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Background: Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are the only antipyretics drugs approved in children, and are considered safe and well tolerated. However, data regarding the adverse drug reaction (ADR) profile of these drugs in children are scattered. Aim: The aim of our study is to evaluate the ADRs of acetaminophen and ibuprofen through an observational study over a period of 15 years (January 2005-April 2020). Reports of suspected ADRs to the active substances ‘acetaminophen’ and ‘ibuprofen’ are listed and accessible through the Italian spontaneous reporting database (RAM system) by AIFA (Pharmacovigilance of the Italian Drug Agency). Methods: Acetaminophen ADRs in paediatric populations were 15% of cases, with more frequent involvement of skin and soft tissue (54.36%) and gastrointestinal apparatus (44.09%); liver dysfunction accounts for 5.67%. Results: Ibuprofen paediatric ADRs were 26%: skin and soft tissues in 63.16% of cases, gastrointestinal tract in 47.75%, hematemesis and melena in 6.38%; kidney injury in 2.25% of cases. Conclusion: Children aged 2 to 11 are more frequently affected by ADRs than infants and adolescents. The risk of gastrointestinal and renal side effects is significantly higher with ibuprofen. Hepatobiliary side effects are more frequently linked to acetaminophen. Potentially fatal ADRs have been reported sporadically for both drugs.

Background. Hyperthermia causes cerebral injury and worsens neurological outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of the work was to study neurological outcomes in patients with severe TBI and refractory hyperthermia, while providing the target temperature management (TTM) with using an esophageal cooling device in the intensive care as compared to the control group. Materials and methods. Twenty patients aged 23 to 54 years with a diagnosis of severe TBI were examined. They were divided into 2 groups: I (n = 10) — these patients underwent a standard intensive care based on the international guidelines for the management of severe head injury (2007, 2016); II group (n = 10) — the TTM was carried out with the help of the Blanketrol II (CSZ, USA) and invasive technology ­using the Esophageal Cooling Device (ACT, USA) to achieve normothermia in the range of 36.5–37 C. The indication for the use of TTM was the development of febrile and hectic fevers of non-infectious origin in patients with TBI. The trigger for the start of TTM was hyperthermia ≥ 38.3 C, which can not be ameliorated by pharmacological correction with antipyretics. The TTM was performed to achieve the target value of the body’s normothermia. Exclusion criterion from the study was a neurological deficit ≤ 4 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). All patients were assessed neurological status on the GCS at the stages: initially, on days 5, 10 and at the time of discharge from the hospital. The outcomes of the TTM were determined on the scale of Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) at the stages: the maximum score when in the ICU and at the time of discharge. Results. There were no deaths in any group of patients examined. An analysis of the dynamics of neurologic recovery at the time of discharge from the hospital showed a significant improvement in the group of patients using TTM on the GCS in comparison with control group. During the analysis of poor outcomes, in the group using TTM, a decrease in the severity of neurologic damage was revealed compared to the control group of patients. Thus, the most unfavorable outcome of severe TBI as a delay of neurologic recovery at the level of the apallic syndrome or akinetic mutism of the corresponding CPC-4 in the first group developed in 30 % of patients, while in the second group — in no patient. We did not find any clinically significant side effects when using the Esophageal Cooling Device. It should be emphasized that factors limiting the application of the Esophageal Cooling Device for the purpose of arresting hyperthermia of the central origin have been identified, such as the inability to conduct enteral nutrition and the lesser accuracy of monitoring the body temperature when using a rectal sensor. Limitations of this study are a small sample of patients and heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury, which requires additional studies. Conclusions. An analysis of the dynamics of neurologic recovery after severe TBI at the time of discharge from the hospital showed a significant improvement in the group of patients using the TTM of 13.50 ± 1.36 points on the GCS in comparison with 11.50 ± 1.80 points in the control group (p < 0.05). Accor­ding to the best scores on the scale of outcomes of the CPC when in the ICU, a good neurologic recovery was achieved in 20 and 50 % of the corresponding CPC 1–2, and a poor neurologic recovery at the level of the CPC 3–4 was found in 70 and 50 % of patients in the control group and the main group with the application of TTM, respectively. At the discharge from the hospital, neurologic recovery at the level of CPC 1–2 was detected in 30 compared to 80 %, and at the level of CPC 3–4 — in 70 and 20 % of patients in the control and TTM group, respectively. Intergroup differences in mean values on the scale of the CPC at the time of discharge from the hospital were reliable: 2.90 ± 0.94 and 2.00 ± 0.77 (P = 0.02) in the control and TTM groups, respectively. The use of target temperature management to maintain normothermia creates more favorable conditions for a more complete restoration of impaired neurological functions after severe TBI.

The article considers the practical issues of providing emergency care to children with febrile conditions from the mo-dern point of view. The main data reflecting the pathogenesis of fever are presented. Recommendations for the selection of groups of patients at high risk of threatening bacterial infections and approaches to their examination and treatment are provided. A review of modern pharmacological possibilities of antipyretics is also given., У статті з сучасних позицій розглядаються практичні питання надання невідкладної допомоги дітям із фебрильними станами. Наведено основні дані, що відбивають патогенез лихоманки. Надано рекомендації щодо виділення груп пацієнтів з високим ризиком загрозливих бактеріальних інфекцій та тактики їх обстеження і лікування. Запропоновано огляд сучасних фармакологічних можливостей жарознижуючих засобів.

To assess the antipyretic and hepatoprotective effects of Rhynchosia cana (Wild.) DC (R. cana) methanol extract in In-silico trials and laboratory animal models. R. cana methanol extract (MERC) was evaluated for antipyretic activity in yeast-induced Pyrexia. R. cana's hepatoprotective ability was evaluated for hepatotoxicity-induced paracetamol albino rats. The GC-MS eluted compound on the protein TGF-β, and PPARα was conducted in silico docking experiments. At doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o, a single administration of MERC demonstrated strong antipyretic efficacy in albino rats. When the MERC (400 mg/kg) was given preventively for seven days, highly significant hepatoprotective behaviour was also observed. The docking findings of the TGF-β ligand molecule show that the binding affinity of vitexin is -10.3 Kcal/mol, and Silymarin is -10.6 Kcal/mol. Vitexin displayed a binding affinity of -8.8 Kcal/mol for the PPAR alpha protein, and Silymarin showed an affinity of -8.2 kcal/mol. The present research indicates that MERC has substantial antipyretic and hepatoprotective effects, as confirmed in the In Silico and In Vivo tests.

Fernandoa adenophylla is well-known Thai medicinal tree used for treating skin disorders, as antiviral, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anti-diarrheal remedies, and muscle relaxant. In the present work, anthelmintic activity was studied on Pheretima posthuma (earth worm) specie. For analgesic activity (hot plate method), three groups of mice (n = 6 per group) were taken followed by intake of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg dose of all extracts. Tramadol (0.1 mg/kg) and normal saline (0.9 g/L) were taken as positive and negative control, respectively. For antipyretic activity (Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia), 5 groups of mice (n = 6 per group) were kept on fasting for 5 h before activity testing, while only water intake was allowed. Doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of all three extracts were administered. Paracetamol and NaCl were administered as standard and negative control, respectively. The rectal temperature was measured every hour for 5 h after dosing to observe changes in temperature. Toxicologically, all extracts were determined up to 4 g/kg in mice. In case of anthelmintic activity, the aqueous extract (60 mg/mL) significantly caused paralysis of P. posthuma in 15.4 ± 1.9 min. The aqueous extract showed greater analgesic activity at dose of 300 mg/kg for 60 min, continued till 90 min (p < 0.001) as compared to other extracts. The antipyretic activity of aqueous extract was significantly raised at 200 mg/kg after treatment (p < 0.01) and maximum level was observed in 4th and 5th hour of treatment. As a result, the plant extract showed no toxicity during toxicological analysis in mice, the highest dose of extracts was 4 g/kg. It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of F. adenophylla leaves exhibited best pharmacological potentials against model test organisms. Clinical trials are recommended for the above mentioned pharmacological activities of the aqueous extract of F. adenophylla leaves.

The usage of medications like aspirin, ibuprofen and acetaminophen is well-accepted as pain relieving agents worldwide. Aspirin is a medication that is used not only for relieving pain but also for decreasing the risk of heart attack. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen have a significant role in decreasing chronic pain and inflammation. There is a deep connection between the dental procedures and the patients medicine intake. These effects can be known as side effects and damage the natural structure of the tooth or can be any disturbance in dental procedures especially in surgery and tooth extractions. Recognition of common medications and their effects is an important aspect not only for physicians but also for dentists and oral surgeons. The database of this article was derived from valid sources such as PubMed, Google scholar and Web of Science. The search method included the primary keywords like “aspirin”, “ibuprofen” and “acetaminophen” combined with “teeth”, “tooth extraction”, “oral cavity”, “dental procedures'', and/or “bleeding time”. Our results illustrated that a long-term application of aspirin favorably affects the patients who are suffering from angina, stroke or myocardial infarctions. Other findings confirmed that ibuprofen has antipyretic, analgesic and anti – inflammatory features. Effective characteristics of paracetamol as the medicine of choice for the treatment of post-exodontia pain was demonstrated according to several studies. In this review article we provide details about the effects of the three aforementioned medications, their usage in the dental field and any adverse effects on healthy tooth structures.

Purpose This study paper aims to evaluate the Phytochemical Composition, anti-obesity, anti-antipyretic and analgesic effect of Ephedra alata (Ea) extracts. Design/methodology/approach Obesity was induced in male Wistar rats through a high-fat/fructose diet (HF/FD). Control rats received a standard diet. Findings Results of this study showed that the Ea methanol extract (MEEa) exhibited a prominent selective inhibitory effect against lipase activity (IC50 = 1.29 mg/ml) as compared to water and ethyl acetate extracts (with IC50 = 1.63 and 1.89, respectively). Also, MEEa exert antipyretic and analgesic activities. In high-fat-high-fructose diet rats, the administration of MEEa inhibited lipase activity in the intestine, pancreas and serum by 53%, 40% and 53%, respectively. It was found to significantly decrease body weight by 20% (p = 0.09) and delay the absorption of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and increase HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). In addition, MEEa efficiently decreased a-amylase activity in the intestine, pancreas and serum by 43%, 26% and 46%, respectively, and blood glucose level by 35% (p = 0.06). Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that MEEa are efficient in preventing obesity and hyperglycemia, pain and fever.

Background/Aims: This study aimed to assess the association between local and systemic reactogenicity and humoral immunogenicity after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination.Methods: Adverse events were prospectively evaluated using an electronic diary in 135 healthy adults who received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (AZD1222, AstraZeneca/Oxford, n = 42; or BNT162b2, Pfizer/BioNTech, n = 93). We semi-quantitatively measured anti-S1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline, 3 weeks after the first dose of AZD1222 or BNT162b2, and 2 weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2. We evaluated the association between the maximum grade of local or systemic adverse events and the anti-S1 IgG optical density using multivariate linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, and use of antipyretics.Results: The median age of the 135 vaccinees was 30 years (36 years in the AZD1222 group and 29 years in the BNT162b2 group) and 25.9% were male (9.5% in the AZD1222 group and 33.3% in the BNT162b2 group). Local and systemic adverse events were generally comparable after the first dose of AZD1222 and the second dose of BNT162b2. The grades of local and systemic adverse events were not significantly associated with anti-S1 IgG levels in the AZD1222 or BNT162b2 group.Conclusions: Local and systemic reactogenicity may not be associated with humoral immunogenicity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Background: NSAIDs are the most widely prescribed medications worldwide for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. However, their chronic use can lead to several adverse drug events including GI toxicity. The selective COX-2 inhibitors developed as gastrosparing NSAIDs also suffer from serious adverse effects which limit their efficacy. Objective: Local generation of reactive oxygen species is implicated in NSAID-mediated gastric ulceration and their combination with H2 antagonists like famotidine reduces the risk of ulcers. The objective of this work was to design and synthesize novel methanesulphonamido isoxazole derivatives by hybridizing the structural features of NSAIDs with those of antiulcer drugs (ranitidine, famotidine, etc.) to utilize a dual combination of anti-inflammatory activity and reducing (antioxidant) potential. Method: The designing process utilized three dimensional similarity studies and utilized an isoxazole core having a potential for anti-inflammatory as well as radical scavenging antioxidant activity. The compounds were assayed for their anti-inflammatory activity in established in vivo models. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed in potassium ferricyanide reducing power (PFRAP) assay employing ascorbic acid as the standard drug. Results: Compounds 5, 6, 9 and 10 showed antiinflammatory activity comparable to the standard drugs and were also found to be non-ulcerogenic at the test doses. Compounds 6-10 exhibited good antioxidant effect in the concentration range of 1.0- 50.0 μmol/ml. The test compounds were also found to comply with the Lipinski rule suggesting good oral absorption. Conclusion: A new series of isoxazole based compounds is being reported with good antiinflammatory activity coupled with antioxidant potential as gastro-sparing anti-inflammatory agents.

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is used as an analgesic and antipyretic by the Indonesian people, empirically. The aim of this study was to determine the analgesic and antipyretic activity of ethanolic extract of sapan wood leaves in Webster mice as experimental animals. The writhing method was used to determine the analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced mice with mefenamic acid as a positive control. The temperature reduction method was used to determine the antipyretic activity in yeast-induced mice with paracetamol as a positive control. One-way ANOVA was conducted for statistical analysis, followed by Tukey-Kramer post hoc test. Phytochemical screening showed that sappan wood contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. The optimum dose of analgesic and antipyretic activity was 6.3 mg and 8.4 mg/20 g BW of mice, respectively. The conclusion was ethanolic extract of sappan wood leaves has analgesic and antipyretic activities.

The present study was aimed to evaluate analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti pyretic activity of methanolic extract and aqueous extract of leave of Rotula aquatica L. in mice and rats. The methanolic extract of R. aquatica L. leave at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight has shown significant analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity as compared to aqueous extract. The result of hot plate method indicated that the total methanolic extract showed significant increase (P

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing) is one of the types of oranges containing elements of compounds that are beneficial, so widely used as traditional medicine. This research aims to know the antipyretic activity of ethyl acetate fraction peel of lime. Phytochemical screening test result fraction ethyl acetate lemon rind contains flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and essential oils. Total of 25 mice were divided into 5 groups, group I negative control, group II positive control, group III,IV,V were given ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 0,07%/gBW,, 0,105%/gBWand 0,14%/gBW. Based on the results of graph average temperatures decrease the dose that the third has antipyretic activity because it can lower the temperature and the largest decreased in temperature at a dose 0,14%/gBW. Based on the test result ANOVA obtained sig. value 0,000. which means there is a temperature difference of meaning between 5 group treatment. And on Independent Test Sample T-test between a positive control with a dose 0,14%/gBW the value of sig. 0,601 (> 0,05) which means there is no meaningful difference.

Introduction: Experimental studies are essential and expected part of a new drug development. The studies are conducted to know about the toxic effects (if any), produced by the drug & to access safety of the drug. Studies also help to ascertain the efficacy of the drug & measures to be taken so as to curtail the toxic effects. Aim & Objective: Study was aimed to do comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation Dhatryadi Churna and its modified dosage form in experimental albino rats. Materials and Methods: Present study was carried out at Animal house attached with the Institute. 24 healthy Albino wistar rats of either sex weighing 180-200 gm were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. Pyrexia was induced in rat by subcutaneous injection of 10 mL/kg b.w. of a 20% aqueous suspension of brewer's yeast. The trial drug Dhatryadi Churna and Dhatryadi Vati administered orally in the form of suspension to the albino rats. Observation and Results: The present result shows that the Dhatryadi Churna (DC) and Dhatryadi Vati (DV) have a significant antipyretic effect in yeast induced pyrexia in rats. Hematological parameters were found to be within the normal biological and laboratory limits on comparison with the values of the control group. Conclusion: Dhatryadi churna and Dhatryadi Vati does not show significant adverse effects on the blood, blood cells, and target organs at the doses used and can be safely used in human being.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador was declared in March 2020. Since that date, there has been an exponential increase in the disease. But cases in pediatric age worldwide are reported as less frequent, without being Ecuador the exception. Until March 2021, 5,4% of cases correspond to children. Methods: A transversal analysis was applied in this research. Data was collected from the clinical records of the GEMA system. The study variables were: demographics, clinics, diagnosis tests, hospitalization length, and treatment. The descriptive analysis used percentage and median. To identify significant differences, the Chi-square test was applied. It was considered a significative result p

Introduction: Laghu Sudarshan Churna is a Churna mentioned by Yogratnakar indicated in the treatment of all types of Jwara and its action is Tridoshanashak. Fever is bodys natural defense mechanism against infectious agents which can damage the tissue. Some studies have suggested that raising temperature may be harmful. Therefore, in clinical practices in which fever associated risk benefits, antipyretic treatment is necessary. Aim and Objective: Drug dosage modification and pharmaceutical standardization of Laghu Sudarshana Churna to Laghu Sudarshana Vati with comparative Assessment of its Antipyretic & Analgesic activities in albino rats. Materials and Methods: To evaluate antipyretic & analgesic activities of test drugs the most commonly employed method to induce fever in animals is brewers yeast induced pyrexia, Tail flick test & Hot plate test for analgesic in animal models. Observation and Results: Observation will be done on the basis of Physicochemical & Organoleptic characteristics of Laghu Sudarshan churna & Laghu Sudarshan vati. Results will be drawn on the basis of observations & applying suitable test. It will be noted & presented in the form of table, charts & graphs etc. Conclusion: If this Antipyretic & Analgesic study is successful then this data will be used in another clinical study for intervention of Antipyretic & Analgesic studies, as it is Herbal medicine so it will show no any toxic effect in animal models. Hence, it will be easily used in humans also.

The lipid-transfer protein Ns-LTP1 was isolated from Nigella sativa seeds using a complex of chromatographic methods. Its effect on the course of experimental ulcerative colitis in rats was studied. The effect of biologically active peptides classified as lipid-transfer proteins on the course of experimental ulcerative colitis in rats was compared to that of sulfasalazine. It was found that lipid-transfer protein Ns-LTP1 had pronounced antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects on a model of acute experimental colitis in rats and helped to restore body mass and temperature of the animals. This indicated it is promising for creation of a composition based on lipid-transfer protein Ns-LTP1 for therapy of inflammatory diseases of the colon, namely nonspecific ulcerative colitis.

The current study aimed to determine the various in vivo biological activities of Moluccella laevis L. aerial parts. The anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated after two h, for both the total ethanolic extract (TEE) and the petroleum ether (pet. ether) fraction, exhibited the same percentage of inhibition (26.24%) as that of the indomethacin, whereas the following hour showed results quite higher than that of the positive control. Additionally, the TEE showed higher antipyretic activity compared to the used standard acetylsalicylic acid with a rapid onset (30 min) and a longer duration exhibiting the maximum activity. After four h from the beginning of the experiment, the pet. ether, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and aqueous fractions displayed nearly the same effect as that of acetylsalicylic acid, which lasted up to five h. Moreover, the aqueous fraction exhibited the maximum analgesic activity with a rapid onset and a longer duration followed by the pet. ether fraction, TEE and the EtOAc fraction. These activities could be explained by the presence of the highest amount of phenolic and flavonoidal contents, which are found in both EtOAc fraction and TEE. Due to the pronounced results of M. laevis L. aerial parts, it can be considered as a success of natural products in further drug discovery.

Acetaminophen (APAP), one of the most widely used antipyretic and analgesic drugs, principally contributes to drug-induced liver injury when taken at a high dose. APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) results in extensive necrosis of hepatocytes along with the occurrence of multiple intracellular events such as metabolic activation, cell injury, and signaling pathway activation. However, the specific role of the immune response in AILI remains controversial for its complicated regulatory mechanisms. A variety of inflammasomes, immune cells, inflammatory mediators, and signaling transduction pathways are activated in AILI. These immune components play antagonistic roles in aggravating the liver injury or promoting regeneration. Recent experimental studies indicated that natural products showed remarkable therapeutic effects against APAP hepatotoxicity due to their favorable efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to review the present understanding of the immune response in AILI and attempted to establish ties among a series of inflammatory cascade reactions. Also, the immune molecular mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of AILI were extensively reviewed, thus providing a fundamental basis for exploring the potential pharmacological targets associated with immune interventions.

Paracetamol is non-narcotic analgesic and antipyretic of the central action from group of anilides, widely used in clinical practice. This drug has pronounced hepatotoxic effect which amplifies with alcohol. Paracetamol intoxication most frequently happens as a result of deliberate peroral intake of excessive doses of drug with a suicidal purpose. Undeliberate medicine poisoning is possible as a result of self-treatment.

У статті подано огляд літератури та дані власного дослідження щодо ефективності ібупрофену та його переносимості при фебрильній лихоманці в дітей, хворих на гострі респіраторні інфекції. Отримані дані свідчать, що ібупрофен є швидко та тривало діючим жарознижувальним препаратом із високим ступенем переносимості, рекомендованим до застосування в дітей.

This research was designed to evaluate the antipyretic activity of K. senegalensis leaf extract with the view of isolating and identifying the active components. The K. senegalensis leaf was extracted using 90% methanol and further fractionated with hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and distilled water.The qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods.The crude extract and the fractions were screened for antipyretic activity using 15%w/v brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia on Albino rats. The components of the most active fraction were further separated using column and thin layer chromatographic techniques on silica gel. LD50 of the most active fraction was determined using probit analysis. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, steroids and cardiac glycosides in both the crude extract and its fractions. The crude extract at 400 mg/kg b.w. showed the highest antipyretic activity compared to the other doses tested. Hexane fraction showed the highest antipyretic activity among the other fractionated extracts. The LD50 of the hexane fraction was found to be 831.76 mg/kg b.w. The column chromatographic separation of the hexane extract yielded 60 fractions (F1 to F60). After TLC separation, fractions with similar profile were pooled together yielding eleven (11) pooled fractions (PF1 to PF11). Antipyretic activities of the pooled fractions showed that PF8 exhibited the highest activity. These findings suggested that, K. senegalensis leaf has significant antipyretic activity which can be considered for the development of antipyretic agent from natural resources.

Background. Fever in children is one of the most common causes for parents to see a doctor. The purpose was to analyze the state of awareness of doctors about the fever treatment principles in children, the methods of optimal dosage of antipyretic drugs and features of the antipyretic therapy use in certain categories of patients by means of specially designed questionnaires. Materials and methods. One hundred eight doctors took part in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions. Results. Doctors note that only 66.0 % of parents use the means recommended by the doctor to reduce the body temperature in their children, the rest rely on personal experience and recommendations of pharmacists. 64.2 % of respondents indicated ibuprofen as a first-line antipyretic drug. 90.6 % of doctors believed an increase in body temperature to 38.5 °C or more to be an indication for the use of antipyretic drugs. However, 26.4 % of doctors use this group of drugs after vaccination; 17.0 % of respondents admit the use of antipyretic drugs at a child’s body temperature less than 38.5 °C, especially with a history of febrile convulsions, as well as pain syndrome and poor health. 50.9 % of respondents combine the use of ace­taminophen and ibuprofen if one of them is ineffective, using the second drug in the intervals between taking the first one. The most difficult questions for doctors were the peculiarities of the use of antipyretic drugs in children with comorbidities. Conclusions. Given the findings of the survey, we consider it necessary to conduct further work among physicians on awareness of the principles and indications for the use of antipyretic therapy in children.

Quinine and its D-isomer quinidine have been used medically in Europe since the 1600s. They were originally found within the bark of the cinchona tree in the jungle of the Andes. They were recognized to have multiple beneficial medical properties, ranging from a combined antipyretic and analgesic effect to the first effective treatment for malaria and later atrial fibrillation. With the development of other medications and the recognition of the potential life-threatening toxic reactions to these drugs, their medical use declined. Quinine is available without a prescription in many countries and is present in tonic water. Quinine has an extensive following of users who believe it is salutary and harmless, considering it a food supplement. In the past, dermatologists were frequently the first to recognize disease caused by these drugs owing to early findings of dermatitis or petechiae. Even though the medical use of these drugs has markedly decreased, drug eruptions may still be due to quinine, and patients may even be unaware they are taking this medication.

Semen armeniacae refers to the seeds of Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae). The Prunus armeniaca L. plant is spreading in the Korean peninsula, China, India, Japan, North Africa, and the United States of America. The Prunus armeniaca contains 3% amygdalin, titratable acidity, sugars (saccharose, fructose, and glucose), and organic acids (citric and malic acids) in addition to prunasin and mandelonitrile. Semen armeniacae is used for the treatment of asthma and cough (with expectoration and fever). It is used in constipation therapy. It is also used as eardrops for inflammation and tinnitus and the treatment of skin diseases. The pharmacological effect of Semen armeniacae includes experimental and clinical pharmacology. Experimental pharmacology includes anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitussive activities. Decoction of Semen armeniacae to 2275 patients with COVID-19 improves clinical parameters such as lung state, clinical cure rate, number of cough reduction cases, symptom score of cough, viral nucleic acid testing, and inflammatory biomarkers. Oral intake of Semen armeniacae extract for 28 days did not cause any hematological, biochemical, or histological changes in rats. The Prunus armeniaca plant declines oxidative stress, inflammation, fat degeneration, and necrosis in alcohol-induced in-vivo and in-vitro liver injury models. There is no effect on fertility in rats after eating Semen armeniacae for 5 weeks. The average daily dose= 3-9 g of Semen armeniacae rinsing in boiling water then adding to a decoction. In conclusion, Semen armeniacae has anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitussive activities. © 2021 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Tectona grandis is having an incredible utilizations in the timber industry, also enjoys extensive appositeness in traditional and folklore medicine. Teak, the whole tree holds profuse of pharmacological properties with less exposure on the seeds. the present work is to extract and isolate the secondary metabolites from the methanolic extract by column chromatography followed by acute toxicity and antipyretic activity in adult Wistar rats. A dose of 200mg/kg methanolic seed extract was selected as a dose based on the acute toxicity study. Yeast induced antipyretic model in rats was employed for antipyretic activity. Five compounds were isolated from the methanolic seed extract and which are reported for the first time from the seeds. The structures were established by detailed spectral analysis using Mass, IR, and 1H NMR. The extract showed significant antipyretic activity in rats when compared to the respective standard drugs.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of cefuroxime axetil combined with Xingpi Yanger granules on the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection accompanied by diarrhea and on serum gastrin (GAS), motilin (MOT), and somatostatin (SS) levels in children. METHODS: In total, 124 children with upper respiratory tract infection accompanied by diarrhea admitted to the department of pediatrics in our hospital from May 2019 to May 2020 were selected and divided into a study group (n=62) and a reference group (n=62), according to admission number. The reference group children received routine treatment, while the children in the study group were treated with cefuroxime axetil combined with Xingpi Yanger granules. After treatment, each clinical index of the children in both groups was detected to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the different treatment methods. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in gender ratio, average age, mean body temperature, mean duration of diarrhea, average weight, or place of residence between the 2 groups (P>0.05); the total clinical effective rate after treatment in the study group was significantly higher than that in the reference group (P

Objective: Fever is one of the frequent reasons for admission to the emergency department. Studies comparing oral forms of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol with intravenous (IV) forms for fever are common in the literature. Our study is the first emergency department study comparing IV forms of ibuprofen and paracetamol in the treatment of febrile patients. Methods: A randomized, double-blind study was conducted in a tertiary university emergency department for a six-month period. Patients aged 18-65 years who had a fever of >= 38.0 degrees C were included. Patients were administered 400 mg of IV ibuprofen and 1000 mg of IV paracetamol. The primary aim of the study was to determine whether there was a difference in the effect of the two drugs on fever. The secondary aim was to investigate whether there was a difference in terms of numeric rating scale (NRS) measurements and the need for additional antipyretic therapy. Results: A total of 200 people, 100 of whom were female, were included in the study. The mean age was 30.77 +/- 10.61 years. The mean initial temperature for ibuprofen and paracetamol was 38.79 +/- 0.470 degrees C and 38.70 +/- 0.520 degrees C, respectively, with no difference noted between the groups (p = 0.380). It was found that both drugs significantly provided fever control in the first 30 min (p < 0.001), with no difference between them in terms of fever reduction (p = 0.980). Both drugs significantly improved in accompanying symptoms, although both drugs did not show superiority to each other (p = 0.0226). When evaluated in terms of a need for rescue medication, no significant difference was found between the two drugs (p = 0.404). No side effects were encountered during the study. Conclusion: In adult age group patients admitted to the emergency department with high fever, the IV forms of 1000 mg paracetamol and 400 mg ibuprofen effectively and equally reduce complaints, such as fever and accompanying pain. They can be effectively used as each other's rescue medicine and as an alternative to each other in patients with comorbid diseases. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination, This article was supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination.

Introduction: Common cold is frequently encountered by people and it also largely affects productivity of the daily routine life. Combination of Paracetamol, Phenylephrine and Chlorpheniramine maleate which acts as an antipyretic, nasal decongestant and anti-histaminic respectively, can be used for the symptomatic treatment of common cold. To the above-mentioned combination, Sodium Citrate was added as an expectorant and Menthol for cooling effect and this post marketing surveillance study was conducted to test the efficacy and safety for the symptomatic treatment of common cold. Methodology: Out of 200 enrolled, 174 patients completed the study. Safety assessment was made by analysing the adverse events reported by the patient or their guardian. Efficacy was evaluated by total symptom score [TSS] (eleven-point scale ranging from 0 to 10 where 0 is no symptom to 10 is the maximum symptoms) which was extrapolated to four-point Likert-type symptom severity scales. Results: TSS was reduced from 5.57 at baseline visit to 3.40 at day 3 to 1.69 at day 5. At day 3 and day 5 there was TSS reduction of 38.865 % and 69.690 % respectively as compared to baseline. 18 episodes of adverse drug reactions were reported and all of them were of expected and non-serious nature. Conclusion: Fixed-dose combination of Paracetamol 125mg, Phenylephrine 5mg, Chlorpheniramine Maleate 1mg, Sodium Citrate 60mg and mentholated flavoured syrupy base q.s. per 5ml was found to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of common cold in children of age between 2 to 12 years.

Piroxicam is an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects drugs, used to reduce pain, swelling joint stiffness from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and by inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase. In the research work, seven formulations (F1 to F7) were prepared direct compression method by using 3 superdisintegrants namely Crospovidone, Crosscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate in two ratio (1:0.5 and 1:1) and F7 (without superdisintegrant). All the formulations evaluated various post compression parameters thickness, weight variation, disintegration time, hardness, friability, wetting time, drug content water absorption ratio and in- vitro dissolution studies. The best formulation was studied anti-inflammatory activity in rats by using the paw-edema method. Among all formulations (F1) which contains 1:0.5ratio of Croscarmellose sodium, showed to be the optimized formulation as it give good wetting time (51.66 sec), fast disintegration time (29.16 sec), maximum drug release of 99% within 30 minutes and superior anti-inflammatory activity.

Ayurvedic formulations are mainly administered by oral route and most of the orally administered Ayurvedic formulations belong to liquid dosage form of drug or drug combination. However, Herbal products have to fulfil legal requirements with regards to quality including stability testing. Herbal Syrup is commonly used and popular dosage form which is used to cure cough, cold and fever because it having ease of patients compliance. In present study, Prepared Herbal Syrup contain Ginger macerated honey base and also Tulsi, liquorice, neem, amla, cinchona, fennel, peppermint, turmeric, brahmi, clove, is used as expectorant and antipyretic. Quality of final herbal syrup was evaluated for pre formulation and post formulation parameters like density, specific gravity, pH and various organoleptic characteristics. The results of stability study of the final herbal syrup that no changes were observed in all the tested physiochemical parameter as well as turbidity/ homogeneity during 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours.

Background and aim Burkea africana stem bark is used as a remedy for malaria in north-central and southern Nigeria. Based on its traditional use, this study was conducted to investigate the antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential of an extract of B. africana stem bark. Experimental procedure A 70% v/v ethanol extract of stem bark of B. africana was prepared by cold maceration. Fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and residual) were also prepared. The extract was screened for hemolytic, cytotoxic and antiplasmodial activity effects. The effect of the extract and fractions against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and multi-drug resistant (W2mef) P. falciparum was assessed. Acute toxicity test, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice, and lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in rats were also employed to screen the extract. Chromatographic fingerprints of the extract and active fraction were obtained. Results B. africana extract showed no cytotoxic or significant hemolytic effects and did not cause acute toxicity or mortality. The ethanol extract exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity while the dichloromethane fraction showed high activity against P. falciparum 3D7 (IC50 = 6.44 μg/ml) and W2mef (IC50 = 6.30 μg/ml) respectively. The extract elicited significant (p Conclusion Burkea africana extract has antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential and its antiplasmodial constituents are concentrated in its dichloromethane fraction.

PURPOSE This study evaluated antipyretic efficacy and onset of a novel fixed-dose combination (FDC) of ibuprofen (IBU; 250 mg) and acetaminophen (APAP; 500 mg) compared with placebo and IBU or APAP monocomponents. MET: This single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, full-factorial study was conducted in healthy males aged 18 to 55 years with pyrexia induced by intravenous administration of reference standard endotoxin (RSE). After attainment of an oral temperature ≥38.1°C, subjects were randomized 3:3:3:1 to a double-blind single oral dose of FDC IBU/APAP 250 mg/500 mg, APAP 500 mg, IBU 250 mg, or placebo. Oral temperature was measured every 10 minutes for 2 hours, then every 30 minutes until 8 hours postdose. Time-weighted sum of temperature differences from baseline to 8 hours (WSTD0-8) after study medication administration was the primary efficacy end point. Secondary end points included WSTD scores from 0 to 2 hours, 0 to 4 hours, 0 to 6 hours, and 6 to 8 hours; time to return to "normal" temperature; time to rescue medication use; and global drug evaluation. Safety was assessed via adverse events (AEs). FINDINGS Two hundred ninety subjects were randomized; 273 were included in the primary efficacy analysis. WSTD0-8 was significantly better for FDC IBU/APAP 250 mg/500 mg (P = 0.002), IBU 250 mg (P = 0.030), and APAP 500 mg (P = 0.023) versus placebo; there were no significant differences between active treatments. For WSTD0-2, only the FDC was statistically significant versus placebo (P = 0.004). All active treatments were significantly better (P < 0.05) for WSTD0-4 and WSTD0-6 versus placebo; there were no differences in WSTD6-8 between cohorts. Temperature returned to normal during the 8-hour treatment period in ∼50% of subjects in each cohort. Only 1 subject (IBU cohort) took rescue medication. Post hoc analyses at early time points revealed significant treatment differences favoring FDC versus placebo and IBU for the WSTD from baseline during the 50- to 110-minute posttreatment window; for WSTD from baseline during the 80- to 110-minute posttreatment window, FDC provided significant treatment differences versus placebo and both monocomponents. Overall, 223 (76.9%) of 290 subjects experienced AEs related to RSE; only 2 subjects experienced treatment-related AEs (FDC, rash; placebo, ear pain). IMPLICATIONS Although the primary end point was not met, these results suggest that FDC IBU/APAP 250 mg/500 mg provides effective antipyresis with a faster onset versus equal doses of IBU and APAP alone. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02761980.

Objectives Fever is a condition when the body experiences an increase in average body temperature above normal level. Maja fruit (Crescentia cujete L.) contains chemical compounds including alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and terpenoid, suspected as potential antipyretics. Methods The study aimed to determine the antipyretic activity of ethanol extract of Maja fruit. A total of 25 male white mice of the DDY strain (20–30 g). These treatments divided into three groups with a dose extract of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg BW, standard groups of ibuprofen 400 mg/kg BW, and control groups of CMC-Na 1%. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 cc of DPT vaccine-induced. Observations were made by measuring the rectal temperatures of mice using a digital thermometer before DPT vaccine injected or average temperatures, at 0 min (after DPT vaccine injected), 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after administering the test material. The differences between the positive control group, test group, and the negative control group were compared using statistical analysis using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). The results were considered statistically when the value is (p Results The above phytochemical screening results showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were present in the Maja fruit powder and extract (C. cujete L.). Based on the results of the statistical analysis obtained, i.e., Group II was not significantly different from Group III and Group IV (p≤0.05) and was significantly different from Group I and Group V. Group I was significantly different from Group II, Group III and Group IV and was not significantly different from Group V (p≥0.05). Conclusions The study showed that Maja fruit mice’s antipyretic behavior at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW was confirmed as a result in reducing the body temperature of male mice. The 500 mg/kg BW dosage of Maja fruit extract (C. cujete L) effectively reduced fever.

Pyrexia is defined as elevation of body temperature. It is a response due to tissue damage, inflammation, alignancy etc. Fever is associated with symptoms of lethargy, depression, anorexia, sleepiness etc. In Ayurveda, many drugs are attributed with jwaragna property. Among these described drugs gudduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) has the best antipyretic activity. Indian medicinal plants and their derivatives are having invaluable source of therapeutic agents to treat various disorders. Nowadays, many drugs have been developed from plants which are active against a number of diseases.

Sambiloto plant (Andrographis paniculata Ness) is a plant that has been used as medicine from generation to generation. Bioactive compounds in Sambiloto have pharmacological effects such as immunostimulants (increase immunity), antibiotic diuretics (facilitate urine), antipyretics, anti-inflammatory (anti-inflammatory), hepatoprotective, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, respiratory tract, and heart and lung meridians - lungs. The bioactive compound in Sambiloto which is mostly found in the leaves is Andrographolide. In this study, the isolation of Andrographolide from the leaves of the sambiloto plant (Andrographis paniculata Ness) was carried out using purification and crystallization methods aimed at obtaining pure Andrographolide isolates more efficiently and identifying the results of Andrographolide isolates. The results showed that the isolates obtained using the purification and crystallization methods obtained a yield of 0.47%. In the qualitative test of Andrographolide isolates using eluent and acetate: n-hexane (3: 2), the Rf value was 0.38. The results obtained from Andrographolide isolates using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were identical to the literature on Andrographolide. The absorption peaks at the wavenumbers obtained includes 3400,41 cm-1, 1979,68 cm-1, 1959,46 cm-1, 2928,22 cm-1, 1727,56 cm-1, 1646,98 cm-1, and 907,53 cm-1.

Ethnopharmacological relevance:Bombax costatumPellegr. et Vuillet. (Bombacaceaea) is a plant used in traditional medicine in Cameroon to treat memory impairment, anxiety, insomnia and agitation. Aim of the study:The aqueous extract ofBombax costatumis evaluated for its anxiolytic like effect in mice using experimental models. Materials and methods:The plant extract is administered orally to mice. They were tested one hour later in the stress-induced hyperthermia, hole board, and open field or elevated plus maze tests, respectively. Finally, the brain Gamma aminobutyric acid [GABA] content and GABA-T were quantified inBombax costatumaqueous extract-treated mice at the end of elevated plus maze test. Results:Bombax costatumaqueous extract showed anxiolytic activity. In stress-induced hyperthermia test, the plant extract significantly antagonised the increase of temperature. There is a significant reduction in the stress-induced hyperthermia from 1.13 ± 0.06℃ in the negative control group treated with distilled water to 0.26 ± 0.02℃ in the group of mice administered 100 mg/kg aqueous extract. In addition,Bombax costatumshowed antipyretic activity by reducing the body temperature. In the elevated plus maze test, the aqueous extract increased the number of entries into, percentage of entries into, and percentage of time in open arms. It also reduced the percentage of entries and time in closed arms. Conclusion:The obtained results suggested thatBombax costatumaqueous extracts possess anxiolytic-like and antipyretic activities in mice. This plant could be helpful in the treatment of anxiety and fever in traditional medicine in Cameroon.

Ethnopharmacological relevance:Cymbopogon citratus(DC.) Stapf (Poaceae) is a medicinal plant known for its antimalarial, antipyretic and antifatigue activities in Cameroonian folk medicine. Aim of the study:The aim of this work was to evaluate the prophylactic antimalarial effects of the decoction prepared from the leaves ofCymbopogon citratusonPlasmodium bergheiANKA infection in mice and investigate its action on haematological and serum biochemical status. Materials and methods:Swiss mice were treated withCymbopogon citratusleaf decoction (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and later inoculated withPlasmodium bergheiANKA. The prophylactic antimalarial activity of the decoction was evaluated by determining the parasitaemia, percentage chemosuppression, body weight, body temperature, food and water intake in pretreated parasitised mice. The possible ameliorative effects of the decoction on malaria associated haematological and serum biochemical changes were also assessed. Results:The decoction exhibited a prophylactic activity of 85.32% and its chemotherapeutic effects ranged from 56.88 – 85.32% with maximum effect observed at the highest experimental dose. It significantly inhibited parasitaemia (P < 0.001) compared to the negative control group. Interestingly, treatment of parasitised mice with the decoction significantly restored the malaria modified haematological and biochemical status compared with distilled water-treated parasitised mice. Conclusion:The results of this prophylactic assay indicated thatCymbopogon citratusdecoction has antimalarial effects and normalised haematological and serum biochemical aberrations generated by malaria. Hence,Cymbopogon citratusrepresents a promising source of new antimalarial agents.

Amphimas pterocarpoides is used traditionally for the treatment of oedema, infections, malaria and skin diseases. This study described pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters of the leaf and stem bark. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema and the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities respectively. The leaf of A. pterocarpoides is oddly pinnate compound, oblong in shape with acuminate apex and obtuse base. The stem bark is scaly and rugged and exudes a reddish resin when bruised. Leaf microscopy displayed wavy-walled epidermal cells, paracytic stomata, glandular and clothing trichomes, bean-shaped lignified vascular bundle, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. The leaf (APL) and stem bark (APSB) extracts (30-300 mg/kg p.o.) significantly inhibited foot oedema in chicks with maximum percentage inhibition of 76.65 ± 6.27% and 77.04 ± 2.53% respectively [ED50 = 225.3± 31.52 mg/kg (APL) and 178.9 ± 29.57 mg/kg (APSB)]. APL, APSB and paracetamol also showed significant antipyretic activity [ED50 = 70.95 ± 9.24 mg/kg (APL), 27.02 ± 1.96 mg/kg (APSB), 32.47 ± 3.03 mg/kg (Paracetamol)]. Tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoids and coumarins were identified in A. pterocarpoides. This study has provided essential diagnostic characteristics for the quality control of A. pterocarpoides and justified its anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Key words: Pharmacognosy, carrageenan, Amphimas pterocarpoides, pyrexia, inflammation.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol, APAP) is a major component of Tylenol, Penzal Q, and Panpyrin, and is the most commonly used antipyretic analgesic in children. The conventional oral drug delivery systems of APAP are pills and tablets. However alternative drug delivery methods are desirable in case of pediatric or geriatric patients, especially for drugs like APAP that must be taken in large doses at once. Another requirement for a good drug delivery system is the rapid dissolution to ensure a rapid therapeutic action as pain reliever. In this study Acetaminophen (paracetamol, APAP) was encapsulated in a water-soluble polymer. After the preparation of the solid dispersion by encapsulating acetaminophen in polyvinylpyrrolidone, the resultant granules were used in three formulations: tablets, chewable tablets, and oral dissolving films (ODF). Solid dispersions and prepared formulations were evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and universal tensile machine (UTM), and the release behavior was compared. As a result, it was confirmed that the oral dissolving films can be taken easily because it has the advantages of both tablet and liquid dosage form accurate dosage, easy administration, easy swallowing, and fast bioavailability. Furthermore, the drug absorption rate can be effectively increased by changing the formulation.

INTRODUCTION: Acetaminophen is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic, with the potential to cause significant injury when ingested in toxic amounts. Although the antidote n-acetylcysteine (NAC) is available, evidence supporting dose recommendations for patients weighing over 100 kg are lacking. We performed a retrospective, multi-center analysis to determine if a capped NAC dosing scheme is similar to a non-capped dosing scheme in patients weighing over 100 kg. METHODS: Between January 2009 and January 2016, we identified patients presenting to 12 different centers who were evaluated for acetaminophen poisoning treatment. Patients must have weighed greater than 100 kg and were evaluated and identified as needing treatment for acetaminophen-related poisoning with NAC. The primary outcome was occurrence of hepatic injury, defined as an AST or ALT ≥ 100 IU/L. Secondary endpoints included number of drug-related adverse events, occurrence of hepatotoxicity, cumulative NAC dose, regimen cost, length of hospital and intensive care unit stays, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: There were 83 patients identified as meeting the pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. A capped NAC dosing scheme resulted in no difference in hepatic injury when compared to a non-capped regimen (49.4% vs 50%, p = 1.000). The capped dosage regimen was associated with a lower cumulative dose (285.2 mg/kg vs 304.6 mg/kg, p < 0.001) and cost. No other statistically significant differences were identified among the secondary endpoints. CONCLUSION: A capped NAC dosing scheme was not associated with higher rates of hepatic injury or hepatotoxicity in obese patients in the setting of acetaminophen poisoning when compared to a non-capped regimen. Further research is needed to verify these results.

Aim: To evaluate the antipyretic activity of Nilavembu kudineer against yeast induced pyrexia in Albino rats. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration: Research lab, Department of Siddha Medicine, Tamil University, Thanjavur, India and KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Malaysia between March 2018 and July 2019. Methodology: The Nilavembu kudineer powder was extracted by using acetone, methanol and aqueous solvents. The acute toxicity study was carried on swiss albino mice using acetone, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Nilavembu kudineer. From this, the LD50 value was determined and 1/10th of the LD50 value was taken as ED50 value and selected for the antipyretic studies. The Pyrexia was induced by 20% suspension of Brewers’ yeast at a dose level of 20 mg/kg on Albino rats. The test extracts (200mg/kg), Standard Paracetamol (150 mg/kg) and control saline vehicle were administered orally. The phytochemical parameters such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipid, oil, amino acid, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, flavones, flavanones and alkaloids were tested using standard procedures. Statistical analysis, the values were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dennett’s test. Results: LD50 value of various extracts of Nilavembu kudineer was 2000 mg/kg and 1\10th of ED50 as 200 mg/kg was selected for screening of various pharmacological activities. The treatment with methanolic extract of Nilavembu kudineer at a dose of 200mg/kg significantly (p

Uapaca togoensis Pax. (Euphorbiaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases including pain, inflammation and fever. This study investigated analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects of the residual aqueous fraction of the plant. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies were conducted. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and formalin-induced pain tests at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were investigated using carrageenaninduced paw edema and Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia model respectively in rats. Oral median lethal dose of the fraction was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The fraction significantly (p

Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease-2019 include pulmonary hyper-inflammation; managing local and systemic inflammatory responses may be key in treatment. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of a mixture (Cov-Pla 2) containing five medicinal plants in laboratory animals. The antinociceptive activity of Cov-Pla 2 was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, Brewer’s Yeast Pyrexia test in rats and hot plate tests in mice. The egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema test was employed to evaluate the extract’s anti-inflammatory activity. The extract produced a dose-dependent (125-500 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid, compared to normal saline and increased reaction latency in the hot plate test. The antiinflammatory test showed a significant (P

The article presents the results of the analysis of clinical features of gastroenterological manifestations of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by the pathogen SARS-CoV-2. Taking into account the stage-by-stage system assessment of the experience of treating 1,180 patients in a multi-specialty hospital transformed into an infectious hospital, the most characteristic clinical manifestations of digestive damage by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus are described. The article focuses on verification of changes in the digestive system, both at the stage of primary examination, and during etiotropic (in combination with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, interferon-alpha drugs), pathogenetic (in combination with corticosteroids, heparin drugs, according to indications - an interleukin-6 inhibitor) and symptomatic (antipyretics, antiemetics and antitussive drugs) therapy, carried out in accordance with Temporary guidelines of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation “Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection Covid-19”. Directions for the development of algorithms for clinical and laboratory, instrumental and radiological diagnostics of changes in the digestive system in patients with COVID-19 are justified.

With mortality rising from the COVID-19 pandemic, we may be overlooking a key aspect of the immunological response. Fever is a cardinal sign of this rampant infection; however, little attention has been paid towards how a fever may work in our favor in overcoming this disease. Three key aspects of patient care - fever, fluid, and food - can be harmonized to overcome COVID-19 infection. Both animal and human studies have demonstrated that fever suppression during viral infections, either through low ambient temperatures or antipyretic use, may increase morbidity and prolong the illness. As fever rises, so do antidiuretic hormone levels, leading to solute-free water retention - making conservative fluid management essential. Finally, fever inhibits gastrointestinal function as energy is reallocated to the immunological response, underscoring the need to work in concert with these physiological changes. An opportunity awaits to investigate this natural barrier to infection, let us not pass it by.

Annotation. Polymorphism among biologically active substances is an extremely important factor that modifies the therapeutic properties of pharmaceutical substances and dosage forms, significantly affects the parameters of their biological activity and pharmacokinetics. Chemical synthesis among the derivatives of 4-R-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acids gave the leader compound N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide, the crystalline polymorph of which in the form of plates has a pronounced analgesic activity. The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of compound B by its effect on various components of the inflammatory reaction, as well as the antipyretic effect of this compound in rats. The anti-alterative activity was determined on the model of planar skin wounds, the antiproliferative effect - on the model of cotton granuloma, the anti-exudative effect - on the model of toxic pulmonary edema in rats. The antipyretic effect was studied in a model of milk fever in rats. The study was performed on 91 white male Wistar rats. Statistical processing of the obtained results was performed using the program "STATISTICA 6.1" by methods of variation statistics using parametric and nonparametric methods. The results showed that the polymorphic compound B has anti-inflammatory activity on all components of the inflammatory reaction - alteration, exudation and proliferation. In terms of efficacy in the model of experimental inflammation, this substance is superior to meloxicam, as its ED50 when administered orally is 5.2 mg/kg, while the reference drug - 9.1 mg/kg. Compound B exhibits a pronounced antipyretic effect in a rat fever model. Therefore, the polymorphic modification of the carboxamide derivative in the form of plates is promising for further research in order to create on its basis a drug with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.

Background. Toxicity and untoward effects are very ostensible in most standard drugs including antipyretic agents. Searching for conceivable antipyretic drugs with minimal toxicities and side effects from traditional plants is a growing concern to date. Echinops kebericho M. (Asteraceae) is one of the most prominent traditional medicinal plants, which is frequently testified for its traditionally claimed uses of treating fever and different infectious and noninfectious disorders by traditional healers in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, this plant has not been scientifically assessed for its traditionally claimed uses. This study therefore is aimed at investigating the antipyretic and antioxidant activities of 80% methanol root extract and the derived solvent fraction of Echinops kebericho M. in mouse models. Methods. Successive solvent maceration with increased polarity was used as the method of extractions, and chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used as solvents. After extraction, the crude extract and its derived solvent fractions were assessed for their antipyretic activities using yeast-induced pyrexia while, the antioxidant activities were measured in vitro using the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. Both the extract and solvent fractions were evaluated at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for its antipyretic activities, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated at the doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg. The positive control group was treated with standard drug (ASA 100 mg/kg), while normal saline-receiving groups were assigned as negative control. Result. E. kebericho crude extract along with its derived solvent fractions showed statistically significant ( p < 0.05 , 0.01, and 0.001) temperature reduction activities. The maximum percentage of temperature reduction was observed by the highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the crude extract. The aqueous fraction also showed significantly ( p < 0.05 and 0.01) higher temperature reduction than those of ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The free radical scavenging activities of the crude extract were also significantly high at the maximum dose, and the aqueous fraction showed the significantly highest antioxidant activity. Conclusion. In general, the data obtained from the present study clarified that the extract possessed significant antipyretic and antioxidant activities, upholding the traditionally claimed use of the plant.

Guduchi is a plant also known as Tinospora cordifolia, having heart shaped leave, an herb of the family Menispermaceae native of hot areas of the Indian subcontinent. In our classical Ayurvedic texts, it is indicated to be beneficial in treating various types of diseases like skin disorders, different types of fever, jaundice & gout. Guduchi also claimed to have various properties as an anti-oxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, radioprotective, anti-anxiety, adaptogenic agent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, athrombolytic agent, anti-diarrheal, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial and anti-cancer agent. Several experimental and clinical studies based on available reports, present paper is an attempt to assemble the information on immunomodulating property of Tinospora cordifolia

The Diclofenac Sodium is BCS class II drug which comes under the antipyretic class drug, and has a wide range of use. But due to its low solubility it has low dissolution rate and hence reduced bioavailability. There are several methods for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. Pastillation technique is widely employed in chemical industry for solidification and better handling. Pastilles are solidified discrete units, acquired directly from the melt mass. However, this method of pastillation has not been explored for the drug delivery system yet. Literature revels that it can be used as a novel, effective and easiest method for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. The selection of polymer was done by the solubility studies and Kolliphor HS 15 was used to make the pastilles of Diclofenac Sodium. Formation of pastilles were confirmed by FT-IR and further evaluated for % yield, drug contents, solubility study and dissolution test. From the results it was concluded that, solubility of Diclofenac Sodium was increased by pastillation method by 2-fold and dissolution rate was also enhanced by double than that of the drug. Thus, pastillation can be an effective and easiest method to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs having good permeability. Keywords: Diclofenac Sodium, Pastillation, Kolliphor HS 15, Solubility enhancement, Solid dispersion.