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The poultry sector is considered to be one of the most industrialized sectors of livestock production. Although the livestock sector contributes the 14.5% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, less attention has been paid in the respective emissions of the poultry sector compared to other farmed animals such as ruminants. The aim of the study was to estimate the carbon footprint of the poultry sector (layers, broilers, and backyards) in the Greek territory during the last 60 years as a means of exploring further mitigation strategies. Tier 2 methodology was used to estimate GHG emissions. Different mitigation scenarios related to changes in herd population, feeds, and manure management were examined. GHG emissions showed an increased trend over time. The different scenarios explored showed moderate to high mitigating potential depending on the parameters that were changed. Changes in manure management or diet revealed to have a higher potential to eliminate GHG emissions. Changes in population numbers showed a low mitigating potential. However, if mortality could be improved within industrialized farming systems, then it could be an indirect increase in product quantities with a slight increase in emissions. Therefore, depending on national priorities, the sector could improve its environmental impact by targeting aspects related to husbandry/management practices.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the value of electrocardiography (ECG) in predicting post-operative hemodynamic improvement in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) undergoing balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA).Material and methods: A total of 32 patients were included in the study. During ECG analysis, parameters that have been suggested to be related to right ventricular hypertrophy and/or dilatation were evaluated. The sig-nificance of the change in each parameter obtained at the pre-BPA visit and at the scheduled control visit 6 months after BPA was tested. In addition to ECG analysis, data related to right heart catheterization (RHC) and echocardiography, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and World Health Organization (WHO) functional classifications of all patients were also recorded. The relationship between the amount of possible change in ECG parameters and the amount of possible change in hemodynamic parameters was investigated.Results: The Daniel score, which has been suggested to have prognostic value in acute pulmonary embolism, decreased from 8.22 +/- 5.68 to 6.56 +/- 5.55 after the BPA procedure (p: 0.035). Among all parameters studied, only T wave height (V2 t) in V2 derivation changed significantly from-0.77 +/- 2.39 to 1.27 +/- 2.58 mm (p: 0.036). The amount of change in V2 T was found to significantly correlate with the amount of change in systolic right ventricular pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and systemic vascular resistance.Conclusion: Postprocedural T wave changes in lead V2 might serve as a marker of hemodynamic improvement in patients with CTEPH who undergo BPA.

In oocyte cryopreservation programs, vitrification has overthrown conventional slow freezing both in veterinary and human medicine. In animals, its feasibility in field conditions makes it the preferred technique for the safeguard of genetic resources from zoo or wild animals, including threatened felids, for which the domestic cat is an excellent model. However, many cellular injuries, such as cytoskeleton, mitochondria and meiotic spindle alterations, DNA damage, zona pellucida hardening and cumulus cell loss, might occur following vitrification. After warming, although the exact mechanisms are still unclear, degeneration is a frequent outcome for cat vitrified oocytes. For immature (germinal vesicle) gametes, in vitro maturation after warming is a challenge, and cleavage after fertilization barely reaches 15-30%, while for mature (metaphase II) cryopreserved gametes it can get to 30-50%. Anyway, the progression to late embryos stages is often impaired, and improvements are needed. Standard cryopreservation protocol and the use of conventional in vitro culture systems after warming may not be enough for vitrified oocytes to recover and demonstrate their full developmental potential. Physical or chemical factors applied to oocytes undergoing vitrification, as an enrichment to the vitrification step, or to the culture microenvironment, could create more favorable conditions and promote vitrified oocyte survival and development. From the use of three-dimensional culture systems to the regulation of metabolic activities and cellular pathways, this review aims to explore all the possibilities employed so far, including the studies performed by our own lab, and the future perspectives, to present the most effective strategies for cat oocyte vitrification and the best time for their application (i.e., before, during, or after vitrification-warming).

Bu çalışmada, Bursa ilindeki tüketicilerin yumurta tüketim davranışlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, 2021 yılında Bursa ilinde ikamet eden vatandaşlardan basit tesadüfi örnekleme yoluyla belirlenen 460 kişi ile yüz yüze yapılan anketlerden elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Ailelerin %30’unda haftada 10-15 adet, %27’sinde 20 ve üstü adet, %25,7’sinde 15-20 âdet ve %17’isinde 5-10 adet yumurta tüketildiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada tüketicilerin %47’si orta ve %47’si de büyük yumurtaları tercih etmiştir. Tüketicilerin %55’i ambalaj şeklinin satın alma tercihlerini etkilediğini, buna karşın %45’i etkilemediğini belirtmiştir. Araştırmada, tüketicilerin %31,3’ü kahverengi kabuklu yumurtaları ve %22,6‘sı da beyaz kabuklu yumurtaları tercih ettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Buna karşın, tüketicilerin %46,1’inin satın alma tercihinde yumurta kabuk renginin etkili olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Tüketicilerin %69,6’sı yumurta sarısı renginin tercihlerinde etkili olduğunu ve %72,4’ü de koyu sarılı yumurtaları tercih ettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Tüketicilerin %57’si Covid-19 vakalarının yumurta tüketimini etkilemediğini belirtirken, %26,1’i yumurta tüketimini arttığını belirtmiştir., In this study, it is aimed to determine the egg consumption behaviors of consumers in Bursa. For this purpose, data obtained from face-to-face surveys with 460 people determined by simple random sampling from citizens residing in Bursa province in 2021 were used. It was revealed that 30% of families consume 10-15 eggs, 27% consume 20 or more eggs, 25.7% consume 15-20 eggs, and 17% consume 5-10 eggs per week. In the research, 47% of consumers preferred medium and 47% large eggs. At the same time, 55% of the consumers stated that the packaging style affects their purchasing preferences, whereas 45% stated that it did not. In the research, 31.3% of the consumers stated that they preferred brown-shelled eggs and 22.6% of them preferred white-shelled eggs. On the other hand, it was determined that the color of the eggshell was not effective in the purchasing preference of 46.1% of the consumers. Also, 69.6% of consumers stated that the color of egg yolk was effective in their preferences and 72.4% of them stated that they preferred dark yolk eggs. While 57% of consumers stated that covid-19 cases did not affect egg consumption, 26.1% stated that egg consumption increased.

In this study, the external quality characteristics of eggs belonging to Linda accidents, a poultry species, were investigated with a data mining approach. The 288 Linda goose eggs used in the study were 36 weeks old; Their width was 52.34 mm, egg length was 76.8 mm, egg weight was 120.43 g, and shape index value was 68.26. Eggs were clustered according to shape index and weight measurements using the K-means clustering algorithm, a data mining approach. Statistically significant differences were found between the clusters in width, height, shape index, and weight (p

Morphology, at both adult and larval stages is crucial for the correct identification of an insect and a better understanding of its biology and behaviour. The lack of morpho-functional information in insects is much more general in the immature stages than in adults, and major insect orders, such as Diptera are no exception. Syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) include various genera with aphidophagous larvae playing a key role in the control of pest insects in both natural and agricultural systems. The aphidophagous Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann, 1830) is a syrphid widely distributed in the Palearctic Region and it is of commercial importance as a biological control agent against aphid pests. However, little is known about the fine morphology of its immature stages because it was described in 1939, when microscopy did not allow detailed studies of certain morphological features. In this work, stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to get a deeper and more detailed picture of the immature stage morphology of this syrphid. SEM was used to examine in detail the chaetotaxy of three larval instars, the larva/puparium posterior respiratory process (PRP), and the chorionic structure of the egg. We describe for the first time the egg, first and second larval stages, and also give a complete updated description of the third-stage larva and the puparium. The three larval instars vary from each other, especially in the number of sensillae, PRP form, colour, and body size. The thickness of both the egg chorion and puparium integument were also measured. A possible interpretation of the reasons for the variability in the number of sensillae is discussed. Illustrations and full descriptions are provided for the egg, larva, and puparium of S. rueppellii, including the head skeleton of the third larval stage. This work was funded by a Predoctoral Scholarship and Mobility Ph.D. Students Grant of the University of Alicante to the first author, and to the Transform 4 Europe cooperation between the Silesia and Alicante University. Thanks to the Fauna Ibérica Project PGC2018-095851-A-C65 of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. Antonio Ricarte’s position (Ref. UATALENTO17-18) at the University of Alicante is funded by the ‘Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia del Conocimiento’. This work is part of a PhD thesis of the first author.

This review gathered information about the reproduction and production performance of indigenous, exotic chickens and hybrids in Ethiopia. The indigenous chicken egg production performance under the backyard system within the ranges of 30–80 eggs per hen annually, with an average egg weight of 38–45 g, laying 10–15.7 eggs per month. Indigenous chicken eggs had a hatchability rate of 78.6–85.8%, however more than 40% of chicks died before reaching sexual maturity. At hatch, local chickens weigh 27.1–28.8 g, whereas at maturity they weigh 1300–1600 and 987–1300 g, respectively, and indigenous male and female chickens reach sexual maturity within 23.48–26 and 20–28 weeks, respectively. Each exotic chicken produces 135–185 eggs per year in the village with a 43–52.5 g weight, but it may rise to 250 eggs with a 60 g weight in the marketable sector. Exotic chickens were low in hatchability, 39.3–76.1%. While their cross laid 33 eggs in 3.1 clutches in 31.6–38 days and their eggs weighed 40–49 g with 67.9–85.8% hatchability. Cross-breed chickens and exotics produce a weight of 27–40.1 and 35.2–38.8 g respectively.

This study was planned to bio-fortify hen eggs with natural and synthetic apo-ester and canthanxanthin and evaluate physio-chemical quality parameters. Seventy-two laying hens were allocated into two main groups for eighteen natural and synthetic carotenoids fortified different diets. They were weighed and placed into cages to feed diet fortified with apo-ester and canthanxanthin for 44 days. The results showed a significant effect of natural canthaxanthin and apo-ester on egg breadth, albumin height, yolk color, yolk diameter, yolk index, and haugh units. The effect of natural apo-ester on egg length, yolk color, yolk diameter, yolk index and haugh units is also significant. Combination of natural-canthanxanthin and apo-ester significantly affects yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, shape index, yolk index and haugh units. A significant effect of synthetic canthaxanthin on egg breadth, shell thickness, albumin height, yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, and haugh units was noted. The effect of synthetic apo-ester pigments on yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index and haugh unite were also significant. Synthetic canthanxanthin and apo-ester significantly affect shell thickness, yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, shape index, and haugh units. Thus, carotenoid feeding can significantly improve the quality parameters of eggs

Araştırma, Diyarbakır merkeze bağlı 4 ilçede (Bağlar, Kayapınar, Sur, Yenişehir) öğrenim gören 478 ilköğretim öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirildi. Her bir ilçede önceden belirlenen okullardan, ilköğretim 4., 6. ve 7. sınıf öğrencileri ile yüz yüze yapılan anketlerden sağlanan veriler kullanılarak bu çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket verileri khi kare testiyle değerlendirilmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır. Yapılan anketlerle, öğrencilerin cinsiyeti, yaşı, yaşadığı ilçe, sınıfı, kardeş sayısı, ailenin eğitim durumu ve ebeveynlerinin maddi durumları ile beslenme tercihleri, tüketilen et ve et ürünleri, süt ve süt ürünleri, yumurta tüketimleri arasındaki istatistiksel ilişki araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre, öğrencilerin cinsiyeti, yaşı, bağlı olduğu ilçe, sınıfı, kardeş sayısı, ailenin eğitim durumu ve ebeveynlerinin maddi durumu ile hayvansal proteinle beslenme tercihleri arasında istatiksel olarak farklılık olduğu saptanmıştır. This research was carried out with 478 primary and middle school students in 4 central districts (Bağlar, Kayapınar, Sur, Yenişehir) of Diyarbakır. This study was carried out using the data obtained from primary of questionnaires with 4th, 6th and 7th grade students from pre-determined schools in each district. The survey data were evaluated with the Khi square test and the results were interpreted. With the surveys, the statistical relationship between students' gender, age, district, class, number of siblings, education status of the family and the financial status of their parents and their nutritional preferences, meat and meat products consumed, milk and dairy products, egg consumption were investigated. According to the results of the research, it was found that there is a statistical relationship between the gender, age, district, class, number of siblings, education level of the family and the financial status of the parents and the preferences of animal protein.

Studying the causes of phenotypic variation, and their consequences, is fundamental to understand organismal adaptation. Phenotypic variation among individuals can occur in response to environmental signals, such as the phenotypic variation observed in the offspring as a result from the environment provided by the parents (Mousseau and Fox 1998). That is, parents can shape their offspring’s phenotype not only through the genes they pass on, but also by influencing the environment they provide (Mousseau and Fox 1998, Uller 2008, 2012). Maternal effects are now recognized to have an important effect on determining offspring phenotype (meta-analysis by Moore et al. 2019, Yin et al. 2019, Sánchez-Tójar et al. 2020). Maternal effects are widely distributed in nature, from plants to invertebrates and vertebrates, and they can exert their effects at different stages in the life-cycle. Prenatal maternal effects are particularly important because the environmental conditions provided by the mother are likely to lead to irreversible and long-lasting modifications in the developing embryo; potentially influencing offspring survival and reproductive outcome (Mousseau and Fox 1998, Groothuis et al. 2005, Marshall and Uller 2007, Uller 2008). Egg-laying species have been key models to understand the adaptive significance of maternal effects. Compared to most mammalian species, embryos develop outside the mother’s body, which narrows the time frame during which mothers can directly influence the environment they provide to their offspring. In egg-laying species, mothers can influence this prenatal environment via the deposition of compounds into the egg (e.g., McCormick 1999, Lovern and Wade 2001, Weiss et al. 2011, Valcu et al. 2019, Mentesana et al. 2019). In 1993, Hubert Schwabl reported for the first time the presence of maternal hormones in bird eggs. These findings were then extended to other egg-laying vertebrate taxa, such as fish, reptiles and amphibians, thus bringing attention to the role of egg hormones as mediators of maternal effects (e.g., review by Groothuis et al. 2005). Since then, the field has seen a surge of experimental studies showing how hormones, especially steroid hormones and particularly in the yolk, can shape offspring growth, behavior (e.g., begging, aggression, boldness, activity, food competitiveness), and physiological systems (e.g., immune system, HPA axis, oxidative condition; Lovern and Wade 2001, Groothuis et al. 2005, Gil 2008, von Engelhardt and Groothuis 2011). Yet, whether such phenotypic changes translate into fitness benefits for the mother, the father or the offspring has remained under debate (reviewed by Bebbington and Groothuis 2021), especially for free-living populations (e.g., Tschirren et al. 2014). Hence, almost 30 years after the discovery of maternal hormones in eggs it is still unclear how evolutionary relevant hormone-mediated maternal effects are. The aim of this study is to use an evidence synthesis approach to test to what extent prenatal maternal egg hormone deposition relates to fitness in free-living populations of egg-laying vertebrates. In particular, we will analyze the relationships between androgens (i.e., androstenedione, 5-α dihydrotestosterone and testosterone), estradiol, progesterone, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones (i.e., T3 and T4) present in the egg and maternal and offspring fitness proxies (Fig. 1). The relationship between egg hormones and offspring fitness has received most of the attention, while the relationship between egg hormones and maternal fitness has been less studied. Hence, we will test specific hypotheses for the former relationship (egg hormones & offspring fitness; see next section) and do an explorative analysis for the latter one (egg hormones & maternal fitness; see section 24). Lastly, the relationship between maternal egg components and paternal fitness proxies will not be considered in this study given that information on this link is remarkably lacking (reviewed by Bebbington and Groothuis 2021).

A new long-legged fly species, Chrysotus soyasp. nov. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), is described and illustrated from specimens collected in soybean fields near Brookings, South Dakota, USA. The abundance of this species in soybeans suggests it plays an important role as a beneficial predator.

This study discriminated fatty acid profile and flavor characteristics of Beijing You Chicken (BYC) as a precious local breed and Dwarf Beijing You Chicken (DBYC) eggs. Fatty acid profile and flavor characteristics were analyzed to identify differences between BYC and DBYC eggs. Four classification algorithms were used to build classification models. Arachidic acid, oleic acid (OA), eicosatrienoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), hexadecenoic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and 35 volatile compounds had significant differences in fatty acids and volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (p

Egg freshness is of great importance to daily nutrition and food consumption. In this work, visible near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy combined with the sparsity of interval partial least square regression (iPLS) were carried out to measure the egg’s freshness by semi-transmittance spectral acquisition. A fiber spectrometer with a spectral range of 550-985 nm was embedded in the developed spectral scanner, which was designed with rich light irradiation mode from another two reflective surfaces. The semi-transmittance spectra were collected from the waist of eggs and monitored every two days. Haugh unit (HU) is a key indicator of egg’s freshness, and ranged 56–91 in 14 days after delivery. The profile of spectra was analyzed the relation to the changes of egg’s freshness. A series of iPLS models were constructed on the basis of spectral intervals at different divisions of the spectral region to predict the egg’s HU, and then the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) was used to sparse the number of iPLS member models acting as a role of model selection and fusion regression. By optimization of the number of spectral intervals in the range of 1 to 40, the 26th fusion model obtained the best performance with the minimum root mean of squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 5.161, and performed the best among the general PLS model and other intervals-combined PLS models. This study provided a new, rapid, and reliable method for the non-destructive and in-site determination of egg’s freshness.

The real-time detection of the R peaks of the ECG signal is crucial to provide information on cardiac functionality, and several strategies have been presented in the past. In this work, we adapt the classical Pan and Tompkins (PT) algorithm for efficient execution on low-power microcontroller (MCU) platforms to design a full-fledged heart rate detection system. We target a commercial MCU based on ARM Cortex-M4 and an ultra-low-power solution based on the RISC-V PULP platform. Experimental results show that our approach achieves an accuracy above 99.5%, comparable to the state-of-the-art solutions, and an energy efficiency that is one order of magnitude better than other software solutions. ISSN:2367-3389 ISSN:2367-3370

Individual-based field observations of breeding snowy plovers

Comparison of 2-egg and single-egg clutches in Fulmars, to evaluate possibility that both eggs in 2-egg clutches were laid by the same female

Egg of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in an infected bile duct (Liver, light microscopy, H&E, 50x)

Field surveys at four neighbouring but discrete sites in southern France revealed the presence of five ichneumonid parasitoids of the Lathyrus-feeding sterictiphorine argid sawfly Aprosthema tardum. Four of these parasitoids, Lathrolestes erythrocephalus, Ischyrocnemis goesi (both Ctenopelmatinae), Terozoa quadridens and Thibetoides aprosthemae (both Tryphoninae), could be identified and, by also incorporating laboratory studies, the developmental biology of each was elucidated and illustrated. A little supplementary information from a site in Italy is also presented. The fifth species was detected only once and failed to develop in its cocoon; it remains unidentified but the cephalic sclerites of its final instar larva are illustrated. The identified parasitoids are all more or less rare and little-known species and prior to this study only L. erythrocephalus had a known host; the others were biologically unknown even at the generic level and not recorded from France. The egg of L. erythrocephalus bears prominent hooked structures at its capital end, not reported in other studied Lathrolestes species. From its biology as an endoparasitoid of a sawfly and from larval characters, Ischyrocnemis is confidently assigned to Ctenopelmatinae. Both ctenopelmatines could successfully parasitise the host during any of its 2nd to 5th instars, but the tryphonines were less flexible. Terozoa monitors hosts until the moult to the final instar before ovipositing on them, usually affixing the egg to the head and often an eye (stemma), while Thibetoides parasitises much younger hosts, placing its strongly anchored egg behind a thoracic leg where it remains through successive host moults. Some characters used in the past to determine Terozoa species are discussed, and a new provisional key to the known species of Terozoa is presented. The very different developmental biology of Terozoa and Thibetoides may challenge views that they are closely related genera. Terozoa bituberculata (Constantineanu, 1973), stat. rev. is raised from synonymy with T. quadridens Perkins, 1962. Reinterpretations of several cephalic structures of final instar larvae as well as larval spiracles are discussed, and a new interpretation and terminology for describing the latter is introduced.

Angarotipula is a small genus of Tipulidae with only fourteen described species in the world and seven known species in China. Here, one new species is added to the fauna of Sichuan. The life history of Angarotipula laetipennis (Alexander, 1935) is presented and the morphologies of all stages are described.

The life cycle, morphology, and bionomy of Photinus extensus Gorham, 1881, an endemic species of Mexico, are described. Redescriptions of adults (male and female) are also presented. Larvae were reared to the adult stage from eggs laid by females collected at the El Pedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve, south of Mexico City. The activity period of adults of P. extensus begins at the end of July and finishes by the end of August. Females lay between 3 and 198 eggs. Larvae hatch from the eggs after a period of 11 to 71 days, undergo 6 larval instars and a pupal stage in an annual cycle. Morphological characters of the sixth larval instar of P. extensus are compared with those of several other genera assigned to the tribe Photinini. Knowledge of the natural history of firefly larvae is relevant since most species do not feed as adults and therefore depend on resources acquired during the larval stage.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and one of the most important environmental pollutant that is derived from agricultural and industrial sources. Boron (B) is a metalloid that has beneficial physiological effects on the metabolism of animals and humans. This research is aimed at investigating the effect of calcium tetraborate (CaB4O7) on the ovalbumin levels of quail’s egg and some egg quality traits in laying quails exposed to Cd. For this purpose, one hundred twenty Japanese quail 6-week-old were randomly divided into 4 groups (5 replicates each). During the 8 weeks, quails were fed a basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with Cd (100 mg of CdCl2), CaB4O7(300 mg of CaB4O7), and Cd + CaB4O7(100 mg of CdCl2and 300 mg of CaB4O7). A total of 160 eggs including 40 eggs from each group were collected for assessment of the quality of the egg and the ovalbumin level of the eggs. Compared with the Cd group, supplementation of Cd + CaB4O7increased the egg weight (P < 0.01). Results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation with Cd or CaB4O7was not affected significantly albumen pH, yolk ratio, and yolk color (P > 0.05). Regarding the egg quality, the significant effect of Cd or CaB4O7(P < 0.01) was found in shape index, yolk weight, albumen weight, and yolk pH. The dietary combination of Cd and CaB4O7led to the greatest increases in albumen ratio (P < 0.01). The Cd group had the highest ovalbumin level, while CaB4O7and Cd + CaB4O7groups had the same ovalbumin level. The findings of this study revealed that provided new insight into the toxicity of the Cd on ovalbumin level and some egg quality traits and CaB4O7could be used as a potential strategy to ameliorate Cd toxicity.&nbsp

Boron (B) is a trace element that plays an important role in the mineral, cell membrane, hormone, and enzyme metabolism of animals and humans. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dietary calcium tetraborate (CaB4O7) supplementation on the mineral composition of egg content and eggshell of laying quails. For this purpose, a total of 20 male and 40 female quails, 6-week-old, were equally divided into 2 groups (control and additive groups) in 5 replicates (6 birds/replicate) and given CaB4O7300 mg/kg feed in additive group. The experiment was conducted for 56 days. The eggs were collected and the mineral composition [B, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)] of egg content and eggshell samples were determined at the end of the experiment in randomly collected 6 eggs per group. Results of this study indicated dietary supplementation of CaB4O7increased Mg (P4O7could improve Ca metabolism, producing eggs enriched in minerals, promoting B, Mg, Na, Fe, K, Cu, and Zn deposition in eggshells, and improving eggshells quality. The effective B supplementation doses for functional egg production could be determined and B could be advantageous in terms of beneficial physiological effects.&nbsp

[EN] This study aimed to in vitro assess the impact of the cooking process of eggs (hard-boiled, poached, and omelet) on nutrients digestibility and vitamins A and D3 bioaccessibility under elderly gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. Three elderly digestion models were mimicked: oral (E1); oral and gastric (E2); and oral, gastric, and intestinal (E3), and a healthy adult model (C). Proteolysis extent reduced after digestion of omelet under the E3 model (p < 0.05) (up to 37% of reduction). Thus, hard-boiled and poached were more recommendable to enhance protein digestibility in elders. Altered GI conditions negatively influence neither the absorbable lipid fraction nor the cholesterol stability. Finally, vitamin A bioaccessibility was not affected but D3 slightly decreased with the elderly (E3). Hence, the digestion of nutrients was dependent on the resulting matrix, poached being the greater supplier of protein and lipid end-digestion products. Poached and omelet, however, offer a high net supply of bioaccessible vitamin D3 for elders., This study was performed with financial support by Generalitat Valenciana (AICO/2018/289). Also, E.H.-O. is a beneficiary of a predoctoral grant (no. 306682) from the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT).

Because it is an important pest of rice, Abidama liuensis Metcalf is well documented in terms of its bioecology and control. However, there are few studies on the biology of this pest. In this study, a technique was developed for rearing this insect under laboratory conditions (26 ± 2°C; 75 ± 3% RH; and 12L : 12D photoperiod) and its immature stages are described. Egg development is divided into four stages, of which S1 took the longest time (accounting for 11.70% of total developmental time); 90% of the eggs that completed S2, hatched. Nymphal instars can be distinguished by body size, colour and other morphological features. Total developmental period of immature stages was approximately 50 d, with the averages of the five stadia 5.18, 4.33, 5.28, 10.41 and 8.5 days, respectively. Using this rearing technique, it is possible to rear A. liuensis throughout the year, which will facilitate further ecological, behavioural and molecular studies and the development of ways of controlling this insect in the field.

Aquafaba (AQF) has the unique ability to foam like egg whites and is a waste product of cooked chickpea that is not currently utilized by the food industry. Thus, the goal of this research was to concentrate the solids by reverse osmosis (cAQF) followed by drying. Dried AQF was prepared by cooking chickpea in excess water. After removal of the chickpea, the liquid AQF was subjected to reverse osmosis followed by freeze, tray, or spray drying. The resulting AQF products were incorporated into standard cake mix and sugar cookie formulas. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of cakes made with eggs were significantly higher compared to the cakes made with AQF. Spread factor was significantly greater for cookies made with AQF compared to eggs while hardness was significantly lower in cookies with AQF. Higher flavor and overall acceptability scores were observed in cookies made with AQF compared to cookies made with egg. However, sensory characteristics were generally not different among cakes. In general, cAQF and spray-dried AQF tended to produce cakes and cookies with the best quality and sensory characteristic. This research supports the use of RO and drying methods in producing AQF ingredients for baking applications.

Milk can be divided into A1 and A2 types according to β-casein variants, and there is a debate about whether A1 milk consumption exacerbates gut environments. This study examined the cecum microbiota and fermentation in mice fed A1 casein, A2 casein, mixed casein (commercial casein), soy protein isolate, and egg white. The cecum acetic acid concentration was higher, and the relative abundances of Muribaculaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae were greater in mice fed A1 versus A2 casein. The other parameters of cecum fermentation and microbiota composition were similar among the mice fed A1, A2, and mixed caseins. The differences were more distinctive among the three caseins, soy, and egg feedings. Chao 1 and Shannon indices of the cecum microbiota were lowered in egg white-fed mice, and the microbiota of mice fed milk, soy, and egg proteins were separately grouped by principal coordinate analysis. Mice fed the three caseins were characterized by a high abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Clostridiaceae, those fed soy were characterized by Corynebacteriaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Ruminococcaceae, and those fed egg white were characterized by Eggerthellaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae. Thus, although several differences can arise between A1 and A2 caseins in terms of their modulatory effects on gut environments, the differences between milk, soy, and egg proteins can be more distinctive and are worth further consideration.

The article considers the methods, procedures and results of experimental studies of the main egg quality indicators. The offered express methods and the automated installation provide definition of the weight, the form and density of egg. Based on the results of experimental studies of egg parameters, the express method of determining the volume of the egg through the area of the longitudinal section and the small diameter of the egg is substantiated. The express method for density determination by direct mass measurement and volume calculation gives minimal absolute error and provides a six time increase in performance, compared to the direct method.

The paper presents the results of a research in the use of flaxseed (LO) and rapeseed oil (RO) in a combination with fish oil (FO) in the feeding of laying hens and the effect on the fatty acid profile of egg yolks (∑n-3 PUFA and ∑n-6/∑n-3 PUFA ratio). Nutritional treatments were as follows: C1, C2 = control (5% soybean oil SO), E1 = 1.5% LO+3.5% FO, E2 = 3.5% LO+1.5% FO, E3 = 1.5% RO+3.5% FO, E4 = 3.5% RO+1.5% FO. Feed mixtures for the laying hens were balanced on the basis of a 17% crude protein and 11.5 MJ/kg ME, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the mixtures was as follows: C1 13.64, C2 13.10, E1 2.63, E2 1.53, E3 4.84 and E4 6.21. The combination of the flaxseed oil and fish oil in the feed affected the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, making it narrower when compared to the combination of rapeseed oil and the fish oil. The control feed C1 and C2 contained only ALA 3.12 and 4.08%, being without the EPA and DHA fatty acids. The analysis of the fatty acid profiles in egg yolks demonstrated that the eggs contained 1.16 and 1.26% of DHA in addition to ALA, which means that, although in the small amounts, the DHA was synthesized and deposited in the eggs by the laying hens. The following proportions of n-3 PUFAs were found in the eggs of the experimental groups: E1 6.51%, E2 8.30%, E3 5.17%, and E4 3.54%. The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in egg yolks decreased from 9.67 and 11.85 (control groups) to 3.08 and 2.57, respectively, for the flaxseed and fish oil treatments and 4.25 and 6.95 for the rapeseed and fish oil treatment. The studies have demonstrated a more efficient deposition of the n-3 PUFAs in the yolks of the E1 and E2 groups, although the ALA was most abundantly present in the total n-3 PUFAs., U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja uporabe lanenoga sjemena (LO) i sjemena uljane repice (RO) u kombinaciji s ribljim uljem (FO) u hranidbi nesilica te utjecaj na profil masnih kiselina žumanjaka (∑n-6 PUFA i ∑n-6 PUFA/∑n-3 PUFA). Hranidbeni tretmani bili su sljedeći: C1, C2 = kontrola (5% sojinoga ulja SO), E1 = 1,5% LO + 3,5% FO, E2 = 3,5% LO + 1,5% FO, E3 = 1,5% RO + 3,5% FO, E4 = 3,5% RO + 1,5% FO. Krmne smjese za nesilice bile su izbalansirane na bazi 17% sirovih bjelančevina i 11,5 MJ/kg ME, a omjer n-6/n-3 PUFA u smjesama bio je sljedeći: C1 13,64; C2 13,10; E1 2,63; E2 1,53; E3 4,84 i E4 6,21. Kombinacija lanenoga ulja i ribljeg ulja u hrani utjecala je na omjer n-6/n-3 PUFA, što ga čini užim u usporedbi s kombinacijom repičina i ribljeg ulja. Kontrolne smjese C1 i C2 sadržavale su samo ALA 3,12 i 4,08%, bez EPA i DHA masnih kiselina. Analiza profila masnih kiselina u žumanjcima pokazala je da jaja, uz ALA, sadrže 1,16 i 1,26% DHA, što znači da se, iako u malim količinama, DHA sintetizirala i odlagala u jajima nesilice. U jajima pokusnih skupina utvrđeni su sljedeći udjeli n-3 PUFA: E1 6,51%, E2 8,30%, E3 5,17% i E4 3,54%. Omjer n-6/n-3 PUFA u žumanjcima smanjen je s 9,67 i 11,85 (kontrolne skupine) na 3,08, odnosno na 2,57 kod tretmana s lanenim sjemenom i ribljim uljem, to jest na 4,25 i 6,95 kod tretmana s repičinim i ribljim uljem. Istraživanja su pokazala učinkovitije taloženje n-3 PUFA u žumanjcima E1 i E2 skupina, iako je ALA bila najzastupljenija u ukupnim n-3 PUFA.

Food allergy (FA) impacts 1 in 13 children with a rising prevalence. It impairs family quality of life. Annually, $10 billion is spent on hospitalizations, outpatient, and ER visits. A systematic review of the literature demonstrates a striking reduction in peanut and egg allergy when infants are fed these foods early and often. Currently, poor implementation of early introduction (EI) guidelines exists. Guided by the Iowa Model, the purpose of this evidence-based practice DNP pilot is to integrate a recent update to EI guidelines into the infant well-child check (WCC) workflow at a general pediatric clinic with the primary aim to increase infant consumption of cooked egg and peanut. A multi-pronged approach which includes staff education; an educational patient handout; and an EMR template for 4, 6, and 9-month WCCs were found to be effective at achieving benchmark goals. Families with older children with FA and those who live far away from emergency services will likely need additional support with EI. Additionally, more dietary options for infant safe forms of cooked or baked egg are needed for younger infants. Looking into the future, the IMPACT trial has shown that some infants and toddlers will obtain remission of peanut allergy following early OIT and EI may be an important tool for earlier detection and treatment of FA.

The aim of this work was to develop a quick and cheap method for fraud detection in egg labels according to the four legal farming method of the EU. The plasma obtained from egg centrifugation was investigated for this purpose. Initial protein content in egg, plasma protein content, plasma colour parameters (L*, a* and b*) and plasma UV–VIS-NIR (Ultraviolet–Visible-Near-infrared) spectra were evaluated. The classification algorithms applied were SVM (Support-Vector-Machine), LDA (Linear-Discriminant-Analysis) and QDA (Quadratic-Discriminant-Analysis). The analysis of the protein content did not detect differences. Colour parameters and spectral measurements showed significant differences between eggs. Spectra analysis with QDA gave sensitivity of 100% in the calibration set. The validation set scored 87.5% sensitivity and 94.07% specificity using the visible spectra. This work established plasma spectral measurements combined with classification algorithms as a powerful tool to discriminate the four farming systems. This work presents a fast tool for the egg label control SI

A Quick Response Code (QR Code) aims to provide accurate and traceable information to consumers wanting to verify the quality of agri-food products. This study aimed to investigate the experiences and intentions of scanning QR Code in traditional markets and supermarkets. Furthermore, the types of egg information in the QR Code were explored to identify consumer interests when purchasing eggs. The empirical data were collected from 1112 valid responses throughout Taiwan from July to September, 2020. The Logit, Probit models, and the Bivariate Probit model were used to examine the data. Results showed that shoppers’ propensity to scan QR Code revealed a significant difference between traditional markets and supermarkets, i.e., supermarket shoppers having higher a propensity to scan a QR Code. Of the 10 types of potential egg information in the QR Code, over half of respondents said that the production certificate label and inspection information were the top reasons that they would be interested in scanning a QR Code. This was particularly the case for homemakers aged between 51 and 60 years old and those who had scanned QR Code before and would like to pursue more egg information. Since the egg producers have resisted joining the traceability system, the implication of this study provides very practical strategies for government, policy makers, and producers in Taiwan.

Introduction: Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is effective at inducing desensitization in food-allergic individuals, and is a valid therapeutic option for those allergic to peanut, cow’s milk and egg. However, there is a high rate of dose-related adverse events, and at least one fatality to OIT has been reported. Areas covered: We provide an update on the broader framework of issues which will impact on the availability and uptake of OIT. Expert opinion: The need for standardized products remains controversial. A licensed product exists for peanut-OIT, but OIT can also be safely achieved using peanut-containing foods at much lower cost. For other allergens, OIT can only be done with non-pharma products – something which has been done safely for over 2 decades. There is a need to develop personalized protocols for OIT, particularly for the 20% of patients unable to tolerate standard OIT. Cost-effectiveness is dependent on improved quality of life, but evidence for this is currently lacking, and is a key evidence gap. OIT is likely to be cost-effective, particularly if noncommercial products are used. There may be a trade-off: in patients with lower reaction thresholds, a commercial product may be needed for initial updosing, until a level of desensitization is achieved when they can be switched to natural food products.

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Effective interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and likely require multiple strategies. Egg-extracted antibody therapies are a low-cost and scalable strategy to protect at-risk individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Commercial laying hens were hyperimmunized against the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein using three different S1 recombinant proteins and three different doses. Sera and egg yolk were collected at three and six weeks after the second immunization for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plaque-reduction neutralization assay to determine antigen-specific antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers, respectively. In this study we demonstrate that hens hyperimmunized against the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 and receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins produced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We further demonstrate that antibody production was dependent on the dose and type of antigen administered. Our data suggests that antibodies purified from the egg yolk of hyperimmunized hens can be used as immunoprophylaxis in humans at risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Aedes koreicus is an invasive alien mosquito species native to Asia now introduced in several European countries, including northern Italy. In this temperate region, mosquito populations survive cold winter temperatures thanks to diapausing eggs or adults, depending on the species. In its native area, Ae. koreicus was reported to overwinter in the egg stage, but to the best of our knowledge, it is not confirmed whether overwintering eggs are actually diapausing or only in a quiescence stage, i.e., they might hatch as soon as external conditions are favorable. Based on previous laboratory studies, we established a diapausing Ae. koreicus colony, maintained at 21 °C with a photoperiod of 12L:12D. Females were allowed to lay eggs, which were consequently placed in water at different time intervals after oviposition, from 30 days to 5 months. We found that diapausing eggs younger than 3 months have a poor hatching rate, while after about 100 days we observed that almost all eggs hatched. Our findings highlight that water immersion alone did not lead to the hatching of eggs, as age was found to be a significantly important factor. We thus confirm effective diapause, occurring at the egg stage, for Ae. koreicus in a recently invaded area. Moreover, our quantification of diapause duration and hatching success might help in better designing future experiments and improving modeling efforts. Graphical Abstract

The food industry represents a vast environmental burden to our planet. Most animal products are known to have greater environmental impacts than alternative plant-based sources of nutrition. One of the most consumed animal products are eggs, represented in most dietary habits both as a primary ingredient and processed. In the European Union (EU), eggs for consumption can be produced in four different laying systems: enriched cages, barns, free-range, and organic. In past years, discussions about the ethical perspective have been ongoing among the wider public, industry and academia. However, the essential comparison of environmental impacts of the laying systems has been missing in our region. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an excellent tool for comparing environmental impacts of various scenarios. Therefore, we performed a LCA of several egg-producing subjects in the Czech Republic, representative of all four laying systems. In addition, these regulated laying systems were compared to a community garden system. Our results suggest feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed composition, and manure management to be the most important factors influencing the total environmental impacts of eggs. Moreover, environmental benefits linked to outdoor access or using organic feed over conventional were observed in our study. ispartof: Agriculture-Basel vol:12 issue:3 status: Published online

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Salmonella spp. in egg and egg products and to determine antibiotic resistance profiles and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 samples including 100 eggs (35 village eggs, 35 conventional eggs and 30 organic eggs) and 100 egg products (30 egg powders, 70 pasteurized liquid eggs) were collected from Samsun, Turkey. Eggshell and egg contents samples were processed separately by pooling three eggs together. The isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. was done according to the method proposed by ISO 6579. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp. isolates to various antibiotics and MIC values was performed by VITEK 2 compact system using VITEK 2 AST-GN38 cards. Results: Salmonella spp. were found in two of 100 (2%) eggs (organic egg contents) and one of 100 (1%) egg products (pasteurized liquid egg). A total of 11 isolates were confirmed by PCR techniques as Salmonella spp. with the presence of oriC gene. The highest resistance was against amikacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, cephalexin (100%), followed by nitrofurantoin (81.8%), tetracycline (63.6%), ampicillin (54.5%), piperacillin (54.5%), cefpodoxime (54.5%), and imipenem (9.09%). However, there was no resistance to amoxicillin, marbofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The results showed that 11/11 (100%) of Salmonella spp. from three sample showed multi-drug resistance against three or more antibiotic agents. Conclusion: It is recommended to implement good hygiene practices, good production practices and pasteurization techniques to minimize the risk of Salmonellosis due to the consumption of eggs and egg products., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yumurta ve yumurta ürünlerinde Salmonella spp varlığını belirlemek ve elde edilen izolatların antibiyotik direnç profilleri ve minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) değerlerini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 100 yumurta (35 köy yumurtası, 35 konvansiyonel yumurta ve 30 organik yumurta) ve 100 yumurta ürünü (30 yumurta tozu, 70 pastörize sıvı yumurta) olmak üzere toplam 200 numune Samsun, Türkiye’den toplandı. Yumurta kabuğu ve yumurta içi örnekleri üç yumurta bir araya getirilecek ayrı ayrı analiz edidi. Salmonella spp. izolasyon ve identifikasyonu ISO 6579 tarafından önerilen yönteme göre yapıldı. Elde edilen Salmonella spp. izolatlarının çeşitli antibiyotiklere karşı antimikrobiyal duyarlılığı ve MİK değerleri VITEK 2 AST-GN38 kartları kullanılarak VITEK 2 kompakt sistemi ile gerçekleştirildi. Bulgular: İncelenen 100 yumurtanın (organik yumurta içi) ikisinde (%2) ve 100 yumurta ürününün (pastörize likit yumurta) birinde (%1) Salmonella spp. pozitif bulundu. Toplam 11 izolat oriC geninin varlığı yönünden PCR tekniğiyle Salmonella spp. olarak doğrulandı. Antibiyotik direnç testleri sonucunda en yüksek direnç amikasin, enrofloksasin, gentamisin, tobramisin, sefaleksine (%100), ardından nitrofurantoin (%81,8), tetrasiklin (%63.6), ampisilin (%54,5), piperasilin (%54,5), sefpodoksim (%54,5), ve imipeneme (%9,09) karşı bulundu. Bununla birlikte amoksisilin, marbofloksasin ve trimetoprim/ sülfametoksazole karşı direnç tespit edilemedi. Sonuçta üç numuneden elde edilen 11 Salmonella spp. izolatının 11’inin (11/11, %100) üç veya daha fazla antimikrobiyal ajana karşı çoklu direnç gösterdiği görüldü. Öneri: Yumurta ve yumurta ürünlerinin tüketimine bağlı Salmonelloz riskini en aza indirmek için iyi hijyen uygulamaları, iyi üretim uygulamaları ve pastörizasyon tekniklerinin uygulanması önerilmektedir

The purpose of this study was to investigate selected indicators of the table eggs in small-scale breedings, focusing mainly on the eggshell and its contamination and damage. Our object of study was eggs, shell, damage, and contamination of table eggs. Four small-scale breedings were randomly selected in Slovakia. These breeds were alternatively with an outdoor free-range. Laying hens Dominant was bred under conditions small-scale breeds No.1, No. 2 and No. 3 in the 1st laying cycle, and No. 4 in the 2nd laying cycle. Egg weight was balanced in three small-scale breedings. Egg weight was significantly higher in the fourth small-scale breeding, statistically significant (p

Eristalinus punctulatus (Macquart, 1847) is a hoverfly (Syrphidae) that is native to Australia. Eristalinus belongs within tribe Eristalini, which is well known for its pollination efficiency. Although there is not much information available about this species, the abundance and floral constancy of this group of flies make E. punctulatus an appropriate candidate for use as pollinating agent. However, like most other eristalines, there is a lack of information regarding basic aspects of its biological cycle, as well as the morphology of the preimaginal stages. In this paper, the morphology of the egg, the first and third larval instars and the puparium of E. punctulatus are described for the first time. A description of the head skeleton is also given to improve understanding of the larval feeding habits of this species. Additionally, a diagnostic key of the third larval instar is provided together with an update of the pupal stage key, including all the Eristalinus species whose preimaginal morphology has already been described. The most noteworthy morphological features of the larva of E. punctulatus are the presence of lappets, the proportions of the anterior spiracles and the number and size of the facets. This manuscript was written as part of a PhD project conducted by Andrés Campoy Pomares at the University of Alicante (Spain). The funds were provided by the Spanish Ministry of Universities (MIU) as part of the FPU grant (FPU16‐01985).

In total, 378 Shaver White layers were allocated into 7 treatments with 6 replicates, from 30 to 42 wk of age, to assess the effects dietary organic (ethylenediamine dihydroiodide [EDDI]) versus inorganic (calcium iodate [CIOD]) iodine in laying hens. A basal diet served as control while the remaining six diets were supplemented with either CIOD (CIOD2, CIOD4, and CIOD8) or EDDI (EDDI2, EDDI4, and EDDI8) to provide 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg of added iodine/kg of diet, respectively. Performance and egg quality were not affected by adding 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg of iodine to the diets. However, a progressive decline in egg performance and feed intake occurred with EDDI8 and CIOD8 diets. The EDDI8 diet also increased abnormal eggs in parallel with decreasing the eggshell strength and Haugh unit and disturbing the serum and egg yolk lipids. This trend was connected with increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which led to oxidative stress in serum and egg contents. The iodine levels of eggshell and egg contents were increased by dietary iodine in a dose and time-dependent manner, while the effect of EDDI was higher than CIOD at all levels. To summary, supplementation of diets with 2 or 4 mg/kg of iodine as CIOD and specifically EDDI increased the iodine content of eggs without adverse effect on hen performance and egg quality traits. However, considering the time-dependent nature of this increase, a 12-wk period of supplementation might be not sufficient to achieve a specified level of iodine in the eggs.Highlights Diet supplementation with 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg of iodine as CIOD and EDDI increased iodine content of eggs. The highest level of iodine, especially as EDDI, diminished egg performance and egg quality connected with an increase in serum T3 and T4, which led to oxidative stress. A 12-wk period of supplementation appears to be not sufficient to achieve a specified level of iodine in the egg.

The present study was focused on the design and implementation of an experimental recognition system for dirty chicken eggshell by using an image analysis technique. Image analysis based observation and evaluation techniques can be used efficiently and effectively for agricultural product quality control. Dirt stains on eggs are the result of mainly by feces (black to light brown stains), uric acid (white stains), yolk, and blood. The experimental system was used to obtain dark level images of dirty stains of chicken eggs owing to feces. For this aim, the dirty chicken eggs which have dirty parts were put under a webcam, and dirtiness degree was evaluated by using developed image analysis software at the LabVIEW platform. For the experiment, 100 clean and 100 dirty eggs were used to accurate the determination of dark stains. The results of the research showed that the designed experimental system pointed an accuracy of 99.8% at painted grade eggs. On the other hand, the accuracy of the differentiation of the dirt stains by feces was 98.5%. The developed system can be upgraded for developing egg sorting machines by presence-absence of dirty stains in eggshell.

Objective Food allergy encompasses a range of food hypersensitivities. Different clinical phenotypes for food allergy likely exist in much the same way as endotype discovery is now a major research theme in asthma. We discuss the emerging evidence for different reaction phenotypes (ie, symptoms experienced after allergen exposure in food allergic individuals) and their relevance for clinical practice. Data Sources Published and unpublished literature relating to reaction phenotypes in food allergy. Study Selections Authors assessment of the available data. Results Food anaphylaxis may be pathophysiologically different than anaphylaxis caused by nonfood triggers. Currently, there are no robust, clinically useful predictors of severity in food allergy. It is likely that patient-specific reaction phenotypes exist in food allergy, which may affect the risk of severe anaphylaxis. Allergen immunotherapy may modulate these phenotypes. Conclusion Data are emerging to confirm our clinical experience that many food allergic patients experience stereotypical symptoms after allergen exposure, both in the community and at supervised oral food challenge, in a manner that varies among patients. Integrating data sets from different cohorts and applying unbiased machine-based learning analyses may demonstrate specific food allergy endotypes in a similar way to asthma. Whether this results in improvements in patient management (eg, through facilitating risk stratification or affecting the decision to prescribe an epinephrine autoinjector and, perhaps, the number of devices) remains to be determined, but given our current inability to predict which patients are most at risk of severe food allergic reactions, this will clearly be an important area of research in the future.

Background: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is commonly treated with chest tube insertion, which requires hospitalization. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy, costs, and benefits of a portable small-bore chest tube (Thoracic Egg; Sumitomo Bakelite Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) compared with a conventional chest tube.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all primary spontaneous pneumothorax patients who underwent treatment at Gangnam Severance Hospital between August 2014 and May 2018.Results: A total of 279 patients were divided into 2 groups: the conventional group (n=236) and the Thoracic Egg group (n=43). Of the 236 patients in the conventional group, 100 were excluded because they underwent surgery during the study period. The efficacy and cost were compared between the 2 groups. There was no statistically significant differ-ence between the groups regarding recurrence (conventional group, 36 patients [26.5%]; Thoracic Egg group, 15 patients [29.4%]; p=0.287). However, the Egg group had statistically significantly lower mean medical expenses than the conventional group (433,413 Korean won and 522,146 Korean won, respectively; p

This study aimed to investigate early life of Coreoperca herzi living in Han River and compare morphological differences between different groups during the development in order to provide basic data for relevant taxonomic research. On average, one female individual spawned 541 to 861 eggs (average 701) at once. After 259 hours, the tail broke out of the egg membrane and hatching began. Immediately after hatching, the larvae were average 7.81±0.10 mm (n=5) in total length. 60 days the juvenile was average 35.9±1.30 mm (n=5) in total length. The white spots spread to the rest of the body, rending the same pattern as that on the body of their broodstock fish.

This study was focused on the comparison of the brown and white eggs from two laying hybrids. The objective was to assess basic quality traits of eggs from both groups of hens and compare them. The impact of how age influences the technological value of eggs was also observed. The most important correlations were calculated. Products of Czech original genetic programmes, Dominant Brown D 102 and Dominant Leghorn D 229 hens were included. A total of 1500 eggs were analysed. The egg collection was made for three consecutive days when the hens were at the 28, 35 and 59 weeks of age. The results showed that eggshell weight, yolk weight and yolk share increased with the age, while egg shape index, yolk index and albumen share decreased in both hybrids. Eggshell weight and share fluctuated with the age in both hybrids. Other traits differed within the hybrids. Interactions between age and hybrid were non-significant (P > 0.05) only in eggshell and yolk weight. The heaviest eggs were from 59-week-old Dominant Brown D 102 hens (68.89 g) and the lightest eggs were from 28-week-old Dominant Leghorn D 229 hens (57.76 g). Highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive correlations were found between egg weight and all individual egg components weights and between eggshell weight and yolk and albumen weight and eggshell thickness in both laying hybrids.

Objective An experiment was conducted to investigate the response of laying hens fed corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) that are naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Methods One hundred and sixty 52-week-old Lohmann Brown Lite hens were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were formulated to provide a range of corn DDGS contaminated with DON from 0% to 20% (i.e., 5% scale of increment). All laying hens were subjected to the same management practices in a controlled environment. Body weight, feed intake and egg production were measured biweekly for the entire 8-week experiment. The egg quality was measured biweekly for 8 weeks. On weeks 4 and 8, visceral organ weights, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology, and blood cytokine concentrations were measured. Results The inclusion of corn DDGS contaminated with DON in the diet did not alter (p> 0.05) the body weight, feed intake, hen-day egg production, egg mass and feed efficiency of the laying hens. No difference was found (p>0.05) in the egg quality of hens that were fed the dietary treatments. Furthermore, hens that were fed a diet containing corn DDGS contaminated with DON showed no change (p>0.05) in the visceral organ weights, the blood metabolites, and the cytokine concentrations. The crypt depth increased (p

The objective of this study was to determine and compare egg quality from two genotypes of brown egg-laying hens in the second half of laying cycle (from 46 to 74 weeks of age). Commercial hybrids Hisex Brown and Lohmann Brown Classic were used in this study. Both genotypes were kept in enriched cages. 1920 eggs were evaluated. The significant effect of genotype was found in all evaluated traits except for the eggshell proportion and reflectivity. Results show that eggs from Lohmann Brown Classic hens had a superior quality in majority of the evaluated traits. Higher values were observed in main egg quality traits, such as egg weight (by 1.45 g, P≤0.0001), eggshell strength (by 2.48 N*cm-2, P≤0.0005) and Haugh units (by 3.27, P≤0.0001). The significant effect of age was determined in all selected egg quality traits. The egg weight increased with the age, meanwhile other traits such as egg shape, albumen and yolk index, Haugh units and eggshell strength decreased. The trend of the rest of evaluated traits was ambiguous. Furthermore, the interactions between genotype and age were determined. Regarding the extension of laying cycle, further research is required, because the egg quality rapidly decreases with the age.

Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are primarily used as flame retardant additives in insulating materials. These lipophilic compounds can bioaccumulate in animal tissues, leading to human exposure via food ingestion. Although their concentration in food is not yet regulated, several of these products are recognised as persistent organic pollutants; they are thought to act as endocrine disruptors. The present study aimed to characterise the occurrence of two families of BFRs (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)) in hen eggs and broiler or pig meat in relation to their rearing environments. Epidemiological studies were carried out on 60 hen egg farms (34 without an open-air range, 26 free-range), 57 broiler farms (27 without an open-air range, 30 free-range) and 42 pig farms without an open-air range in France from 2013 to 2015. For each farm, composite samples from either 12 eggs, five broiler pectoral muscles or three pig tenderloins were obtained. Eight PBDE congeners and three HBCDD stereoisomers were quantified in product fat using gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry, or high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The frequencies of PBDE detection were 28% for eggs (median concentration 0.278 ng/g fat), 72% for broiler muscle (0.392 ng/g fat) and 49% for pig muscle (0.403 ng/g fat). At least one HBCDD stereoisomer was detected in 17% of eggs (0.526 ng/g fat), 46% of broiler muscle (0.799 ng/g fat) and 36% of pig muscle (0.616 ng/g fat). Results were similar in concentration to those obtained in French surveillance surveys from 2012 to 2016. Nevertheless, the contamination of free-range eggs and broilers was found to be more frequent than that of conventional ones, suggesting that access to an open-air range could be an additional source of exposure to BFRs for animals. However, the concentration of BFRs in all products remained generally very low. No direct relationship could be established between the occurrence of BFRs in eggs and meat and the characteristics of farm buildings (age, building materials). The potential presence of BFRs in insulating materials is not likely to constitute a significant source of animal exposure as long as the animals do not have direct access to these materials.

Obesity is associated with immune dysfunction including an impaired T-cell function characterized by a lower IL-2 (proliferation marker) production after stimulation. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), a form of choline mostly found in eggs, has been shown to beneficially modulate T-cell responses during the lactation period by increasing the production of IL-2. To determine the impact of egg-PC as part of a high-fat diet on immune function we randomly fed male Wistar rats one of three diets containing the same amount of total choline but differing in the form of choline: 1—Control low fat [CLF, 10% wt/wt fat, 100% free choline (FC)]; 2— Control high-fat (CHF, 25% wt/wt fat, 100% FC); 3— PC high-fat (PCHF, 25% wt/wt, 100% PC). After 9 weeks of feeding, rats were euthanized. Cell phenotypes and ex vivo cytokine production by splenocytes stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin (PMA+I), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed (PWM) were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Rats fed the PCHF diet had a lower proportion of CD3+ cells when compared to both the CLF and the CHF. Following PMA+I stimulation, splenocytes from the CHF group produced less IL-2 and TNF-α compared to CLF and PCHF groups. No significant differences in cytokine production were found among groups after LPS and PWM stimulation. Our results show that feeding a high-fat diet impairs T-cell responses, as measured by ex vivo cytokine production, which can be attenuated by providing egg-PC.