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Based on the MOD09GA/MYD09GA 500-m surface reflectance, a new MODIS snow-cover-extent (SCE) product over China has been produced by the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources (NIEER), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The NIEER MODIS SCE product contains two preliminary clear-sky SCE datasets — Terra-MODIS and Aqua-MODIS SCE datasets, and a final daily cloud-gap-filled (CGF) SCE dataset. The formers are generated mainly through optimizing snow-cover discriminating rules over different land-cover types, and the latter is produced after a series of gap-filling processes such as aggregating the two preliminary datasets, reducing cloud gaps with adjacent information in space and time, and eliminating all gaps with auxiliary data. Validation against 362 China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations shows during snow seasons the overall accuracies (OA) of the three datasets are all larger than 93 %, the omission errors (OE) are all constrained within 9 %, and the commission errors (CE) are all constrained within 10 %. Biases ranging from the lowest 0.98 to the medium 1.02, to the largest 1.03 demonstrate on a whole the SCEs given by the new product are neither overestimated nor underestimated significantly. Based on the same ground reference data, we found the new product’s accuracies are clearly higher than those of standard MODIS snow products, especially for Aqua-MODIS and CGF SCE. For examples, compared with the CE of 23.78 % that the standard MYD10A1 product shows, the CE of the new Aqua-MODIS SCE dataset is 6.78 %; the OA of the new CGF SCE dataset is up to 93.15 %, versus 89.54 % of the standard MOD10A1F product and 84.36 % of the standard MYD10A1F product. Besides, as expected snow discrimination in forest areas is also improved significantly. An isolated validation at four forest CMA stations demonstrates the OA has increased by 3–10 percentage points, the OE has dropped by 1–8 percentage points, and the CE has dropped by 4–21 percentage points. Therefore, our product has virtually provided more reliable snow knowledge over China, and thereby can better serve for hydrological, climatic, environmental, and other related studies there.

A long-term Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) snow cover extent (SCE) product from 1981 until 2019 over China has been generated by the snow research team in the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources (NIEER), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The NIEER AVHRR SCE product has a spatial resolution of 5 km and a daily temporal resolution, and it is a completely gap-free product, which is produced through a series of processes such as the quality control, cloud detection, snow discrimination, and gap-filling (GF). A comprehensive validation with reference to ground snow-depth measurements during snow seasons in China revealed the overall accuracy is 87.4 %, the producer's accuracy was 81.0 %, the user's accuracy was 81.3 %, and the Cohen's kappa (CK) value was 0.717. Another validation with reference to higher-resolution snow maps derived from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images demonstrates an overall accuracy of 87.3 %, a producer's accuracy of 86.7 %, a user's accuracy of 95.7 %, and a Cohen's kappa value of 0.695. These accuracies were significantly higher than those of currently existing AVHRR products. For example, compared with the well-known JASMES AVHRR product, the overall accuracy increased approximately 15 %, the omission error dropped from 60.8 % to 19.7 %, the commission error dropped from 31.9 % to 21.3 %, and the CK value increased by more than 114 %. The new AVHRR product is already available at https://doi.org/10.11888/Snow.tpdc.271381 (Hao et al., 2021).

Mayra M F Barbosa,1,2 Alex I Kanno,1 Giovana C Barazzone,1 Dunia Rodriguez,1 Violeta Pancakova,1,3 Monalisa Trentini,1 Eliana L Faquim-Mauro,4 Amanda P Freitas,4 Mariana I Khouri,5 Jessica Lobo-Silva,5 Viviane M Goncalves,1 Rocilda P F Schenkman,1 Martha M Tanizaki,1 Diana Boraschi,6– 8 Richard Malley,9 Leonardo P Farias,5 Luciana C C Leite1 1Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, 69100, France; 4Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; 5Laboratório de Biomarcadores e Inflamação, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil; 6Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy; 7Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy; 8Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technologies (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; 9Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Luciana C C LeiteLaboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, São Paulo, 1500, SP, BrazilTel +55-11-2627-9816Email luciana.leite@butantan.gov.brPurpose: The use of adjuvants can significantly strengthen a vaccine’s efficacy. We sought to explore the immunization efficacy of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) displaying the Schistosoma mansoni antigen, SmTSP-2, through a biotin-rhizavidin coupling approach. The rationale is to exploit the nanoparticulate structure and the adjuvant properties of OMVs to induce a robust antigen-specific immune response, in light of developing new vaccines against S. mansoni.Materials and Methods: OMVs were obtained from Neisseria lactamica and conjugated with biotin. The recombinant SmTSP-2 in fusion with the biotin-binding protein rhizavidin (rRzvSmTSP-2) was produced in E. coli and coupled to biotinylated OMVs to generate an OMV complex displaying SmTSP-2 on the membrane surface (OMV:rSmTSP-2). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis were used to determine particle charge and size. The immunogenicity of the vaccine complex was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice.Results: The rRzvSmTSP-2 protein was successfully coupled to biotinylated OMVs and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. The OMV:rSmTSP-2 nanoparticles showed an average size of 200 nm, with zeta potential around – 28 mV. Mouse Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells were activated by the nanoparticles as determined by increased expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, and the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12) or IL-10. Splenocytes of mice immunized with OMV:rSmTSP-2 nanoparticles reacted to an in vitro challenge with SmTSP-2 with an increased production of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 and displayed a higher number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-2, compared to mice immunized with the antigen alone. Immunization of mice with OMV:rSmTSP-2 induced a 100-fold increase in specific anti-SmTSP-2 IgG antibody titers, as compared to the group receiving the recombinant rSmTSP-2 protein alone or even co-administered with unconjugated OMV.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the SmTSP-2 antigen coupled with OMVs is highly immunogenic in mice, supporting the potential effectiveness of this platform for improved antigen delivery in novel vaccine strategies.Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni, vaccine, TSP-2 antigen, outer membrane vesicles, OMV, biotin-avidin coupling, nanoparticle

In September 1961, the first ruby laser successfully debuted at Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), marking the beginning of laser science and technology in China [1] . It operated with unique features about one year after T. H. Maiman’s first working model in the United States, and three months after the first laser in the former Soviet Union. It was unusual for China to achieve such an accomplishment given its technically backward state in the 1950s, and one cannot help but wonder how the Chinese scientists caught up with international trends in laser research. We want to answer some important questions about this historical event and explain the birth of the first ruby laser in China by examining the archives of the developmental process and interviewing some of the key members who pioneered China’s laser research.

Most data envelopment analysis (DEA) studies on scale elasticity (SE) and returns to scale (RTS) of efficient units arise from the traditional definitions of them in economics, which is based on measuring radial changes in outputs caused by the simultaneous change in all inputs. In actual multiple inputs/outputs activities, the goals of expanding inputs are not only to obtain increases in outputs, but also to expect the proportions of such increases consistent with the management preference of decision-makers. However, the management preference is usually not radial changes in outputs. With the latter goal into consideration, this paper proposes the directional SE and RTS in a general formula for multi-output activities, and offers a DEA-based model for the formula of directional SE at any point on the DEA frontier, which is straightforward and requires no simplifying assumptions. Finally, the empirical part employs the data of 16 basic research institutions in Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) to illustrate the superiority of the proposed theories and methods.

In recent years, source appointment of soil heavy metal has attracted growing attention. However, few studies have attempted to make a comprehensive and systematical review on this topic. For this reason, a total of 1051 publications were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) database between 2000 and 2020. A scientometric analysis was carried out to reveal the characteristics of publications, research power, and research hotspots. CiteSpace was used to visualize and summarize the information about the development in this field. The results showed that (1) the number of publications in source appointment of soil heavy metal had increased rapidly; Environmental science and ecology and environmental sciences were top 2 most popular subject categories; (2) Research power was mainly distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. China and Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most productive country and institution in terms of publications in this field. Biao Huang (China) was the most productive author. However, Hakanson L (Sweden) was the most influential author in terms of citation frequency; (3) Heavy metal, source identification, and contamination were the most frequent keywords. Keyword clustering analysis showed that the research hotspots mainly concentrated on air pollution, bioremediation, spatial distribution, soil, PCA, and so on; (4) Keyword bursts analysis showed that the research frontiers mainly focused on spatial analysis of soil heavy metal and exposure risk to human health.

Five new records of the family Xanthidae are reported from China: Hypocolpus haanii Rathbun, 1909, Neoliomera variolosa (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), Leptodius australis Ward, 1936, L. davaoensis Ward, 1941, and Xanthias joanneae Mendoza, 2013. The specimens were collected from Hainan Island and deposited in the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Diagnosis based on observation, photographs, line drawings, and some taxonomic discussions are provided.

Drylands cover 41% of the Earth’s surface (6 billion ha), where approximately 2 billion people live. In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis of the evolution, collaboration, and trends of global soil science research on drylands. We have used the papers on soil science in global drylands indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) data platform in the last 50 years (1970–2019). According to our results, a total of 31,304 scientific papers on the subject were published worldwide, following an exponential growth (R2 = 0.9413) over time. USA (26.2%), China (19.3%), and Australia (9.2%) were the most productive countries, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (10.0%) and USDA (5.8%) were the institutions with the greatest contributions. Our results indicated a predominance of scientific collaboration between European countries with African and South American countries and an intense scientific collaboration between the most productive countries (USA, China, and Australia). Journal of Arid Environments had the highest number of publications on the subject (3.0%), and soil biology, especially biological crusts, is probably the main research front of soil science studies on drylands. Our results confirm the evolution of global soil science research on drylands over the past 50 years and confirm the multidisciplinary nature of this area of knowledge, with greater participation of studies focused on food production, but with a strong presence of studies related to environmental sciences, ecology, and water resources.

The central solenoid model coil (CSMC) for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is being developed in the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). The maximum magnetic field is 12 T in the bore of the Nb3Sn coils. It has a 1.5 T/s changing rate under 47.65 kA operating current. It was designed as a hybrid superconducting magnet with Nb3Sn and NbTi coils to reduce cost. The detailed structure of the CSMC has been designed, it mainly including Nb3Sn coils, NbTi coils, preload structure, coil buffer zone, joints, supports, feederthroughs, helium pipes and pipe supports. The preload structure consisting of 15 preload beams, 30 preload rods and support plates. And a 75 MN preload force will be applied on the preload structure at room temperature. This paper describes the final design of the Central Solenoid Model Coil. And the mechanical analysis results show that the final design is reasonable and feasible.

Two species of Nassarius Dumeril, 1805 from the South China Sea are described and illustrated. The specimens are in the Nassariidae collection of the Marine Biological Museum of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao. Nassarius concavus sp. nov., from the sandy bottom at a depth of 180 m, resembles Nassarius glabrus Zhang and Zhang, 2014 in general shell morphology, but differs from the latter in having a smaller, more slender adult shell without axial ribs on the upper teleoconch whorls. Nassarius nanshaensis sp. nov., from the Nansha Islands at a depth of 56–147 m, is similar to Nassarius maxiutongi Zhang, Zhang and Li, 2019 in the shell sculpture, but differs in having a more slender shell with a higher spire, and fewer cusps on the rachidian tooth (9–11 vs. 13–17).

Professor Hongye Fan 樊洪业 (1942-2020) was a distinguished historian, scholar, and editor in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing who helped lay the foundation for the historical studies ...

Jiangtao Hu is currently a postdoctoral research associate at Battery Materials & Systems Group at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). He obtained his PhD degree from Peking University, China in 2018. His research interests mainly lie in fundamental research of structure chemistry, exploring functional materials for energy storage and conversion applications. Bingbin Wu is currently a scientist at Battery Materials & Systems Group at PNNL. He received his PhD in physical chemistry from Wuhan University, China in 2013. Prior to joining PNNL, he was a senior engineer at Amperex Technology Limited where he developed high-energy-density rechargeable Li metal batteries for 3 years. His research interest is to develop high-energy-density and safe lithium batteries for energy storage applications from material and cell design point of view. Sujong Chae is currently an assistant professor at Pukyong National University (PKNU), Republic of Korea. He received his PhD from the School of Energy and Chemical Engineering at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Republic of Korea under the supervision of Professor Jaephil Cho. Then, he carried out his research as a postdoctoral research associate at PNNL. His research interests include the practical development of Si anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Joshua Lochala is currently a postdoctoral research associate at Battery Materials & Systems Group at PNNL. He received his PhD from the University of Arkansas under the supervision of Dr. Jie Xiao. His research focuses on understanding fundamentals of Li metal protection and its surface properties. He currently works on applying Li metal in high-energy pouch cells at PNNL. Yujing Bi is currently a postdoctorate research associate at Battery Materials & Systems Group at PNNL. He earned his PhD from University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017 after completing his PhD research in Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering and University of Western Ontario. Before joining PNNL, he worked as postdoctoral researcher at Utah State University to develop electrolyte and materials for multivalent ion batteries. His present research is devoted to fundamental study of battery material science and develop the battery material technologies. Jie Xiao is currently a Laboratory Fellow and Technical Group Manager of Battery Materials & System Group at PNNL. Dr. Xiao obtained her PhD in Materials Chemistry from State University of New York, Binghamton. Her research interest spans from materials synthesis, electrochemical kinetics, to battery prototyping and manufacturing for electrochemical energy storage. She has published more than 100 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and holds 17 US patents in the area of energy storage research area. Dr. Xiao has been named top 1% Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researcher since 2017.

Titanium is one of the widely used metal for orthopaedic implants. The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “Titanium-based orthopaedic implants”. All published articles related to “Titanium-based orthopaedic implants” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps. This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding “Titanium-based orthopaedic implants” and also to find out the trends related to the same. The most active journal related to this research domain was Biomaterials. The most active country was the United States of America. The leading organization engaged in research regarding Titanium Based orthopaedic implants was the Brown University of the United States of America and the Chinese Academy of Sciences of China. The most active authors who had made valuable contributions related to orthopaedic implants were Webster T.J.

Technically, the material possessing a minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm is called Nanomaterial, and cannot be seen by the naked eye. The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “Nanomaterial”[1], [2]. All published articles related to “Nanomaterial” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps.This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding the “Nanomaterial”and also to find out the trends related to the same.The most active journals in this research domain were Construction and Building Materials and Composites Science and Technology. The most active countries were China and the United States of America. The leading organizations engaged in the research regarding Nanomaterial was the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the North Eastern University of China, and the Ministry of Education of China.The most active authors who had made valuable contributions related to Nanomaterial were Wang Y. and Yang H.

Several metals are used for orthopaedic implants. The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “corrosion of orthopaedic implants”. All published articles related to “corrosion of orthopaedic implants” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps. This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding “corrosion of orthopaedic implants” and also to find out the trends related to the same. The most active journals in this research domain were Material Science and Engineering, Biomaterials and Acta Biomaterialia. The most active country was the United States of America. The leading organization engaged in research regarding corrosion of orthopaedic implants was the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. The most active authors were Zhang X., Jacobs J.J. and Zhang Y.

To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, restrictions such as “lockdowns” were conducted globally, which led to a significant reduction in fossil fuel emissions, especially in urban areas. However, CO2 concentrations in urban areas are affected by many factors, such as weather, biological sinks and background CO2 fluctuations. Thus, it is difficult to directly observe the CO2 reductions from sparse ground observations. Here, we focus on urban ground transportation emissions, which were dramatically affected by the restrictions, to determine the reduction signals. We conducted six series of on-road CO2 observations in Beijing using mobile platforms before (BC), during (DC) and after (AC) the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions. To reduce the impacts of weather conditions and background fluctuations, we analyze vehicle trips with the most similar weather conditions possible and calculated the enhancement metric, which is the difference between the on-road CO2 concentration and the “urban background” CO2 concentration measured at the tower of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results showed that the DC CO2 enhancement was decreased by 41 (±1.3) parts per million (ppm) and 26 (±6.2) ppm compared to those for the BC and AC trips, respectively. Detailed analysis showed that, during COVID-19 restrictions, there was no difference between weekdays and weekends during working hours (09:00–17:00 local standard time; LST). The enhancements during rush hours (07:00–09:00 and 17:00–20:00 LST) were almost twice those during working hours, indicating that emissions during rush hours were much higher. For DC and BC, the enhancement reductions during rush hours were much larger than those during working hours. Our findings showed a clear CO2 concentration decrease during COVID-19 restrictions, which is consistent with the CO2 emissions reductions due to the pandemic. The enhancement method used in this study is an effective method to reduce the impacts of weather and background fluctuations. Low-cost sensors, which are inexpensive and convenient, could play an important role in further on-road and other urban observations.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the current status of research output published in open access (OA) journals from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries from 2010 to 2019 and compare their performances in terms of OA research output. Design/methodology/approach Papers contributed by the researchers of BRICS countries were searched using an advanced search option in the Web of Science core collection database. The retrieved results were restricted to the “journal articles” published in the “English language” during the time period of 2010 to 2019. After that, the selected papers were again refined by using the “open access” section to identify the research output of BRICS countries published in OA journals. Findings Total 2,219,943 papers were published from BRICS countries, out of which 402,199 articles were published in OA journals and South Africa has published the highest number of research output in OA journals (31%). Although, there has been a constant increasing growth of research output published in OA journals in BRICS countries from 13,300 papers in 2010 to 82,310 articles in 2019. Engineering and Technology have published the maximum number of papers in OA journals. Researchers of BRICS countries mostly contributed their OA research output in journals published from the USA and Scientific Reports (UK) is identified as one of the leading OA journals. Additionally, among all the BRICS countries, China is found as the promising leader in terms of OA journals publications, the maximum share i.e. 71.25 per cent of total 402,199 OA journal publications have been produced by the highest number 137 (23.41%) of institutions of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) is leading institution with 39,036 papers published in OA journals. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to BRICS countries, but it offers theoretical implications for extending its scope to different countries. This study may be used for raising awareness of OA among researchers of BRICS countries and encouraging them to contribute their research work in OA journals. The findings of this study are useful and meaningful in understanding the comparative status of research across countries, disciplines, journals and institutions. Originality/value This is the first study in BRICS countries focusing on the research output published in OA journals.

This study explores the characteristics of the literature on microalgae-based wastewater treatment during the past 20 years, based on the Web of Science Core Collection database and its scientometric techniques. The results reveal that the literature on microalgae-based wastewater treatment has grown rapidly with 2621 publications and 54,388 citations in total. Most of the document types are journal articles, constituting 80.7% of the total records. China and the USA are the two most active countries, regarding the publications and cooperation in this filed from the viewpoint of the number of publishing papers, total number of citations, and the number of multinational author papers. The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the largest institutional contributor, publishing 2.3% of the papers, followed by the Indian Institute of Technology (2.2%) and Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (2.1%). The most publishing author is Ruan (35 papers) with the highest number of citation (2460 times). “Bioresource Technology” is the most publishing journal with 365 published papers, while 36.2% of the total sample is published in the subject area of “Environmental Sciences Ecology.” The most cited paper in the past 20 years is a review of the status of phosphorus removal in wastewater by de-Bashan in 2004. Bibliometric analysis has systematically combed the development system of microalgae-based wastewater treatment in the past 20 years and has a great potential to gain valuable insights for the future development, which provides a supplement to the common content analysis.

In order to clarify the research status, hot spots and development trend in the field of conversion of carbon dioxide, a large amount of literature data set in the scientific network database was analyzed by bibliometrics. Through the statistical analysis of the publication data, it is observed that China's publishing industry has entered a rapid development stage: the comprehensive strength ranks the first in the world, the volume of publications is the largest, and the influence is also greater. The most productive journal and institution are Applied Catalysis B-Environmental and Chinese Academy of Sciences. In addition, the research status and problems of the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide are briefly introduced. Finally, according to the analysis results and the existing problems, the future development of photocatalytic CO2 conversion is underway.

[Purpose / significance] This paper takes the official tweet of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as an example to explore the emotional polarity tendency of academic tweet in knowledge transfer and the relationship between these different emotional tedecies and its influential data, so as to analyze the current situation of academic public opinion, and through the analysis of the relationship between different indicators, to provide reference and suggestions for better transfer of academic knowledge. [Method / process] Based on the extended sentiment dictionary, the sentiment analysis rules are established, and the program language is used to recognize the sentiment score of comments. After getting the total score of the comments below each tweet, the relationship between the sentiment of the tweet and its corresponding influential data is identified by using the correlation analysis method. [Results / Conclusion] First of all, the comments under the tweet published by the Chinese Academy of sciences are mainly positive emotions, and the overall emotions of the tweet are also positive, but there are also some negative public opinions. Secondly, there is a moderate or above positive correlation between the overall emotion of the tweet and its influential data (number of Forwards, number of Comments, number of Likes), and the greater the number of the influential data is, the higher the emotional positivity of the original text will be. Finally, in the group of indicators of Forward--Comment, they always present a high positive correlation, while in the two groups of indicators of Forward--Like and Comment--Like, the difference in the number of samples will have a great impact on the results, and with the increase of the number of samples, the correlation is decreasing.

The authors thank the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0206700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21725103, 51702314), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA21010210), the K. C. Wong Education Foundation (GJTD-2018-09), Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project (20180101203JC), Changchun Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project (19SS010), National & local united engineering lab for power battery.

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21978281, 21975250) and the National Key R&D Program of China (SQ2017YFE9128100). The authors also thank the Independent Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization (110005R086), Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The research was also supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and Hanyang University.

A 10 kA high-temperature superconductor current lead (HTS-CL) using a double-tube stainless steel (SS) shunt has been designed, fabricated, and tested at Institute of plasma physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). The current lead consists of 80 parallel the second generation HTS coated conductor with critical current of 220 A at 77 K in self-field, a double-tube SS shunt, and Cu connectors. The 80 YBCO tapes are divided into 20 so-called panels, which are soldered into the 20 grooves on the surface of the double-tube SS shunt and Cu connectors, each panel contains four parallel YBCO tapes. A double-tube shunt consisting of two coaxial tubes is designed. A series of tests were performed to verify the feasibility of the HTS-CL. The measured joint resistance is about 0.3–0.4 μ Ω/cm2. The transport current of 10.515 kA was carried between 5 and 65 K for 1010 s with no quenching. The LOFA time of 569 s and the burnout time over 15 s meeting the design requirements.

Download : Download high-res image (171KB) Download : Download full-size image Wanghuai Xu is currently a doctoral candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the City University of Hong Kong and the Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, at University of Science and Technology of China. His research interest focuses on water-based energy harvesting, electrical phenomena at the water-solid interface and bioinspired surface engineering. Download : Download high-res image (243KB) Download : Download full-size image Zuankai Wang is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the City University of Hong Kong. He received his PhD degree in mechanical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA, in 2008, his MS degree in microelectronics from Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 2003, and BS degree in mechanical engineering from Jilin University, China, in 2000. His research mainly focuses on nature-inspired materials and devices.

Underground research laboratory (URL) plays an important role in safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). At present, the Xinchang site, located in Gansu Province of China, has been selected as the final site for China’s first URL, named Beishan URL. For this, a preliminary design of the Beishan URL has been proposed, including one spiral ramp, three shafts and two experimental levels. With advantages of fast advancing and limited disturbance to surrounding rock mass, the tunnel boring machine (TBM) method could be one of the excavation methods considered for the URL ramp. This paper introduces the feasibility study on using TBM to excavation of the Beishan URL ramp. The technical challenges for using TBM in Beishan URL are identified on the base of geological condition and specific layout of the spiral ramp. Then, the technical feasibility study on the specific issues, i.e. extremely hard rock mass, high abrasiveness, TBM operation, muck transportation, water drainage and material transportation, is investigated. This study demonstrates that TBM technology is a feasible method for the Beishan URL excavation. The results can also provide a reference for the design and construction of HLW disposal engineering in similar geological conditions. © 2020 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Welcome to the last issue of IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems (TCSS) this year. This is also the last time I am serving as the Editor-in-Chief of this great journal, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank you all for your great help and support during the last three and half years. A special thank must go to my “Executive Editorial Task Force”: Professor Yong Yuan of People’s University of China; Drs. Rui Qin, Xiao Wang, and Xueliang Zhao of The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences; and Dr. Juanjuan Li of Beijing Institute of Technology, for their hardworking and dedication within my term as EiC. We have rejuvenated TCSS in a very short period and maintained its state of healthy growth, and this is a great team I must remember and will be proud of.

The datasets for the tier-1 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) experiments from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, finite-volume version 3 (CAS FGOALS-f3-L) are described in this study. ScenarioMIP is one of the core MIP experiments in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Considering future CO2, CH4, N2O and other gases’ concentrations, as well as land use, the design of ScenarioMIP involves eight pathways, including two tiers (tier-1 and tier-2) of priority. Tier-1 includes four combined Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) with radiative forcing, i.e., SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5, in which the globally averaged radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere around the year 2100 is approximately 2.6, 4.5, 7.0 and 8.5 W m−2, respectively. This study provides an introduction to the ScenarioMIP datasets of this model, such as their storage location, sizes, variables, etc. Preliminary analysis indicates that surface air temperatures will increase by about 1.89°C, 3.07°C, 4.06°C and 5.17°C by around 2100 under these four scenarios, respectively. Meanwhile, some other key climate variables, such as sea-ice extension, precipitation, heat content, and sea level rise, also show significant long-term trends associated with the radiative forcing increases. These datasets will help us understand how the climate will change under different anthropogenic and radiative forcings.

Seven new species of the genus Ischnothyreus Simon, 1893 from the spider family Oonopidae Simon, 1890 are reported from Myanmar: I. hponkanrazi sp. nov. (♀), I. jianglangi sp. nov. (♀), I. meukyawwa sp. nov. (♂♀), I. putao sp. nov. (♀), I. qiuxing sp. nov. (♀), I. taunggyi sp. nov. (♂♀) and I. zhigangi sp. nov. (♂♀). Morphological descriptions and photographic illustrations of the new species are given. All types are preserved in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS).

Download : Download high-res image (324KB) Download : Download full-size image Yahong Zhou is an assistant Professor at TIPC. She received her bachelor’s degree from Jilin University in 2009 and PhD from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014 under the supervision of Prof. Lei Jiang. Her research interest mainly focuses on the nanoporous membrane and integrated as-prepared nanoporous membrane into energy devices. Download : Download high-res image (175KB) Download : Download full-size image Lei Jiang is a professor at the TIPC and Beihang University. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, and National Academy of Engineering, USA. He received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Jilin University and PhD from the University of Tokyo. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Akira Fujishima and then as a senior researcher in the Kanagawa Academy of Sciences and Technology with Prof. Kazuhito Hashimoto. His scientific interests focus on bio-inspired, smart, multi-scale interfacial materials with superwettability.

We use recently published redshift space distortion measurements of the cosmological growth rate, f sigma_8(z), to examine whether the linear evolution of perturbations in the R_h=ct cosmology is consistent with the observed development of large scale structure. We find that these observations favour R_h=ct over the version of LCDM optimized with the joint analysis of Planck and linear growth rate data, particularly in the redshift range 0 < z < 1, where a significant curvature in the functional form of f sigma_8(z) predicted by the standard model---but not by R_h=ct---is absent in the data. When LCDM is optimized using solely the growth rate measurements, however, the two models fit the observations equally well though, in this case, the low-redshift measurements find a lower value for the fluctuation amplitude than is expected in Planck LCDM. Our results strongly affirm the need for more precise measurements of f sigma_8(z) at all redshifts, but especially at z < 1., 26 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

A power system with chemical looping combustion (CLC) has been an effective method to realize efficient energy conversion and CO2 capture with zero energy penalty. Over the past 30 years, CLC power...

This article is a case study of Huang Pao-tung (1921–2005), who was a polymer chemist and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his wife, Feng Zhiliu (1921–2015), who was a polymer physicist. The couple studied in America and returned to China in the 1950s. Based on an analysis of first-hand data from the two scientists’ archives, diaries and memoirs, which recorded their economic lives after they returned, I found as follows: (1) their income after returning to China was about one-fifth of their income in the United States; (2) their income channel was narrow (there was no mechanism for wage increases, and their wages were unchanged for 25 years); (3) the main expenditure of their family was on food, and that proportion increased year by year; and (4) no taxes, low rents, free medical care and other benefits helped to reduce their cost of living in China. The importance of their profession as scientists and the government’s advocacy of scholars returning home brought them relatively good treatment, and their economic benefits and living standard were several times better than those of other ordinary social classes. However, this kind of preferential treatment was dependent on many other things, which caused them to lose independence and autonomy.

In this paper, the material of the genus Ampharete Malmgren, 1866 from China Seas (Annelida: Ampharetidae) deposited in the collections of the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (MBMCAS) is reviewed and previous identifications reassessed. In total, four species were found among all specimens examined. Material previously attributed to A. acutifrons (Grube, 1860) and A. arctica Malmgren, 1866 had been misidentified and is now confirmed as belonging to A. lindstroemi Hessle, 1917 and A. finmarchica (Sars, 1865), respectively; the presence of A. falcata Eliason, 1955 is also confirmed; A. orientalis (Annenkova, 1929) is recorded for the first time from China.

This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0206700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21725103, 51702314), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA21010210), the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project (20180101203JC), the K. C. Wong Education Foundation (GJTD2018-09), the Changchun Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project (19SS010) and the National & local united engineering lab for power battery. The Supercomputing USTC is acknowledged for computational support.

This paper describes the datasets from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) simulation experiments run with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model, GridPoint version 3 (CAS FGOALS-g3). FGOALS-g3 is driven by eight shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) with different sets of future emission, concentration, and land-use scenarios. All Tier 1 and 2 experiments were carried out and were initialized using historical runs. A branch run method was used for the ensemble simulations. Model outputs were three-hourly, six-hourly, daily, and/or monthly mean values for the primary variables of the four component models. An evaluation and analysis of the simulations is also presented. The present results are expected to aid research into future climate change and socio-economic development.

Regional coupled modeling is one of the frontiers of regional climate modeling, but intercomparison has not been well coordinated. In this study, a community regional climate model, WRF4, with a resolution of 15 km, was coupled with a high-resolution (0.1°) North Pacific Ocean model (LICOM_np). The performance of the regional coupled model, WRF4_LICOM, was compared to that of another regional coupled model, RegCM4_LICOM, which was a coupling of version 4 of the Regional Climate Model (RegCM4) with LICOM_np. The analysis focused on the 2005 western North Pacific summer monsoon rainfall. The results showed that the regional coupled models with either RegCM4 or WRF4 as their atmospheric model component simulated the broad features over the WNP reasonably well. Quantitative intercomparison of the regional coupled simulations exhibited different biases for different climate variables. RegCM4_LICOM exhibited smaller biases in its simulation of the averaged June–July–August SST and rainfall, while WRF4_LICOM better captured the tropical cyclone (TC) intensity, the percentage contributions of rainfall induced by TCs to the total rainfall, and the diurnal cycle of rainfall and stratiform percentages, especially over land areas. The different behaviors in rainfall simulated by the two models were partly ascribed to the behaviors in the simulated western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH). The stronger (weaker) WNPSH in WRF4_LICOM (RegCM4_LICOM) was driven by overestimated (underestimated) diabatic heating, which peaked at approximately 450 hPa over the region around the Philippines in association with different condensation-radiation processes. Coupling of WRF4 with LIOCM is a crucial step towards the development of the next generation of regional earth system models at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Every institute in the world has its own history, culture, and legacy that show its unique characters. As an oldest, largest, and one of the most advanced institute in marine sciences in China, the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS) was established by her founders in 1950 and cherished by her successors ever since. IOCAS has undertaken her own development roadmap over the last seventy years. Many people know its history, achievements, and contributions in marine sciences, but few would know the stories behind the success. This paper intends to reveal the driven factors pushing the institute forward in the past, present, and future.

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. City managers need to understand how land use and land cover (LULC) change in an urban landscape can affect future land degradation and conditions for ecosystem services (ESs) supply and demand. Optimal land use and land management requires explicit spatial mapping of ESs supply and demand under alternative land use scenarios. In this study, we applied spatially explicit models to predict changes in ESs supply and demand, and their coupling mechanisms, under one baseline scenario and three stakeholder-defined LULC change scenarios (developed, planning, policy) in Shanghai municipality, China. The results suggest that the policy scenario could significantly increase ESs supply and restore degraded urban areas, but would not guarantee that supply meets demand for four key ESs tested: water retention, particulate matter removal, carbon sequestration, and recreation. However, the policy scenario significantly reduced the shortfalls and spatial mismatches in water retention, particulate matter removal and recreation services, and also greatly restored deficit areas for all four ESs. This is valuable scientific evidence that ESs supply and demand information can be incorporated into urban land management planning in a spatially explicit manner, in order to control or prevent future potential land degradation. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41601616 and 41771571) and the Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. NIGLAS2016QY02).

Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 virus and pathological features of multiple organs in COVID-19 patients remains unclear, which interferes with the improvement of COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we summarize the pathological findings obtained from systematic autopsy (37 cases) and percutaneous multiple organ biopsy (“minimally invasive autopsy”, 54 cases). These findings should shed light on better understanding of the progression of COVID-19 infection and the means of more effective intervention.

The micro‐indentation test has been regarded as an efficient tool to obtain the elasticity modulus and hardness of the minerals in rock, which is essential for studying the deformation‐crack mechanism of the pore structure. However, researches on microscopic plastic parameters have been rarely conducted. This paper develops a novel method to determine the microscopic initial strength and residual strength of brittle sandstone. A dimensionless analysis on the micro‐indentation curve of rock is conducted to acquire its key influencing factors of the elastoplastic properties, which include the initial cohesive force and the residual cohesive force. Then, small cylindrical rock samples are prepared for micro‐CT scanning and micro‐indentation test by a conical indenter to acquire the microstructure, indentation curve, and the microscale elasticity. The pore scale indentation simulation is conducted using the reconstructed rock models with different strength. The function between the indentation curve and strength is deduced by the parametric finite element method (FEM) study. Based on this function, the microscale initial strength and residual strength of the brittle sandstone are determined. The proposed method is validated by comparing the microscale numerical simulation results of uniaxial compression on the representative volume element (RVE) model of rock with the experimental results. A reasonable deviation is observed compared with the experimental benchmark data for the stress‐strain curves, as well as Young's modulus and uniaxial compression strength, proving the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Iron-based superconductor (IBS) is expected to be the next generation high temperature superconductor with their potential good properties for the high-field application. This study focus on exploration of the characteristics of IBS coils at high field and development of the IBS coil fabrication technology. A series of diameter 35 mm IBS coils including single pancake (SPC) and double pancakes (DPC) were designed and winded with the 7-filamentary Ba 1-x K x Fe 2 As 2 (Ba122) tape which was produced by the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEE-CAS). The IBS coils were divided into 3 groups according to the different fabrication processes. The tests of the IBS coils were firstly carried out at 4.2 K and 10 T background field. The highest quench current of the coils at 10 T is 69.4 A, which is about 90% of the critical current of the short sample at 10 T. Then, two SPCs were selected and tested at 4.2 K at 24 T [1]. The highest quench current of the coils at 24 T is 25.6 A, which is about 39% of the quench current at self-field. The test results were presented and analyzed with respect to the different fabrication processes.

A central solenoid model coil (CSMC) is to verify the large-scalar superconducting coil manufacture technology for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). The CSMC composed of Nb3Sn and NbTi hybrid superconducting magnet can reach to 12 T maximum magnetic field. The main manufacturing processes of the coil are developed and verified by R&Ds and mockup coil fabrication. For now, all the five coils winding and 2/3 of terminals fabricating are finished, and the heat treatment for the Nb3Sn inner coil is completed. The turn releasing and insulation wrapping process and station for the heat treated Nb3Sn coil has been developed. The major remaining processes for the five coils are ground insulation wrapping and vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI). The mockup coil VPI will be performed firstly to validate the process. This article introduces the main manufacturing progress of the CFETR CSMC.

The University of Surrey (referred to as Surrey hereafter) is one of the renowned universities in the UK that was established on 9 September 1966 with the grant of its Royal Charter and its roots go back to Battersea Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1891. Surrey is the research hub of small satellites, mobile telecommunication and artificial intelligence in Europe. In 2016, Surrey was named as ‘University of the Year’ in the UK and, in February 2018, Surrey won the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education (Surrey's fourth award)—the highest national award for the UK universities, in recognition of the outstanding contribution of Surrey to nutrition and health. The president and vice chancellor of Surrey, Professor Max Lu, took this position in 2016 and is also the first scholar of Chinese origin to be the leader of a British university. Before he joined Surrey, he was the provost and senior vice president at the University of Queensland in Australia. Professor Lu is not only a talented leader in education field, but also a distinguished scientist in materials chemistry and nanotechnology area. He has been honored with numerous awards, including the Orica Award, RK Murphy Medal, China International Science and Technology Award and Medal of the Order of Australia, etc. He has been also appointed to the Prime Minister's Council for Science and Technology and the Board of UK Research and Innovation, etc. The rich experience and open-mindedness lead to his profound insights into higher education around the world. Lately elected as a fellow of Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) and foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Professor Lu shared his broad and deep perspectives on higher education with National Science Review during his travel in Beijing.

The plasma confinement of the International Tokamak Experimental Rector (ITER) is provided by the magnetic field generated by 18 toroidal field (TF) coils while 6 poloidal field (PF) and 6 central solenoid coils have the function to drive, shape and pre-heat the plasma. Fusion for Energy (F4E), the European Domestic Agency for ITER, is responsible for the supply of 10 TF coils and 5 PF coils to the ITER project. The ITER Organization (IO) team is instead responsible for the design of such coils as well for the coordination of the activities of the different Domestic Agencies (DAs) producing the different components, and their assembly into the Tokamak. The PF coils utilize NbTi Cable-in-Conduit-Conductor and have different diameters between 8 and 24 meters and weights of up to 400 tons. Regarding the PF coils produced by F4E, so far one has been completed by the Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) under a collaboration agreement with F4E. The other 4 PF coils are being produced at the ITER site in Saint Paul lez Durance, France, under F4E supervision. The first of these (PF5) will be completed by July 2020 while the last coil (PF3) will be ready be the end of 2023. The TF coils utilize Nb3Sn conductor and are manufactured with the “Wind, React & Transfer” method. The first TF coil is close to completion and will be delivered to the ITER site in early 2020. Subsequent TF coils will follow at a rate of about one every 3-4 months. In this article we will report on the production status of both PF and TF coils and, in particular, the different manufacturing strategies employed. The main challenges faced so far and the results obtained are also described.

From September 7 to 8, 2017, a G4-level strong geomagnetic storm occurred, which seriously impacted on the Earth’s ionosphere. In this work, the global ionospheric maps released by Chinese Academy of Sciences are used to investigate the ionospheric responses over China and its adjacent regions during the strong storm. The prominent TEC enhancements, which mainly associated with the neutral wind and eastward prompt penetration electric field, are observed at equatorial ionization anomaly crests during the main phase of the storm on 8 September 2017. Compared with those on 8 September, the TEC enhancements move to lower-latitude regions during the recovery phase on 9 September. A moderate storm occurred well before the start of the strong storm causes similar middle-latitude TEC enhancements on 7 September. However, the weak TEC depletion is observed at middle and low latitude on 9–10 September, which could be associated with the prevailing westward disturbance electric field or storm-time neural composition changes. In addition, the storm-time RMS and STD values of the ionospheric TEC grids over China increase significantly due to the major geomagnetic storm. The maximum of the RMS reaches 12.0 TECU, while the maximum of the STD reaches 8.3 TECU at ~04UT on 8 September.

Based on retrieved results of literature and patents related to international wetland ecological restoration, the current status and development of ecological restoration techniques for degraded wetlands in both China and international states were analyzed synthetically. The results showed that the United States was the pioneering country in studies on the wetland ecological restoration, while China began to pay widespread attention from 2000. Compared to the international developed countries, the start time of concern for wetland ecological restoration in China was about 10 years later. The phytoremediation and engineering restoration were the most popular among all the wetland ecological restoration techniques. Besides the United States, the number of publications increased most quickly in China since 2004. The Louisiana State University published most of the researching findings among the international institutions related to wetland ecological restoration. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was the most important institution for wetland restoration study in China. The analysis of the wetland ecological restoration practice in China and international states indicated that the study and application of combined bioremediation techniques would receive more attention for wetland ecological restoration in the future.

Since 1978, alongside China’s rise as a leading country in science, technology and innovation (STI), the studies of the country’s STI have been emerging as a field attracting increasing scholarly attention. Using the bibliometric method and the data from the Web of Science (WoS), this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive picture of the studies of China’s STI. The findings show that scholarly interests in China’s STI started in 1995 and have since developed rapidly; institutions in China, the U.S. and the U.K. are main contributors to the field, contributing 50%, 27.2% and 12% of the scholarship respectively, with Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences being three major institutional contributors. Seminal works have been focused on STI issues at the macro or national, meso or industrial and regional, and micro or organizational and firm levels. A possible agenda for further research is to develop new theories based on China’s practice paying specific attention to issues including R&D expenditure, S&T performance evaluation, regional innovation ecosystem, SOEs in innovation and the role of the Chinese Communist Party in innovation.

A heat treatment system for superconducting coil had been built at the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) for the central solenoid model coil (CSMC) for the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The CSMC is composed of Nb3Sn and NbTi hybrid superconducting coils. As Nb3Sn is a brittle material, the technology of “wind and react” has been used to manufacture Nb3Sn coil. During the heat treatment process, various measuring instruments have been used to monitor the heat treatment parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, impurity gas content). The heat treatment of the inner coil and the outer coil of CSMC has been completed. The evolution temperature and temperature uniformity meet the technical requirements of CSMC heat treatment. The performance of the witness sample meets the recommended value. The measurement results of the coil deformation meet the requirements of the Nb3Sn coil design. Here, the manufacture, measurements, and test results are presented, providing a solid basis for the heat treatment of large size superconducting coils.