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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:04:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-05-11 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Context. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain with low tannin content may be suitable as an alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) grain in ruminant diets in terms of input costs and drought tolerance, and effects on growth performance and mitigation of methane (CH4) emissions. Aims. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of substitution of maize with sorghum grain at different rates on ruminal microbial protein synthesis, CH4 formation and liveweight gain in growing ruminants. Methods. Twenty-five Santa Ines lambs (bodyweight 19.0 +/- 1.5 kg) were randomly divided into five dietary treatments. Control diet components (on a dry matter basis) were Tifton-85 hay (400 g/kg), maize (405 g/kg), soybean meal (165 g/kg) and commercial mineral supplement (30 g/kg). Sorghum diets comprised the basal diet with the maize grain proportionately substituted with sorghum grain at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (diets S-25-S-100). Lamb feed intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and CH4 emission were measured during an experimental period of 70 days. Key results. Negligible variations of chemical composition were observed among the experimental diets, although numerical increases in condensed tannins were observed with increasing levels of sorghum replacement. There was no significant effect of level of sorghum inclusion on feed intake. Partial substitution of maize with sorghum grain increased lamb average daily gain linearly (P = 0.02) and quadratically (P = 0.002) compared with diets based on either grain alone, with the S-50 lambs having the highest values. A linear decrease in dry matter digestibility (P = 0.02), organic matter (P = 0.02) and acid detergent fibre (P = 0.002) was observed for lambs receiving sorghum diets compared with the control. A significant linear (P = 0.023) effect was observed for retained nitrogen (g/day), with lambs fed S-25 and S-50 having higher values than those in other treatments. All partially substituted diets (S-25, S-50 and S-75) reduced CH4 per unit bodyweight gain in a linear trend (P = 0.03), by 35%, 29% and 33%, respectively, and tended to increase (linear effect, P = 0.09) the calculated amounts of absorbed microbial protein compared with the control diet. Conclusions. Low tannin sorghum grains can replace maize grains by up to 75% to maximise ruminal microbial biomass production for optimal lamb growth performance and reduced CH4 emission. Alexandria Univ, Anim & Fish Prod Dept, Fac Agr, Alexandria, Egypt Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Nucl Energy Agr, Lab Anim Nutr, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Fed Univ South Frontier, Dept Agron Engn, Erechim, RS, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Anim Nutr & Breeding, Coll Vet Med & Anim Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Anim Nutr & Breeding, Coll Vet Med & Anim Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

As instalacoes avicolas tem papel fundamental para garantir o conforto termico animal e fazer com que as aves possam expressar suas melhores caracteristicas produtivas. No entanto, no Brasil ha diversos modelos de instalacoes para a producao de frangos de corte. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar o desempenho zootecnico de frangos de corte produzidos em sistema Convencional, Climatizado e Dark House em produtores localizados na microrregiao de Passo Fundo - RS. Para tanto, foram coletados dados de conversao alimentar, mortalidade e ganho diario de peso referentes a 4 lotes de producao de dois produtores para cada sistema totalizando 8 repeticoes por tratamento, atraves do delineamento de blocos casualizado, onde tambem se objetivou avaliar o desempenho entre os produtores que utilizam do mesmo sistema. Apos a analise dos dados, pode-se observar que para a conversao alimentar e mortalidade os sistemas Climatizado e Dark House foram equivalentes, porem superiores quando comparado ao sistema Convencional. Ja para o ganho diario de peso os aviarios do tipo Climatizado demonstraram melhor resposta quando comparado aos demais sistemas. Sendo que, entre os produtores que trabalham com o mesmo sistema nao houve diferenca nos indices zootecnicos. Estes dados permitem concluir que as instalacoes do tipo Climatizado e Dark House que possuem maior grau de tecnologia apresentam maior eficiencia produtiva quando confrontados com o sistema Convencional.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate digestibility, performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs fed fibrous diets, such as, basal diet (Control treatment) and inclusion of Tifton-85 hay, Soybean hulls or Citrus pulp. Twenty crossbred castrated male pigs, with average body weight of 70.00±1.95 kg, distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and five repetitions (blocks) were used to evaluate apparent total tract digestibility of dietary nutrients. To evaluate animal performance and carcass traits, eighty commercial hybrids pigs with 120 days of age and average body weight of 73.00±3.3 kg were used. Pigs were distributed in 40 boxes according to gender and body weight, with one castrated male and one female pig per pen (experimental unit), in a randomized block design with 10 repetitions (blocks) per treatment were used. Regarding the digestibility assay, Tifton hay presented 2425 kcal of digestible energy/kg, with low digestible protein content (3.36%). Citrus pulp presented 2850 kcal of digestible energy/kg, also with low digestible protein content (1.47%). Soybean hulls showed 2250 kcal of digestible energy/kg, with relatively medium crude protein digestibility coefficient (7.85%). Offering different fiber sources in the finishing phase for pigs promoted significant differences (p0.05) was observed for carcass parameters. Given the results obtained in this study, Soybean hull showed to be a promising ingredient to be used in diets of finishing pigs, leading to good results on animal performance and also contributing to the sustainability of pig production.

O uso de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho tem sido uma prática muito comum pelos produtores, sendo aplicados de modo isolado ou em mistura em tanque. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência, a fitotoxicidade, o efeito em características fisiológicas e produtivas do milho após a aplicação de herbicidas de modo isolado ou em mistura em tanque. O experimento foi instalado a campo, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Como tratamentos foram utilizados de forma isolada ou em mistura em tanque o glyphosate, [atrazine+simazine], nicosulfuron, mesotrione, tembotrione, mais uma testemunha capinada. Avaliou-se a fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas ao híbrido de milho AG 9025 PRO3, a eficiência no controle de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) e milhã (Digitaria ciliaris) aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT). Aos 50 DAT aferiu-se ainda as variáveis referentes às características fisiológicas do milho e na colheita determinou-se a produtividade de grãos. A fitotoxicidade ocasionada pelos herbicidas não foi perceptível ao híbrido de milho AG 9025 PRO3. O controle foi eficiente nos tratamentos que apresentaram a mistura em tanque de glyphosate com nicosulfuron e tembotrione. A taxa fotossintética aumentou com a aplicação de nicosulfuron e mesotrione ao se comparar com os demais tratamentos. A concentração interna de CO2, taxa de transpiração, condutância estomática de vapores de água, eficiência de carboxilação e uso eficiente da água não foram alteradas ao se usar os herbicidas isolados ou em mistura. A aplicação dos herbicidas não interferiu na produtividade de grãos de milho. A associação de glyphosate com outros herbicidas demonstra ser prática favorável para melhorar a eficácia de controle.

To evaluate the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) feeding duration on mRNA abundance of beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of pigs not carrying the ryanodine receptor type I ( RyR1 ) mutation, 80 finishing barrows (initial body weight=69.4±7.87 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment and 2 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet with no added RAC (control) or with 10 mg/kg RAC fed for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d before slaughter. On d 28, hair root samples were collected for RyR1 genotyping and LD muscle samples were collected to measure β-AR (β 1 - and β 2 -subtypes) and MyHC isoforms (Iβ, IIa, IIx/d, and IIb) gene expression using the quantitative real-time PCR method. Six heterozygous negative pigs for the RyR1 mutation were detected, and therefore not considered for statistical analysis. Increasing RAC feeding duration did not affect the abundance of β 1 -AR mRNA, but resulted in a tendency ( P =0.073) towards a linear decrease in β 2 -AR mRNA abundance. Even though MyHC Iβ mRNA abundance was linearly decreased ( P =0.002) with increasing RAC feeding duration, both MyHC IIa and IIx/d gene expressions were not affected by the RAC treatment. There was a linear increase ( P =0.029) in MyHC IIb mRNA abundance as RAC feeding duration was increased. In conclusion, RAC feeding alters gene expression of β 2 -AR and MyHC isoforms in the LD muscle of pigs not carrying the RyR1 mutation in a time-dependent manner.

Jatropha meal, produced as co-product of biodiesel production process, can be used in animal diets as a feedstuff. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of increasing dietary levels (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJCM) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and intoxication of bioactive molecules, such as the phorbol esters, by hepatic transaminase enzymes in finishing pigs. Sixty hybrid crossbred pigs (70.7±3.3 kg body weight, BW) were assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 1 castrated male and 1 female per pen in a randomize complete block design. Isoenergetic and isoproteic diets and water were provided ad libitum to the pigs during 30-d growth study. At the end of the experimental period, pigs were slaughtered and hot carcass yield weight, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area, and muscle-to-fat ratio were determined. In addition, blood samples were collected for the analysis of hepatic enzymes, and Longissimus dorsi muscle samples were also collected for the measurement of pH, color, and water drip loss. Increasing dietary levels of DJCM reduced (P

This study aims to assess changes of the isotopic signal - δ 13 C and δ 15 N - of muscle tissue among fish species of natural and breeding environments as a way to understand the relationship between habitat, diet and trophic composition of these watersports animals. Thus, we used four different species of fishes, being the peacock bass and tuna from different natural environments and the salmon and tilapia of breeding environments or fattening farms. From this, excepting the species of tuna the values of δ 13 C of Tilapia was significantly larger than others - peacock bass, salmon and tambaqui - while for the values of δ 15 N the species of Tilapia were significantly the lowest of all. Furthermore, the hatchery species of Tilapia and Salmon considerably had the lower variability. These results together suggest a significant difference in isotopic signal between species of hatchery and natural environments, reflecting different diets and composition of food chains according to the source environment of species.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate Phorbol Ester’s (PE), Total Fenols (TF), Total Tannins (TT), Condensed Tannins (CT), Saponins Content (SPN), amino acids profiles and apparent digestibility of detoxicated Jatropha curcas meal in finishing pigs diets, as well as biogas and methane production by the manure from cross-bred pigs fed this meal. Apparent digestibility coefficients of Dry Matter (DM), Crude Energy (CE), Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fiber (CF) and Ether Extract (EE) were evaluated. Twenty crossbreed pigs with 70±1.95 kg initial weight were allotted in individual metabolic cages, according to body weight in a Complete Randomized Block Design with ten replications per treatment. On the last day of the adaptation phase of the digestibility experiment, the manure were collected and put it in bottles with hydraulic retention time of seven days for further evaluation of biogas and methane produced in liters and liters % of total solids. The content of PE, TF, TT, CT, SPN, were, respectively, 0.06 mg/g, 26.08 and 10.43 equivalent gram of tannic acid, 0.05 equivalent gram of leucocyanidin and 0.005%. The results of apparent digestibility coefficients were 83.80% (DM), 3.500 kcal/kg (CE), 13.45% (CP), 1.5% (CF) and 2.3% (EE). Regarding the generation of biogas and methane of manure from pigs fed detoxified Jatropha curcas meal, biogas production (1201.4, 1089.3 mL/g Total Solids) and methane (246.7 and 218.2 mL/g Total Solids) from manure weren't significantly different (p>0.05) between the treatments. So, concludes that detoxicated Jatropha curcas meal is a promising by-product due its nutritional composition and metabolic response which may be used in finishing pig diets without affecting the generation of renewable energy.

The motivation for including oils in the diets of weanling pigs is to increase dietary energy density to meet the pigs' energy requirements. The purpose of this study was to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy values of semi-refined rice oil (RO) and refined soybean oil (SO) for weanling pigs (Experiment 1), as well as to evaluate how replacing SO with RO in weanling pig diets affects performance, intestinal histology, organ morphometry and the occurrence of diarrhea (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 21 barrows, averaging 19.63 ± 0.37 kg body weight (BW), were used in a randomized complete block design experiment, with seven replications per treatment and one pig per experimental unit (metabolism cage). The treatments consisted of a reference diet and two test diets. The test diets were obtained by using 90% of the reference diet and 10% of RO or SO. The experimental period consisted of a 7 days adaptation period, followed by a 5 days collection period of feces and urine. The values of the apparent digestible energy, apparent metabolizable energy and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy of the oils were, respectively, 26.24, 25.78 and 26.01 MJ kg − 1 for RO and 31.74, 31.35 and 31.51 MJ kg − 1 for SO. In Experiment 2, 120 weaned pigs, castrated males and females, averaging 6.74 ± 0.42 kg BW, were used in a randomized complete block design experiment, with eight replications per treatment and three pigs per experimental unit (pen) to evaluate the effects of five replacement levels of SO with RO in isonutritive weanling pig diets. The treatments were as follows: 4:0—basal diet with 4% of SO; 3:1—basal diet with 3% of SO and 1% of RO; 2:2—basal diet with 2% of SO and 2% of RO; 1:3—basal diet with 1% of SO and 3% of RO; and 0:4—basal diet with 4% of RO. No effects of the replacement levels were observed in the weanling pigs' performance, organ morphometry or in their occurrence of diarrhea. However, a quadratic effect on the villus width and a cubic effect on the villus height:crypt depth ratio were observed in the duodenum. Therefore, if the determined values of energy are used in the feed formulation, refined soybean oil can be replaced with semi-refined rice oil in weanling pig diets without affecting their growth performance.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar níveis de 0, 3, 6 e 9% de glicerol na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação por meio do desempenho, das características de carcaça e da qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados 64 animais da genética Topigs com peso médio inicial 33,27 ± 4,66 kg, distribuídos em 32 baias de acordo com o sexo e peso inicial, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com oito repetições (blocos) por tratamento. Em cada uma das três fases, crescimento I (33,27 a 65,00 kg), crescimento II (65,00 a 85,00 kg) e terminação (85,00 a 99,97 kg), os animais receberam rações isonutritivas e água à vontade. Ao atingirem o peso vivo médio de 99,97 ± 1,92 kg, os animais foram abatidos e as carcaças avaliadas para o rendimento de carcaça quente, comprimento de carcaça, espessura de toicinho, área de olho de lombo e calculada a relação gordura/carne. Amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi foram retiradas para medição do pH, cor e perda de água por gotejamento. A adição de glicerol proporcionou redução apenas no ganho diário de peso (P=0,04) durante as fases de crescimento I e II. De modo geral, o glicerol, um subproduto da produção de biodiesel, pode ser utilizado como ingrediente energético de rações de suínos em crescimento e terminação até o nível de 9%, sem afetar sensivelmente o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne dos animais. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of 0, 3, 6 and 9% of glycerol in growing and finishing pig diets on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Sixty-four pigs of Topigs genetic with 33.27 ± 4.66 kg initial live weight were allotted to 32 pens, according to sex and initial weight in a randomized complete block design with eight replications (blocks) per treatment. In each of three phases, growing I (33.27 to 65.00 kg), growing II (65.00 to 85.00 kg) and finishing (85.00 to 99.97 kg), diets and water were given ad libitum to animals. When pigs reached 99.97 ± 1.92 kg live weight, they were slaughtered and data of hot carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat area/loin eye area ratio were registered. Samples of Longissimus dorsi were taken to determine pH, colour and water drip loss. Added glycerol depressed average daily gain (P=0.04) only during growing I and II periods. Overall, glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, can be used as energy source of growing and finishing pig diets up to 9% without affecting performance, carcass traits and meat quality of animals.

espanolO objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de aditivos fitogenicos e butirato de sodio como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, pH do conteudo digestorio e frequencia de diarreia de leitoes recem-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados completos, com duas repeticoes no tempo e 34 dias de duracao cada, foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) dieta basal; antimicrobiano (T2) basal com 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina; fitogenico (T3) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogenicos microencapsulados; butirato de sodio (T4) dieta basal com 1500 ppm de butirato de sodio; fitogenico + butirato de sodio (T5) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogenicos + 1500 ppm de butirato de sodio. Para o desempenho e a frequencia de diarreia, foram utilizados 120 leitoes, oito repeticoes por tratamento e tres animais por unidade experimental. A digestibilidade foi determinada em 60 leitoes das quatro primeiras repeticoes, utilizando-se o metodo da coleta parcial de fezes e o oxido de cromo como marcador. Ao final do periodo experimental, um animal de cada baia, das quatro primeiros repeticoes, foi abatido para mensuracao do pH do duodeno, jejuno e ceco. Foram testados contrastes especificos de importância pratica. Embora, o desempenho dos leitoes nao tenha sido influenciado pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), o tratamento butirato de sodio (T4) apresentou os melhores resultados numericos em ambos os periodos analisados. Tambem nao houve diferenca (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a frequencia de diarreia e para o pH da digesta. Os leitoes dos tratamentos fitogenico (T3) e butirato de sodio (T4) apresentaram a media de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da energia superior (p=0,07) ao dos leitoes do tratamento fitogenico + butirato de sodio (T5). Assim, em condicoes de creche experimental, nao ficou evidenciado qualquer efeito dos aditivos fitogenicos e do butirato de sodio como promotores de crescimento de leitoes recem-desmamados alimentados com dietas complexas e altamente digestiveis. EnglishThe purpose of this work was to evaluate phytobiotic additives and sodium butirate as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters based on performance, digestibility, digesta pH and diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment, two replicates in the time, was carried out to compare five treatments: control (T1) basal diet; antimicrobial (T2) basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate; phytobiotic (T3) basal diet with 500 ppm of microencapsulated natural phytobiotics; sodium butyrate (T4) basal diet with 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate; and phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural ptytobiotics + 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate. One hundred and twenty piglets, eight replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit were used for performance data and diarrhea incidence. For digestibility assay, 60 piglets of first four replications were considered, using chromium oxide as fed marker. At the end of experimental period, an animal per pen of first four replications was slaughtered for digesta pH measurements. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. No differences were found in performance data (p>0.05), however numerically sodium butyrate (T4) showed the best results in both periods. The treatments did not show any effect (p>0.05) on diarrhea incidence and on digesta pH. Energy digestibility coefficient average of phytobiotic additives (T3) and sodium butyrate (T4) was higher (p= 0.07) than that of phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5). Therefore, in the experimental nursery condition, there was no evidence of natural phytobiotic and sodium butyrate as growth promoters of weanling pigs fed complex diet with high digestibility raised.

espanolObjetivando-se estudar os efeitos de aditivos fitogenicos e butirato de sodio como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento na morfometria e histologia intestinal de leitoes recem-desmamados aos 21 dias de idade foi realizado um experimento com 60 leitoes distribuidos em delineamento de blocos casua-lizados completos com cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) - racao basal; com antimicrobiano (T2); com aditivos fitogenicos (T3); com butirato de sodio (T4) e com aditivos fitogenicos mais butirato de sodio (T5) e quatro repeticoes com tres animais por repeticao. Os tratamentos foram comparados por contrastes entre medias. Os leitoes dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 apresentaram menor media na relacao peso:comprimento do intestino delgado (p= 0,02) do que os do tratamento controle (T1). A media dos tratamentos T3 e T4 para o peso relativo do ceco foi menor (p= 0,09) e para a densidade de vilosidades do duodeno (DV) dos leitoes foi maior (p= 0,06) em relacao aos do T5. Constatou-se ainda que as DV do duodeno dos leitoes do T3 foram maiores (p= 0,02) que as dos leitoes do T4. No jejuno, a media das DV dos leitoes dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 foi maior (p= 0,03) que a dos leitoes do tratamento T1 e os leitoes do T4 apresentaram maiores DV (p= 0,08) que os do tratamento T3. Os diferentes aditivos demonstraram eficacia na manutencao ou no aumento do numero de vilos no jejuno. Os aditivos fitogenicos e o butirato de sodio, adicionados individualmente as racoes dos animais, proporcionaram integridade morfometrica e fisiologica no intestino de leitoes desmamados aos 24 dias de idade. EnglishThe purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effects of phytobiotic additives and sodium butyrate as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters based on organs morphometry and intestinal histology for piglets weaned at 21 days old. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out, with sixty weanling pigs, to compare five treatments: control (T1) - basal diet; antimicrobial (T2); phytobiotic (T3); sodium butyrate (T4) and phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5), three animals per pen (experimental unit) and four replications per treatment. Specific contrasts were tested. Organs morphometry showed that the average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 for weight:length ratio of small intestine was lower (p= 0.02) than that of control treatment. The average of T3 and T4 treatments for caecum relative weight was lower (p= 0.09) and for DV of duodenum of weanling pigs was higher (p= 0.06) than that of the T5. Piglets of T3 showed higher DV (p= 0.02) than those of T4. Jejunum DV average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 was higher (p= 0.03) than that of T1, and piglets of T4 showed higher DV (p= 0.08) than those of T3. The additives were effectives in keeping or improving villous number of jejunum. However, phytobiotic additives and sodium butyrate added individually in animal diets provided morphological and physiological integrity in the intestine of piglets weaned at 24 days old.

espanolO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar combinacoes de acidificantes como alternativas aos anti- microbianos melhoradores do desempenho de leitoes na fase de creche. O experimento foi em blocos casualizados, com 34 dias de duracao e cinco tratamentos. Foram utilizados 160 leitoes Topigs recem-desmamados, em torno de 24 dias e peso inicial de 6,69±1,82 kg. Para o periodo de 1 a 14 dias de experimento (24 a 38 dias de idade), os tratamentos foram: Am - dieta pre-inicial com 0,004% de sulfato de colistina; A1 - pre-inicial com 0,5% do mistura 1 (contendo acido formico, 145 000 ppm; acido fosforico, 85 000 ppm); A2 - pre-inicial com 0,15% do mistura 2 (butirato de sodio, 64 000 ppm) e 0,4% do mistura 3 (acido lactico, 620000 ppm; acido formico, 40000 ppm); A3 - pre-inicial com 0,8% do mistura 4 (acido propionico, 198000 ppm; acido acetico, 196000 ppm; acido formico, 196000 ppm; acido fosforico, 21000 ppm; acido citrico, 8500 ppm); A4 - dieta basal com 0,6% do mistura 4 e 0,15% do mistura 5 (acido benzoico, 590000 ppm; acido formico, 70000 ppm; acido fosforico, 50000 ppm; acido citrico, 40000 ppm). Para o periodo de 14 a 34 dias, os tratamentos foram: Am - dieta inicial com 0,004% de sulfato de colistina; A1 - inicial com 0,3% do mistura 1; A2 - inicial com 0,1% do mistura 2 e 0,3% do mistura 3; A3 - inicial com 0,6% do mistura 4; A4 - inicial com 0,5% do mistura 4 e 0,1% do mistura 5. Foram alocados quatro leitoes por unidade experimental Na fase pre-inicial, o tratamento A2 proporcionou melhor peso aos 14 dias (P14) e ganho diario de peso (GDP) que o A3, e melhor conversao alimen- tar (CA) que o Am. Para o periodo total, o A4 determinou melhor CA que o Am. Os tratamentos nao afetaram a frequencia de diarreia e o pH estomacal. O A4 resultou em menor valor de pH cecal que o Am. Para morfologia intestinal o A2 proporcionou menores valores de profundidade de cripta (PC) do jejuno que o A3 e o Am e maior relacao altura de vilosidade:profundidade de crip- ta do jejuno que o A1 e o A3. Os acidificantes sao uma alternativa promissora aos antimicrobianos promotores do crescimento de leitoes na fase de creche. EnglishThe purpose of this work was to evaluate several acidifier blens as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out to compare five treatments using one hundred and sixty Topigs 24- d-weaned pigs, with 6.69±1.82 kg live weight. For 1-14 d experimental period (24 to 38 days old), the treatments were: Am - pre-starter diet with 0.004% of colistin sulfate; A1 - pre-starter diet with 0.5% of blend 1 (containing formic acid, 145000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 85000 ppm); A2 - pre-starter diet with 0.15% of blend 2 (butyric acid, 64000 ppm) and 0.4% of blend 3 (lactic acid, 620000 ppm; formic acid, 40 000 ppm); A3 - pre-starter diet with 0.8% of blend 4 (propionic acid, 198000 ppm; acetic acid, 196000 ppm; formic acid, 196000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 21000 ppm; citric acid, 8500 ppm); and A4 - pre-starter diet with 0.6% of blend 4 and 0.15% of blend 5 (benzoic acid, 590000 ppm; formic acid, 70000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 50000 ppm; citric acid, 40000 ppm). For 14- 34 d experimental period, the treatments were: Am - starter diet with 0.004% of colistin sulfate; A1 - starter diet with 0.3% of blend 1; A2 - starter diet with 0.1% of blend 2 and 0.3% of blend 3; A3 - starter diet with 0.6% of blend 4; and A4 - starter diet with 0.5% of blend 4 and 0.1% of blend 5. The pigs were allotted to 20 suspended pens, with four pigs per experimental unit. For 1-14 d experimental period, treatment A2 gave better body weight at 14 th day (BW14) and average daily gain (ADG) than A3, and better feed conversion (FC) than Am. For total experimental period (1-34 d), A4 gave better FC than Am. Treatments did not affect diarrhea frequency and stomach pH. Treatment A4 gave lower pH value than Am. For intestinal morphology, A2 provided smaller jejunum crypt depth (CD) than A3 and Am, and bigger ratio of jejunum villus height:crypt depth than A1 and A3. The acidifiers are a potential alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter for weanling piglets.

Com este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de níveis de nucleotídeos em dietas para leitões recém-desmamados sobre o desempenho, a morfometria de órgãos e a histologia do epitélio intestinal. Foram utilizados 144 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e com peso médio inicial de 5,80 ± 0,16 kg em um experimento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis dietas, seis repetições por dieta e quatro animais por baia (unidade experimental). As dietas foram: Am (antimicrobiano) _ dieta basal com inclusão de 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina, assim como dieta basal contendo 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 ppm de nucleotídeos. Ao final do experimento, foi abatido um animal de cada baia para coleta das amostras e avaliação da morfometria de órgãos e da histologia do epitélio intestinal. No período de 1 a 14 dias de experimentação, houve piora linear das características de desempenho e, no período total de 34 dias, redução linear do peso final dos animais com o aumento dos níveis de nucleotídeos na dieta. Os leitões alimentados com a dieta contendo colistina apresentaram maior comprimento do intestino delgado e menor relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta (AV:PC) no duodeno em comparação àqueles que receberam nucleotídeos. Foram observados, também, aumento linear no peso relativo do baço e na relação AV:PC e redução linear da profundidade de cripta no duodeno dos animais com a adição de nucleotídeos na dieta. Assim, embora não tenha promovido melhora no desempenho, a adição de até 600 ppm de nucleotídeos em dietas complexas melhora a morfometria de órgãos e a histologia do epitélio intestinal de leitões recém-desmamados.

No Brasil, as gramíneas e leguminosas forrageiras possuem grande importância, pois se constituem a base da alimentação animal. O objetivo dessa revisão foi apresentar os principais aspectos relacionados com a bioquímica da fermentação ruminal e assim como a degradação e absorção dos nutrientes dos alimentos que acontece nos ruminantes. O rúmen é responsável por 90 a 100% da digestão dos carboidratos solúveis e ácidos orgânicos, entre 60 a 90% da celulose e hemicelulose, dependendo do grau de lignificação da forragem. Dentro do rúmen, os carboidratos são fragmentados em açúcares simples (hexoses) mediante a atividade das enzimas secretadas pelas bactérias celulolíticas (celulases). No caso das proteínas são digeridas em peptídeos (moléculas menores), aminoácidos livres e amônia e a extensão dessa digestão difere grandemente de acordo com a solubilidade da proteína presente na dieta. As gorduras, ou lipídeos da dieta, formados pelos triglicerídeos são hidrolisados no rúmen a glicerol e ácidos graxos pelos microrganismos. O glicerol é fermentado principalmente a ácido propiônico, embora em estágios transitórios, ácidos succínico e lático também têm sido detectados. Os animais ruminantes suprem suas necessidades diárias de vitaminas do complexo B e K graças a síntese efetiva realizada pelas bactérias presentes no rúmen. Principalmente as vitaminas tiamina (vitamina B1), riboflavina (vitamina B2) e ácido nicotínico geralmente são maiores no conteúdo ruminal no que nos próprios alimentos consumidos pelos animais.

Previous studies reported benefits to growth performance, intestinal histology and reduced diarrhea for pigs supplemented with nucleotide additive as a replacement to antimicrobial growth promoters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nucleotide levels on performance, occurrence of diarrhea, relative weight of organs, intestinal histology, and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs. One hundred and sixty 21-d weaned pigs (6.43 ± 0.71 kg BW) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with five treatments, eight replications per treatment and four animals per pen (experimental unit). The treatments were basal diet with 120 ppm of chloro-hydroxyquinoline (antimicrobial), and basal diet with 0 (control), 100, 150, or 200 ppm of nucleotides. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F), and occurrence of diarrhea were calculated from day 1 to 14, day 14 to 34, and day 1 to 34 of the experiment. A day after the end of the experiment, one animal from each pen was slaughtered to evaluate the relative weight of organs, intestinal histology, and intestinal microbiota. From day 1-14 and day 14-34 of the experiment, performance was not affected by the treatments. For the total experimental period (day 1-34), increasing the dietary concentrations of nucleotides linearly improved the final body weight and average daily gain. Salmonella spp. was detected only in the control treatment, without affecting the other microorganisms. Pigs fed with antibiotic had a lower occurrence of diarrhea from day 1-14 compared to pigs fed with nucleotide treatments. Although increasing the occurrence of diarrhea in the first 14 days, dietary nucleotides added up to 200 ppm, improve the final body weight and average daily gain at 34 days post weaning. Nucleotides and antimicrobial not shown beneficial effects on organ weights, and intestinal histology of nursery pig, however, are able to decrease the population of Salmonella spp. at small intestine. Benefícios ao desempenho zotécnico, histologia intestinal e menor incidencia de diarreia têm sido observados em suínos suplementados com nucleotídeos como alternativa aos antibióticos melhores de desempenho. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de níveis de nucleotídeos sobre o desempenho, ocorrência de diarreia, peso relativo de órgãos, histologia e microbiota intestinal de leitões recém-desmamados. Cento e sessenta leitões desmamados aos 21 dias (6,43 ± 0,71 kg) foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, oito repetições por tratamento e quatro animais por baia (unidade experimental). Os tratamentos foram dieta basal com 120 ppm de cloro-hidroxiquinolina (antimicrobiano) e dieta basal com 0 (controle), 100, 150 ou 200 ppm de nucleotídeos. O ganho diário de peso, o consumo diário de ração, a eficiência alimentar e a ocorrência de diarreia foram calculadas nos períodos de 1 a 14, 14 a 34 e 1 a 34 dias de experimentação. Um dia após o final do período experimental, um animal de cada baia foi abatido para avaliar o peso relativo dos órgãos, a histologia e a microbiota intestinal. No período de 1-14 e 14-34 dias, o desempenho dos animais não foi afetado pelos tratamentos. No período total (1-34 dias), com o aumento dos níveis de nucleotídeos na dieta, houve melhora no peso final e no ganho diário de peso. Salmonella spp. foi detectada apenas no tratamento controle, sem afetar os demais micro-organismos. Leitões alimentados com o antimicrobiano apresentaram menor ocorrência de diarreia de 1-14 dias, comparados aos animais suplementados com nucleotídeos. Embora aumente a ocorrência de diarreia no primeiros 14 dias, a inclusão de até 200 ppm de nucleotídeos aumenta o peso final e o ganho diário de peso dos leitões aos 34 dias pós-desmame. Nucleotídeos e antibiótico não mostram efeitos no peso dos órgãos e na histologia intestinal de leitões na fase de creche, entretanto, podem diminuir a população de Salmonella spp. no intestino delgado.