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Przygotowanie chorego uczulonego na alergeny pyłku roślin do sezonu pylenia to zarówno edukacja, pozwalająca na wdrożenie zasad profilaktyki ograniczającej kontakt z alergenem, jak i zalecenie odpowiedniej terapii opartej na lekach działających objawowo i przeciwzapalnie. Znajomość terminów sezonów pyłkowych uczulających drzew, traw i chwastów oraz dostęp do bieżących informacji o stężeniu pyłku w powietrzu w trakcie sezonu pyłkowego pozwalają na działania profilaktyczne zmniejszające ryzyko nasilenia objawów alergii. Wdrożenie w alergicznym nieżycie nosa algorytmu postępowania terapeutycznego z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnych leków przeciwhistaminowych i donosowych glikokortykosteroidów pozwala kontrolować objawy choroby. Swoista immunoterapia alergenowa to metoda leczenia przyczynowego umożliwiająca uzyskanie tolerancji na uczulający alergen i wpływająca na naturalny przebieg choroby.

In 2022, the concentration of airborne Amaranthaceae pollen was investigated in 10 Polish cities: Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Szczecin, Warsaw, and Wroclaw. The volumetric method based on the use of Hirst pollen samplers was employed. The pollen season was determined with the 98% method. It was found that the Amaranthaceae pollen season started between June 17th and June 28th and ended between September 8th and September 25th. The maximum daily concentrations of the pollen of this taxon in the air of the examined cities were recorded between July 3rd and August 31st, with the highest values detected in Opole and Piotrkow Trybunalski and the lowest values recorded in Bialystok and Olsztyn. The annual Amaranthaceae pollen sum had highest value in Bydgoszcz and Opole and an over six-fold lower value in Bialystok.

The elm (Ulmus sp.) is one of the early spring flowering trees. The aim of the study was to compare the elm pollen season in selected Polish cities in 2022. The aeropalynological measurements were carried out with the volumetric method. The study was focused on determination of the total daily pollen grain concentrations during the season, the beginning and end of the pollen season (determined using the 95% method), the peak pollen concentrations, and the dates with maximum pollen concentrations. The earliest onset of the elm pollen season was noted in Sosnowiec (March 9th). In turn, the latest onset was recorded in Lublin (March 23th). The pollen season lasted from 18 days (in Cracow) to 37 days (in Sosnowiec). The highest total daily pollen grain concentrations and the highest maximum concentration were recorded in Cracow (1202 and 321 P/m3, respectively), whereas the lowest values of these parameters were noted in Bialystok (72 and 9 P/m3, respectively). In most of the analyzed cities, the peak pollen concentration was recorded between March 25th and 29th.

Gryc, Anna, Lipiec, Jakub, Grudzień, Monika, Golemo, Jagna,Świdziński, Rafał. The effect of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on the onset of speech disorders and communication problems in children and adolescents.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(12):99-103. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.12.015 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39725 https://zenodo.org/record/7325073 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.09.2022. Revised: 29.10.2022. Accepted: 10.11.2022. The effect of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on the onset of speech disorders and communication problems in children and adolescents Anna Gryc, Jakub Lipiec, Monika Grudzień, Jagna Golemo, Rafał Świdziński Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland Anna Gryc; annclaris27@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-6258-1168 Jakub Lipiec; jlipiec98@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0001-6711-4684 Monika Grudzień; monika.g.989@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-4855-8308 Jagna Golemo; jagnavlog@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-2785-858X Rafał Świdziński; rafalumswi@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-8535-0936 Abstract Alcohol consumption has many negative effects on the human body, and has been proven to have teratogenic effects on fetal development. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is associated with growth deficits and neurodevelopmental disorders, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Despite such effects, there are still many women who do not give up the consumption of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. This article, based on a review of available studies on PubMed, examines whether prenatal alcohol exposure can cause problems in children's speech development and promote communication problems in children, as well as in adolescents. Longitudinal observations on prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) have shown that children up to the age of 3 after PAE have difficulties in receptive or expressive communication compared to a group not prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcohol has been shown to be the overriding factor causing disorders in the development of the brain and nervous system, which are the main structures responsible for the process of speech development and also the formation of communication skills. Studies among adolescents with PAE have shown that they have weaker spoken and written language skills than those without PAE or with low PAE. This also translates into difficulties in developing their communication skills, which can make it much more difficult for them to become independent and move smoothly through the difficult period of adolescence. Keywords: PAE; speech development; communication problems; FASD; children; adolescents

The allergenic content of the atmosphere varies according to climate, geography and vegetation. The work compares the yew and juniper pollen seasons in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Szczecin, Sosnowiec, Warsaw, Wroclaw and Lublin in 2022. The investigations were carried out using the volumetric method (Hirst type pollen sampler). Seasonal pollen index (SPI) was estimated as the sum of daily average pollen concentrations in the given season. The yew pollination is observed mainly in February and March, while juniper pollination is observed mainly in March and April. Due to the morphological similarity of the pollen grains of both taxa, the pollen seasons of yew and juniper are considered together. The pollen season of yew/juniper started first in Szczecin, on the February 14th. At the latest, a pollen season ended in Bydgoszcz, April 18th; while the pollen season lasted 2 days shorter in Bialystok, Szczecin, Sosnowiec, Warsaw and Lublin. Only in Cracow and Wroclaw the season ended exceptionally early, already at the end of March. The differences of pollen seasons duration were considerable, from 36 to 62 days. The highest airborne concentration of 460 pollen grains/m3 was noted in Wroclaw on the March 13th. The maximum values of seasonal pollen count occurred between the March 13th and 24th. The highest yew and juniper pollen allergen hazard occurred in 2022 in Sosnowiec, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Lublin and Wroclaw. On the other hand, in Bialystok and Szczecin the risk of yew and juniper allergens was exceptionally low.

Oak (Quercus sp.) is a common species in Poland. Que a 1, which triggers allergic reactions in spring, is the main oak allergen. The aim of the study was to compare the oak pollen season in 13 Polish cities in 2022. Pollen was monitored with the volumetric method. The analyses determined the annual sum of pollen grains, the length of the pollen season (using the 98% method), the highest peak pollen concentrations, the dates of maximum pollen concentrations, and the number of days with pollen concentrations above threshold values causing clinical allergy symptoms. The earliest onset of the oak pollen season was noted in Szczecin (April 11th), and the latest beginning was recorded in Lublin and Kielce (May 5th). The shortest and the longest pollen seasons were recorded in Cracow (22 days) and in Szczecin (48 days), respectively. The highest total daily concentration of pollen grains was recorded in Opole (5083) and the lowest value was noted in Bialystok (112) and Szczecin (328). The highest maximum concentration of oak pollen was recorded in Sosnowiec and Kielce (625 and 543 grains/m3, respectively), whereas the lowest values were noted in Bialystok and Szczecin (27 and 47 grains/m3, respectively). In most of the analyzed cities in Poland, the peak oak pollen release was recorded between May 7th and 12th. The highest risk of allergic reactions caused by oak pollen allergens was reported from Opole, Piotrkow Trybunalski, and Zielona Gora.

Background: Music, rhythm, symmetry, and body awareness are important aspects of dancing training. Flamenco dancers not only mark and accentuate the rhythm, but they produce the rhythm through the footwork (zapateado). The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the rhythm tapped by the flamenco dancer’s feet occurs with the symmetry in the lower limb movements. Methods: The zapateado (ZAP-3) technique sequence based on 30 cycles composed of six repeating sequences of taps performed with right and left feet was analyzed. Movement kinematics was recorded using a 3D motion system. The following parameters were analyzed: time of subsequent ZAP-3 cycles, time of successive taps of the feet in the cycle, joint angular changes throughout the cycle, and lower limb joint angles at the time when the tap was performed. Results: Temporal parameters within the cycles of the ZAP-3 test revealed small variability (coefficient of variation up to 5.05% for the right and left lower limbs for a single cycle) and high symmetry (symmetry index did not exceed 3% for a single cycle), which indicates the rhythmicity of the flamenco test. Furthermore,the kinematic analysis revealed a lack of perfect symmetry in the movements performed by both lower limbs. This allows a flamenco dancer to have room for individual interpretation or improvisation so important in flamenco. It seems that rhythm plays a more important role in flamenco footwork than movement symmetry. Conclusion: Rhythm plays a more important role in flamenco footwork than movement symmetry.

Background: Botulinum toxin (BT) is primarily known for its aesthetic applications, but there are many opportunities to use the toxin for the prevention and treatment of various other conditions. BT is not very widespread in otolaryngology practice, but can be effective in many diseases. The TB mechanism is related to the blockade of the muscular plate or the glandular one and is therefore effective in various muscular disorders and autonomic secretory disorders. Aim: The purpose of this work is to review the applications of botulinum toxin in otolaryngology. Material and methods: Scientific publications on the Pubmed platform were reviewed using the keywords: botulinum toxin and otolaryngology, and time descriptors were set for 20122022. Results: Botulinum toxin is an effective and safe treatment that causes minor and transient side effects, and its duration of action varies depending on the condition for which it is used (from 36 months on average, up to several years in Lucia Frey syndrome). This is the first-line treatment in Lucia Frey syndrome, laryngeal dystonia and synkinesis. The most common otorhinolaryngological indications, discussed in the following paper, in which botulinum toxin is one component of treatment include Lucia Frey syndrome, salivary fistulas, excessive salivation syndromes, laryngeal dystonia, vocal tremor, vocal granuloma, synkinesis in facial nerve palsy, dysphagia, and an interesting new indication for the use of the toxin in the treatment of resistant rhinitis. The following paper reviews the treatment protocols with botulinum toxin for the aforementioned indications and includes information such as management, dosage, injection sites. The study provides an introduction for ENTs interested in introducing botulinum toxin into their practice, as well as updates practical information for those already practicing. Conclusions: Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment for a wide range of non-aesthetic indications in otorhinolaryngology.

Gąbka Ilona,Dalmata Weronika,DąbrowskiJan, Szarpak Julita,Lipiec Marta. Irritable bowel syndrome - pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment. The role of low FODMAP diet.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(9):469-476. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.054 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39646 https://zenodo.org/record/7049579 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.08.2022. Revised: 02.09.2022. Accepted: 05.09.2022. Irritable bowel syndrome - pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment. The role of low FODMAP diet Ilona Gąbka1, Weronika Dalmata1, Jan Dąbrowski1, Julita Szarpak1, Marta Lipiec2 Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology of the Medical University of Lublin. Student Research Group at the independent Laboratory of Functional Disorders of the Chewing Organ, Medical University of Lublin. Abstract Introduction: The gut microbiota is the microorganisms in the digestive tract. They are mainly bacteria. They play a very important role in maintaining the body's homeostasis. The state of the microbiota is influenced by lifestyle including diet, stress and physical activity. In irritable bowel syndrome, there are disorders in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. It is also associated with a disruption in the proper functioning of the gut-brain axis. Aim: The aim of this study was to review the literature reports on irritable bowel syndrome and the impact of a low FODMAP diet. Methods: Data for the article were retrieved using PubMed setting the time descriptors to 2017-2021. Results and conclusions: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disease. It is manifested by chronic abdominal pain , diarrhea or constipation and changes in the frequency of bowel movements. It significantly affects the quality of life of patients. The diagnosis uses the Roman IV criteria. Pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological methods are important in the treatment. A low-FODMAP diet plays a major role. Studies show that its proper use significantly alleviates the symptoms of IBS. Keywords:irritable bowel syndrome, gut microbiota, FODMAP, low-FODMAP diet

Mielniczek Katarzyna, Lipiec Marta, Kowalska Aleksandra, Jóźwik Katarzyna, Dołomisiewicz Diana. Impact of neurological disorders occurring in neurodegenerative diseases on the conversation process and patients' quality of life. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):957-967. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.097 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.097 https://zenodo.org/record/6944993 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 16.07.2022. Revised: 17.07.2022. Accepted: 31.07.2022. Impact of neurological disorders occurring in neurodegenerative diseases on the conversation process and patients' quality of life Authors: Katarzyna Mielniczek 1, Marta Lipiec 2, Aleksandra Kowalska 3, Katarzyna Jóźwik 3, Diana Dołomisiewicz 4 1 Students' Scientific Circle at the Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin 2 Student Research Group at the independent Laboratory of Functional Disorders of the Chewing Organ, Medical University of Lublin 3 Student Scientific Group at the Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery 4 Student Scientific Group at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw Abstract Introduction : Dialogue, or conversation, is the ability to speak as well as listen. It plays a very important role in interpersonal relations.Speech disorders are a group of of disorders that includes various types of speech production difficulties. Speech production depends on the coordination of several motor acts: respiration, phonation, articulation, resonance and prosody. Phonation is the complex activity of producing sound by vibration of the vocal cords. Resonance is the amplification of sounds at specific frequencies through vibration in the chest, throat and sinuses. Prosody includes a set of phonetic features, such as tone, loudness, tempo, and the overall timbre of speech, which are designed to intended to preserve the meaning and character of speech. Disruption of any of these related elements results in motor speech disorders. Material and method : An overview is presented of language disorders in diseases neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease(PD) and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). Their impact on the conversation process and the patient's quality of life assessment was evaluated. The paper was based on scientific publications posted on the PubMed scientific platform. Results : Speech and language disorders are the main symptoms of FRDA, which significantly affect the patients' quality of life. Patients often present with dysarthria, resulting from causes of central and peripheral and additional primary language disorders. The classic speech disorder in PD is hypokinetic dysarthria, manifested by hypophonia; monotonous, uneven and strained speech; reduced prosody (melodic voice); crowded articulation; inadequate pauses in speech; freezing of speech, unclear articulation. Conclusions : The described disease entities show a significant impact on the deterioration of the process of of conversation by the patient, thus showing a significantly negative impact on the patients' quality of life. Keywords: speech disorders; aphasia; friedreich ataxia; dysarthria; ataxia

Mielniczek Katarzyna, Lipiec Marta, Kowalska Aleksandra, Jóźwik Katarzyna, Dołomisiewicz Diana. Speech disorders in primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):968-977. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.098 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.098 https://zenodo.org/record/6945086 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 16.07.2022. Revised: 17.07.2022. Accepted: 31.07.2022. Speech disorders in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Author: Katarzyna Mielniczek 1, Marta Lipiec 2, Aleksandra Kowalska 3, Katarzyna Jóźwik 3, Diana Dołomisiewicz 4 1 Students' Scientific Circle at the Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin 2 Student Research Group at the independent Laboratory of Functional Disorders of the Chewing Organ, Medical University of Lublin 3 Student Scientific Group at the Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery 4 Student Scientific Group at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw Abstract Introduction : Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders whose main feature is speech and language dysfunction. There are three main forms of PPA - non-fluent variant - agrammatic (nfvPPA), semantic variant (svPPA) and logopenic variant (lvPPA). These include the canonical syndromes currently recognized by consensus diagnostic criteria. Material and method : An overview of language disorders in primary progressive aphasia is presented. The impact on the conversation process and the patient's quality of life assessment was evaluated. The work was based on scientific publications posted on the scientific platform PubMed. Results: In order to diagnose PPA, criteria must be met, i.e., language difficulties are the main feature of the clinical picture, language difficulties are the main cause of disability in daily life, and that aphasia is the most significant disorder in the initial period of the disease. Conclusions: PPA significantly affects both the production and comprehension of speech. It affects the idea, content, construction and delivery of the patient's speech. In addition, it causes significant difficulties in the repetition of speech, both full sentences and words alone. Keywords: speech disorders, aphasia, dysarthria, primary progressive aphasia.

Duszpasterstwo Kościoła katolickiego wykazuje cechy podobne do działalności usługowych, zwłaszcza niekomercyjnych. Z tego powodu w działalności pastoralnej jest możliwe zastosowanie, w ograniczonym zakresie, instrumentów i strategii właściwych dla marketingu usług. W pierwszej części artykułu został scharakteryzowany marketing usług i wskazane cechy usług. Druga część przedstawia instrumenty marketingu usług oraz wskazuje na możliwości zastosowania ich w duszpasterstwie. W trzeciej części wskazano na strategie marketingu usług, które mogą być wykorzystane w działalności Kościoła. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na marketing partnerski, pod niektórymi względami przypominający posługę pastoralną.

Relationship marketing consists in building long-term customer relationships in order to provide the customer with certain values. It aims to satisfy the customer’s needs and expectations as well as creating and fostering his satisfaction. Although the Church is not an organization which provides certain products or services, she can make use of relationship marketing mechanisms in her ministry. Pastoral care uses the segmentation of “customers” — the addressees of the Church’s ministry, on the basis of their needs and their religious conditions. Marketing sciences indicate four stages of relationship marketing: formation, management, evaluation of results and evolution. All of these are used in Catholic pastoral care.

In addition to hazel pollen, alder pollen causes allergy symptoms in subjects suffering from early spring allergies. The study consisted in the analysis of the concentration of Alnus pollen in the air of 12 Polish cities: Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Kielce, Lublin, Olsztyn, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw, and Zielona Gora. The research was carried out in 2022. The volumetric method and Burkard or Lanzoni samplers were used. The pollen season was determined with the 95% method. The onset of the season was recorded earlier in the west of Poland than in the east of the country, i.e. between January 30th and February 18th. The season ended between March 23rd and April 3rd. The maximum alder pollen concentrations were determined in between February 14th and March 16th. The highest concentrations of alder pollen were detected in Kielce and Piotrkow Trybunalski, while the lowest values were recorded in Bialystok and Szczecin.

Hazel is an important source of tree pollen allergens, which are responsible for inhalant allergy symptoms in early spring. The aim of the study was to compare Corylus pollen season in 2022 in 12 cities located in different regions of Poland: Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Kielce, Lublin, Olsztyn, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw and Zielona Gora. The measurements were conducted using a Burkard- type volumetric sampler, operating in continuous volumetric mode. The following parameters were analyzed: pollen season duration, peak value and peak date, seasonal pollen integral and number of days with concentration exceeding the threshold values triggering allergy symptoms in sensitized individuals. The hazel pollen season in 2022 began in January and the first decade of February. The earliest it began in the western regions, and the latest in eastern Poland. In most cities, maximum daily pollen concentrations were registered between February 5th and 24th. The 2022 hazel pollen season, compared to the 2021 season, was characterized by higher maximum daily pollen concentrations, higher seasonal pollen integrals (SPI) and higher number of days exceeding the threshold value for triggering allergy symptoms in most of the analyzed cities. The highest peak was recorded in Lublin (290 grains/m3) and the highest annual sum (SPI) in Cracow (2071). In 2022 the highest risk of allergy symptoms to hazel pollen allergens in sensitized individuals was found in Lublin, Cracow, Kielce and Sosnowiec.

Określenie liderzy świeccy w niniejszym artykule oznacza te osoby spośród laikatu, które stoją na czele grup religijnych lub kierują dziedzinami apostolstwa powierzonymi im przez duszpasterzy. Formacja apostolska tych osób obejmuje działania zmierzające do ukształtowania w nich postaw i umiejętności koniecznych do przewodzenia zespołami ludzkimi. Związana jest ona ściśle z innymi wymiarami formacji chrześcijańskiej: ludzkim, duchowym i intelektualnym. Powinny być one kształtowane łącznie ze względu na owocność ich posługi oraz ze względu na ich dobro, którym jest realizacja powołania chrześcijańskiego. W ramach formacji apostolskiej, biorąc pod uwagę nauki o zarządzaniu, kładzie się akcent na postawę liderów świeckich zarówno wobec realizowanych celów, jak i budowanie wspólnoty religijnej oraz dobro jej członków. Konieczne jest, aby liderzy ci byli do swojej pracy odpowiednio przygotowani. Najlepsze przygotowanie mogą oni otrzymać podczas studiów akademickich z teologii, lecz gdy jest to niemożliwe, trzeba organizować dla nich kursy i szkolenia. Podstawowym miejscem ich organizacji jest diecezja.

Introduction The study highlights the transboundary nature of tuberculosis (TB) in alpacas and the failure of current ante-mortem testing protocols (the tuberculin skin and Enferplex Camelid TB tests) to identify TB-free alpaca herds and individuals for export. Our research and the available literature indicate that the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is extremely susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis infection, and that testing periodicity fails to take into account that animals do not manifest disease symptoms for a long time. The skin test failed to identify Mycobacterium bovis infection in two alpacas prior to their movement from the UK to Poland. The animals were purchased by a breeding centre in Poland, and were then shown at an international animal exhibition. The last owner of the alpacas before their deaths from TB bought the infected animals unwittingly in order to run rehabilitation activities with disabled children on his farm. Material and Methods Thoracic lymph node, lung and liver tissue samples obtained at necropsy were examined histopathologically after Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Tissue samples were homogenised and mycobacteria present there were cultured on Stonebrink’s medium during a 6-week incubation. A commercial test using polymorphism of the chromosomal direct repeat region provided species identification and additional identification was by spacer oligonucleotide typing and mycobacteria interspersed repetitive unit–variable number tandem repeat analysis with a gel electrophoresis protocol. Results The microbiological examination confirmed multiorgan TB caused by the SB0666 spoligotype of Mycobacterium bovis. Conclusion Due to the suboptimal performance of current diagnostic tests for TB in alpacas, there is a risk that infected animals may be moved unwittingly. A risk of TB spread associated with the international movement of alpacas is implied by this study.

ZALEWA, Karolina, KAPŁAN, Wojciech, RACHWAŁ, Dominika, BARTOSZEK, Lidia, OLSZAK, Joanna, ROGOWSKA,Monika, ŚWIDZIŃSKI, Rafał, LIPIEC, Jakub, SKORUPSKI, Bartosz & PIĄTEK, Ewa. When does a healthy lifestyle turn into a disorder? Orthorexia – diagnostic problems, methods of treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;33(1):67-77.eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.33.01.008 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/43713 https://zenodo.org/record/7977172 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 27.04.2023. Revised: 10.05.2023. Accepted: 27.05.2023. Published: 27.05.2023. When does a healthy lifestyle turn into a disorder? Orthorexia – diagnostic problems, methods of treatment Karolina Zalewa1, Wojciech Kapłan2, Dominika Rachwał1, Lidia Bartoszek1, Joanna Olszak1, Monika Rogowska3, Rafał Świdziński2, Jakub Lipiec2, Bartosz Skorupski2, Ewa Piątek4 1Chair and Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa street 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland 2Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland 3Chair and Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Lublin 4Medical University of Lublin Karolina Zalewa zalewa.karolina@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0004-0610-6866 Wojciech Kapłan wojtek.kaplan@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0003-2270-0318 Dominika Rachwał dominikarachwal98@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0001-9104-0459 Lidia Bartoszek lidka.bartosz@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0000-1656-7325 Joanna Olszak asia.olszak663@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0004-0211-1449 Monika Rogowska m.rogowska98@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-9617-7307 Rafał Świdziński swidzinog@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-8535-0936 Jakub Lipiec jlipiec98@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0001-6711-4684 Bartosz Skorupski bartekskorupsky@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0003-3314-983X Ewa Piątek ewa.piatek97@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0000-9051-5777 Abstract Introduction:Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a common phenomenon. Its prevalence in society ranges from 1% to 60%. Yet, there are no specific diagnostic criteria or effective screening tests. Moreover, orthorexia does not appear in any of the available international psychiatric classifications such as the ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) and DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Due to this fact many people remain undiagnosed, which significantly affects their standard of living, and later puts a strain on the health care system. Material and method:The article is based on a study and analysis of available publications in the last few years, published in the PubMed database. Conclusions:It is crucial to create specific diagnostic criteria for orthorexia. This will enable efficient detection of patients at an early stage of the disorder, which will significantly shorten the diagnostic path. Moreover, specifying potential risk factors will help to reduce new cases. Keywords:orthorexia nervosa; eating disorders; treatment; social media; health

KAPŁAN, Wojciech, ZALEWA, Karolina, RACHWAŁ, Dominika, BARTOSZEK, Lidia, OLSZAK, Joanna, ROGOWSKA, Monika, ŚWIDZIŃSKI, Rafał, LIPIEC, Jakub, SKORUPSKI, Bartosz & PIĄTEK, Ewa. Modern methods of treating marijuana addiction (cannabis use disorders) and its influence on health.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;28(1):78-85. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.28.01.005 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/43607 https://zenodo.org/record/7921101 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 17.04.2023. Revised: 20.04.2023. Accepted: 10.05.2023. Published: 10.05.2023. Modern methods of treating marijuana addiction (cannabis use disorders) and its influence on health Wojciech Kapłan1, Karolina Zalewa2, Dominika Rachwał2, Lidia Bartoszek2, Joanna Olszak2, Monika Rogowska3, Rafał Świdziński1, Jakub Lipiec1, Bartosz Skorupski1, Ewa Piątek4 1Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland 2Chair and Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa street 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland 3Chair and Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Lublin 4Medical University of Lublin Wojciech Kapłan wojtek.kaplan@gmail.comORCID:0000-0003-2270-0318 Karolina Zalewa zalewa.karolina@gmail.comORCID: 0009-0004-0610-6866 Dominika Rachwał dominikarachwal98@gmail.comORCID: 0009-0001-9104-0459 Lidia Bartoszek lidka.bartosz@gmail.comORCID: 0009-0000-1656-7325 Joanna Olszak asia.olszak663@gmail.comORCID: 0009-0004-0211-1449 Monika Rogowska m.rogowska98@gmail.comORCID: 0000-0002-9617-7307 Rafał Świdziński swidzinog@gmail.comORCID: 0000-0002-8535-0936 Jakub Lipiec jlipiec98@gmail.comORCID: 0000-0001-6711-4684 Bartosz Skorupski bartekskorupsky@gmail.comORCID: 0009-0003-3314-983X Ewa Piątek ewa.piatek97@gmail.comORCID: 0009-0000-9051-5777 Abstract Introduction: Worldwide, cannabis is the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance and the third most common drug, after alcohol and tobacco. Cannabis use disorder (CUD) affects approximately 10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. In recent years, cannabinoids have become more and more popular. The CUD is becoming a growing social and health problem. The search for effective forms of pharmacotherapy is still ongoing, and an effective combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy may be crucial for the future of CUD treatment. Material and method: The article was based on a review and analysis of publications and discoveries in recent years, which were available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database. Results:82 study participants attempted abstinence from cannabis use. In the final primary endpoint analysis, both 400 mg of CBD and 800 mg of CBD were more effective than placebo in reducing cannabis use. 50 people who were addicted to cannabis treated with gabapentin showed a significant reduction in cannabis use and cannabis withdrawal compared to placebo. Moreover, 70 men addicted to cannabis were randomized and those, who used FAAH inhibitors reported fewer cannabis withdrawal symptoms, less cannabis use and lower THC urine levels than placebo users. Conclusions: Gabapentin has been proven to show a reduction in CUD. The use of CBD, FAAH inhibitors and psychotherapy MET/CBT/CM also appear to be effective. In addition, the use of the principles of People-First Language, avoiding slang and idioms, using medical and curing vocabulary, respects the addicted person, and also positively influences the chances of abstinence. Keywords: cannabis; CBD; CUD; psychotherapy; pharmacotherapy

An impairment of standard echocardiographic parameters of right ventricular (RV) function is a known phenomenon in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, but its significance remains unclear.This study aimed to assess changes in RV function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery using speckle tracking and 3D echocardiography.The study population comprised 122 patients referred for cardiac surgery. Transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examinations were performed: before the surgery (TTE1), 1 week after surgery (TTE2), and 1 year after surgery (TTE 3). Parameters measured during these examinations included both standard and advanced indices of the RV size and function, as well as a new parameter introduced by our team - RV shortening fraction (RV SF).TTE1 was performed on average (standard deviation [SD]) 24 (15) hours before surgery, whereas TTE2 and TTE3 were performed on average 7.2 (3) days and 346 (75) days after the surgery, respectively. A postoperative impairment of parameters of RV longitudinal function was observed (P0.001). However, neither the RV size assessed by both 2D and 3D techniques changed, nor the global RV function measured with the use of fractional area change and ejection fraction. Additionally, during the postoperative period, an increase in the value of an RV SF by 12.9% was observed. After 12 months we observed an improvement in the parameters of the longitudinal RV function.Uncomplicated cardiac surgery causes transient impairment of the longitudinal systolic RV function, with no influence on the global RV function. The preservation of global function results from increased RV SF. After 12 months, an improvement of the longitudinal function can be observed.

Background Clinical usefulness of Handheld Ultrasound Device [HUD] was previously confirmed in numerous clinical scenarios. During the previous two years Covid-19 patients become a focal point of healthcare worldwide. The assessment of long term consequences of this infection is bound to overload already burdened healthcare system. Purpose To assess clinical usefulness of HUD as an adjunct to physical cardiac examination of patients with history of COVID-19. Methods Study population consisted of randomly selected patients with no symptoms of cardiovascular pathology, who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 one year prior to examination. Physical examination and clinical assessment was augmented with short examination with the use of HUD, which included: visual evaluation of the global and regional LV function, measurement of RV size, screening for the significant valve defects and the presence of pericardial effusion. Subsequently full echocardiographic examination with the use of high-end workstation was performed, which results were treated as reference. Results 54 patients (35 men, mean age 63±13 years) were enrolled into the study. In clinical examination no significant cardiovascular abnormalities were discovered. In 30 [56%] of patients cardiac abnormalities in HUD examination were detected. In 18 patients [33%] LV function assessment was not performed, due to insufficient quality of registered view. In the remaining group significant impairment of LV ejection fraction ( Conclusion Cardiac abnormalities exposed in brief assessment with the use HUD are a relatively common finding in asymptomatic patients previously hospitalized due to COVID infection in a 1-year follow-up, despite normal physical examination. Normal HUD examination excludes the presence of significant cardiac abnormalities with high probability. However one should keep in mind a relatively high percentage of false positive results, which may lead to an exceeding number of patients referred for a full echocardiographic examination. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

The rapid development of contemporary Polish-Ukrainian relations and the emigration of Ukrainians to Poland and EU countries require more and more lawyers to provide cross-border legal services. However, the emerging barriers between the countries effectively limit the possibilities for cooperation. It is particularly important to determine the extent of involvement of Polish lawyers in Ukraine and Ukrainians in Poland and to explain the reasons for their lack of involvement. It is also important to determine the consequences of the observed problem and the development strategy for the future. The present research is part of a larger study on the internationalisation of the Polish justice system and the provision of cross-border legal services. Methodologically, the study has been performed through structured interviews among representatives of Polish lawyers and questionnaires among all Polish lawyers. It was supplemented by non-reactive methods: an analysis of statistical data, an anthropomastic analysis, a content analysis of websites, and a functional analysis of legal acts. The results of the study show that Polish lawyers do not practice in Ukraine at all, and no more than 20 Ukrainian jurists work in Poland. The reasons are the border barriers and the lack of demand for mutual legal services, as well as cultural differences. The low level of involvement of the Polish and Ukrainian Bar Associations also contributes to the low level of provision of cross-border legal services. Nevertheless, Ukrainian immigrants to Poland are increasingly becoming Polish lawyers. Currently, the involvement of Ukrainian lawyers in the Polish legal services market is slowly increasing. This confused situation will likely change later this decade.

Footwork is one of the basic features of flamenco dancing and is performed in traditional high-heeled shoes. The purpose of this study was to analyse the mechanical profile of flamenco dancing in terms of vertical ground reaction force, and knee joint kinematics of the supporting limb in footwork technique in order to understand causes which predispose injuries derived from the practice of flamenco dancing. The participant in our study was a professional female flamenco dancer (34 years, 58 kg, 1.65 m) who performed the ZAP 3 test, a sequence of single strikes of the feet performed continuously for 15 s. 3D lower extremity kinematic data were collected using a five-camera motion analysis system (Vicon; Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK). Ground reaction forces were recorded using a Kistler force plate. Our analysis was based on 30 cycles of each lower limb consisting of 177 footwork steps. The vertical component of the ground reaction force did not reveal any significant differences between the left and the right limb. The most dynamic strike was provided by the heel (twice the participant's body weight). The mean angular displacement of the supporting limb’s knee was ~27°. Results reveal that these impacts could make the knee joint more prone to injuries.

The equiaxed Ni-based superalloy René 108 was subjected to short-term annealing at five temperatures between 900 °C and 1100 °C. The phase composition, phase lattice parameters, microstructure, stereological parameters, and chemical composition of γ′ precipitates were investigated by thermodynamic simulations, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Analysis of the γ and γ′ lattice parameters using the Nelson-Riley extrapolation function showed that the misfit parameter for temperatures 900 °C to 1050 °C is positive (decreasing from 0.32 to 0.11 pct). At 1100 °C, the parameter becomes negative, δ = − 0.18 pct. During the short-term annealing, γ′ precipitates dissolution occurred progressing more rapidly with increasing temperatures. The surface fraction of γ′ precipitates decreased with increasing temperature from 0.52 to 0.34. The dissolution of γ′ precipitates did not only proceed through uninterrupted thinning of each individual precipitate, but also included more complex mechanisms, including splitting. Based on transmission electron microscopy, it was shown that after γ′ precipitates dissolution, the matrix close to the γ/γ′ interface is strongly enriched in Co and Cr and depleted in Al.

Purpose We sought to investigate aortic stenosis (AS) progression rate (pr) with the comparison between bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) morphology. Materials and methods We compared ASpr in patients with BAV and TAV examined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the years 2004–2019. Results Data from 363 TTEs in 161 AS patients (median age 70 [61–77] years; 63% men; 25% with BAV; 20% with severe AS) performed at different time points (median time interval 10 months) was analyzed. We assessed changes of AS severity with peak velocity through aortic valve (Vmax), mean/peak pressure gradients (MG/PG), aortic valve area by planimetry and continuity equation (AVAce). We compared pr (defined as parameter change per year) between the BAV and the TAV groups. BAV patients showed faster ASpr with odds ratio 3.467 and 95% confidence intervals 1.36 to 8.86, moreover, expressed as a quicker AVAce decrease 0 (−0.4-0.0) in the BAV vs. 0 (−0.15 – 0.0) cm2/year in the TAV group, p ​= ​0.02. Furthermore, in BAV, female sex was associated with lower ASpr (p ​= ​0.01), and in the whole group a larger aortic diameter was a predictor of faster progression (p ​ Conclusion The ASpr, expressed as a decrease in the AVAce, was faster in BAV. Moreover, ASpr depends on both: valve morphology being faster in BAV and Vmax increase. Furthermore, the female sex was related to slower pace of AVA reduction in BAV subgroup whereas the larger baseline aortic diameter associated to faster AS progression in the whole studied group.

This work presents the influence of microstructural constituents on liquation crack formation in the cast Ni-based superalloy, René 108. The investigation was divided into three parts: characterisation of the material's microstructure in pre-weld condition, hot ductility studies and analysis of liquation cracking induced by the gas tungsten arc welding process. Using advanced electron microscopy techniques it is shown that the base material in pre-weld condition is characterised by a complex microstructure. The phases identified in René 108 include γ matrix, γ' precipitates, MC and M23C6 carbides, and M5B3 borides. Based on Gleeble testing, it was found that René 108 is characterised by high strength at elevated temperatures with a maximum of 1107 MPa at 975 °C. As a result of constitutional liquation, the superalloy’s strength and ductility were significantly reduced. The nil strength temperature was equal to 1292 °C, while the nil ductility temperature was 1225 °C. The low ductility recovery rate (32.1), ratio of ductility recovery (36.2) and hot cracking factor (Rf = 0.05) values confirmed the low weldability of Renѐ 108. In the heat-affected zone (HAZ) induced by welding, constitutional liquation of mainly γ' precipitates, with a contribution of M23C6 carbides and M5B3 borides, was observed. The thin non-equilibrium liquid film, which formed along high-angle grain boundaries, led to crack initiation and their further propagation during cooling. The eutectic γ–γ' re-solidification products are visible on the crack edges.

Świdziński, Rafał, Gryc, Anna, Golemo, Jagna, Nowińska, Aleksandra,Lipiec, Jakub. Social media and the possibility of depressive states in young adults.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(12):104-112. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.12.016 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39865 https://zenodo.org/record/7325208 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 07.09.2022. Revised: 29.10.2022. Accepted: 10.11.2022. Social media and the possibility of depressive states in young adults Rafał Świdziński, Anna Gryc, Jagna Golemo, Aleksandra Nowińska, JakubLipiec Rafał Świdziński; rafalumswi@gmail.com, swidzinog@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-8535-0936 Anna Gryc; annclaris27@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-6258-1168 Jagna Golemo; jagnavlog@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-2785-858X Aleksandra Nowińska; olanowinska565@gmail.com; ORCID:0000-0002-2235-1130 Jakub Lipiec; jlipiec98@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0001-6711-4684 Abstract: Social media (SM) is now a popular place for content creation and a means of communication between young adults. Their increasing participation in our lives means that they replace us face to face contacts (FTF), which can affect our mental health. The above changes in communication habits may correlate with the occurrence of depressive states and a sense of social isolation. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between the use of MS and the occurrence of depressive states in young adults on the basis of selected literature. The topic of emotional support and a sense of social isolation will also be discussed. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to select the appropriate literature, and only research was used. The cited studies on the use of MS and depression showed that people who spent the most time on social media showed an increased risk of experiencing a depressed mood. Another study analyzed the likelihood of depression depending on the method of emotional support. The comparison of emotional support in FTF (face to face) communication with the support obtained through MS showed that the possibility of depressive symptoms was lower for FTF communication and higher for the second method, respectively. The use of social media among young adults contributes to an increased risk of depression, perceived social isolation and reduced emotional support. Moreover, it has been proven that addiction to MS positively correlates with the presence of depressive symptoms. Keywords:depression; social media; mental health; young adults; emotional suport; social isolation.

The aim of the article is to present the preparation of the unsighted and visually impaired children for the First Communion and for their first confession. Blind and visually impaired children whose case is discussed in this article, are, according to the medical standards, described as unsighted; these children attend specialist educational centres. The first part of the article presents the conditions of their preparation for the First Holy Communion and for the first Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation, emphasising the influence of the visual impairment on their cognition and communication. The next part of the article shows the steps of the theoretical preparation, with a particular emphasis on the theological issues presented during the religious education classes. Further parts of the article present the steps of the practical preparation, which mainly takes place in the church and in the chapels. The finally presented issue concerns the cooperation between the priests and catechists with the parents of these children. Contribution:The research presented in the article significantly contributes to the Pastoral Theology, mainly in the field of pastoral care of children with disabilities.

Introduction In COVID-19 patients, both preexisting cardiovascular disease as well as cardiac injury resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with increased mortality. We hypothesized that novel parameters of myocardial function may be useful in the assessment of in-hospital and long-term prognosis. Aim The aim of study was to determine the prevalence of myocardial dysfunction revealed by speckle tracking echocardiography and its association with in-hospital and one-year mortality. Methods The study group comprised 192 patients hospitalized in the cardiology department due to COVID-19. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiographic examination with off-line analysis. Using speckle tracking technique, we measured the following parameters: left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RV-GLS), right ventricular free wall strain (RV-FWS) and myocardial work parameters – global work index (GWI), global wasted work (GWW), global constructive work (GCW) and global work efficiency (GWE). The primary outcome was in-hospital and one-year mortality. Results 112 patients (mean age 68±14 years, 76 (68%) male) had adequate image quality to evaluate strain-derived parameters. 27 patients died during hospitalization and 44 patients died within one-year after discharge. In-hospital non-survivors were older, had lower baseline oxygen saturation (SpO2) and had higher NTproBNP (Table 1). In non-survivors speckle-tracking echocardiography revealed significant impairment of left and right ventricular function compared to the group of survivors (Table 1). The independent predictors of in-hospital death were GWE (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.78–0.93) and SpO2 on admission (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.86–0.96). Based on the ROC curve analysis, the optimal cut-off points for predicting in-hospital death were identified: GWE ≤87% (sensitivity 63%, specificity 89%) and baseline SpO2 value ≤88% (sensitivity 81%, specificity 71%). The independent predictors of one-year mortality were: age (OR 1.28 [1.13–1.46]), NTproBNP (OR 1.002 [1.001–1.003]), baseline SpO2 (OR 0.71 [0.59–0.86]) and RV-GLS (OR 1.32 [1.12–1.55]). Based on the ROC curve analysis, the cut-off points optimal for predicting death within 12 months after COVID-19 were also identified: baseline SpO2 value ≤88% (sensitivity 69.8%, specificity 77.3%), age >60 years (sensitivity 90%, specificity 43%), NTproBNP >500 pg/ml (sensitivity 95%, specificity 41.8%), RV-GLS >−18.5 (sensitivity 93%, specificity 64.2%). Conclusions Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography is a useful technique to evaluate myocardial function in COVID-19 patients and provides good prognostic value for identifying patients at risk of death during hospitalization and in long term follow-up. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Background Strain rate reflects the rate of change of the distance between two points of the myocardium occurring in the cardiac cycle. It is a time-dependent parameter requiring higher temporal resolution than standard strain assessment. Because of this limitation, speckle tracking-derived left atrial (LA) strain rate analysis is of less interest in the literature. Purpose To analyze the prognostic value of LA strain rate during 2-years follow-up in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods The prospective study involved 80 patients with nonvalvular AF scheduled for elective electrical cardioversion (mean age 63.5±13 years, 60% male). All patients underwent echo before cardioversion and 24 hours after conversion to sinus rhythm. We analyzed standard echocardiographic parameters. Using the speckle-tracking method, we assessed LA strain rate during ventricular systole LA-SSR, in the early stage of ventricular diastole LA-ESR, and during atrial active pump phase LA-ASR. The last one is possible to measure only in the sinus rhythm. The analysis included 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. The clinical endpoint was predefined as AF recurrence. Results Median time of the current AF episode was 2.1 (IQR 0.5–5) months. Standard echo measurements revealed a median left ventricular ejection fraction of 55% (IQR 46–58) and the median of LA volume indexed to body surface area 42 ml/m2 (IQR 33–51). The successful cardioversion rate was 90%. During follow-up, we noticed AF recurrence in 49 (68%) patients. The median time-to-event was 2 (IQR 1 to 6.9) months. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that LA-SSR −1 s–1 (AUC=0.703; p=0.0015) assessed during AF as well as LA-ESR >−0.88 s–1 (AUC=0.644; p=0.04) and LA-ASR >−1 s–1 (AUC=0.837; p Conclusions Speckle tracking-derived LA strain rate predicts the recurrence of AF after successful electrical cardioversion. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

DąbrowskiJan, Gąbka Ilona, Dalmata Weronika, Dębek Karolina, Lipiec Marta. Food hypersensitivity - classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis. What are food allergies?Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(9):463-468. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.053 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39647 https://zenodo.org/record/7049424 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.08.2022. Revised: 02.09.2022. Accepted: 05.09.2022. Food hypersensitivity - classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis. What are food allergies? Jan Dąbrowski1, Ilona Gąbka1, Weronika Dalmata1, Karolina Dębek1, Marta Lipiec2 Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology of the Medical University of Lublin. Student Research Group at the independent Laboratory of Functional Disorders of the Chewing Organ, Medical University of Lublin. Abstract Introduction: Food hypersensitivity is a pathological, increased and inadequate reaction of the body to a particular substance, the consumption of which can cause various types of body symptoms. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to distinguish different types of hypersensitivity mechanisms, resulting in the introduction of appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Results and conclusions: Food hypersensitivity is becoming an epidemic of the 21st century. This is due to many individual factors as well as environmental pollution. It is important to identify the type of mechanism involved in a given food hypersensitivity and to eliminate the causative factors, or incorporate appropriate treatment. Understanding this forms the basis of therapy. Methods: Data for the article were retrieved using PubMed setting the time descriptors to 2014-2020. Keywords:food hypersensitivity, allergic, non-allergic, diagnosis, diet, food, allergens.

Wyciek wydzieliny z nosa (katar), upośledzenie drożności przewodów nosowych i kichanie to objawy charakteryzujące stan zapalny błony śluzowej nosa. Artykuł przedstawia charakterystykę dwóch jednostek chorobowych, dla których powyższe symptomy są wspólne: alergicznego nieżytu nosa i choroby przeziębieniowej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na cechy pozwalające na diagnostykę różnicową. Omówiono aktualne zasady postępowania diagnostycznego i terapeutycznego w obu powyższych jednostkach chorobowych.

Parish is a community of faith, of cult and of brotherly love. People with disabilities participate in creating this community. They listen to God’s word and they preach it in various possible ways. They participate in the liturgy, they receive holy sacraments and they are prayed for by all the parishioners. At the same time, they actively participate in the liturgy and in other devotions, offering up their prayers and their suffering for other people. Participating in building the brotherly parish community, they try to implement their vocation in the Church and in the world, being the apostles of the Christian way of life. People with disabilities get engaged into the charity work of the parish as well as into the activity of the religious associations in their parish.

teologia pastoralna Duszpasterstwo osób z niepełną sprawnością to forma działalności Kościoła, urzeczywistniającą posługę zbawczą Kościoła przez głoszenie takim ludziom słowa Bożego, działalność liturgiczną, posługę pasterską i świadectwo życia chrześcijańskiego. Specyfika niepełnosprawności i życia ludzi obarczonych nią wymaga odpowiedniego przygotowania prezbiterów do pracy z nimi. Formacja ludzka polega w tym przypadku na kształtowaniu cech charakteru potrzebnych do współpracy z ludźmi z niepełną sprawnością. Z kolei formacja duchowa zmierza do pogłębienia miłości pasterskiej na wzór Jezusa Chrystusa Dobrego Pasterza oraz postawy służebnej wobec takich osób. Celem formacji intelektualnej jest przekazanie potrzebnej wiedzy dotyczącej niepełnosprawności i ludzi, którzy zostali nią dotknięci, natomiast formacja pastoralna zmierza do pogłębiania odpowiednich postaw nabywania umiejętności duszpasterskich. Formacja prezbiterów do duszpasterstwa osób z niepełną sprawnością powinna mieć charakter całościowy i integralny. Pastoral care of people with disabilities is a form of ecclesial activity which realizes the salvific mission of the Church through proclaiming God’s Word to people with disabilities, through the liturgical service, through pastoral ministry and through the testimony of the Christian life. The specific nature of disability and of the life of a person with disability requires certain preparation of religious scholars who are to work with them. Human formation consists in the formation of the features of character which are necessary for the work with people with disabilities. The spiritual formation aims at deepening pastoral love following the pattern of Jesus Christ the Good Shepherd as well as the attitude of service for such people. The aim of intellectual formation is to provide necessary knowledge which concerns disabilities and the people who suffer from disabilities, while pastoral formation aims at deepening certain attitudes of pastoral care skills acquisition. The formation of presbyters for the pastoral care of people with disabilities should be comprehensive and integral.

Apple pomace (AP) is an abundant waste causing environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of AP on soil and plant growth under optimum and limited water availability. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of AP on: (i) hydrophysical properties, respiration, and N transformations in soil aggregates and (ii) the growth of wheat and faba bean in soil with addition of AP under optimum and limited water availability. The soil respiration rate increased rapidly after the introduction of AP, and the effect was dependent on the aggregate size. The reduction of nitrate and the increase in ammonium content in response to the AP addition were more pronounced in the larger aggregates. Reduced growth of wheat was noted in the dry soil supplemented with AP. Faba bean maintained its unchanged rate of growth after the application of AP, irrespective of water availability. An increase in the chlorophyll content was observed in faba bean grown in the AP-enriched soil. The apple pomace reduced the water wetting rate and increased the repellency index but did not affect the tensile strength of the soil aggregates. Disposal of AP as a soil amendment affects many indicators of soil quality. The application of AP to the soil has an impact on respiration and N transformations in the soil aggregates; moreover, it differently influences the growth of spring wheat and faba bean.

The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of an algorithm for automated measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) available on handheld ultrasound devices (HUDs). One hundred twelve patients admitted to the cardiology department underwent assessment performed with an HUD. In each case, the four-chamber apical view was obtained, and LVEF was calculated with LVivo software. Subsequently, during the examination performed with the use of the stationary echocardiograph, the 3-D measurement of LVEF was recorded. The average LVEFs measured with LVivo and the 3-D reference method were 46 ± 14% and 48 ± 14%, respectively. The correlation between the measurements obtained with the HUD and 3-D evaluation was high (r = 0.92, 95% confidence interval: 0.87-0.95, p0.0001). The mean difference between the LVEF obtained with LVivo and the 3-D LVEF was not significant (mean difference: -0.61%, 95% confidence interval: -1.89 to 0.68, p = 0.31). The LVivo software despite its limitations is capable of the accurate LVEF measurement when the acquired views are of at least good imaging quality.

Węch jest podstawowym zmysłem zarówno u ludzi, jak i u zwierząt. Pozwala kręgowcom i innym organizmom wyposażonym w receptory węchowe rozpoznawać pożywienie, niebezpieczeństwo i dostarcza zmysłowej przyjemności. Zaburzenia lub utrata zmysłu węchu występują w schorzeniach, którym towarzyszy upośledzona drożność nosa, takich jak: przewlekłe zapalenie zatok przynosowych, przewlekłe zapalenie zatok przynosowych z polipami nosa, alergiczny nieżyt nosa, infekcja dróg oddechowych, w tym ostre zapalenie zatok przynosowych. W przypadku zapalenia zatok przynosowych zaburzenia węchu są jednym z czterech głównych objawów choroby. Zaburzenia węchu mogą być również wywołane przez uszkodzenie neuronu węchowego, np. w przebiegu infekcji wirusowej. Utrata węchu i/lub smaku zgłaszana przez chorych na COVID-19 ma istotne znaczenie kliniczne; ułatwia jak najwcześniejszą identyfikację zakażonych do izolacji, jeśli dostęp do badań jest ograniczony, oraz ułatwia kwalifikację do ukierunkowanych testów. W leczeniu zaburzeń i utraty węchu wywołanych przez upośledzenie drożności nosa (lub towarzyszących chorobom przebiegającym z upośledzeniem drożności nosa) stosuje się nowoczesne glikokortykosteroidy donosowe.