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PubMed ID: 33475343 2-s2.0-85100240278 As a result of its unique location, Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa, making it an important place in terms of long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) of contaminants. Atmospheric levels of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 45 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in two metropolitan cities, Istanbul and Izmir, on a weekly basis from May 2014 to May 2015. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives were dominant OCP species, followed by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) at both sites. The annual mean concentration of ?DDX (sum of o,p?-DDT, p,p?-DDT, o,p?-DDD, p,p?-DDD, o,p?-DDE, and p,p?-DDE) was 82 pg/m3 for Istanbul and 89 pg/m3 for Izmir, while these levels were about 46 pg/m3 for ?HCHs (sum of ?-, ?-, ?-, and ?-HCH) at both of the sites. At both stations, tri- and tetra-PCBs and tetra- and penta-PBDEs were dominant congeners. The temperature dependence indicates that both LRT and local contaminated areas contribute to the elevated levels. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) showed a few potential source regions in northern Africa and Middle East, southern-southwestern and eastern Europe including Russia, as well as from local domestic metropolitan areas. © 2021 American Chemical Society. 112Y315 Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICIT We acknowledge funding from Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) for the financial support under the grant scheme of The Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (Grant No. 112Y315).

Polyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers were employed to assess air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in background, agricultural, semi-urban, urban and industrial sites in Bursa, Turkey. Samplers were deployed for approximately 2-month periods from February to December 2014 in five sampling campaign. Results showed a clear rural-agricultural-semi-urban-urban-industrial PCBs concentration gradient. Considering all sampling periods, ambient air concentrations of Σ43PCBs ranged from 9.6 to 1240 pg/m3at all sites with an average of 24.1 ± 8.2, 43.8 ± 24.4, 140 ± 190, 42.8 ± 24.6, 160 ± 280, 84.1 ± 105, 170 ± 150 and 280 ± 540 pg/m3for Mount Uludag, Uludag University Campus, Camlica, Bursa Technical University Osmangazi Campus, Hamitler, Agakoy, Kestel Organised Industrial District and Demirtas Organised Industrial District sampling sites, respectively. The ambient air PCB concentrations increased along a gradient from background to industrial areas by a factor of 1.7–11.4. 4-Cl PCBs (31.50–81.60%) was the most dominant homologue group at all sampling sites followed by 3-Cl, 7-Cl, 6-Cl and 5-Cl homologue groups. Sampling locations and potential sources grouped in principal component analysis. Results of PCA plots highlighted a large variability of the PCB mixture in air, hence possible related sources, in Bursa area. Calculated inhalation risk levels in this study indicated no serious adverse health effects. This study is one of few efforts to characterize PCB composition in ambient air seasonally and spatially for urban and industrial areas of Turkey by using passive samplers as an alternative sampling method for concurrent monitoring at multiple sites., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (21514107-221.01-8290); TUBITAK (112Y315)

Ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were collected at traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites in Bursa, Turkey, between June 2008 and June 2009. For the traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites, the average gas phase total PAH (a(12)PAH) concentrations were 113 +/- A 131, 142 +/- A 204, 53 +/- A 73, and 19 +/- A 34 ng/m(3), respectively, whereas the average particle phase total PAH concentrations were 28 +/- A 36, 56 +/- A 85, 24 +/- A 40, and 11 +/- A 23 ng/m(3), respectively. Phenanthrene and fluoranthene had the highest concentrations of all of the sampling sites in the gas phase. The PAH concentrations in the heating period were 5-7 times greater than the nonheating period concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the relationship between the levels of PAHs determined in ambient samples and their possible sources. The PCA model shows that coal combustion and vehicle emissions affected PAH emissions. Moreover, the molecular diagnostic ratios indicated that coal-burning and traffic emissions were the dominant PAH sources. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the meteorological parameters also affected the ambient PAH concentrations. The sampling site characteristics, meteorological conditions, dispersion, and local sources all affected the concentration levels.

Atmospheric concentration and deposition samples were collected between June 2008 and June 2009 in an urban sampling site Yavuzselim, Turkey. Eighty-three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were targeted in the collected samples. It was found that 90% of the total PCB concentration was in the gas phase. Deposition samples were collected by a wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS) and a bulk deposition sampler (BDS). Average total deposition fluxes measured with the BDS in dry periods was5500±2400 pg/(m2day); average dry deposition fluxes measured by the WDDS in the same period were6400±3300 pg/(m2day). The results indicated that the sampler type affected the measured flux values. Bulk deposition samples were also collected in rainy periods by using the BDS and the average flux value was8700±3100 pg/(m2day). The measured flux values were lower than the values reported for the urban and industrial areas. Dry deposition velocities for the WDDS and BDS samples were calculated0.48±0.35 cm/s and0.13±0.15 cm/s, respectively.

Regeneration studies of wastewater effluent from an organized industrial district (OID) for possible reuse in textile industry as process water was investigated. Advanced treatment methods including Fenton process, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) coagulation and ion exchange were applied on OID effluent. In Fenton process removal efficiencies for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SAC(436) (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC(525) and SAC(620) were determined 61%, 36%, 35%, 49% and 67%, respectively. After Fenton process, wastewater samples were coagulated with PAC. Optimum removal efficiencies for SS, COD, Fe ion, SAC(436), SAC(525) and SAC(620) were determined 83%, 18%, 93%, 32%, 36% and 58%, respectively. Ion exchange experiments were conducted on chemically coagulated wastewater samples to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage of resins was determined. The experiments revealed that 1:1 resin ratio (20 mL H-type resin:20 mL OH-type resin) gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that quality of the wastewater was suitable for the process water characteristics of textile industry and unit wastewater treatment cost was determined as 2.54 is an element of/m(3).

Treatment studies on the effluents originating from an organized industrial district (OID) wastewater treatment plant were investigated. Wastewater samples were taken from an OID where most of industries consist of textile producers having mainly dying and finishing processes. Chemical precipitation and ion exchange methods were applied to the samples in the lab conditions. Optimum removal efficiencies were determined based on the applications of different chemical species and pH. Ca(OH) 2 at pH 11 has provided the maximum removal efficiency in chemical precipitation experiments. In the experiments, removal efficiencies for TSS, COD, Fe, SAC 436 (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC 525 and SAC 620 were 96%, 27%, 94%, 75%, 88% and 90%, respectively. After chemical precipitation, ion exchange experiments were conducted to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage and resin type were determined. The experiments revealed that resin I gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that the quality of the treated wastewater reached the suggested process water limits of the textile industry.