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International audience; Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children, varies dramatically across countries and is highest in Western countries characterized by high individualism.Method In this study, we examined the mediators of the relationship between individualism measured at the country level and parental burnout measured at the individual level in 36 countries (16,059 parents). Results The results revealed three mediating mechanisms, that is, self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, high agency and self-directed socialization goals, and low parental task sharing, by which individualism leads to an increased risk of burnout among parents.Conclusion The results confirm that the three mediators under consideration are all involved, and that mediation was higher for self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, then parental task sharing, and lastly selfdirected socialization goals. The results provide some important indications of how to prevent parental burnout at the societal level in Western countries.

International audience; In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level and beyond economic disparities at the societal level. These findings show the importance of egalitarian values and gender equality and their paradoxical effect when inequalities are still present in specific areas as parenting. This study reveals the crucial need to act not only at the micro level but also at the macro level to promote gender equality in parenting and prevent parental burnout.

This study aimed to examine the validity of the Brazilian–Portuguese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), the current gold‐standard measure of parental burnout (PB). We surveyed parents in Portugal (N = 407) and Brazil (N = 301). We (a) compared the factor structure of the Brazilian–Portuguese version with the original structure of the PBA, (b) tested the adequacy of a second‐order factor structure, (c) evaluated invariance across gender and countries, (d) examined reliability, and (e) evaluated whether PB levels are related to gender, satisfaction with life, and parental self‐efficacy (PSE). Results provided evidence for the validity of the Brazilian–Portuguese PBA and its four facets. Factor models supported the use of both individual facet scores and a global PB score. The structures tested were invariant across countries and gender, and all factors had good reliability. Relations with PSE, life satisfaction, and gender provided initial evidence for validity, and suggested a possible influence of intensive motherhood models.

RESUMO A transição escolar no Ensino Fundamental interessa a pesquisadores do desenvolvimento, que buscam identificar seus efeitos no ajustamento escolar, intra e interpessoal dos alunos. Com o objetivo de mapear a produção científica acerca das repercussões da transição escolar dos anos iniciais para finais do Ensino Fundamental sobre o desenvolvimento socioemocional e acadêmico dos estudantes, realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura, desde 2013 a junho de 2018, nos bancos de dados SciELO, PsycINFO, ERIC e Science Direct. Mediante critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram incorporados e analisados na perspectiva de proteção/risco ao desenvolvimento 30 artigos. A maioria dos estudos investigou fatores de proteção/risco conjuntamente, com predominância de fatores protetivos contextuais. Os desfechos positivos se sobressaíram na transição para os anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. A perspectiva de risco/proteção se mostrou pertinente para integração dos resultados, evidenciando que a transição escolar é um fenômeno dinâmico e multifacetado. RESUMEN La transición escolar en la Enseñanza Básica interesa a investigadores del desarrollo, que buscan identificar sus efectos en el ajustamiento escolar, intra e interpersonal de los alumnos. Con el objetivo de mapear la producción científica acerca de las repercusiones de la transición escolar de los años iniciales para finales de la Enseñanza Básica sobre el desarrollo socioemocional y académico de los estudiantes, se realizó revisión integrativa de la literatura, desde 2013 a junio de 2018, en los bancos de datos SciELO, PsycINFO, ERIC y Science Direct. Por intermedio de criterios de inclusión y exclusión fueron incorporados y analizados en la perspectiva de protección/riesgo al desarrollo 30 artículos. Gran parte de los estudios investigó factores de protección/riesgo conjuntamente, con predominancia de factores de protección contextuales. Los resultados positivos se sobresalen en la transición a los años finales de la Enseñanza Básica. La perspectiva de riesgo/protección se mostró pertinente para integración de los resultados, evidenciando que la transición escolar es un fenómeno dinámico y multifacético. ABSTRACT The theme of transition in Elementary School is of interest to development researchers, who seek to identify its effects on students’ intra- and interpersonal school adjustment. In order to map out the scientific production on the repercussions of the transition from the early to the late years of Elementary School on the students’ socio-emotional and academic development, an integrative literature review was carried out, from 2013 to June 2018, in the SciELO, PsycINFO, ERIC and Science Direct databases. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were incorporated and analyzed from the perspective of protection/risk to development. Most studies investigated protective/risk factors together, with a predominance of contextual protective factors. Positive outcomes stood out in the transition to the final years of elementary school. The risk/protection perspective proved to be relevant for the integration of results, showing that school transition is a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon.

Parental burnout (PB) results from a chronic imbalance between risks and resources and has severe and extended consequences on the wellbeing of parents and their children. Because same-sex (SS) and different-sex (DS) families face partially different stressors (e.g., SS parents are more stigmatized) but have also partially different resources (e.g., more egalitarian task sharing in SS couples), the current research aimed to investigate whether PB differs or not according to family type. Two studies were conducted. In study 1, family type differences in PB were explored among 114 demographically matched SS and DS families from 18 countries. Study 2 further explored the predictive value of family type, age, gender, and balance between risks and resources (BR2) in PB, using a sample of 222 matched SS and DS families. Parental burnout was not associated with family type in either study. Although differentially composed, the global BR2 score did not differ across family type and was a significant predictor of all PB dimensions, while controlling for the effect of family type, age, and gender. Thus, in accordance with reviewed studies, parental sexual identity was not associated with family functioning. Future studies should investigate the impact of specific risks and resources (e.g., social support from chosen social networks or legal climate) on PB levels among SS families.

Background Peer victimization and discrimination are two related forms of social victimization. However, the majority of studies only focus on one form or the other. This study investigates resilience in victims of both these forms of violence. Objective To identify individual and family level factors that foster, or hinder, resilience in the face of both peer victimization and perceived discrimination. Participants In a sample of 2975 high-school students, 22% (n = 644) met the criteria for substantial social victimization. The sample's mean age was 16.5 years, 57% were girls, 19% were in vocational courses, 12% were from an ethnic minority background, and 5% were lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Method A measure of resilience was created by regressing the mean levels of current mental health, self-esteem, and life satisfaction on the frequency of lifetime peer victimization and past year perceived discrimination. Regression analyses were conducted to identify correlates of resilience considering protective and vulnerability factors, including sociodemographic information, anxious personality, empathy, coping strategies, familial optimism, and the relationship with their mother and father. Results Resilience was associated with low anxious personality, four coping strategies (active, use of humor, low self-blame, low substance use), and satisfaction with the relationship with the mother. Conclusions Resilience is related to both behavioral and meaning-making coping strategies, personality traits, and satisfaction in relationships. This study's findings can be used to tailor interventions to foster resilience in adolescents exposed to social victimization.

Objective To analyze how the endorsement of motives for and against having children act at a dyadic level to predict childbearing intentions. Background Understanding what leads individuals to have children is a topic of interest among family researchers and policy makers given that fertility rates have been decreasing in many countries. Most studies on this topic have not examined intentions about children as a dyadic process, yet most childbearing decisions occur within couple relationships. Method Using a convenience sample of heterosexual dual-earner couples with (n = 100 couples) and without children (n = 60 couples), Actor-Partner-Interdependence-Models were fitted to assess the linkages between motives and childbearing intentions. Results Different processes occur for parents and nonparents when formulating intentions to have a(nother) child. Compared to nonparents, parents are less concerned about potential changes in lifestyle or to their marital relationship, and worries about child development are subdued; rather, they are more focused on the potential emotional benefits of an additional child. In addition, partner effects were found solely in the parents' group: The more the partner perceived an additional child as enriching, the more the individual intended to have another child. Childless women were also particularly concerned about the costs of parenthood, and childless men were primarily driven by emotional enrichment motives. Conclusion Individual attitudes and behaviors with regard to intentions for having a child tend to be affected by their partner's attitudes and behaviors toward the same. Thus, the family systems approach take here provides a more holistic understanding of couple and family decision-making processes on this issue than is possible when only collecting data from individuals. Implications For parents, interventions aimed at enhancing communication and negotiation skills between couple members could foster a more shared and informed decision-making process. Improving women's sense of control and mastery over the juggling of multiple roles may help reduce childless women's concerns about the costs of having children.

O monitoramento parental tem sido associado a desempenho escolar, competência social, autoestima e ajustamento em crianças e adolescentes. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Monitoramento Parental (QMP). Em estudo prospectivo em escolas públicas, com duas coletas, no 5º (N = 415) e no 6º ano (N = 379), foram utilizados: QMP, Prova Brasil, Questionário para Avaliação do Autoconceito e Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Crianças. Realizou-se análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC) para avaliar o ajustamento do modelo estrutural. A AFE indicou dois fatores, monitoramento do pai e monitoramento da mãe, confirmada na AFC, com indicadores aceitáveis de consistência interna e estabilidade. O QMP foi associado ao desempenho em português, autoconceito e satisfação com a vida, particularmente com a família. Evidência preliminar de confiabilidade do instrumento e associações sugestivas de validade preditiva justificam novas pesquisas para validação do QMP.

Introducao: A literatura indica impactos positivos no desenvolvimento infantil de criancas que frequentam creches quando, neste contexto, ha boas praticas. Acredita-se que um conjunto de acoes, em rede, coordenadas pelos gestores, pode impactar positivamente o desenvolvimento integral da crianca. Objetivo: Embora a literatura aponte os campos de conhecimento “saude, educacao e o social” como as redes de colaboracao das creches, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar redes de colaboracao no contexto de creches publicas do Estado de Sao Paulo. Metodo: A metodologia contemplou etapas para efetivacao dos procedimentos eticos e definicao do plano amostral, que resultou em 32 creches dos municipios do Estado de Sao Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas feitas com os dirigentes das creches que buscaram identificar os pontos da rede, a partir de situacoes presentes em sua pratica cotidiana. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram para a presenca de 75 pontos de rede de colaboracao nos 32 municipios com distintas parcerias de servicos, ora contando com redes mais extensas, ora mais curtas. Confirmou-se a forte presenca da intersetorialidade advinda dos campos da educacao, da saude e do social. Alem destes, equipamentos municipais para acoes de infraestrutura foram tambem identificados, bem como a presenca de diversos programas governamentais oriundos da esfera federal. Conclusao: A dimensao do desenvolvimento infantil esta presente de forma intensa na esfera da educacao e da saude. Os dados foram discutidos na perspectiva do apoio aos dirigentes para a resolutividade dos problemas, considerando-se o potencial das acoes reventivas na primeira infância.

This study investigated the characteristics of students who report extremely high levels of hope. A sample of 682 students (ages 11–17) completed measures of hope, school engagement, life satisfaction, self-worth, and mental health. Academic achievement was obtained from students’ school records. Based on their hope scores, students were divided into three groups: “extremely low” (bottom 10% of the distribution), “average” (middle 25%), and “extremely high” (upper 10%). Results indicate that students in the extremely high hope (EHH) group differed from students with average (AH) and extremely low hope (ELH) on all measures. Further, EHH and AH are associated with mental health benefits that are not found among students reporting comparatively ELH levels. Taken together, the findings support the notion that EHH in students is associated with adaptive psychological and school-related functioning. Overall, given the superior adjustment profile, perhaps ‘‘enough hope’’ should be defined as “EHH.”

In this study we compared prejudice against lesbians and gay men in Portugal and Brazil, in a sample of university students (N = 844). Two forms of prejudice were assessed: one with a more traditional nature (pathologization of homosexuality) and a more contemporary one (modern heterosexism). Because these prejudices are not independent of gender, we explored the relation with this variable. No differences

Rationale Effective immunomodulatory therapies for children with life-threatening “cytokine storm” triggered by acute influenza infection are lacking. Understanding the immune profiles of children progressing to severe lung injury and/or septic shock could provide insight into pathogenesis. Objectives To compare the endotracheal and serum cytokine profiles of children with influenza-related critical illness and to identify their associations with severe influenza-associated complications. Methods Children with influenza-related critical illness were enrolled across 32 hospitals in development (N = 171) and validation (N = 73) cohorts (December 2008 through May 2016). Concentrations of 42 cytokines were measured in serum and endotracheal samples and clustered into modules of covarying cytokines. Relative concentrations of cytokines and cytokine modules were tested for associations with acute lung injury (ALI), shock requiring vasopressors, and death/ECMO. Measurements and main results Modules of covarying cytokines were more significantly associated with disease severity than individual cytokines. In the development cohort, increased levels of a serum module containing IL6, IL8, IL10, IP10, GCSF, MCP1, and MIP1α [shock odds ratio (OR) = 3.37, family-wise error rate (FWER) p

Apresentaram-se neste trabalho dois estudos relativos à validação e adaptação transcultural Escala Multidimensional de Atitudes Face a Lésbicas e a Gays (EMAFLG; Gato, Fontaine, & Carneiro, 2012). Este instrumento é constituído por 27 itens distribuídos por quatro dimensões: Rejeição da proximidade; Homopatologização; Heterossexismo moderno; Suporte. No primeiro estudo, testou-se esta estrutura numa amostra de estudantes universitários portugueses (N = 425), através de Análise Fatorial Confirmatória. A maioria dos itens apresentou pesos fatoriais elevados e significativos e o modelo apresentou um ajustamento global aceitável (χ2/gl = 2,35; CFI = 0,93; RMSEA = 0,056; SRMR = 0,04); os indicadores de validade convergente e discriminante também se mostraram satisfatórios, ficando demonstrada a validade de constructo do instrumento. No segundo estudo, com o propósito de verificar em que medida a EMAFLG tinha um significado equivalente noutro país de língua oficial portuguesa, realizou-se o teste da invariância do instrumento, junto de uma amostra de estudantes universitários brasileiros (N = 420), recorrendo à Análise Fatorial Confirmatória Multigrupos. Os resultados sugeriram a aplicabilidade da EMAFLG em amostras de estudantes universitários nos dois países.

Le premier objectif de cette etude est d’evaluer la variation de la differenciation familiale et de la qualite des relations parent-enfants (appui intergenerationnel, satisfaction et conflit) en fonction du degre de concretisation de certaines transitions developpementales de jeunes adultes (independance economique et residentielle par rapport aux parents). Le deuxieme objectif est de comparer les points de vue des parents et des enfants face aux memes dimensions, en considerant l’effet moderateur du genre. L’echantillon est forme de 115 triades (jeune-adulte, mere et pere). Les resultats indiquent que les transitions developpementales n’influencent que faiblement la perception des relations parents-enfants qui est toutefois clairement determinee par le genre des partenaires. En outre, les parents presentent une perception plus positive des interactions avec leurs enfants que ces derniers, mais les transitions developpementales des jeunes adultes favorisent la convergence de perspectives entre generations.

The present study aimed to characterize beliefs surrounding the sexual and gender development of children adopted by lesbian and gay couples. Participants were 768 Portuguese university students. Using a quasiexperimental design, participants were presented with identical descriptions of a couple interested in adopting a child, manipulating couple sexual orientation and child gender. Participants were then asked to anticipate three aspects of the sexual and gender development of the adopted child: sexual orientation, gender role behavior, and gender identity. MANOVAs and follow-up ANOVAs were conducted in order to analyze the data. Results indicated that participants, particularly males, considered children adopted by either lesbian or gay couples to have a lower probability of developing a normative sexual and gender identity than children adopted by heterosexual couples. Both men and women considered that children would emulate the sexual orientation of their same-sex parents, and that a boy's gender role behavior was more at risk if he was adopted by a lesbian couple. Moreover, men were apprehensive about the gender role behavior of a boy adopted by a gay male couple. Overall, these results indicate persistence of biased evaluations of the sexual and gender development of children adopted by lesbian and gay parents. Furthermore, both gender of the participant and gender of the child play an important role in these evaluations. Results are discussed and interpreted as a way of "doing gender" in the context of hegemonic masculinity.

Background Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) restricts endocytic fusion of influenza virus. IFITM3 rs12252_C, a putative alternate splice site, has been associated with influenza severity in adults. IFITM3 has not been evaluated in pediatric influenza. Methods The Pediatric Influenza (PICFLU) study enrolled children with suspected influenza infection across 38 pediatric intensive care units during November 2008 to April 2016. IFITM3 was sequenced in patients and parents were genotyped for specific variants for family-based association testing. rs12252 was genotyped in 54 African-American pediatric outpatients with influenza (FLU09), included in the population-based comparisons with 1000 genomes. Splice site analysis of rs12252_C was performed using PICFLU and FLU09 patient RNA. Results In PICFLU, 358 children had influenza infection. We identified 22 rs12252_C homozygotes in 185 white non-Hispanic children. rs12252_C was not associated with influenza infection in population or family-based analyses. We did not identify the Δ21 IFITM3 isoform in RNAseq data. The rs12252 genotype was not associated with IFITM3 expression levels, nor with critical illness severity. No novel rare IFITM3 functional variants were identified. Conclusions rs12252 was not associated with susceptibility to influenza-related critical illness in children or with critical illness severity. Our data also do not support it being a splice site.

O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar as mudanças paradigmáticas da teoria da felicidade autêntica (2002) para a teoria do bem-estar (2011), ambas desenvolvidas na Psicologia Positiva por Martin Seligman. A teoria do bem-estar acrescenta a realização e os relacionamentos interpessoais aos elementos já incluídos na primeira teoria (emoções positivas, engajamento, sentido), destacando que o bem-estar não dependeria apenas de aspectos individuais, mas de questões ligadas ao contexto e relacionamentos interpessoais. Enquanto a felicidade autêntica buscava a satisfação com a vida, o bem-estar almeja o fl orescimento, construto mais complexo e dinâmico. A teoria do bem-estar abre possibilidade de que se desenvolvam políticas públicas relacionadas à promoção da qualidade de vida, sem excluir a necessidade de constante revisão dessa abordagem. The present study aims to present paradigm shifts from the authentic happiness theory (2002) to the well-being theory (2011), both developed in Positive Psychology by Martin Seligman. The well-being theory adds fulfi llment and interpersonal relationships to the elements already included in the fi rst theory (positive emotions, engagement and meaning), highlighting that well-being does not depend only on individual aspects but on issues related to context and interpersonal relationships. Whereas authentic happiness seeks life satisfaction, well-being aspires to fl ourishing – a more complex and dynamic construct. Well-being theory opens the possibility of developing public policies related to promotion of quality of life without ruling out the need for constant review of such approach.

The present study seeks to ascertain the attitudes of Portuguese psychology students (future psychologists) toward the development of children adopted by lesbian and gay parents. Each participant (N = 182) read a vignette describing an adoption of a child by lesbian and gay persons. After reading the vignette, participants rated four different aspects of the future development of the adopted child (psychosocial adjustment, victimization, psychological disturbance, and normative sexuality). Furthermore, participants were asked about their gender, interpersonal contact with lesbians and gay men, gender role attitudes, and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Future psychologists' attitudes toward the developmental outcomes of children adopted by lesbians and gay men were associated with negative attitudes toward non-heterosexuals, which in turn correlated to interpersonal contact with lesbians and gay men and adherence to gender conservative values. These results clearly highlight the central role of social attitudes and the need for cultural competence training of future psychologists that encourages interpersonal contact with non-heterosexuals and discourages traditional gender roles and negative attitudes toward lesbian and gay men.

A educação infantil pode contribuir para trajetórias escolares mais favoráveis nos anos do ensino fundamental. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o tempo de exposição à educação infantil - EI - estaria associado a indicadores de desempenho, competência interpessoal e percepção de estresse na 2ª série do ensino fundamental. A amostra foi composta por 95 participantes, distribuídos em três grupos: sem EI, com um ano de EI e com dois anos de EI. Os pais/responsáveis e os professores das crianças participaram como informantes. De acordo com os resultados, as avaliações de desempenho acadêmico foram favoráveis às crianças com EI, assim como algumas dimensões de habilidades sociais, principalmente responsabilidade/cooperação. O tempo maior de exposição à EI está associado a ser querido pelos pares. Discutem-se possíveis relações entre a frequência à educação infantil e a associação entre o desempenho, competência acadêmica e estressores escolares no ensino fundamental.

Juggling the demands of work and family is becoming increasingly difficult in today's world. As dual-earners are now a majority and men and women's roles in both the workplace and at home have changed, questions have been raised regarding how individuals and couples can balance family and work. Nevertheless, research addressing work-family conciliation strategies is limited to a conflict-driven approach and context-specific instruments are scarce. This study develops an instrument for assessing how dual-earners manage their multiple roles detaching from a conflict point of view highlighting the work-family conciliation strategies put forward by these couples. Through qualitative and quantitative procedures the Work-Family Conciliation Strategies Scales was developed and is composed by 5 factors: Couple Coping; Positive Attitude Towards Multiple Roles, Planning and Management Skills, Professional Adjustments and Institutional Support; with good adjustment [χ2/df = 1.22; CFI = .90, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .08.] and good reliability coefficients [from .67 to .87]. The developed scale contributes to research because of its specificity to the work-family framework and its focus on the proactive nature of balancing work and family roles. The results support further use of this instrument.

This study sought to investigate the effect of race on measures of body fat (body mass index - BMI, waist circumference - WC and waist-hip ratio - WHR), as well as its relationship with diabetes, among elderly individuals living in urban areas in seven places in Brazil, according to gender. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with a probabilistic sample comprising 2,566 individuals with 65 years of age or more who participated in the FIBRA Study (Frailty in Elderly Brazilians). We used several self-reported sociodemographic variables (gender, age, race, schooling and family income), anthropometric measures of general (BMI) and abdominal obesity (WC and WHR) and self-reported diabetes. Adjusting for schooling and income, white race was associated with higher WC values (p = 0.001) and WHR (p0.001) for male gender, regardless of diabetes status. However, when we considered only diabetic individuals, black race became associated with general (BMI) (p = 0.007) and central obesity (CC) (p0.001), only among women.

ResumeL’activite professionnelle de la femme a entraine de nouvelles exigences au sein de la famille. Concilier les roles familiaux et professionnels, par exemple, devient un probleme plus sensible. Toutefois, pour definir ce qui est acceptable et souhaitable, les couples se referent aux valeurs vehiculees par la societe dans laquelle ils vivent, qui elles-memes influenceront les roles et la repartition des tâches au sein de la famille. L’etude presentee ici examine les valeurs partagees par de jeunes couples europeens ayant des enfants en bas âge. Elle compare l’adhesion a certaines valeurs culturelles de couples de neuf pays differents : l’Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Belgique, la Finlande, la France, l’Italie, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal et la Suisse. Ces pays se distinguent les uns des autres quant au style de valeurs culturelles dominant – egalitaire ou conservateur – et quant a l’homogeneite de l’adhesion des couples a ces styles culturels. Les couples suisses, allemands et hollandais partagent des styles culturels plus egalitaires, alors que les italiens et les portugais sont plus conservateurs. Les valeurs culturelles partagees par les couples de ces pays sont plus homogenes que celles des couples belges, francais, finlandais ou autrichiens. L’analyse de certains facteurs sociaux aide a mieux comprendre ces differences.

A partir das percepções de mães e de professoras, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar semelhanças e diferenças nas habilidades sociais, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica de crianças de famílias nucleares e recasadas. Participaram 94 mães (33 de famílias nucleares, 31 recasadas há menos de três anos e 30 recasadas há mais de três anos), cujos filhos passavam pela transição para o primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental, e 22 professoras das crianças. O instrumento utilizado foi o Sistema de Avaliação de Habilidades Sociais (versão pais e professores). O tipo de família não foi associado às habilidades sociais nem à competência acadêmica das crianças, mas apenas aos comportamentos externalizantes. De forma geral, segundo os relatos das mães, as crianças de famílias nucleares apresentaram mais habilidades sociais e menos problemas de comportamento que as crianças de famílias recasadas. Para as professoras, não houve diferenças nas habilidades sociais e na competência acadêmica das crianças de famílias nucleares e recasadas. Contudo, segundo as avaliações das professoras, as crianças de famílias recasadas apresentam mais comportamentos externalizantes quando comparadas às crianças de famílias nucleares.

Joint book reading may be considered as an adequate situation to study attention in young children, as it requires from them to sustain attention until the end of the book. Moreover, mothers participate in this orientation, and the present research considers both children's attentional ability and mothers' scaffolding strategies. Thirty-six dyads with 11- to 31 -month-old children were videorecorded when reading a picture book and a story book. Results show that in this situation even 1 1 -month-olds are capable of sustaining their attention for long moments, much longer than in play activities around toys. Mothers adjust their verbalizations and their posture to the child's level of development, but at any age they do not modify their usual behavior when the child becomes less attentive. Their main aim seems to carry on a reading routine. This framing is flexible and powerful enough to the child back to the common activity., La situation de lecture conjointe est considérée dans cette recherche comme révélatrice des capacités attentionnelles des jeunes enfants, et des stratégies éducatives des mères portant sur cette attention. Les comportements de l'enfant et de la mère ont été étudiés entre 11 et 31 mois lors de la lecture d'un imagier et d'un livre d'histoire. Dès 11 mois les enfants se révèlent capables, dans cette situation, de soutenir leur attention pendant des durées très supérieures à celles observées lors d'interactions autour de jouets. Même si les mères ajustent leurs verbalisations et la posture commune à l'âge de l'enfant, elles modifient peu leurs comportements pendant les épisodes d'inattention de l'enfant. Leur stratégie est plutôt une stratégie d'attente qui maintient le cadre de la routine. Ce cadre est assez contraignant pour que l'enfant revienne assez rapidement à la tâche initiale., Baudier Anne, Fontaine Anne-Marie, Pêcheux Marie-Germaine. Étayage maternel de l'attention dans une situation de lecture à des enfants de 1 à 3 ans. In: Enfance, n°2, 1997. pp. 229-245.

This study aims to evaluate the construct validity, internal consistency and cross-cultural invariance of the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale-Portuguese version (GSE) in a Brazilian and Portuguese sample. The GSE is composed of 10 items, designed to parsimoniously and comprehensively assess self-efficacy beliefs to deal with a wide range of stress-inducing situations. The construct validity (factorial, convergent and discriminant) and internal consistency of the instrument were established within a sample of 304 Portuguese adolescents (study 1) and a sample of 477 Brazilian adolescents (study 2). Then, the invariance of the GSE was tested in a sample of Brazilian adolescents (study 3), using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA). In the first two studies, the construct validity of the GSE was demonstrated in its three components and the reliability of the scales was confirmed based on satisfactory levels of internal consistency. In the third study, the cross-cultural invariance of the instrument was established. This work adds to previous research on generalized self-efficacy instruments, with good psychometric qualities. Moreover, comparisons can now be made with confidence using this instrument among adolescent samples from Portugal and Brazil.

The child's gender influence on maternal rearing practices is studied about the choice of some type of family structuring as defined by J. Lautrey (1980). Results on 254 Portugueses families of urban and rural areas, among various socio-economic status, with 12 years old boys or girls, show that the child's gender does not change the maternal structuring of family life, essentially dependent on the material quality of life. Whereas it changes other rearing practices, as the child autonomy, the distinction between autonomy and family structuring sustained by empirical results, is necessary., L'influence du genre de l'enfant en tant que déterminant des attitudes éducatives maternelles est étudiée à propos de l'adoption de types de structuration de la vie familiale, définis par J. Lautrey (1980). Les résultats proviennent d'un échantillon de 254 familles portugaises résidant en zone rurale ou urbaine, issues de différents niveaux socio- économiques et ayant un fils ou une fille de 12 ans environ. Ils indiquent que le genre de l'enfant n'influence pas l'adoption par la mère d'un type particulier de structuration : celui-ci est essentiellement dépendant des conditions matérielles de vie de la famille. L'existence de différences quant à l'autonomie concédée par les mères à leurs fils et à leurs filles souligne toutefois la nécessité de distinction conceptuelle des variables autonomie et structuration., Fontaine Anne-Marie. Le genre de l'enfant influence-t-il la structuration de la vie familiale?. In: Enfance, tome 45, n°1-2, 1991. pp. 111-125.

Background and Purpose: Cellular adhesion molecules may play a critical role in the inflammatory process leading to atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is a predictor of future ischemic events in high-risk individuals and also whether it is associated with carotid artery stenosis. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of sICAM-1 concentration in 3 groups: (1) subjects with recent (Results: We studied 275 subjects. Mean sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher in those with recent ischemic stroke or TIA compared to those with risk factors alone. During follow-up, ischemic events occurred almost nine times more frequently in subjects in group 1 compared to group 3. sICAM-1 concentration was not predictive of future ischemic events (OR 1.001, 95% CI 0.998–1.004). There was no significant association between sICAM-1 concentration and carotid artery stenosis (OR 1.001, 95% CI 0.999–1.004). Conclusions: Mean sICAM-1 levels were higher in subjects with recent cerebral ischemia. No association between sICAM-1 and carotid artery stenosis was observed. Neither baseline nor subsequent sICAM-1 levels were predictive of the risk of future ischemic events.

Objective: To investigate the influence of prematurity and low birth weight on development indicators, such as visual motor coordination, visual perceptive and fine motor skills of children in early schooling, as well as their relations with rates of global developmental delay. Method: It is a comparative study of case-control type. The research included 18 children with a history of preterm birth (Study Group), matched with 18 children without the same history (Comparison Group). These children were evaluated by the Denver Developmental Screening Test II and the test of Visual Motor Integration - VMI. Results: Statistical tests revealed significant differences between the Study Group and the Comparison Group regarding the visual motor (p = 0,000) and fine motor (p = 0,007) variables, while significant difference in performance between the Low Birth Weight and Appropriate Birth Weight groups was observed in the visual motor (p = 0,000), visual perceptive (p = 0,016) and fine motor (p = 0,036) variables, demonstrating that weight is more influential than prematurity in visual perception performance. Significant differences were observed in all parts of the VMI instrument (p = 0.001, p = 0.000, p = 0.000) when compared to the Denver Suspect and Denver Normal groups; it is possible to observed that poor performance on screening tests for development can be a predictive factor for poor performance on tests of visual motor integration. Conclusions: Preterm children showed worse performance in the assessment instruments confirming that preterm birth represents a risk to development. Skills of greater complexity required during schooling for reading and writing can be influenced by the visual motor, visual perceptive and fine motor difficulties.

Lack of motivation at school is a common complaint by teachers to justify bad school performances and dropouts. The importance of motivation is also shared by researchers ho give particular attention to the importance of motivational variables in school settings. The motivational variables selected for the present study were achievement motivation and academic self-concept, largely studied during the past thirty years (Ames & Ames, 1984; Atkinson, 1983; Boekaerts, 1986; Byrne, 1984; Covington, 1984; Dweck & Elliott, 1983; Harter, 1983; Heckhausen, Schmalt, & Schneider, 1985; Hermans, 1969, 1980; McClelland, 1985; Marsh, 1989, 1990a, 1990c; Shavelson & Bolus, 1982; Weiner, 1980; Wylie, 1979)

RESUME Les jouets mediatisent la plupart des echanges entre jeunes enfants, en particulier dans les contextes de vie collective, mais peu d’etudes ont examine leurs effets sur le developpement des premieres interactions entre pairs. On a montre le role positif de la quantite et de la similarite des jouets, mais qu’en est-il du role des differents types de jouets ? Compte tenu de l’importance de l’imitation posturale dans les premieres interactions entre pairs, nous faisons l’hypothese que les jeux moteurs, qui incitent aux deplacements et aux mouvements, seront de meilleurs supports d’attention et d’interaction entre enfants que les jeux de manipulation poses sur des tables ou sur le sol, qui incitent a des activites precises et calmes. Dans la perspective de l’ecologie developpementale developpee par Wohlwill (1980), deux groupes d’enfants (âges moyens : 23 et 35 mois) sont observes dans leur environnement de creche habituel. Ils sont filmes durant des sessions de jeux libres avec deux ensembles de jouets familiers : soit des jeux moteurs (velos, ballons, balancelles, structures a grimper, etc.), soit des jeux de manipulation (puzzles, jeux d’encastrements, duplo, etc.). Les comportements des enfants sont codes selon six categories : inactivite, activite transitoire, jeu solitaire, jeu parallele, observation des enfants ou des adultes, interactions (affiliatives ou agonistiques) avec les enfants ou les adultes. Les resultats montrent un effet tres differencie des deux types de materiel de jeux : les jouets moteurs incitent davantage que les jeux de manipulation a observer les autres enfants et a interagir. L’effet deja net sur l’orientation sociale des plus jeunes enfants se confirme encore chez les plus grands, avec une augmentation importante des interactions amicales entre enfants. Les jeux de manipulation incitent plus au jeu parallele, quel que soit l’âge. Les jeux solitaires et les interactions avec les adultes ne sont pas affectes par le type de materiel de jeu.

Neste estudo procurámos caracterizar as atitudes relativamente à homoparentalidade feminina e masculina, por parte de um conjunto de futuros/as intervenientes da rede social. Cada participante (N = 1288) leu uma de 14 vinhetas contendo a descrição de uma situação de adoção, na qual a orientação sexual e o estatuto conjugal dos/as candidatos/as a adotantes foram manipulados experimentalmente. Posteriormente, os/as participantes pronunciaram‑se sobre diversos aspetos da competência parental dos/as candidatos/as. Apesar de as competências parentais dos/as candidatos/as terem sido avaliadas positivamente, a parentalidade heterossexual foi avaliada de forma mais positiva do que a homoparentalidade. Além disso, os/as participantes consideraram que as lésbicas ou os gays celibatários receberiam mais apoio da comunidade do que os casais do mesmo sexo (femininos ou masculinos). No caso das lésbicas, verificou‑se ainda uma maior probabilidade de atribuição da custódia da criança a uma pessoa solteira do que a um casal. Esta visão heteronormativa da parentalidade é discutida e são consideradas implicações para a formação académica dos/as futuros/as intervenientes da rede social, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à necessária inclusão desta temática nos curricula universitários. In this study, we sought to characterize the attitudes of future professionals of the social network towards lesbian and gay parenting. Each participant (N = 1288) read one of 14 vignettes describing an adoption situation. The vignettes were identical except for the sexual orientation and the relational status of the candidates. After reading the vignette, participants rated various aspects of the parental competence of the candidates. Results showed that although all candidates were rated positively, heterosexual parents were favored over homosexual parents. Additionally, participants considered that single lesbian or gay candidates would receive more social support from the community than same‑sex couples. In the case of lesbian parents, custody was also awarded with greater probability to a single woman than to a couple. This heteronormative view of parenting is discussed and implications are drawn in terms of the students’ academic training, namely the necessary inclusion of this issue in the curricula of university degrees.

The primary research activities of our team at the Laboratoire de Psychobiologie de l’Enfant in Paris involve the development of social communication during the first 3 to 4 years of life. We have focused on what might be called the hidden face of early social competence. More precisely, we have been involved in the functional analysis of transitory adaptation — the examination of behavior that either declines or disappears during the early stages of development.