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To investigate changes in the interpupillary distance (IPD) after continual instillation of topical prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) in glaucoma patients as an objective indicator of prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy (PAP).Retrospective, comparative case series.A total of 152 institutional patients with glaucoma were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were visual acuities exceeding 10/20 bilaterally and no intraocular surgery during observation. Intervention/observation procedures: First-time bilateral instillation of bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, or tafluprost and IPDs measured by automatic refractometry. IPDs, intraocular pressures (IOPs), and refractive errors were measured before and after continual drug administration (treatment, 2-24 months).Post-treatment changes in IPDs. A total of 61 untreated patients served as controls.The IPDs shortened significantly (P0.001) after treatment (-0.80 ± 2.1 mm); the IPDs of control subjects remained unchanged (0.05 ± 0.96 mm; P = 0.69). The IPD change after bimatoprost instillation (-2.20 ± 0.97 mm) was significantly (P0.001) greater than with other PGAs (-0.65 ± 2.09 mm). The IOPs decreased significantly (P0.001) (-3.7 ± 4.3 mm Hg); the refractive errors did not change significantly (P0.099) (-0.07 ± 0.69 diopter) post-treatment. The percentages of subjects with 2-mm or greater decreases in IPD after bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, or tafluprost were 85.7%, 20.0%, 18.2%, and 17.2%, respectively, and with 3-mm or greater decreases in IPD 35.7%, 12.0%, 14.5%, and 12.1%, respectively. The specificities were 93.4% and 100% in the control group, respectively, with IPD threshold changes of 2 and 3 mm or more, respectively.The IPD decreased significantly after topical PGAs within 24 months. The effect was significantly greater with bimatoprost than with other PGAs. The noninvasive, immediate automatic refractometry measurement may be an objective numerical indicator of PAP.

We investigated the effect of repeated subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on the pH, fermentative function, and bacterial community in the rumen. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein bulls were fed a high-forage diet for 7 d (HF period) followed by a high-grain diet for 7 d (HG period). Four SARA challenges were carried out consecutively (first, second, third, and fourth challenges). The ruminal pH was measured continuously during the experiment, and rumen fluid samples during the first to fourth challenges were collected at 0800, 1400, and 2000 h on the last days of each feeding period for analysis; volatile fatty acid components, NH3-N, and lactic acid concentrations were measured. Bacterial community structure was analyzed at 0800 h during the first and fourth challenges on the last days of each period. The 24-h mean ruminal pH was decreased during the transition from high-forage to high-grain diet and tended to differ between the HF and HG periods. During the HG period, ruminal pH

Reaction of Cp‘Co(PPh3)2, where Cp‘ = η5-cyclopentadienyl (Cp) or η5-n-hexylcyclopentadienyl (hexCp), with conjugated diacetylenes, RC⋮CAC⋮CR, where A = p-phenylene, p-fluorophenylene, p-2,5-difluorophenylene, or 4,4‘-biphenylene and R = H or Me affords new organometallic polymers, [−C4R2{CoCp‘(PPh3)}−A−]n (1−6) involving linearly π-conjugated chains. The polymers are insoluble when Cp‘ = Cp but soluble in common organic solvents when Cp‘ = hexCp. It is suggested by the results of reactions of (hexCp)Co(PPh3)2 with PhC⋮CH and PhC⋮CMe that stereoregularity favorable to π-conjugation, i.e., connection of cobaltacyclopentadienylene moieties at 2,5 position is higher when R = Me compared to when R = H. The cobaltacyclopentadiene polymers undergo quasi-reversible oxidation and irreversible reduction at low temperatures. The oxidation potential is not significantly changed, but the reduction potential shifts considerably in the positive direction for the polymers compared to monomeric cobaltacyclopentadienes. T...

Reactions of [CpCo(PPh3)2](Cp=η5-cyclopentadienyl) with conjugated diacetylenes were investigated in terms of the synthesis of π-conjugated organometallic polymers. The reaction of an α,β-diyne, PhCCCCPh, gave three geometric isomers of dialkynylcobaltacyclopentadienes, 1a-c, and an insoluble polymeric product, 1d. A 2,4-dialkynyl complex, 2, and a 2,5-dialkynyl complex, 3, were obtained solely from Me3SiCCCCSiMe3 and MeCCCCMe, respectively. 1,1′-Bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-4,4′-biphenyl afforded two isomers of 1,3-dialkynylcyclobutadiene complexes, 4a and 4b. The stability of the one-electron oxidized forms of the cobalacyclopentadiene and cyclobutadiene complexes was examined by cyclic voltammetry.

A π-conjugated organometallic polymer with cobaltacyclopentadiene units was synthesized by successive metallacyclization reactions of diacetylene, 4,4′-diethynylbiphenyl with CpCo(PPh 3 ) 2 . The yield, infrared and UV-VIS spectra, and thermal properties depend on the synthetic conditions such as the mol ratio of the diacetylene to CpCo(PPh 3 ) 2 , solvent and reaction temperature. The electrical conductivity of the Co complex polymer is around 10 −9 S cm −1 at room temperature.

A new π-conjugated organometallic polymer of which framework is in part composed of cobaltacyclopentadienes has been synthesized by a metallacycle formation reaction of CpCo(PPh3)2 with 4,4′-diethynylbiphenyl. The polymer, poly(4,4′-biphenylene 2,5-cobaltacyclopenta-2,4-dienylene) has a strong absorption band around 500 run, and is oxidized at +0.306 V vs. Ag/Ag+ in dichloromethane and reduced at −1.8 V in acetonitrile.

A mathematical model of arc weld pool has been discussed in this paper. In the model analysis, the heat flow in welding is numerically analyzed to estimate the molten pool size, and a surface tensional balance equation for the molten pool is solved numerically to obtain a weld geometry. The model of finite difference, developed in the present work, make it possible to simulate some typical processes such as a thin plate arc welding and a fillet welding of thick plate.

The conformational difference of the title compound ( 1 ) in the solid state and in solution has been investigated by X-ray crystallography and high-field proton n.m.r. spectrometry. In the solid state, compound 1 adopts the 4 C 1 ( d ) conformation ( 1a ), whereas 1 exists preferentially in the 1 C 4 ( d ) conformation ( 1b ) in chloroform solution.