Search

The goal of this study is a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of processes and flows within the solid waste management (WM) system in Kutaisi, Georgia, and the wider Imereti region. The applied methodology based upon data collected through customized questionnaires enabled both the formal and informal sectors (IS) to be characterized. Moreover, waste composition studies in the region’s rural and semi-urban areas revealed that the share of recyclables is higher in urban areas and commercial centres. A material flow analysis was used to transparently consolidate the collected data, showing that dumping and landfilling still play a major role within the Georgian WM system. The total amount of waste landfilled on ‘Nikea’ landfill in 2019 equals 58,000 tonnes year−1, from where around 55,500 tonnes year−1 is formally collected municipal solid waste, and 2,503 tonnes year−1 is commercial and industrial waste. According to the findings, the size of the IS in Kutaisi is 0.07–0.15% of the city’s population, whose supposed cumulative income is estimated GEL 0.57–1.13 million (EUR 180–360 thousand) in 2019. Informally collected recyclables are estimated 870–1,750 tonnes year−1, comprising 6–11% of recyclables landfilled in Kutaisi in 2019. The study provides a basis for decision-makers. Replicating the applied methodologies and approaches to create this sound database could support the WM system across whole Georgia. The study further reveals the importance of the need to stop neglecting the IS and recognizes the importance of its role in the WM system of Kutaisi and the wider Imereti region, respectively.

In this article we use a social representational perspective on a large sample of European students to consider the interplay between pacifist attitudes and representations of World War I (WWI). WWI gave rise to pacifist movements across the globe. Across 10 European countries (N = 1,347 undergraduate students), we invited participants to report the first 5 words that came to their mind when thinking about this event and measured their level of pacifism. Analyses of the reported words revealed the presence of seven lexical classes corresponding to 2 main perspectives on WWI. The first main perspective was characterized by "analytical" representations of the war, with a focus on the places and actors of WWI. The second perspective highlighted negative emotions and appraisals associated with war. Overall, we found that the pacifist attitudes we analyzed were associated with a view of the conflict in terms of negatively valanced words, both at the emotional level and in terms of concrete consequences. Conversely lower pacifist attitudes were linked with an emphasis upon weapons. The present results help fill a gap in the literature on attitudes toward peace and war by evidencing their interplay with the way individuals view war. These findings allow us to establish a connection between mainstream, individualcentered approach to attitudes relying on individual premises and social representation theory. Moreover, in line with historical scholarship, these results suggest that a common interpretational framework underlies a view of the conflict associated with the pacifist wave that emerged 100 years ago and current pacifist attitudes. Finally, the present study is the first large scale psychology study of the social representations of the Great War.

There is a need to make substantial advances in the taxonomic, systematic, and distribution knowledge of plants, and find better ways of transmission of this information to society to surpass the general pattern described as “plant blindness.” The diversity of the plant family Solanaceae reaches its peak in South America; however, many of its species are threatened due to the expansion of the human footprint. Here, we examine the diversity patterns of the family in southern South America (Argentina and Chile) by means of species richness (SR), weighted endemism (WE), and corrected weighted endemism (CWE). We also evaluated conservation gaps in relation to protected areas and the human footprint as a proxy for potential impacts on this biodiversity. Results show two richness centers in NW and NE Argentina, with a high degree of overlap with protected areas, which, on the other side, show a relative high index of human footprint. Comparatively, coastal Atacama (Chile) shows lower richness values, but outstanding CWE and WE values. The coast of Atacama harbors high values due the presence of species of the genus Nolana with restricted distributions. Protected areas in this tight coastal strip are sparse, and the human footprint is also relatively high. The degree of protection based on these parameters is then unbalanced, highlighting the need for a geographically explicit strategy for the conservation of the family at subcontinental scale. In doing so, it is likely that other representatives of these unique centers of richness and endemism will benefit.

Analyses of the potentials of electric mobility in commercial transport have shown that in terms of trip patterns and daily mileage EVs are suitable for urban freight transport and city logistics. The deployment of EVs could reduce exhaust and noise emissions. But the potential is not being exploited, and there are only a few vehicles in use in commercial fleets. This paper will give insights into the status of electric mobility in European urban freight and logistics. The paper introduces the potential for the further implementation and development of electric vehicles in city logistics, based on the activities realized under EUFAL (Electric urban freight and logistics) project, realized under the ERA-NET Cofund Electric Mobility Europe.

The emissions of tyre wear particles (TWPs) into the environment are increasing and have negative impacts on the environment and human health. The aim of this study was therefore to establish a mass balance for vehicle tyres und TWP emissions in Austria using static material flow analysis, which enabled a quantification of mass flows of rubber including carbon black as the most mass-relevant tyre filler. Vehicle-specific and mileage-dependent emission factors were used to calculate the TWP emissions. The results for the year 2018 indicate that 80% of the tyre rubber remained in use, while 14% was re-treaded, recycled, incinerated or exported as end-of-life tyres and 6% was emitted as TWPs to air, soil or surface water. Of these 21,200 t/y released and dissipative lost TWPs, 6% were microscale, with a possible size between 0.1 and 10 μm, and 0.3% were nanoscale below 0.1 μm. The mass balance on the substance level shows that the TWPs contained 5,500 t/y of carbon black emitted in the form of airborne TWPs (6%) or entering in the soil or surface waters (47% each). Regarding air pollution from road vehicles, about 3,600 t/y were non-exhaust emissions, including tyre, brake and road-surface wear, which contributed to 9% of total dust emissions across Austria. Scenario analysis for 2050 with regard to e-mobility and the European Green Deal reveals that non-exhaust emissions can only be significantly reduced by a general reduction of the mileage or an environmentally friendly tyre design. This modelling approach provides a solid basis for decision makers in traffic planning as well as for chemical risk assessment. However, dynamic models with higher temporal and spatial resolution are needed to predict future mass flows of TWPs and their environmental fate, including their degradation products and possible accumulation effects.

Recycling of waste materials is desirable to reduce the consumption of limited primary resources, but also includes the risk of recycling unwanted, hazardous substances. In Austria, the legal framework demands secondary products must not present a higher risk than comparable products derived from primary resources. However, the act provides no definition on how to assess this risk potential. This paper describes the development of different quantitative and qualitative methods to estimate the transfer of contaminants in recycling processes. The quantitative methods comprise the comparison of concentrations of harmful substances in recycling products to corresponding primary products and to existing limit values. The developed evaluation matrix, which considers further aspects, allows for the assessment of the qualitative risk potential. The results show that, depending on the assessed waste fraction, particular contaminants can be critical. Their concentrations were higher than in comparable primary materials and did not comply with existing limit values. On the other hand, the results show that a long-term, well-established quality control system can assure compliance with the limit values. The results of the qualitative assessment obtained with the evaluation matrix support the results of the quantitative assessment. Therefore, the evaluation matrix can be suitable to quickly screen waste streams used for recycling to estimate their potential environmental and health risks. To prevent the transfer of contaminants into product cycles, improved data of relevant substances in secondary resources are necessary. In addition, regulations for material recycling are required to assure adequate quality control measures, including limit values.

Nella sua Vorschule der Aesthetik, del 1876, Gustav Theodor Fechner sviluppa uno nuovo ed empirico approccio all’estetica detto "dal basso". Cio significa che egli non deriva l’essenza della "bellezza" da un ideale obiettivo ma usa un metodo induttivo: indaga quali elementari caratteristiche formali degli oggetti (per esempio le proporzioni) hanno indotto o intensificato giudizi estetici positivi. Nelle sue lezioni viennesi sull’estetica (1885-1886), Franz Brentano critica questo elementarismo: sostiene che la costituzione dell’estetica "dal basso" non implica necessariamente di cominciare dagli elementi formali di un oggetto percepito. Anche l’impatto spontaneo di una struttura complessa come un’opera d’arte puo essere inteso come un atto elementare di percezione e non richiede necessariamente un atto riflessivo "dall’alto". Nella maggior parte di questi argomenti "olistici", Carl Stumpf segue il suo maestro Franz Brentano. Brentano e Stumpf concordano anche nella loro concezione dell’estetica come disciplina "pratica". Benche Brentano and Stumpf favoriscano entrambi un approccio induttivo del fenomeno estetico, ci sono alcune differenze terminologiche, che potranno essere ricondotte a differenze nelle loro concezioni del giudizio estetico.

Research is ever deepening its knowledge in a multitude of fields. Such research contributes in great depth to identifying and understanding problems (e.g. in the field of climate change). However, when it comes to societal implementation, it may ultimately lead to zero knowledge at infinite depth, as it has been ironically put. To tackle sustainability, respectively to achieve the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) set by the UN, science has to come together and work in transdisciplinary teams. Scientists are poorly prepared for such an exercise and standard procedures of scientific work, sharing and publication of results in specialised conferences and journals do not help.In view of this problem, the Austrian Alliance of Sustainable Universities and research centres has created a project, UniNEtZ (Universities and Sustainable Development Goals), to jointly address the issues raised by the SDGs and develop suggestions for policies in a multidisciplinary approach. In order to facilitate this for the scientists involved, UniNEtZ is preparing collaborative measures and methods to address the issue of cooperation between disciplines to guarantee that all important interactions among SDGs are considered and addressed in equal detail. It is expected that changes in the way science and scientists are used to work together are necessary to achieve that. The developed concepts will be published in a handbook for UniNEtZ,In a next step, the handbook also hints at the need for municipal, regional, and national administrations to transition towards a kind of governance, that enables implementation of policies towards the SDGs. Current hierarchically organised structures don’t seem ideal for the kind of transsectoral cooperation that will be needed to implement the expected measures.The contribution presents the findings of this work on cooperative research and governance structures.Keywords: SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals, transdisciplinary research, transsectoral implementation

COST Action IS1205 “Social psychological dynamics of historical representations in the enlarged European Union”.

This paper demonstrates the power of material flow analysis (MFA) for designing waste management (WM) systems and for supporting decisions with regards to given environmental and resource goals. Based on a comprehensive case study of a nationwide WM-system, advantages and drawbacks of a mass balance approach are discussed. Using the software STAN, a material flow system comprising all relevant inputs, stocks and outputs of wastes, products, residues, and emissions is established and quantified. Material balances on the level of goods and selected substances (C, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, N, Ni, P, Pb, Zn) are developed to characterize this WM-system. The MFA results serve well as a base for further assessments. Based on given goals, stakeholders engaged in this study selected the following seven criteria for evaluating their WM-system: (i) waste input into the system, (ii) export of waste (iii) gaseous emissions from waste treatment plants, (iv) long-term gaseous and liquid emissions from landfills, (v) waste being recycled, (vi) waste for energy recovery, (vii) total waste landfilled. By scenario analysis, strengths and weaknesses of different measures were identified. The results reveal the benefits of a mass balance approach due to redundancy, data consistency, and transparency for optimization, design, and decision making in WM.

Im Rahmen eines zweijahrigen Projektes wurde untersucht, ob die osterreichische Abfallwirtschaft (AWS) ihre Ziele gemas Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz (AWG) erreicht, und ob die verwendeten finanziellen Mittel wirkungsvoller eingesetzt werden konnten. Dazu wurde eine neue, auf Materialbilanzen und Lebenszyklusanalyse basierende Methodik zur Bewertung und Optimierung der AWS entwickelt. Die Wirtschaftlichkeit wurde anhand der modifizierten Kostenwirksamkeitsanalyse (mKWA) beurteilt, wobei der Zielerreichung die zugehorigen Kosten gegenubergestellt wurden. Die Grundlage fur die Bewertung bildet eine ausgeglichene Materialbilanz der Abfallwirtschaft, ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal dieser Studie. Neben Guterbilanzen wurden auch Bilanzen ausgewahlter Wert- und Schadstoffe erstellt. Ausgewahlte Umweltbelastungen (Treibhaus-, Versauerungs-, Photooxidantien- und Eutrophierungspotenzial) wurden mit der Methode der Okobilanzierung berechnet. Fur ausgesuchte Indikatoren wurde mittels Materialflussanalyse oder Okobilanzierung der Status quo errechnet. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen den hohen Stand der osterreichischen AWS und zeigen in einzelnen Bereichen Moglichkeiten fur zukunftige Optimierung auf: Unter anderem gilt es, Erfassungs- und Verwertungsquoten von rezyklierbaren Materialen (z. B. Holz und Kunststoffen) zu erhohen, wobei die Frage der Ausschleusung von Schadstoffen gelost werden muss. Zur Reduktion langfristiger Emissionen sind klare Regelungen zur Entlassung aus der Deponienachsorge notwendig. In einigen Bereichen ist die Bewertung mangels verfugbarer Methoden und Daten an Grenzen gestosen. Wahrend die osterreichische AWS quantitativ gut dargestellt werden konnte, gelang es nicht immer, ausreichend zu bewerten, ob die Ziele der AWS durch die ergriffenen Masnahmen auch erreicht werden, insbesondere bei den Themen „Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit“, „saubere Kreislaufe“ und „sichere letzte Senken“. Die Bewertung zeigt auch, dass die funf AWG-Ziele einzeln in sich stimmig sind, aber zwischen den einzelnen Zielen eine Konkurrenz bzw. Abhangigkeit besteht. Es ist nicht moglich, mit einer Einzelmasnahme alle Ziele des AWG gleichwertig zu bedienen und zu verbessern. Es muss somit ein Mittelweg und das bestmogliche Zusammenspiel mehrerer Masnahmen gefunden werden, um eine effektive und wirtschaftliche Erreichung der Ziele zu gewahrleisten.

This article reviews, categorizes, and evaluates the objectives, means, and results of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) in waste management. It identifies those areas where MFA methodologies are most successful in supporting waste management decisions. The focus of this review is on the distinction between MFA on the level of goods and on the level of substances. Based on 83 reviewed studies, potentials, strengths, and weaknesses are investigated for the two levels of MFA when applied for analysis, evaluation, and improvement of waste management systems. The differences are discussed in view of effectiveness, applicability, and data availability. The results show that MFA on the level of goods are instrumental for understanding how waste management systems function, facilitating the connections of stakeholders, authorities, and waste management companies. The substance level is essential to assess qualitative aspects regarding resources and environment. Knowledge about the transformation, transport, and storage of valuable and hazardous substances forms the base for identifying both resource potentials and risks for human health and the environment. The results of this review encourage the application of MFA on both levels of goods and substances for decision making in waste management. Because of the mass balance principle, this combination has proven to be a powerful tool for comprehensively assessing if a chosen system reaches designated waste management goals

The present study addresses antecedents and consequences of collective victimhood in the context of World War I (WWI) across 15 European nations (N = 2423 social science students). Using multilevel analysis, we find evidence that collective victimhood is still present a hundred years after the onset of the war and can be predicted by WWI-related objective indicators of victimization at national and family levels. This suggests that collective victimhood is partly grounded in the actual experience of WWI. In addition, we show that sense of collective victimhood positively predicts acknowledgment of the suffering inflicted by one's nation on other countries during WWI. This is consistent with a social representation of WWI as involving a vast massacre in which nations were both victim and perpetrator. Finally, we find that objective indicators of victimization predict pacifism in divergent ways, with an indicator at the national level associated with more pacifist attitudes and an indicator at the family level being associated with less pacifist attitudes. This finding suggests that war-torn societies may have developed social representations favouring peaceful coexistence whereas, at the family level, victimization may still foster retaliatory tendencies., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Aesthetics as a philosophical discipline was initiated by Alexander G. Baumgarten, who conceived it as a science of the lower faculties of experience or the study of sensual perception in general. This perspective changed, however, just one generation later, when aesthetics was defined in the narrower sense of a theory of beauty and the fine arts. Kant opposed the application of the term “aesthetics” to a critique of taste and suggested giving up this use of the term and applying it solely to transcendental aesthetics, as a true science, or employing it “partly in a transcendental, partly in a psychological signification”. In this sense, it was employed by H.D. Zschokke, still in the eighteenth century, but was systematically developed by G.T. Fechner in his Vorschule der Aesthetik in 1876. Based on Fechner’s concept of aesthetics as an empirical discipline, psychological aesthetics found extensive application in experimental psychology at the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century, but also strong opposition from the part of traditional philosophical aesthetics. At that time, the theory of Einfuhlung (empathy) had been developed as the dominating theoretical fundament of psychological aesthetics. In the course of the twentieth century, different paradigmatic approaches were proposed, which for the most part reflected paradigmatic turns of psychology in general (e.g. phenomenology, Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology).

Gustav Theodor Fechners „Vorschule der Aesthetik“ (1876) gilt als Grundungsschrift der psychologisch-empirischen Asthetik. Fechner selbst hat diese Bezeichnung allerdings nicht explizit verwendet. Es ging ihm nicht um die Grundung einer neuen Disziplin, sondern um die Einfuhrung einer aus seiner Sicht vernachlassigten „Behandlungsweise“ des Asthetischen, die er als „empirische“ von der „philosophischen“ abgrenzte (ebd., S. 2) und die er im Rahmen eines umfassenden Verstandnisses von Gegenstand und Methode der Asthetik fur unverzichtbar hielt. Die Einbettung dieses Fachgebiets in die Philosophie hat er – im Unterschied zu spateren Exponenten der „psychologischen Asthetik“ – nie in Frage gestellt. Fur ihn wie auch fur seinen 30 Jahre jungeren Leipziger Kollegen Wilhelm Wundt gehorten empirische Methoden und eine induktive Vorgehensweise selbstverstandlich zum Repertoire der Philosophie, auch wenn dies manche ihrer Fachkollegen anders sahen.

Assessment methods are common tools to support decisions regarding waste management. The objective of this review article is to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate evaluation methods. For this purpose, frequently used assessment methods are reviewed, categorised, and summarised. In total, 151 studies have been considered in view of their goals, methodologies, systems investigated, and results regarding economic, environmental, and social issues. A goal shared by all studies is the support of stakeholders. Most studies are based on life cycle assessments, multi-criteria-decision-making, cost-benefit analysis, risk assessments, and benchmarking. Approximately 40% of the reviewed articles are life cycle assessment-based; and more than 50% apply scenario analysis to identify the best waste management options. Most studies focus on municipal solid waste and consider specific environmental loadings. Economic aspects are considered by approximately 50% of the studies, and only a small number evaluate social aspects. The choice of system elements and boundaries varies significantly among the studies; thus, assessment results are sometimes contradictory. Based on the results of this review, we recommend the following considerations when assessing waste management systems: (i) a mass balance approach based on a rigid input–output analysis of the entire system, (ii) a goal-oriented evaluation of the results of the mass balance, which takes into account the intended waste management objectives; and (iii) a transparent and reproducible presentation of the methodology, data, and results.

The development of psychological aesthetics in the second half of the nineteenth century was closely connected with the theory of aesthetic empathy (Einfuhlung). While aesthetics as a philosophical discipline focused on a rather normative understanding of beauty and a theory of art, the empirical approach in aesthetics in the tradition of Gustav Th. Fechner was primarily interested in categorising and explaining the variety of phenomena of aesthetic experience. In this context, the theory of empathy obtained a pivotal role as a basic concept for explaining aesthetic perception in art and beyond. Allesch discusses the relevant authors of psychological aesthetics, among them the English writer Vernon Lee, and explores the reasons why empathy theory lost influence in the course of the twentieth century.

In 1925, the German biologist and philosopher Hans Driesch published a booklet entitled The Crisis in Psychology. It was originally published in English and was based on lectures given at various universities in China, Japan and the USA. The ‘‘crisis’’ in psychology of that time, in Driesch’s opinion, lies in the necessity to decide about ‘‘the road which psychology is to follow in the future’’. This necessity refers to five ‘‘critical points’’, namely (1) to develop the theory of psychic elements to a theory of meaning by phenomenological analysis, (2) the overcoming of association theory, (3) to acknowledge that the unconscious is a fact and a ‘‘normal’’ aspect of mental life, (4) to reject ‘‘psychomechanical parallelism’’ or any other epiphenomenalistic solution of the mind-body problem, and (5) the extension of psychical research to new facts as described by parapsychology, for instance. Driesch saw close parallels between the development of modern psychology and that of biology, namely in a theoretical shift from ‘‘sum-concepts’’ like association and mechanics, to ‘‘totality-concepts’’ like soul and entelechy. The German translation of 1926 was entitled Grundprobleme der Psychologie (Fundamental Problems of Psychology) while ‘‘the crisis in psychology’’ forms just the subtitle of this book. This underlines that Driesch’s argumentation—in contrast to that of Buehler—dealt with ontological questions rather than with paradigms.

We report on the aqueous hydration of benzene and hexafluorobenzene, as obtained by carrying out extensive (100 ps) first principles molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that benzene and hexafluorobenzene do not behave as ordinary hydrophobic solutes, but rather present two distinct regions, one equatorial and the other axial, that exhibit different solvation properties. While in both cases the equatorial regions behave as typical hydrophobic solutes, the solvation properties of the axial regions depend strongly on the nature of the pi-water interaction. In particular, pi-hydrogen and pi-lone pair interactions are found to dominate in benzene and hexafluorobenzene, respectively, which leads to substantially different orientations of water near the two solutes. We present atomic and electronic structure results (in terms of Maximally Localized Wannier Functions) providing a microscopic description of benzene- and hexafluorobenzene-water interfaces, as well as a comparative study of the two solutes. Our results point at the importance of an accurate description of interfacial water to characterize hydration properties of apolar molecules, as these are strongly influenced by subtle charge rearrangements and dipole moment redistributions in interfacial regions.

Background in the psychology of music The historical development of the psychology of music largely followed that of psychology in general. In the 20th century it adopted the research methods and interests of cognitive psychology and more recently has turned to new interdisciplinary connections with psychobiology and the neurosciences. There remains, however, a certain inadequacy regarding work in the psychology of music and cultural psychology and as well of interpretative research aimed at interpreting the role of music in those processes, processes Bruner called “the nature and cultural shaping of meaning-making, and the central place it plays in human action”. Background in historical musicology and cultural anthropology Historical musicology and cultural anthropology maintain that experiencing and understanding music represents a process fundamentally dependent upon cultural context. This begs the question as to how cultural context influences social and individual representations of music in the sense that a particular “style of aesthetic experience” typifies a historical period. Although this is a genuine psychological question, it cannot be answered by a psychology which is restricted to “ahistorical” explanations of information processing. Thus from a cultural anthropological perspective there is strong interest in any kind of “cultural psychology” which is able to conceptualise the dynamic interactions between culturally determined “social representations” of music and the individual mind. Goals We argue for a “cultural turn” in the psychology of music. Following developments within psychology, research over recent decades in the psychology of music has concentrated on neuro-cognition while cultural aspects have been underestimated — as they continue to be in psychology in general. Conclusions An important task for an interdisciplinary framework that wishes to include the cultural sciences and psychology should be to review recent cultural psychological theories to assess their implications for a psychological theory of music. As examples we use Ernst E. Boesch's Symbolic Action Theory which explicitly refers to the role of aesthetic experience in cultural contexts and Alfred Lang's “semiotic ecology” which provides an appropriate model for conceptualising the complex relations between the development of cultural patterns and the development of related individual representations.

The satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE mark the beginning of a new era in gravity field determination and modeling. They provide unique models of the global stationary gravity field and its variation in time. Due to inevitable measurement errors, sophisticated pre-processing steps have to be applied before further use of the satellite measurements. In the framework of the GOCE mission, this includes outlier detection, absolute calibration and validation of the SGG (satellite gravity gradiometry) measurements, and removal of temporal effects. In general, outliers are defined as observations that appear to be inconsistent with the remainder of the data set. One goal is to evaluate the effect of additive, innovative and bulk outliers on the estimates of the spherical harmonic coefficients. It can be shown that even a small number of undetected outliers (

Psychologie als Wissenschaft und als Beruf bedarf der Reflexion ihrer historischen Voraussetzungen und ihrer zukunftigen Perspektiven. Diese Reflexion bedarf grundlegender Kenntnisse der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Psychologie. Doch nach einem Jahrzehnt tief greifender Studienreformen enthalten die Lehrplane kaum noch Veranstaltungen zur Geschichte der Psychologie. Studierende der Psychologie werden daher meist nicht mehr in die historisch fundierte Auseinandersetzung mit ihrem Fach eingefuhrt; sie bleiben ungeubt im Diskurs uber die Wandelbarkeit und Zeitgebundenheit psychologischer Forschung und Praxis sowie uber deren mogliche Gefahrdung durch Ideologien und ausere Einflussnahmen. Weiterhin eroffnet die fachliche Qualifikation im Bereich der Psychologiegeschichte kaum mehr Perspektiven fur eine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn an Universitaten; psychologiehistorische Forschungwird daher an Psychologischen Instituten immer weniger betrieben. Dieser Zustand darf nicht von Dauer sein.

Meine Uberlegungen zu diesem Thema gehen zunachst davon aus, dass Religion und Musik gleichermasen Kulturtatbestande sind. Dies schliest weiter gehende, etwa theologische Interpretationen des Begriffs Religion nicht aus, bindet sie aber in den Kontext dieser Uberlegungen bewusst nicht ein. Zugleich verweisen diese kulturellen Tatbestande auf menschliche Erfahrungsmoglichkeiten, die ihren Ausdruck in jenen Formen religioser Riten und Praktiken sowie musikalischen Ausdrucksformen und ‘Werken’ gefunden haben, die wir als ‘Musik’ bzw. ‘Religion’ im Sinne von kulturellen Tatbestanden beschreiben konnen.

We present the results of Car-Parrinello (CP) simulations of water at ambient conditions and under pressure, using a rigid molecule approximation. Throughout our calculations, water molecules were maintained at a fixed intramolecular geometry corresponding to the average structure obtained in fully unconstrained simulations. This allows us to use larger time steps than those adopted in ordinary CP simulations of water, and thus to access longer time scales. In the absence of chemical reactions or dissociation effects, these calculations open the way to ab initio simulations of aqueous solutions that require time scales substantially longer than presently feasible (e.g., simulations of hydrophobic solvation). Our results show that structural properties and diffusion coefficients obtained with a rigid model are in better agreement with experiment than those determined with fully flexible simulations. Possible reasons responsible for this improved agreement are discussed.

Musik ist ein selbstverstandlicher und doch auch wieder kein selbstverstandlicher Gegenstand psychologischer Forschung. Die Selbstverstandlichkeit liegt darin begrundet, das musikalische Formen neben allen Aspekten, die ihnen die systematische Musikwissenschaft sonst noch abzugewinnen vermag, wesentlich mit Erkennen und Wiedererkennen, mit dem Gedachtnis, mit Emotionen, mit Einstellungen und Vorurteilen und vielem anderem mehr zu tun haben, womit sich die Psychologie beschaftigt.

Die innovatorische und technologische Wettbewerbsfahigkeit von Unternehmen hangt sowohl von der unternehmenseigenen Forschung und Entwicklung als auch zunehmend von den Zugriffsmoglichkeiten auf unternehmensexterne Know-how-Quellen ab. Aus diesem Grund zahlen heute Hochschulen, private und offentliche Forschungseinrichtungen mit zu den wesentlichen wirtschaftsfordernden Standortfaktoren. Um diese FuE-Potentiale auch kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen zuganglich zu machen, entstanden Ende der 70er Jahre in der Bundesrepublik eine Vielzahl von Technologietransfereinrichtungen.

We have performed extensive ab initio and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of benzene in water in order to examine the unique solvation structures that are formed. Qualitative differences between classical and ab initio MD simulations are found and the importance of various technical simulation parameters is examined. Our comparison indicates that nonpolarizable classical models are not capable of describing the solute-water interface correctly if local interactions become energetically comparable to water hydrogen bonds. In addition, a comparison is made between a rigid water model and fully flexible water within ab initio MD simulations which shows that both models agree qualitatively for this challenging system.

Wissenschaftstransfer ist nach allgemeinem Verstandnis der Transfer von Forschungsergebnissen aus den Universitaten und anderen wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen in die Wirtschaft bzw. in andere gesellschaftliche Bereiche. Der Begriff Wissenschaftstransfer wird oft auch mit Technologietransfer gleichgesetzt, da er m. E. das gleiche Phanomen aus der Sicht des Nutzers (z. B. des einzelnen Unternehmens) beschreibt. Da die folgenden Ausfuhrungen starker den Standpunkt des gesellschaftlichen Nutzers von Wissenschaftstransfer darstellen, wird der Begriff Technologietransfer verwendet.

Publisher Summary Stagnating economic growth and an increasing number of unemployed, form the framework that raises the question of “technical progress” and “innovation” to a central starting point for many activities in economic policies. The universities have become a focus of public interest. It is not the sole task of a university—and especially of a technical university—to guarantee the education of a sufficient number of highly qualified junior laborers and to be engaged in the research of new technical knowledge. It has become a central task of the universities, to a larger extent, to make accessible to industry the results of their research and development activities. Besides stimulating a vocational education for future enterprise that was primarily practice-oriented, the main task of the institute consisted of the reproduction and further development of machinery from France and England. The principles of this machinery were transmitted to the manufacturer with the help of exhibitions. Until about the middle of the century, the official policy was to educate technical intelligentsia and support technological mediation.