within the public works sector AEC businesses must operate within the Governments Capital Works Management Framework. The objectives of the framework include achieving cost certainty, value for money and more effective delivery and appropriate risk sharing. The framework remains an area of contention and it has yet to be seen if it has provided a more efficient way of doing business. In order for the Irish Government client to procure more cost effective projects and achieve an estate that is smarter and better equipped to face a low carbon future, it is recommended by the authors, that the Irish Government move towards the mandatory use of Building Information Modelling on public works projects. The data collation methodology for this paper included an in-depth questionnaire survey that was compared with two international industry reports, from recent CITA BIM Workshops, that explored setting an aligned top down strategy and the cultural, process change management, required for BIM Implementation. Despite the general understanding that BIM could play a key role in reforming the Irish public procurement sector, it is highly unlikely the Irish Government will implement BIM in the short term due to other more immediate priorities that require attention in the Irish AEC sector

The paper focuses on the conception of adulthood in post-communist Estonia, a society that has undergone vast structural, institutional and cultural changes. To this end, 179 essays written by high school graduates in five Estonian schools are analyzed.1 It is argued that the conceptualisation of adulthood is contextual and young people position and conceptualise themselves in the framework of these changes. Youth in Estonia, like their peers in Western Countries, stress intangible features (such as responsibility, mental maturity, social maturity, freedom) along with measurable transitions (employment, marriage, parenthood) when conceptualising adulthood. However, the meanings behind the concepts differ and are valued differently among respondents. This paper aims to provide a glance into what meanings are given to these perceptions. The most prevalent themes picked up by respondents were institutional transitions, responsibility and social maturity. Such prevalence is plausible, since these features in the transition to adulthood have changed the most in recent decades: the institutional context has changed and measurable transitions have prolonged; the level of individual responsibility in transitions has grown and the society has transformed., Studies of Transition States and Societies, Vol 2, No 1 (2010)

Chinese Protestant Christianity has been continually growing over the past three decades, with an estimated one million converts per year. A number of studies have sought to explain this phenomenon. This paper critically reviews existing studies of China's “Christianity Fever” and then outlines the role of the community as one crucial factor in the conversion process. With its emphasis on communality, as a central element of both Christian theology and the fellowship activities that are part of Christian practice, Protestant Christianity fills a gap opened up by the change in traditional familial and social structures. By discussing specific aspects relating to the communal nature of Christianity, such as familism, elitism, and dynamics at work in face-to-face evangelism, this paper offers an alternative reading of existing studies.

We analyse the nature of contemporary societal conflict in Europe, conceptualizing conflict in terms of oppositional identities, represented by the archetypal extreme corner positions between which contestation takes place. By analysing key characteristics of 28,565 Europeans from seven countries in four distinct time periods, we find three archetypal corner positions. Each archetype represents an ideal-typical configuration of values, attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics which people identify more or less with. The first archetype (which we label Postmodern Cosmopolitan) represents an urban, higher-educated person with cosmopolitan values and attitudes. The other two archetypes (Rural traditionalist and Urban Precariat) present images of Europe that are more nationalistic and differ in their political-economic ideological position. Western and Eastern European countries differ markedly in the distribution of these archetypes over time. The novelty of this paper is our conceptualization and operationalization of the changing nature of societal conflict as changes in oppositional identities.

Openness as a concept in scholarly communication is gaining increased traction with more and more universities and research institutes adopting the concept. But is it just a concept or even worst an aspiration? Open is difficult both politically and in practical terms and how many institutions actually move into the action and implementation phase? TU Dublin has achieved considerable success with open access to publications using the institutional repository Arrow@TUDublin. However, now we want to move into the implementation phase and become an open research university. Simultaneously we are involved with a project for the European University of Technology to initiate a similar process. This paper will discuss in practical terms the steps involved in implementing open research in a single institution and in a network of universities aligning with national and European policies and infrastructures. The challenges, cultural ethos and successes will be examined with a view to highlighting what works and what does not work. Ultimately, we will attempt to answer the question is Open practical?

An analysis of cultural change and generation gaps in the local community of the Nungon ethnic group in the state of Papua New Guinea will be the subject of the study. This ethnic group came into contact with Europeans for the first time in the mid-1930s. The pace of cultural changes within the community has been gradually increasing. For example, the local animistic cult has been replaced with Christianity, school attendance has been introduced in the villages of Nungon, travel opportunities have become more accessible, and as the mobile signal has recently been introduced, Nungon residents can now connect to the internet and access information about the globalised world. Those who remember the colonial period still live in the community and many of them are still illiterate, with only limited knowledge of Pidgin English, the lingua franca of Papua New Guinea. On the other hand, the youngest generation can study in cities or experiment with social media and share information there. The aim of the paper is not only to show intergenerational differences, but also to document the local history and its ties to particular generations and show the role the generational memory played in illiterate societies with unwritten history. The only existing written and photographic documents were created by colonial officers. The study will show the transformation of the Nungon community from the time of photographs kept in boxes to the youngest generation, which keeps photographs in mobile phones and shares them on social media.

Las teorías dominantes en sociologia de la educación no consiguen resolver interrogantes fundamentales para explicar el cambio educativo, tanto en relación con el origen del cambio como por lo que respecta al papel de los agentes educativo en dicho proceso. Las aportaciones de la teoria de las resistencias permiten conceptualizar teóricamente el papel del profesorado en los procesos de cambio, pero presenta limitaciones metodológicas irnportantes, las cuales pueden ser relativamente superada por la investigación-acción crítica. A partir de las reflexiones desarrolladas en este articulo es posible construir las bases teóricas para el desarrollo de una metodologia de inducción del cambio, en la que sea posible distinguir entre actitudes y prácticas reproductoras y contrahegemónicas. Main contemporary theories in sociology of education cannot explain most causes and features of educational change. This concerns to the origins of educational change as well as to the agents' role in the process. Contributions of theories of resistance count for a theoretical explanation of teachers' role in educational change processess, but they lack a rigourous methodological development about how this is to be done. Critical action-research may overcome these limitations, basically through a new definition of teachers-facilitator relationship. Reflections presented in this article allow us to build the theoretical bases to develop a methodolgy for educational change in schools, in which it is possible to distinguish reproductive and counterhegernonic practices.

Kiley and Vaisey (2020) recently published a method for assessing whether survey respondents appear to be changing their beliefs between waves or whether they instead appear to be repeating fixed responses with temporary local influences. This question is important because these processes reflect very different theoretical models of the evolution of “personal culture.” That is, if cultural beliefs are primarily public and responsive to external discourse, we should observe more updating as people respond to changes in their local environment. On the other hand, if cultural beliefs are primarily something learned early, then “settled dispositions” should be relatively resilient to change. In this paper, we build on Kiley and Vaisey (2020) and introduce an alternative method for distinguishing between cases where respondents appear be actively updating their responses and situations where respondents’ responses appear to be settled. This method, based on structural equation modeling, provides a close fit to the theoretical models outlined in Kiley and Vaisey (2020) and provides even stronger support for their claim that most survey responses reflect settled dispositions developed prior to adulthood.

Traditional food systems of many ethnic communities in India directly depend on their symbiotic relationship with the surrounding natural resources and the local socio-ecological and cultural dynamics. However, in the light of development activities resulting in drastic socio-ecological changes, these communities are oftentimes found stranded with over-simplified and unsustainable food systems. Using an ethnographic methodology, we present the case of Gaddis – an agro-pastoral community of Himachal Pradesh in India. In this paper, we documented the on-going trade-offs in traditional livelihoods of the Gaddis and their land use patterns that cause a significant transition in the traditional food systems. Based on our observations, we argue that mapping the shifting political ecology of resources enables a better understanding of transitioning food systems and the consequent eco-cultural changes. While doing so, we emphasize the need for revisitng the existing praxis of tribal development in India with an urgent focus on holistic socio-ecological approaches., Traditional Food Systems, Socio-ecology, Cultural Change, Land-use Pattern, Gaddi Community.

Nastojeći da se ukaže na složen i dinamičan odnos i uzajamnu povezanost između pojmova obrazovanja i kultura, cilj ovog rada je da se predstavi uloga obrazovanja u procesu kulturne reprodukcije i procesu kulturne produkcije. U radu će biti predstavljeni, s jedne strane, mehanizmi kulturne reprodukcije u formalnom i neformalnom modelu obrazovanja, s posebnim osvrtom na ulogu škole u kulturnoj reprodukciji, dok će s druge strane nastojati da se odgovori na pitanja u kojoj meri i kako obrazovanje utiče na kulturnu produkciju. Striving to emphasize the complex and dynamic relationships and mutual connection between the concepts of education and cultures, the aim of this work is to present the role of education in the process of cultural reproduction and the process of cultural production. Culture, with its meaning and values, pervades the educational process in all respects. Education is a process of reproduction, as well as a process of production and transformation of culture. The question analyzed in this paper is: where does education stand between cultural reproduction and cultural production? Cultural reproduction is a process that seeks to preserve a culture more or less as it is. The role of education in cultural reproduction is and can be considered at several levels, namely: at the level of collective culture, in culture and at the level of individual culture. As one of the most important intermediaries of culture between the individual and culture, according to many authors, the school stands out. By setting curricula that are mandatory and universal to a large extent, it allows its children to be exposed to a specific set of ideas, knowledge, beliefs, values, and attitudes. The dimensions of the curriculum, by whose analysis the role of the school in cultural reproduction can be followed, are: goals; educational materials and teaching methods. The hidden curriculum in education plays an important role in performing the function of cultural reproduction. The school successfully performs cultural reproduction, because the school itself, as well as culture, represents a certain life. The way of life in the school will be close to the way the culture, that the school belongs to, lives. On the other hand, in education there is the potential for the introduction of innovations and changes. This means that education also contributes to cultural production. In order to really promote cultural production, some innovations must be submitted to the school. Supporters of the socio-cultural approach offer numerous opportunities for organizing the educational process so that they are in the service of production. Some of the possibilities are: transforming the learning discourse, building a network of learners' literacy, and transforming assessment methods. It is necessary that education is based on interactions and dialogue with the active role of students, because only in this way will we get students used to thinking and acting productively.

Epipalaeolithic hunter-gatherer communities in the Southern Levant exhibit numerous complex trends that suggest that the transition to the Neolithic was patchy and protracted. This paper explores the changing nature of occupation at the Epipalaeolithic site Kharaneh IV, Jordan, through an in-depth analysis of the lithic and faunal assemblages. Focusing on the analysis of a single deep sounding (unit AS42), we address how Kharaneh IV occupations link to the local landscape and environmental changes. As an aggregation site, Kharaneh IV represents an interesting locale to explore the changing nature of aggregation and social cohesion prior to the origins of agriculture, as well as changes in technology and subsistence between the Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic. We explore the tempo and nature of transition from one archaeological culture to the next through changes in technology and how this reflects the people making and using tools, to understand how foragers adapted to a changing landscape.

The implementation of action learning workshops in three nursing homes in rural Victoria, Australia has been critical in the re-visioning of how care can be enhanced for residents. The workshops were designed with the intent of improving quality of care for residents by providing health care staff with opportunities to learn together and effect cultural change. Valuing what was accomplished well in these nursing homes was the starting point. The project was funded by a Commonwealth Government Rural Education Grant and was based on ‘My Home Life’ a popular programme that promotes quality of life and delivers positive change in care homes for older people across the United Kingdom. This paper provides an account of the project including key components of the action learning workshops and subsequent evaluation of the programme conducted in Australia. The lessons learnt throughout this project have provided the impetus to continue using appreciative inquiry and action learning to involve participants in reflecting on their practice, valuing what they do well while identifying areas that require change. Working together in a safe and respectful space provides participants with opportunity to harness their own collective wisdom and as the health professionals in this project experienced, also learn valuable skills that support progressive action that makes a difference to older people’s lives.

Background Due to their relative isolation, the previous studies of Monpa plant use were only conducted in north-east India. In October 2013, Mêdog County was no longer remote, thanks to completion of a highway into the county. This study of plant species used by the Monpa had three research objectives. These were (i) to identify and record local names and uses of plants in Mêdog County, (ii) to assess which of these were uses of endemic or near-endemic species within this part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, and (iii) to assess how plant uses reflect socio-economic change in Mêdog County? Methods Field surveys were conducted in 12 villages of four townships in Mêdog County, Tibet, China. Two field visits were made. The first field trip was in November 2017 and the second field trip was in May 2018. We interviewed 64 key informants between 21 and 84 years old. Most of them were the village leaders and other local people who are knowledgeable about plants. After transect walks with knowledgeable local people, we used free listing, key informant interviews, and semi-structured interviews during the field work. Plants traditionally used by the Monpa were documented. Utilization frequency was used to assess the significance of each species, and the Cultural Importance index was used to estimate the cultural significance of the species in common. We also used the informant consensus factor (FIC) to determine the homogeneity of the informants’ knowledge of medicinal plants. Results One hundred ninety-four plant species belonging to 82 families and 158 genera were recorded and collected. One hundred twenty-two species, primarily fruits, were food plants. Forty-five species were used as traditional medicines. This included highly valued species collected in alpine areas (Paris polyphylla) and brought to villages in Mêdog, which are at a lower altitude (between 728 and 1759 m a.s.l). Seven edible plant species were also used as herbal medicines. We also recorded 39 species used for other purposes in Monpa daily life. These included nine species that were used to make agricultural tools, five species for dyes and mordants, four species for timber, three species for fuelwood, four species for religious ritual use, three species for washing, two species for incense, two species for thatching, two species for fiber (rope and paper), two “calendar plants” were used to indicate seasons for agricultural purposes, two fish poison plant species, and one species were used as a tobacco substitute. Based on taxonomic insights and from studies elsewhere, we suggested that fiber species were under-reported (c. 14 species were used vs. one species reported used). Even though these plant species are rich and diverse, the use of endemic or near-endemic species was rarely recorded in previous studies. These species included Arenga micrantha (used for starch), Hornstedtia tibetica (fruits), Castanopsis clarkei (edible nuts) and Gnetum pendulum (edible nuts), Ophiorrhiza medogensis (vegetables), Derris scabricaulis (fish poison), Radermachera yunnanensis (agricultural tools), Litsea tibetana (seed oil), Dendrocalamus tibeticus (wine strainers and implements for administering medicine), Zanthoxylum motuoense (spices), Cinnamomum contractum (tobacco substitutes), Morus wittiorum (medicines), and Garcinia nujiangensis (funeral rituals). Despite the absence of roads until 2013 and the impression of “isolation,” Monpa knowledge of plant use reflects three categories of change. Firstly, oral histories of plants used in Bhutan were also encountered by Monpa people after their migration from Bhutan to south-eastern Tibet. Secondly, a “slow change” through centuries of exchange of knowledge (for example of Chinese and Tibetan medical systems), seeds of introduced crops (finger millet (indigenous to Africa), maize (from Meso-America)), and experimentation and use of introduced medicinal plants (such as Datura stramonium, which originates from North America). Thirdly, “fast change” over the past decade. This is reflected in changes in traditional architecture and in rising commercial trade in selected plant resources such as Dendrobium orchid stems and Paris polyphylla rhizomes which are in demand in China’s Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) markets). Conclusions Monpa people in the south-eastern Tibet have detailed knowledge of the diverse plant resources. But that traditional knowledge is now faced with a crisis because of the modern socio-economic change. In addition, Monpa knowledge of plants reflects slower changes in knowledge as well. For example, Monpa ethnomedicine has been influenced by traditional Tibetan and Chinese medicine over a longer period in time. Overall, this study provides a deeper understanding of the Monpa peoples’ knowledge on wild plants, including endemic and near-endemic species whose uses have not been previously recorded. Several of these narrowly distributed species, such as the fish poison Derris scabricaulis, could be the focus of further studies. Some wild edible plants may also have interesting dietary constituents which need in-depth studies. These detailed studies could enable the Monpa people to benefit from the use of their traditional plant-derived culture and therefore support the biodiversity conservation.

Contemporary social and health care services exhibit a significant movement toward increasing client involvement in their own care and in the development of services. This major cultural change represents a marked shift in the client&rsquo, s role from a passive patient to an active empowered agent. We draw on interaction-oriented focus group research and conversation analysis to study workshop conversations in which social and health care clients and professionals discussed &ldquo, client involvement&rdquo, Our analysis focuses on the participants&rsquo, mutually congruent or discrepant views on the topic. The professionals and clients both saw client involvement as an ideal that should be promoted. Although both participant groups considered the clients&rsquo, experience of being heard a prerequisite of client involvement, the clients deviated from the professionals in that they also highlighted the need for actual decision-making power. However, when the professionals invoked the clients&rsquo, responsibility for their own treatment, the clients were not eager to agree with their view. In addition, in analyzing problems of client involvement during the clients&rsquo, and professionals&rsquo, meta-talk about client involvement, the paper also shows how the &ldquo, rhetoric itself may, paradoxically, sometimes serve to hinder here-and-now client involvement.

Large organisations use design and design thinking to create value; however, there is a low awareness and practice of design and design thinking in smaller businesses. 69% of Irish businesses never use design, or use it only at a superficial level (DJEI, 2016). Previous research on the relationship between design and the wider-enterprise base in Ireland has focused on highly innovative and successful businesses that are already accustomed to design and have ten or more employees. The result of these studies has produced stories of how design creates value for each business, making it difficult to understand how it is applied in, and relates to, other businesses, particularly micro- enterprises without design competence. This paper aims to contribute to the academic field of design and wider-enterprise base in Ireland, in relation to design thinking and regional micro-enterprises who are not accustomed to design. It explores how design thinking offers strategic value to these businesses by building understanding of the identity and purpose of the business for the owner. yes

Keywords: organizational culture, cultural change, general frames of reference, civil service, public administrationAbstract: This paper outlines the study of organizational culture and its changes in a context of public administration through the analysis of the implementation of civil service in the Mexican Public Administration. This conceptual development is elaborated to establish some explanations about the link between organizational culture and public administration. By analyzing this link, we establish the relevance of a theoretical approach to study organizational culture and its changes; thus, the influence of organizational culture on individual behavior in the organization is identified.Palabras clave: cultura organizacional, cambio cultural, marcos generales de referencia, servicio profesional de carrera, administración públicaResumen: En este artículo se plantea el estudio de la modificación de la cultura organizacional en un contexto de gestión pública en México. Mediante el análisis de la implantación del servicio profesional de carrera se elabora un desarrollo conceptual que establece algunas explicaciones de la mencionada relación entre cultura organizacional y administración pública mediante las cuales se busca establecer la importancia del enfoque teórico para estudiar la culturaorganizacional y su cambio. Se identifica la influencia de la cultura en el comportamiento de los individuos.

For the majority of countries modernization of any kind is an important part of the political agenda. Policy-makers and experts are challenged to elucidate its distinct paths in different economies, to show why some countries succeed and others fail on their way towards modernization, and to identify the factors that make success stories. In this case, close attention is paid to the linkages between modernization and value systems, in particular, to tolerance. The aim of this paper is to test empirically the assumption that tolerance exerts a significant positive influence on modernization (which is understood in its ‘narrow’ sense as economic and technological development) as well as the contribution of an enabling mechanism — political institutions. The theoretical frameworks of our study are the cultural modernization approach by Ronald Inglehart and the concept of the «creative class» by Richard Florida. We used data from 58 countries over 1996-2008, retrieved from the World Values Survey, as well as from the World Bank databases «World Development Indicators» and «Worldwide Governance Indicators». The analysis confirmed that tolerance does have a significant impact on modernization in terms of transition towards a post-industrial (innovation) economy. This process is associated with the emergence of a specific social class — a creative class. Tolerance, expressed as a tolerant attitude towards homosexuality, gender equality, and a decrease in xenophobia, is a crucial prerequisite in establishing and maintaining favorable conditions for attracting creative people. Two distinct patterns of modernization are revealed, depending on the level of social tolerance: a tolerant model and a catch-up model. The post-industrial economy requires the formation of a relevant society based on the values of self-expression. However, some countries try to build a post-industrial economy without building a post-industrial society, although the probability of success in this case is rather low. This catch-up model focuses on investment, a lower-level of tolerance, and weak political institutions. The latter matter especially, and they seem to be the causal mechanism to ensure the linkages between tolerance and successful modernization. First of all, the linkage emerges from the rule of law and control of corruption. Institutions are regarded as a key element in the tolerant model of modernization, ensuring creative people to maintain openness, diversity, and protection of their interests, including the right to identity. Catch-up strategy, in contrast, puts the main emphasis not on values and strengthening institutions, but on higher investment rates. Note: Downloadable document is in Russian.

El silencio es un elemento tan complejo y diverso como habitual en la comunicación humana, por lo que debe ser atendido en la investigación pragmática y sociolingüística. Para hacerlo, ha de conocerse qué lo motiva y qué funciones cumple en la interacción. Este trabajo presenta los principales resultados que se conocen sobre los valores comunicativos del silencio y los factores que explican su variación social y cultural en la conversación española. Dichos estudios destacan la existencia de al menos 4 grandes tipos de silencios (discursivos, estructuradores, epistémicos y psicológicos y normativos) y la influencia de distintas variables lingüísticas y extralingüísticas en su aparición y evaluación (contexto, rol comunicativo (emisor/destinatario), relación social, sexo, tema de conversación y cultura/lengua materna). Silence is a complex, diverse and very common element in human communication. For that reason, it should be studied in the pragmatic and sociolinguistic research. To do this, you have to know what motivates them and what role does the interaction. This paper presents the main results are known about the communicative values of silence and the factors that cause social and cultural variation in Spanish conversation. These studies suggest that there are 4 types of silences (discursive, structurer, epistemological and psychological and normative) and the influence of different linguistic and extralinguistic variables in their appearance and evaluation (context, communicative role (transmitter / receiver), social relationship, gender, topic of conversation and culture / L1).

El trabajo que presentamos abarca un estudio sobre las Organizaciones Inteligentes en Andalucía. En este estudio analizamos los cambios que se están produciendo en la actualidad y que tienen su repercusión en las empresas y sus trabajadores, pero los analizaremos entendiéndolos en relación con el aprendizaje de la organización. También analizamos elementos importantes en el desarrollo de la organización, tales como la gestión, la formación y la innovación; descubriendo si la crisis económica por la que han pasado las empresas andaluzas y la sociedad en general, repercute en las organizaciones e identificando los factores que las han ayudado a superarla. Lo presentamos distinguiendo tres bloques de contenido: En primer lugar, el marco teórico, en el que contextualizamos la investigación en la Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimiento para, a partir de ahí, analizarel cambio, centrado sobre todo en la empresa y la consecuente necesidad de innovación, y cómo ésta hace imprescindible una formación que convierta estos cambios en aprendizaje, y que conocemos como aprendizaje organizativo. En segundo lugar, se presenta el estudio empírico que ocupa la parte central del estudio. Abarca todo el proceso de investigación: objeto de estudio, proceso seguido, muestra, metodología, instrumento utilizado, análisis de los datos y resultados obtenidos. Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones, intentando aportar datos qu e enriquezcan la formación dentro de las empresas a través de modelos de gestión basados en el aprendizaje organizativo y la gestión del conocimiento, y a su vez dejando abiertas líneas de investigación futuras en este ámbito. The present paper includes a study on Intelligent Organizations in Andalusia. In this study we analysed the changes that are occurring today and that have their impact on companies and their workers, but we understanding them in relation to organizational learning. We also analyse important elements in the development of the organization, such as management, training and innovation; discovering if the economic crisis that have passed the Andalusian companies and society in general, affects organizations and identifying the factors that have helped overcome it. We presented distinguishing three blocks of content: First, the theoretical framework, in which we contextualize research in Information Society and Knowledge for, from there, analysing change, focused primarily on the company and the consequent need for innovation, and how it training is essential to make these changes in learning, and we know as organizational learning. Second, the empirical study that occupies the central part of the study is presented. It covers the entire research process: object of study, process followed, sample, methodology, instrument used, data analysis and results Finally, conclusions are presented, trying to provide data to enrich the training within companies through management models based on organizational learning and knowledge management, and in turn leaving open lines of future research in this area.

En este estudio analizamos los cambios que se están produciendo en la actualidad y que tienen su repercusión en las empresas y sus trabajadores, pero los analizaremos entendiéndolos en relación con el aprendizaje de la organización. Se desarrolla un análisis sobre la realidad actual que las iniciativas formativas de las empresas andaluzas aplican y, más concretamente, de los cambios que ha experimentado la empresa andaluza tras su incorporación a la Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimiento, haciendo hincapié en los cambios derivados de la incorporación de las TICs como nuevas herramientas de trabajo, las nuevas formas de gestión de las organizaciones y el papel fundamental de la formación como agente mediador y facilitador del cambio, sobre todo en la actual época de crisis económica que estamos viviendo. Los nuevos entornos laborales, la flexibilidad espacial y temporal, hacen que trabajar no sea hoy lo que era hace unos años. El cambio es una variable presente en nuestra vida laboral y hay que estar preparado para ello, debemos APRENDER DE ÉL. Hoy no se demandan tantos conocimientos como competencias y capacidades. La información y el conocimiento están ahí, la sociedad o la empresa lo aportan, y lo actualizan de forma continua. El profesional tiene que poseer la competencia de adquirirlo de forma rápida, ser flexible, cambiar de actividad y de tarea con facilidad, reciclarse continuamente, adaptarse al cambio y desechar lo que ya ha quedado obsoleto. Esta es nuestra nueva sociedad, dinámica a la vez que flexible, cambiante pero organizada. The present paper includes a study on Intelligent Organizations in Andalusia. In this study we analysed the changes that are occurring today and that have their impact on companies and their workers, but we understanding them in relation to organizational learning. We also analyse important elements in the development of the organization, such as management, training and innovation; discovering if the economic crisis that have passed the Andalu sian companies and society in general, affects organizations and identifying the factors that have helped overcome it. We presented distinguishing three blocks of content: First, the theoretical framework, in which we contextualize research in Information Society and Knowledge for, from there, analysing change, focused primarily on the company and the consequent need for innovation, and how it training is essential to make these changes in learning, and we know as organizational learning. Second, the empirical study that occupies the central part of the study is presented. It covers the entire research process: object of study, process followed, sample, methodology, instrument used, data analysis and results Finally, conclusions are presented, trying to provide data to enrich the training within companies through management models based on organizational learning and knowledge management, and in turn leaving open lines of future research in this area.

Studies on urban transformation in the Arab Gulf have thus far predominantly dealt with the city as a space of financial investment. Only recently they began to pay attention to contestations of urban space. Cultural initiatives in Kuwait, as this article argues, present and foster new forms to reclaiming urban space. They not only demand, but also engage in practices according to which citizens have a say in how the space which they inhabit is re-formed and re-shaped.I analyse two such initiatives - one which organises walking tours of Kuwait City and another which creates an urban garden in a public park. In so doing, I outline the social and cultural fields, which contain partially overlapping actors and networks, in which these initiatives are situated and analyse the entrepreneurial frameworks and practices - from "social entrepreneurship" to "commons" - in which they are articulated. In their attempt to construct participatory spaces the initiatives have never the less been targeted towards a certain strata of Kuwait's society, first and foremost, middle class Kuwaitis with a cosmopolitan outlook.

Even if usual hypotheses in gender and science research are well established and useful, we want to question some of them in order to move towards new more complex and qualitative research questions and deepen the existing knowledge in this field. In this paper, we propose to question five issues in an exploratory way: the proportion of female students in relation to cultural change, the impact of role models on female recruitment, the work-life balance issue in relation to attractiveness and retention of female professionals, belonging to a network and being included in it, single-sex education issues., Special Issue "Beyond the leaky pipeline - Challenges for research on Gender on Science" Guest Editors :Maria Caprile, Danièle Meulders, Sile O'Dorchai and Nuria Vallès, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience; Fear of envy plays a central role in the social interactions of a Teenek community in northeastern Mexico, as it influences the daily behavior of its members and inhibits the accumulation of material excess. In this paper, in addition to the socioeconomic explanation of this phenomenon, the symbolic approach to envy provides insights into certain aspects of the group's sociality because the ramification of envy serves to demarcate the Teenek community. Thus, envy could also prove to be a cognitive means of defining an ethnic group.

This paper intends to give a brief factual account of some of the new fieldwork projects in Syria that are now documenting a short transitional stage between the Pre-Halafand the Early Halaf. This stage, which for present purposes we have termed Proto-Halaf (about 6 100-5 950 cal. ВС), appears to have been a crucial time, during which the basis was laid for the subsequent Halaf phenomenon. Evidence gathered so far suggests that the transition from Pre-Halaf to Early Halaf happened fairly rapidly, within the course of only a few generations. What we have termed the Proto-Halaf period refers largely to changes observed in the ceramic assemblages. These we shall present geographically by discussing previously excavated sites while also including new discoveries that are changing our insights with almost every fieldwork season. We hope to offer a framework for further work on this crucial stage in Mesopotamian prehistory., Cette contribution présente un rapide bilan des acquis obtenus lors de projets archéologiques récents qui se développent en Syrie et qui apportent de l'information sur la courte période de transition située entre le Pré-Halaf et le Halaf ancien. Cette période, ici nommée Proto-Halaf (autour de 6 100-5 950 cal. ВС), semble avoir été cruciale pour la genèse du phénomène du Halaf : la transition du Pré-Halaf au Halaf ancien semble avoir été très rapide, le temps de quelques générations. Le terme Proto-Halaf fait essentiellement référence aux changements observés dans les assemblages céramiques. Présentés sur un plan spatial, anciennes fouilles et nouvelles découvertes, les résultats obtenus conduisent à changer nos points de vue. Cette note doit constituer une base pour les recherches à venir sur cette étape qui nous paraît cruciale., Cruells Walter, Nieuwenhuyse Olivier. The Proto-Halaf period in Syria. New sites, new data. In: Paléorient, 2004, vol. 30, n°1. pp. 47-68.

In order to explain the increasing childlessness in numerous European countries since the 1960s, research points to sociocultural changes on the one hand and rising costs of family formation on the other hand. Yet, there is no comprehensive theory capable of integrating both causes and their interaction. This paper discusses the possibilities of an integrative model which is based on frame selection theory. The model refers to decisions in relationships and discusses the interaction between sociocultural orientations and structural incentives. The resulting hypothesis that the effects of incentives on family formation depend on the situational compatibility of a family-framed relationship perception is subsequently empirically tested using the German family survey panel (Familiensurvey)., Comparative Population Studies, Vol 39, No 1 (2014)

Este trabajo presenta una metodología, basada en la aproximación de Mikhail M. Bakhtin al estudio de las narraciones, como herramienta para el estudio de los procesos de cambio cultural en una minoría. En concreto, se analizan las múltiples voces presentes en los enunciados de los miembros de comunidades gitanas cuando dan cuenta de su cultura, mostrando las comunidades gitanas en proceso de profundo cambio cultural en el que dialogan distintas voces: procedentes unas de la tradición cultural; otras, de los modelos del grupo social dominante; y otras, de los intentos de compromiso entre ambas. Esta multiplicidad de voces es campo de juego entre minoría y mayoría, en el que se dan movimientos de diálogo, asimilación, resistencia, creación de nuevas diferencias culturales e hibridación. Un escenario en constante proceso de cambio en el que las prácticas cotidianas deben responder a metas distintas e incluso contradictorias, y en el que diferentes voces se entrelazan en el proceso de construcción de nuevas identidades. This paper presents a methodology, based on Mikhail M. Bakhtin's approach to the study of narrative, as a tool to analyze the processes of cultural change in minority groups. In particular, we analyze the multiple voices that are present in the statements of members of Roma communities when they talk about and express their culture. Roma communities are displayed in a process of profound cultural shift and where different voices have a dialog, some voices come from cultural tradition, other voices come from models of the dominant social group, and other voices come from the attempt to compromise between them. This multivoicedness is the playing field between minority and majority groups, movements of dialogue happen, assimilations, resistances, creating new cultural differences and hybridization. So, a scene is developed in a constant process of change in which daily practices often must respond to different and even contradictory goals, and in which different voices are intertwined in the process of constructing new identities.

Während des letzten Jahrhunderts erlebt China massive soziale und kulturelle Änderungen, die sich vorwiegend durch schnelle Übernahme westlicher Normen und deren Ideen kennzeichnen. Zur gleichen Zeit ist Chinas historisches und kulturelles Erbe aber nie geschnitten worden und das chinesische Volk und die heutige chinesische Gesellschaft sind immer noch erheblich durch die Geschichte und seine traditionell kulturelle Identität geprägt, insbesondere durch Konfuzius und seine Lehren. Aber wer ist eigentlich Konfuzius und was sind seine Lehren? Wie sind sie mit der chinesischen kulturellen Identität in Verbindung gebracht? Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich ein Konfuzius und seine wichtigsten Ideen zu analysieren. Sie versucht dann den Kern der konfuzianischen Werte und ihre Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Geschichte Chinas zu skizzieren. Auf der Basis dieser Untersuchung werden Einblicke gegeben um zu zeigen, dass Konfuzius und seine Lehren nicht untergegangen sind, sondern sie sind immer noch relevant. Eine angemessene Bewertung dieser Werte kann wesentlich dazu beitragen ein tieferes Verständnis über die zeitgenössische chinesische Gesellschaft und die chinesisch kulturelle Identität zu gewinnen. China has experienced massive social and cultural transformation during the last century, an era marked with rapid adoption of Western norms and ideas. In the mean time, Chinese cultural heritages have never been totally cut and the Chinese people and the Chinese society today are still considerably shaped by China's unique past and its traditional cultural identity, especially by Confucius and his teachings. But who is Confucius? What are his teachings? How are they related to the Chinese cultural identity? This paper endeavors to analyze Confucius, the founder of the Confucianism, and his main advocations, trying to outline the essence of confucian values and their significance for the history of China. On the base of this examination, considerations will be given to demonstrate that Confucius and his teachings did not perished but are still relevant in modern China. An insight into the ideas of Confucius and a proper comprehension of these values can help to better understand Chinese contemporary society and Chinese cultural identity.

En este artículo se presenta una reflexión teórica acerca del turismo de masas contemporáneo desde una perspectiva antropológica. En particular, se esboza una propuesta metodológica para el análisis de los efectos del turismo, rescatando y articulando ciertos conceptos ya clásicos del acervo antropológico norteamericano, convenientemente actualizados. Entre ellos los de aculturación, cambio cultural y difusión, aplicados a la problemática específica del turismo de masas y sus efectos. Por otra parte, se integra en esta reflexión la conveniencia metodológica de aplicar un enfoque etnohistórico en el estudio de los procesos de cambio sociocultural inducidos por el turismo., In this paper, I present a theoretical reflection of modern mass tourism from an anthropological viewpoint. My intention here is to outline a methodological proposal for the analysis of the effect of tourism, recovering and articulating some classical concepts of the American anthropological heritage, suitably updated. Such concepts include acculturation, cultural change and diffusion, applied to the specific problems of mass tourism and its effects. Moreover, I also examine the methodological appropriateness of applying an ethno-historical approach in the study of the processes of socio-cultural changes brought about by tourism., Grupo de Investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada

Soft law, that is, regulation which is technically unenforceable, is one means whereby international ethical and professional standards are now increasingly enunciated. This paper looks at one specific standard-setting instrument, the 1997 UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher Education Teaching Personnel, and compliance with this standard by Australian universities. It is concluded that this specific standard-setting instrument is routinely ignored by Australian universities, specifically on the issues of commensurability of pay and recognition of research work for casual academics. There are many possible reasons for this failure to comply with the 1997 Recommendation, although three suggested reasons are 1) ignorance within Australian higher education regarding international standards and the ethical obligations associated with such standards, 2) the dominance of a neo-liberal agenda within higher education in Australia, and 3) a trend towards disregarding international standards and institutions generally by Australia. It is suggested that the solution to this is situation is not simple, although education and publicity may be two starting points. Through this it may be possible to encourage a greater degree of ethical and professional commitment on the part of Australian universities, and possibly within the universities of other countries.

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die ghanaische Diaspora in Europa (besonders diejenigen in Deutschland) entwickelt und welche sozialen und kulturellen Verbindungen mit Verwandten, Freunden und Einrichtungen in Ghana aufrechterhalten werden. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Frage, wie staatliche und nichtstaatliche Akteure, wie Kirchen, Vereine und andere Gruppen die sozialen, religiösen und kulturellen Verbindungen zwischen Ghanaern im Ausland und denjenigen zuhause unterstützen und fördern. Der Beitrag betont, dass soziokulturelle und religiöse Beziehungen zwischen emigrierten Ghanaern und denjenigen in Ghana mit dem Wirtschaftsaustausch zwischen den zwei Gruppen verbunden ist. Soziokultureller Austausch erzeugt darüber hinaus auch Entwicklung in Ghana, beispielsweise über Heimatüberweisungen, Handel, Besuche und Tourismus, Informationsaustausch und Technologietransfer. Außerdem wird gezeigt, dass die sozialen und kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen beiden Gruppen reziprok sind und gegenläufig zu Finanzströmen in beide Richtungen verlaufen. (ICD)

This paper explores major changes that have been occurring in the psychotherapy profession in the UK. These include: a growing number of practitioners, increasing differentiation of the services provided, growing discrimination in the demand for psychotherapy services, shifts in popularity of types of psychotherapy - e.g. the rise in counselling and the relative decline in traditional psychoanalysis, and the emerging regulatory environment. It is argued that this reflects a period of extreme dynamism and change. A dual context for this change is suggested: first, the dynamism of the political and economic structures in the UK that underpin the changes occurring in all professions in the economy; and second, the broader cultural changes taking place in Western societies that underlie changes in attitude to psychotherapy. Reference is made to movements from traditional to modern to post-modern paradigms and how psychotherapy relates to such changes.

Der Autor entwickelt eine Plausibilitätserklärung für das empirische Phänomen von Kleinhändlern und Handelsminoritäten in Bauerngesellschaften und Gesellschaften im Transformationsprozess zur Marktwirtschaft. Er beschreibt das Dilemma von Händlern, Profite erwirtschaften zu müssen, aber gleichzeitig den moralischen Anforderungen ihrer Gesellschaft zu genügen. In seiner Argumentation wird deutlich, dass die Akteure deshalb soziale Aktionsstrategien zur Vermeidung dieses Dilemmas verfolgen, welche in zahlreichen empirischen Feldforschungen beobachtet werden können. Der Autor diskutiert ferner das Dilemma in modernen Gesellschaften auf der Ebene des Wohlfahrtsstaates, welcher eine Balance zwischen wirtschaftlichen Interessen und sozialen Belangen finden muss: Aus dem Dilemma von Händlern wird das Dilemma von Bürokraten. (ICI2)

People are central to successful Continuous Improvement (CI), andin larger organisations a Human Resource Management (HRM) function isresponsible for people related issues. Central to CI is learning and a culture thatsupports CI. Learning needs to be both individual and organisational, and mustbenefit the organisation's performance. The HRM function is often given thetask of championing cultural change and managing aspects of training andlearning, and it would appear that involvement of HRM professionals wouldenhance CI efforts and assist in the timely solution of issues within the CIprocess. This paper aims to determine the influence of involving HRMprofessionals in CI, and if their involvement has any impact on support andtools used in CI and the contribution of CI to business performance.

El silencio es un elemento tan complejo y diverso como habitual en la comunicación humana, por lo que debe ser atendido en la investigación pragmática y sociolingüística. Para hacerlo, ha de conocerse qué lo motiva y qué funciones cumple en la interacción. Este trabajo presenta los principales resultados que se conocen sobre los valores comunicativos del silencio y los factores que explican su variación social y cultural en la conversación española. Dichos estudios destacan la existencia de al menos 4 grandes tipos de silencios (discursivos, estructuradores, epistémicos y psicológicos y normativos) y la influencia de distintas variables lingüísticas y extralingüísticas en su aparición y evaluación (contexto, rol comunicativo (emisor/destinatario), relación social, sexo, tema de conversación y cultura/lengua materna)., Silence is a complex, diverse and very common element in human communication. For that reason, it should be studied in the pragmatic and sociolinguistic research. To do this, you have to know what motivates them and what role does the interaction. This paper presents the main results are known about the communicative values of silence and the factors that cause social and cultural variation in Spanish conversation. These studies suggest that there are 4 types of silences (discursive, structurer, epistemological and psychological and normative) and the influence of different linguistic and extralinguistic variables in their appearance and evaluation (context, communicative role (transmitter / receiver), social relationship, gender, topic of conversation and culture / L1).