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Background: Mediterranean diet (Med-D) has been previously suggested for athletes, but Paralympics usually have a low intake of plant foods. Orthorexia nervosa (ON) can drive dietary intake of both athletes and gym attendees. Objective: We aimed to compare dietary intakes and food habits of elite wheelchair basketball athletes (WBA) and able-bodied individuals who practice or not sport activity and with different fat mass percentage (FM%). Methods: We recruited 15 WBA from the Italian National team and 3 control groups (15 each group): healthy individuals who do not practice any sport activity (NSA) and gym attendees with low (GAL, FM%18) FM%. Food consumption was monitored by 3-d diary, while Med-D scores and ON score were evaluated through standardized questionnaires. In WBA we also assessed Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction (NBD), GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), allergy questionnaire for athletes (AQUA) and Starvation Symptoms Inventory (SSI). Results: In WBA, ON correlated with GERD and SSI. WBA and GAH with eating behavior of ON had higher adherence to Med-D, whereas NSA had less adherence to Med-D. Sub-score including fruits, vegetables and legumes, was higher in the GAL and GAH groups compared to the WBA and NSA groups. Med-D was inversely related to animal protein intake (PRO-AN) in NSA and GAL. FM% was inversely related to PRO-AN in WBA and GAH, and to ON only in GAH. In WBA PRO-AN and vegetable protein intake correlated with both carbohydrate and energy intakes. Conclusions: In WBA, commitment to wellness (ON and Med-D adherence) could be a response to gastrointestinal and starvation symptoms. WBA should be involved in setting their own individualized dietary strategies.

International audience; Amino acids are involved in energy homeostasis, just as are carbohydrates and lipids. Therefore, mechanisms controlling protein intake should operate independently and in combination with systems controlling overall energy intake to coordinate appropriate metabolic and behavioural responses. The objective of this study was to quantify the respective roles of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels on energy balance, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations, and hypothalamic neurotransmitters (POMC, NPY, AgRP and CART). In a simplified geometric framework, 7-week-old male Wistar rats were fed 12 diets containing 3 to 30% protein for 3 weeks, in which carbohydrates accounted for 30 to 75% of the carbohydrate and fat part of the diet. As a result of this study, most of the studied parameters (body composition, energy expenditure, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations and Pomc/Agrp ratio) responded mainly to the protein content and to a lesser extent to the carbohydrate content in the diet.

Effects of isocaloric (sweetness differences but constant calories) preloads and isosweet (caloric differences but constant sweetness) preloads, as well as preloads that were neither isosweet nor isocaloric (sweetness and caloric differences) on subsequent ad libitum meal and total (preload + ad libitum) energy intakes were investigated. Thirty-five crossover studies were eligible for inclusion, representing 116 comparisons (41, isocaloric; 41, isosweet; and 34, neither isosweet nor isocaloric). References of existing reviews and literature from 4 databases were searched. The calculated raw mean differences in ad libitum and total energy intakes were pooled in meta-analyses using a random-effects model and the inverse of the variance as the weighting factor. Energy intakes at an ad libitum meal were significantly lower for low-/no-calorie sweetener (LNCS)–sweetened compared with unsweetened preloads in the isocaloric comparison (−55.5 kcal; 95% CI: −82.9, −28.0 kcal; P

International audience; Rationale: Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) treatment for end-stage kidney disease affords patients a degree of autonomy in everyday life. Clinical investigations of their energy expenditure (EE) are usually based on resting EE, which could mask day and night variations in EE. The aim of this study, therefore, was to compare the components of EE in APD patients and healthy control (C) subjects.& nbsp; Material and method: Patients treated with APD for more than 3 months were compared with C volunteers matched for age and lean body mass (LBM). Biochemical analyses were performed and body composition was determined by DEXA to adjust EE to LBM. Total EE, its different components and respiratory quotients (RQ) were measured by a gas exchange method in calorimetric chambers. Spontaneous total and activity-related EE (AEE) were also measured in free-living conditions over 4 days by a calibrated accelerometer and a heart rate monitor.& nbsp; Results: APD (n = 7) and C (n = 7) patients did not differ in age and body composition. REE did not differ between the two groups. However, prandial increase in EE adjusted for dietary energy intake was higher in APD patients (+57.5 +/- 12.71 kcal/h) than in C subjects (+33.8 +/- 10.5 kcal/h, p = 0.003) and nocturnal decrease in EE tended to be lower in APD patients undergoing dialysis sessions (- 4.53 +/- 8.37 kcal/h) than in subjects (- 11.8 +/- 7.69 kcal/h, p = 0.059). Resting RQ (0.91 +/- 0.09 vs 0.81 +/- 0.04, p = 0.032) and nocturnal RQ (0.91 +/- 0.09 vs 0.81 +/- 0.04, p = 0.032) were significantly higher in APD patients, indicating a preferential use of glucose substrate potentially absorbed across the peritoneum. AEE was lower in APD patients (595.9 +/- 383.2 kcal/d) than in C subjects (1205.2 +/- 370.5 kcal/d, p = 0.011). In contrast, energy intakes were not significantly different (1986 +/- 465 vs 2083 +/- 377 kcal/d, p = 0.677).& nbsp; Conclusion: Although the two groups had identical resting EE, APD patients had a higher prandial increase in EE, a lower activity-related EE and higher resting and nocturnal RQ than healthy subjects. (C)& nbsp;2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism

BACKGROUND The impact of suboptimal intakes on neurodevelopment of very low-birth-weight (VLBW

This paper represents the third in the series of designed to explore the scope and contributions of computerized diets to the overall improvements in the technical and economic efficiency in the pig industry. The present paper attempts to establish the functional relationships between the principal nutrient components (Protein and energy) of weaners’ diets on weight gain, feed utilization and carcass quality. The established functional relationship was used as a basis for incorporating animal performance into feed formulation activities while using linear programming techniques to derive expansion path diets. Cumulative feed intake was positively related to liveweight gain in weaner pigs. While protein and energy intakes are significant explanatory variable, they explained only 37 and 36 percent, respectively, of the total variations in liveweight gain. No significant relationship was found between carcass quality and protein and energy intake levels for pigs of the weight range studied. While it was clearly demonstrated that the formulation of expansion path diets using liner programming techniques could be used for selecting cost diets to achieve different weekly liveweight gains, its practical application must await result of animal feeding trials designed to test the performance of the derived expansion path diets

The acceptability and efficacy of. combinations of cowpea husk (CH) and maize milling waste (MMW) as feed for the goat were tested. The experiment, in a 4x4 Latin square design involved digestion trials with 4 West African dwarf grower goats weighing 8.2 to 9.6 kg. and about 4 months old. There were 3 experimental diets made up of CH and MMW in 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 ratio of mixture. The control diet was 60 percent chopped Pennisetum purpureum plus 40 percent concentrate ration. The animals were fed at 5 percent of body weight. All trials lasted 80 days. Parameters for assessment were dry matter intake, protein and energy intakes and utilization. Feed intake values (%of body weight) in all experiemental diets were higher than 3 percent and increased with increasing levels of cowpea husk, Only the intake of 4.38% of body weight from 75:25 CH-MMW supported weight gain. Increases in MMW in the experimental diets resulted in significant (P

In primate-non-primate commensalism, food is often the benefit. Here we report commensalism between the Endangered blonde capuchins (Sapajus flavius) and the newly discovered red-back agoutis (Dasyprocta iacki). We conducted the study in an Atlantic forest fragment in Northeast Brazil between September 2017 and August 2018. In three of those months, we observed 15 events of commensalism where the agoutis were feeding on leftover palm fruits from the blonde capuchins. We suspect that the red-back agoutis in the study area could be consuming more palm oil fruits when compared to agoutis inhabiting areas without the blonde capuchins. Comparison of the diet of agouti populations in such areas may help to test such a hypothesis. Also, due to the potential influence of the observer’s presence on the behaviour of the animals, further studies comparing sites through camera trapping may be another effective approach to test the hypothesis. Blonde capuchin food calls and the noises of fruits falling during the feeding bouts may serve as clues to attract the agoutis to consume the leftover palm fruits. Future studies using playback (or sound trapping associated with camera trapping) would be needed to confirm whether red-back agoutis are eavesdropping on blonde capuchins feeding noises to optimise their food and energy intakes.

The role of socio-economic status (SES) on the misreporting of food and energy intakes is not well understood with disagreement in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between low energy reporting, dietary quality and SES in a representative sample of adults. Dietary data were collected using 2 d of 24-h recalls for 6114 adults aged 19 years and over, participating in the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–2012. Low energy reporters (LER) and plausible reporters (PR) were identified. Discretionary food intake was used as a proxy indicator of diet quality. SES was determined using area-level SES and educational attainment. Regression analysis was applied to examine the effects of LER and SES on diet quality, adjusting for potential confounders. LER was more common in populations of lower SES than higher SES (area-level OR 1·46 (95 % CI 1·06, 2·00); education OR 1·64 (95 % CI 1·28, 2·09). LER and SES were independently associated with diet quality, with LER reporting lower percentage energy from discretionary foods compared with PR (27·4 v. 34·2, P < 0·001), and those of lower area-level SES and education reporting lower diet quality compared with those of higher SES (33·7 v. 31·2, P < 0·001; and 33·5 v. 29·6, P < 0·001, respectively). No interaction effect was found between LER and SES, indicating percentage energy in discretionary foods was not differentially misreported across the SES areas (0·3078) or education (P = 0·7078). In conclusion, LER and higher SES were associated with better diet quality.

Background/aims The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two 30-minute dietary education sessions, within cardiac rehabilitation, as a means to optimise nutrient and energy intakes. A secondary aim was to evaluate patients' habitual physical activity levels. Methods Thirty patients (males: n=24, 61.8±11.2 years; females: n=6, 66.7±8.5 years) attended a 6-week early outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programme in the UK and received two 30-minute dietary education sessions emphasising Mediterranean diet principles. Energy intakes and nutrient intakes were measured through completion of 3-day food diaries in weeks one and six (before and after the dietary education sessions) to assess the impact of these sessions on nutrient intakes. At the same time-points, a sub-group (n=13) of patients had their physical activity levels assessed via accelerometery to assess the impact of the cardiac rehabilitation programme on physical activity. Results Estimated energy requirements at week one (1988±366 kcal d−1) were not matched by actual energy intakes (1785±561 kcal d−1) (P=0.047, d=−0.36). Energy intakes reduced to 1655±470 kcal d−1 at week six (P=0.66, d=−0.33) whereas estimated energy requirements increased as a function of increased activity (cardiac rehabilitation sessions). Nutrient intakes remained suboptimal, while no significant increases were observed in healthy fats and fibre, which are core elements of a Mediterranean diet. Statistically significant increases were not observed in physical activity; however, patients decreased sedentary time by 11±12% in week six compared with week one (P=0.009; d=−0.54). Conclusions The present study findings suggest that two 30-minute dietary education sessions did not positively influence energy intakes and nutrient intakes, while habitual physical activity levels were not significantly increased as a result of the cardiac rehabilitation programme. Future research should explore means of optimising nutrition and habitual physical activity within UK cardiac rehabilitation.

SUMMARY: An experiment was done using 160 Hi-sex Brown laying hens to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary faba bean (FB) with or without enzyme cocktail supplements on productive performance, egg quality, and blood metabolites. The experimental diets composed of 5 levels of FB at 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, or 100% instead of soybean meal and 2 levels of enzyme cocktail (Gallazyme) 0 or 250 mg/kg diet. Feed, protein, and metabolizable energy intakes were significantly decreased with the increasing FB in laying hen diets (P < 0.001). The highest values of egg laying rate, egg output, and feed efficiency were observed by 25% FB, and the lowest with 75 and 100% FB (P < 0.001). No significant variation was reported in hen performance with or without enzyme cocktail except the egg weight was affected by the interaction effect (P < 0.05). Egg solids, total protein, total lipid, crude ash, and organic matter were affected by dietary FB inclusion (P < 0.05). Serum albumin (P < 0.035) and ammonia (P < 0.01) were affected by dietary FB, whereas blood proteins, calcium, and phosphorus were not (P < 0.05). Blood ammonia was numerically decreased by 22.22% with enzyme supplementation. Triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol were affected by dietary FB, whereas total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not (P < 0.05). In conclusion, FB can be added to the laying hen diets at less than of 50% instead of soybean meal, supplemented with Gallazyme in order to improve performance traits.

Background Snacking recommendations do not exist, yet snacks contribute substantially to daily energy intakes. While dietary intakes of adults in the United States vary by race/ethnicity, little is known about their snacking patterns. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of snacks stratified by race/ethnicity in adults who participated in the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Method Dietary data from 18,679 adults older than 19 years were assessed to examine differences in intakes from snacking occasions by self-identified race/ethnicity. Mean intakes were estimated for total snacking occasions, percentage of day, nutrient density per 100 kcals, and the average snack. Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) scores were computed for intakes from total day, snack only, and meals only. Analysis of covariance assessed differences between racial/ethnic groups. US Department of Agriculture food categories determined sources of snack foods. Data were weighted to create a nationally representative sample. Results Asians consumed the least amount of daily energy in the form of snacks, while Blacks and Whites consumed the most. Mean intakes of saturated fats and added sugars consumed during snacking occasions were significantly lowest in Asians, and highest in Blacks and Whites. While total and percentage of daily intakes of sodium were lowest in Asians during snacking occasions, they had significantly lowest meal-only HEI sodium subscore, indicating higher sodium consumption of sodium during mealtimes. Conclusions Diet quality of snacks varies significantly by race/ethnicity. These data support the need for development of snacking recommendations with culturally appropriate dietary interventions.

Objective:To examine the relationship between the dietary quality of Canadian children and adults and household food insecurity status.Design:Dietary intake was assessed with one 24-h recall. Households were classified as food secure or marginally, moderately or severely food insecure based on their responses to the Household Food Security Survey Module. We applied multivariable analyses of variance to determine whether % energy from ultra-processed foods, fruit and vegetable intake, Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores, macronutrient composition and micronutrient intakes per 1000 kcal differed by food insecurity status after accounting for income, education and region. Analyses were run separately for children 1–8 years and 9–18 years and men and women 19–64 years of age.Setting:Ten provinces in Canada.Participants:Respondents to the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition, aged 1–64 years, with complete food insecurity data and non-zero energy intakes, N 15 909.Results:Among adults and children, % energy from ultra-processed foods was strongly related to severity of food insecurity, but no significant trend was observed for fruit and vegetable intake or HEI score. Carbohydrate, total sugar, fat and saturated fat intake/1000 kcal did not differ by food insecurity status, but there was a significant negative trend in protein/1000 kcal among older children, a positive trend in Na/1000 kcal among younger children and inverse associations between food insecurity severity and several micronutrients/1000 kcal among adults and older children.Conclusions:With more severe household food insecurity, ultra-processed food consumption was higher, and diet quality was generally lower among both adults and children.

Background Participation in exercise, and dietary and nutritional intakes have an impact on the risk and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), but these effects may differ according to whether a person lives alone or in a multi-person household. We analyzed differences in physical activity (PA) levels and energy intake according to household-type and MetS presence among young adults, to investigate the relationships among these factors. Methods Data of 3974 young adults (aged > 19 years and Results Logistic regression data showed that low PA levels and higher energy intake were associated with MetS incidence and its components in young adults, after adjusting for body mass index, smoking, household-type, and sex. Overall, there was no significant difference in PA level between the MetS and non-MetS group. The total energy intake was higher in the MetS than in the non-MetS group (p p p Conclusions We found significant association among low PA levels, high energy intake, and MetS components in young Korean adults, but with patterns differing according to household type. Energy intake was higher in young adults with than those without MetS, who lived in multi-person households, while young adults with MetS who lived alone had lower PA levels and lower energy intake than those without MetS. These findings highlight the need for different approaches of implementing PA and nutrition strategies according to the type of household in order to prevent MetS.

Hot oil–based frying is a popular cooking method that makes food more appealing in texture and aromatic, thus improving palatability. Fried foods are considered unhealthy because frying may increase the energy density of foods and therefore energy intakes as well as deteriorate oils through the process of oxidation and hydrogenation, leading to a loss of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids but increase in trans fatty acids, oil degradation, and advanced glycation end products (1,2). In epidemiological studies, high intakes of fried foods have been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes including type 2 diabetes (T2D), although the results are not entirely consistent (3–6). The conflicting findings are partly due to the diverse types of oil used in frying foods. For instance, null associations between fried foods and T2D risk were reported in populations with fried foods prepared using mainly olive oil, which is more resistant to oxidation than other common oils used for frying such as corn oil (4). In addition, the varying compositions of the foods being fried and frying conditions (temperature, duration) may also trigger the heterogeneous results. An extra layer of complexity in the inconsistent observations is introduced by various confounding factors such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and lipidemia, which are correlated with both fried food consumption and T2D risk (1,7). The causality of fried foods in glucose dysregulation and the development of T2D could only be detected in investigations in which the cofounding was rigorously controlled, such as randomized clinical trials. In addition, the potential mechanisms underlying the observed adverse associations between fried foods …

Background: French (2014) and American (2017) pediatric guidelines recommend starting enteral nutrition (EN) early in pediatric intensive care. The aims of this study were to compare the applicability of the guidelines in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to identify risk factors of non-application of the guidelines.Methods: This retrospective, single-center study was conducted in a medical–surgical PICU between 2014 and 2016. All patients from 1 month to 18 years old with a length of stay >48 h and an exclusive EN at least 1 day during the PICU stay were included. The outcome variable was application of the 2014 and 2017 guidelines, defined by energy intakes ≥90% of the recommended intake at least 1 day as defined by both guidelines. The risk factors of non-application were studied comparing “optimal EN” vs. “non-optimal EN” groups for both guidelines.Results: In total, 416 children were included (mortality rate, 8%). Malnutrition occurred in 36% of cases. The mean energy intake was 34 ± 30.3 kcal kg−1 day−1. The 2014 and 2017 guidelines were applied in 183 (44%) and 296 (71%) patients, respectively (p < 0.05). Following the 2017 guidelines, enteral energy intakes were considered as “satisfactory enteral intake” for 335 patients (81%). Hemodynamic failure was a risk factor of the non-application of both guidelines.Conclusion: In our PICU, the received energy intake approached the level of intake recommended by the American 2017 guidelines, which used the predictive Schofield equations and seem more useful and applicable than the higher recommendations of the 2014 guidelines. Multicenter studies to validate the pediatric guidelines seem necessary.

There are two proven dietary approaches to shift type 2 diabetes (T2D) into remission: low energy diets (LED) and low carbohydrate diets (LCD). These approaches differ in their rationale and application yet both involve carbohydrate restriction, either as an explicit goal or as a consequence of reducing overall energy intake. The aims of this systematic review were to identify, characterise and compare existing clinical trials that utilised ‘low carbohydrate’ interventions with differing energy intakes. Electronic databases CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched to identify controlled clinical trials in adults with T2D involving low carbohydrate intake (defined as ad libitum) energy intakes produced clinically significant weight loss and reduction in HbA1c at study end-points. Trials that restricted energy intake were not superior to those that allowed ad libitum low carbohydrate feeding at 12 and 24 months. An association was observed across studies between average weight loss and reduction in HbA1c, which strengthened with trial length, indicating that sustained weight loss is key to T2D remission. Further research is needed to specifically ascertain the weight-independent effects of carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in T2D.Graphical abstract

Introduction: Under-reporting of energy intake is a common cause of bias in nutritional studies. This study was aimed at examining the extent of underreporting of energy intake and its related characteristics among respondents in the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 and MANS 2014. Methods: The present study analysed energy intakes of 9,624 adults aged 18-59 years from the MANS in year 2014 (2,890 respondents) and 2003 (6,734 respondents) using a single 24-hour diet recall. Basal metabolic rates (BMR) were calculated from the age- and gender-specific equations of Schofield. Under-reporting was defined as an energy intake:BMR ratio of

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the nutritional knowledge levels and nutritional status of the sports trainers and individuals doing nine-round fitness sports, and compare the relationship between two groups. One hundred individuals doing sports and 10 trainers were included in the study. A questionnaire about general demographic information, anthropometric measurements, nutritional habits and sporting status were applied to the participants. In addition, 1-day retrospective food consumption record was taken to evaluate the intake levels of macro and micronutrients, and The Basic Nutrition Knowledge Level for Adults (YETBID) Scale was applied to measure the nutritional knowledge of the participants. The mean energy (kcal), protein (g), fat (g) and carbohydrate (g) intakes were found to be 1930±832,6, 117,8±61,3, 88±34,5, 159±111,1 for trainers and 1465±533, 81,8±33,9, 66,6±26,4, 128±76,9 for individuals doing sports, respectively. A significant difference was found between two groups in terms of energy intakes (p=0,042) whereas, no significant difference was found between the levels of macro nutrient intakes between trainers and individuals doing sports (p>0.05). According to the YETBID scores, it was found that the total score of individuals doing sports was significantly higher than trainers’ (p=0.037). It was concluded that the level of nutritional knowledge of sports trainers and individuals doing sports did not affect the nutritional status. Furthermore, dietitians should be present at sport centers and nutrition trainings should be arranged in order to prevent improper nutrition practices.

Maintaining muscle mass and function during rehabilitation from anterior cruciate ligament injury is complicated by the challenge of accurately prescribing daily energy intakes aligned to energy expenditure. Accordingly, we present a 38-week case study characterizing whole body and regional rates of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy (as inferred by assessments of fat-free mass from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in a professional male soccer player from the English Premier League. In addition, in Week 6, we also quantified energy intake (via the remote food photographic method) and energy expenditure using the doubly labeled water method. Mean daily energy intake (CHO: 1.9–3.2, protein: 1.7–3.3, and fat: 1.4–2.7 g/kg) and energy expenditure were 2,765 ± 474 and 3,178 kcal/day, respectively. In accordance with an apparent energy deficit, total body mass decreased by 1.9 kg during Weeks 1–6 where fat-free mass loss in the injured and noninjured limb was 0.9 and 0.6 kg, respectively, yet, trunk fat-free mass increased by 0.7 kg. In Weeks 7–28, the athlete was advised to increase daily CHO intake (4–6 g/kg) to facilitate an increased daily energy intake. Throughout this period, total body mass increased by 3.6 kg (attributable to a 2.9 and 0.7 kg increase in fat free and fat mass, respectively). Our data suggest it may be advantageous to avoid excessive reductions in energy intake during the initial 6–8 weeks post anterior cruciate ligament surgery so as to limit muscle atrophy.

Objective:To identify differences in dietary quality, dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and food consumption over 20 years in a Dutch cohort.Design:Participants (n 8932) filled out an FFQ in 1993–1997 and in 2015. The Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) score, GHG emissions and consumption of food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) were compared between the time points with paired t tests.Setting:The Netherlands.Participants:European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition – Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort, aged 18–65 years at baseline.Results:Total energy intake decreased by –678 (95 % CI –4908, 3377) kJ/d (–162 (95 % CI –1173, 807) kcal/d) for men and –372 (95 % CI –3820, 3130) kJ/d (–89 (95 % CI –913, 748) kcal/d) for women. DHD15-index scores increased by 11 % (from 64·8 to 71·9 points) and 13 % (from 65·2 to 73·6 points) in men and women, respectively (P 2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P 2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P = 0·3930) due to the increased consumption of (shell)fish, nuts/seeds/nut paste, poultry and higher GHG-intensive red meats such as beef.Conclusions:This Dutch cohort analyses showed more healthy diets without mitigated GHG emissions over a 20-year period, at similar energy intakes. Higher consumption of (shell)fish and poultry was not yet at the expense of red and processed meat. Lower consumption of animal-based foods is needed to achieve healthier as well as environmentally friendly diets.

© 2019 American Society for Nutrition. All rights reserved. The use of dietary supplements (DS) is pervasive and can provide substantial amounts of micronutrients to those who use them. Therefore when characterizing dietary intakes, describing the prevalence of inadequacy or excess, or assessing relations between nutrients and health outcomes, it is critical to incorporate DS intakes to improve exposure estimates. Unfortunately, little is known about the best methods to assess DS, and the structure of measurement error in DS reporting. Several characteristics of nutrients from DS are salient to understand when comparing to those in foods. First, DS can be consumed daily or episodically, in bolus form and can deliver discrete and often very high doses of nutrients that are not limited by energy intakes. These characteristics contribute to bimodal distributions and distributions severely skewed to the right. Labels on DS often provide nutrient forms that differ from those found in conventional foods, and underestimate analytically derived values. Finally, the bioavailability of many nutrient-containing DS is not known and it may not be the same as the nutrients in a food matrix. Current methods to estimate usual intakes are not designed specifically to handle DS. Two temporal procedures are described to refer to the order that nutrient intakes are combined relative to usual intake procedures, referred to as a shrinking the distribution to remove random error. The shrink then add approach is preferable to the add then shrink approach when users and nonusers are combined for most research questions. Stratifying by DS before usual intake methods is another defensible option. This review describes how to incorporate nutrient intakes from DS to usual intakes from foods, and describes the available methods and fit-for-purpose of different analytical strategies to address research questions where total usual intakes are of interest at the group level for use in nutrition research and to inform policy decisions. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT03400436. J Nutr 2019;149:181-197.

Evening eating has been associated with higher energy intake and lower nutrient density. However, these qualities may not characterize all late evening (LE) eating patterns.We sought to characterize US adults' LE eating patterns on a given day and identify differences, if any, in pattern-specific associations with, and impact on, daily energy intake and total diet quality.LE eating patterns, energy intakes, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were identified using Day-1 dietary recall data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016.The sample included adults aged ≥ 20 years (n = 9,861). LE reporters were respondents who consumed foods/beverages between 20:00 and 23:59 on the intake day.Energy intake and HEI-2015 scores by LE status/pattern and the impact of LE consumption on these measures.Cluster analysis assigned individuals to LE eating patterns based on the LE energy contribution of food/beverage groups. Regression models estimated energy intake and HEI-2015 scores; estimates were compared between LE reporters and nonreporters. Similarly, LE's contribution to total energy and the difference in total HEI inclusive vs exclusive of LE consumption were estimated and compared among patterns.Among US adults, 64.4% were LE reporters. Eleven LE patterns were identified; the six most prevalent patterns (representing 89% of LE reporters) were further analyzed. Daily energy intake in all prevalent patterns except the fruit pattern exceeded that of nonreporters by ≥ 268 kcal (unadjusted; P0.001), varying by pattern. Conversely, total HEI score did not differ from that of nonreporters (51.0) in any pattern except the fruit pattern, where it was higher (57.4, unadjusted; P0.001). Generally, LE consumption's impact on energy was high and its impact on HEI scores was low.Late evening food/beverage consumption is common among US adults, and LE patterns are not monolithic in their associations with, and impact on, total energy intake and dietary quality.

Introduction Diet has an impact on weight status, health, and physical performance. Assessing the usual at-home dietary intakes of military personnel can help ascertain their nutritional status before field training or operations. Preference for foods consumed on a routine basis can also impact the military’s preference for and consumption of field rations. Military personnel are limited by the inherent nature of the field rations and availability of calories and food types; and despite previous studies indicating a high acceptability of the field rations, it is unknown whether military personnel self-select the same number of calories when faced with a restricted list of field ration options as they would from their usual foods. Although field rations are intended to be nutritionally sufficient for standard military operations, there are limited data on the ad libitum intake of nutrients of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) personnel from field rations in comparison to the military dietary reference intake (MDRI) recommendations, which establishes standards intended to meet the nutritional requirements of military personnel on duty. Thus, assessing the adequacy of their usual diets at home and longer-term sustenance on field rations in relation to MDRIs can provide insight on CAF personnel’s operational readiness. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare, in a convenience sample of CAF, their ad libitum nutrient intakes from the consumption of self-selected field rations at home with their usual home intakes and to compare both with MDRI recommendations. Materials and Methods Eighteen CAF participants weighed and recorded their dietary intake from the ad libitum consumption of field rations at home and their usual at-home diets. Both MDRIs and the Institute of Medicine’s dietary reference intake recommendations were used to assess the adequacy of intakes for each individual. Paired Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon-matched paired tests were used to compare nutrient intake levels between usual at-home diets and field rations consumed at home. Results Mean daily energy intakes were similar between ad libitum intakes from field rations (2,688 ± 619 kcal) and usual home diets (2,657 ± 580 kcal), although participants had significantly higher intakes of protein and fat from their home diets and higher intakes of carbohydrates from the field rations (P ≤ 0.05). Participants had less than the recommended intakes of some micronutrients (vitamins A and D, folate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium), from both their home diets and field rations, but adequate intakes of vitamin C and iron. Conclusions The results of this study showed no difference in energy intake between the consumption of field rations and home diets, with levels consistent with recommendations for individuals with average physical activity levels. The results also demonstrated less than the recommended intakes (in comparison with MDRIs) of some nutrients from both home diets and self-selected consumption of field rations, warranting further research into nutritional adequacy for operational readiness.

Types of diets and energy intakes of animals, feeding types and withdrawal times were perceived as most important pre-harvest and the use of vacuum and active packaging in combination with lower temperatures post-harvest factors influencing meat color. The color remains one of the most important meat quality attributes when consumers are concerned. According to the literature survey of 600 manuscripts, published only in the last two years, more than 40% of them failed to include information necessary to replicate and/or properly interpret instrumental color results. Color measuring systems and devices, that can successfully resolve the problem of meat translucency and its non-uniform refraction index, should be a preferred instrumental choice in the future. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Adequate dietary intake is critical to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. India has a high burden of maternal and child morbidity and mortality, but there is a lack of adequate tools to assess dietary intake. We validate an FFQ, New Interactive Nutrition Assistant - Diet in India Study of Health (NINA-DISH), among pregnant women living with and without HIV in Pune, India. Women were selected from a cohort study investigating immune responses to HIV and latent tuberculosis during pregnancy. The FFQ was administered during the third trimester and validated against multiple 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR) collected in second and third trimesters. Data for analysis were available from fifty-eight women out of seventy enrolled into this sub-study, after excluding those with incomplete data or implausible energy intake. The median (Q1, Q3) age of study participants was 23 (20, 25) years. Median (Q1, Q3) daily energy intakes were 10 552 (8000, 11 958) and 10 673 (8510, 13 962) kJ by 24-HDR and FFQ, respectively, with FFQ overestimating nutrient intake. Pearson correlations between log-transformed estimates from FFQ and 24-HDR for energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, Fe and Zn were 0·47, 0·48, 0·45, 0·33, 0·4 and 0·54, respectively. Energy-adjusted and de-attenuated correlations ranged from 0·41 (saturated fat) to 0·73 (Na). The highest misclassification into extreme tertiles was observed for fat (22 %), saturated fat (21 %) and Na (21 %). Bias existed at higher intake levels as observed by Bland–Altman plots. In conclusion, NINA-DISH is a valid and feasible tool for estimating dietary intakes among urban pregnant women in Western India.

Huge amounts of energy are expended by athletes, both in training and competition. Often, energy and macronutrient intake are insufficient to compensate for this large energy expenditure. As a result, exercise performance can be affected adversely. It is recommended that those involved in regular exercise training consume 6–10 g•kg−1•d−1 of carbohydrate, ∼2 g•kg−1•d−1 of protein, and 1–2 g•kg−1•d−1 of fat. Moreover, energy intakes of 50 kcal•kg−1•d−1or greater will be necessary to maintain energy balance. Substantial interindividual differences exist, so regular monitoring of body composition and adjustments are also recommended.

Rationale: The aim of this analysis was to determine route and adequacy of nutrition support in patients with COVID19 during the first 7 days of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) Methods: Nutrition parameters were collected for all patients admitted to ICU with COVID19 and compared to best practice guidelines1 Results: Of the initial 64 patients admitted to ICU for management of COVID19, all patients were assessed by a critical care dietitian Patients who were tolerating oral diet were commenced on oral nutrition support as appropriate Forty eight patients (75%) required enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN) The feeding route of choice for the majority of patients was EN (89 5%) In patients with gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance where strategies to optimise tolerance were unsuccessful, supplementary or total PN was used (10 5%) Energy and protein intakes during the early and late acute phase are described below [Formula presented] The most common reason for suboptimal nutrition intake in the late acute phase was GI intolerance, affecting 27% of patients Compared with those without GI intolerance, patients who experienced feed regurgitation, vomiting or high gastric residual volumes achieved significantly less energy and protein intakes (p≤0 05) Proned position did not affect GI tolerance in our cohort (p=0 65) Conclusion: Energy intakes in the early acute phase were consistent with best practice guidelines while protein provision was a challenge in both phases GI intolerance was common which compromised nutrition intakes, though proned position did not affect these outcomes Where strategies to improve GI tolerance are unsuccessful supplementary PN should be considered without delay to optimise nutrition intake References: 1Singer et al Clinical Nutrition (2019) 38(1), 48-79 Disclosure of Interest: None declared

Background Portion sizes of commercially available foods and beverages have increased since the 1980s, as have portion sizes consumed by children. Children’s consumption of larger portion sizes is associated with higher energy intakes and weight status. Parents and guardians act as critical role models for children in the development of eating habits and often decide the amounts (portion sizes) their children are served. How parents portion foods and beverages, and how they decide the amounts to serve is an understudied domain. Children’s portion sizes, thus presents a clear, modifiable determinant of excess energy consumption in children and risk of weight gain. Methods The primary aim of this qualitative study, was to understand parents’ practices in portioning food and beverages for their children; their mechanisms for judging appropriate portion sizes and the factors influencing these judgements. A sample of 144 parents with at least one child aged 2–12 years who did not require a diet on medical grounds participated. Parents were recruited via purposive sampling of preschools and primary schools geographically located in either urban or rural areas of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and classified as either higher or lower levels of disadvantage. Results Parents reported that they do not consciously think about the portion size (quantity) that they give to their children but place greater focus on the types of food served. Generally, parents feel that the portion sizes that they give to their children are appropriate. This was reflected in the three main themes comprising of multiple sub-themes that were identified from the analysis: 1) Parental portioning practices - parent serves and permitting child to self-serve; 2) Factors influencing parental portioning including parent motivations, knowledge, child-related factors, family influences, school influences, food retail and other settings, socio-cultural influences and portioning resources used; 3) Parental views on portion size guidance including receptivity to portion size guidance and usefulness of guidance. Conclusion Understanding how parents portion food for their children, the drivers of these practices and the type of information parents are receptive to will help inform future interventions and information campaigns to help parents understand child portion sizes. From this research it is evident that parents main concern regarding the amount that they feed their children is that their child eats enough to be fed. This amount is something that parents learn through experience of feeding their children and is highly specific to the appetite of each individual child.

Background Studies examining nutrition intake of critically ill patients following liberation from mechanical ventilation (LMV) are scarce. The objectives of this prospective, observational feasibility study were to quantify and assess protein and energy intake in hospitalized, critically ill patients following LMV, to determine barriers to optimal intake, and to report on the feasibility of recruiting and retaining patients into this study. Methods Adult patients requiring MV for >72 hours in a medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) were recruited. Protein and energy intakes were quantified up to 14 days following LMV. Patients also identified barriers to eating. Results Nineteen patients (mean age, 60 years [SD, 12 years]) were studied over 125 days. Over all study days, the median amounts of protein and energy consumed in comparison with amounts prescribed by dietitians were 46% (interquartile range [IQR], 26-100) and 71% (IQR, 38-100), respectively. When stratified by route of nutrition delivery, on days (n = 54) when patients consumed an oral diet as the sole nutrition source, median amounts of protein and energy consumed in comparison with those prescribed were only 27% (IQR, 15-41) and 47% (IQR, 29-66), respectively. The most frequently reported barriers to eating were poor appetite, early satiety, and taste changes. Conclusions Protein and calorie intake is below prescribed amounts for patients whose enteral nutrition is discontinued and an oral diet prescribed as sole nutrition source following LMV. Acceptable strategies to enhance nutrition intake in post-ICU patients during the recovery stages of critical illness are needed.

Objectives Timely and adequate nutrition after surgery is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an intervention, developed using an integrated knowledge translation approach, designed to improve oral intake among postoperative colorectal patients. Methods A pre/post, mixed-methods pilot study was undertaken at a tertiary teaching hospital in Australia. Patients who had undergone elective colorectal surgery and were admitted to the ward where 10 nutrition-related strategies had been implemented were included. Quantitative data, including patient demographics, timing and type of nutrition consumed, and protein and energy intake were collected pre- and post-intervention via chart audits, direct observations, and verbal clarification. Qualitative data on patient (n = 18) responses to the intervention were collected through one-on-one, semistructured interviews and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results Sixty-four patients were observed (30 pre- and 34 post-intervention). Significant improvements were seen for the following outcomes (presented as median [interquartile range], pre- versus post-intervention): time (h) to first dietary intake (15.7 [7.4–22.5] versus 4.9 [3.7–14.2]); patient energy intakes (kJ) on day 1 (1719 [947–2200] versus 3530 [2192–5169]) and day 2 (2506 [1071–3749] versus 4144 [2987–5889]); and patient protein intake (g) on day 1 (3.3 [1.8–11.2] versus 30.3 [20–45]) and day 2 (10.8 [3.5–29.9] versus 39.6 [30.7–59]). Prescription of free fluids as first diet type increased from 13% to 79% pre- and post-intervention, respectively. There were no significant differences in time (h) to first solid dietary intake (86.1 [60.1–104] versus 69.2 [46.1–115.5]) and overall proportion of patients who met both their estimated energy and protein requirements while in hospital pre- and post-intervention (22 versus 37%). Patients reported positive experiences with the intervention. Conclusion A multifaceted intervention developed using an integrated knowledge translation approach has the potential to improve oral intake in patients who undergo colorectal surgery. A larger-scale trial is required to confirm these findings and assess the effects of the intervention on clinical outcomes and costs.

Background Few studies have focused on quantitatively analyzing nutrients from infant diets, compromising complementary feeding evaluation and health promotion worldwide. Objectives This study aimed to describe dietary intake in infants from 9 to 24 mo of age, determining nutrient intakes associated with the risk of underweight, wasting, and stunting. Methods Usual nutrient intakes from complementary feeding were determined by 24-h recalls collected when infants were 9-24 mo of age in communities from 7 low- and middle-income countries: Brazil (n = 169), Peru (n = 199), South Africa (n = 221), Tanzania (n = 210), Bangladesh (n = 208), India (n = 227), and Nepal (n = 229), totaling 1463 children and 22,282 food recalls. Intakes were corrected for within- and between-person variance and energy intake. Multivariable regression models were constructed to determine nutrient intakes associated with the development of underweight, wasting, and stunting at 12, 18, and 24 mo of age. Results Children with malnutrition presented significantly lower intakes of energy and zinc at 12, 18, and 24 mo of age, ranging from -16.4% to -25.9% for energy and -2.3% to -48.8% for zinc. Higher energy intakes decreased the risk of underweight at 12 [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.96] and 24 mo (AOR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.96), and wasting at 18 (AOR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.99) and 24 mo (AOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.92). Higher zinc intakes decreased the risk of underweight (AOR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.55) and wasting (AOR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.92) at 12 mo, and wasting (AOR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.76) at 24 mo. Conclusions Higher intakes of energy and zinc in complementary feeding were associated with decreased risk of undernutrition in the studied children. Data suggest these are characteristics to be improved in children's complementary feeding across countries.

We evaluated the protein and energy intakes of infants fed commercial infant Formula A (protein, 2.2 g/100 kcal; energy, 68 kcal/100 mL) and examined whether changes in feeding intervals are involved in constant energy intake. Daily nutritional intake of 378 Formula A-fed infants was assessed using reference values and compared to that of infants fed Formulas B (protein: 2.3 g/100 kcal, energy: 68 kcal/100 mL) and C (protein: 2.4 g/100kcal, energy: 70 kcal/100 mL). From 15 to 149 days of age, the mean formula volume and protein intake were 758–887 mL/day and 11.4–13.3 g/day, respectively, higher than the protein intake of breast-fed infants. Daily energy intake (86–129 kcal/kg/day) was comparable to the estimated energy requirements. Feeding intervals were shorter in infants fed Formulas A and B than in those fed Formula C, whereas energy intake was similar. The protein intake of infants decreased as the protein concentration per energy in infant formula was reduced, and accordingly the protein intake of Formula A-fed infants was significantly lower than that of Formula C-fed infants. In conclusion, the new composition of Formula A is suitable in protein and energy intake of infants, and daily energy intake remains constant by shortening in feeding intervals when the energy concentration in infant formula is reduced. Clinical Trial Registration: UMIN000023110

Background Mobile technology has an impact on the health care sector, also within dietetics. Mobile health (mHealth) apps may be used for dietary assessment and self-monitoring, allowing for real-time reporting of food intakes. Changing eating behaviors is quite challenging, and patients undergoing hemodialysis, particularly, struggle to meet the target intakes set by dietary guidelines. Usage of mobile apps that are developed in a person-centered approach and in line with recommendations may support both patients and health care practitioners. Objective This study is a pilot that aims at estimating the potential efficacy of a dietary intervention using a theory-based, person-centered smartphone app. Results will be used to improve both the app and a planned large-scale trial intended to assess app efficacy thoroughly. Methods A prospective pilot study was performed at the hemodialysis unit of Al Qassimi Hospital (The Emirate of Sharjah). All patients that fulfilled the study inclusion criteria were considered eligible to be enrolled in the pilot study. Upon successful installation of the app, users met with a dietitian once a week. Outcomes were measured at baseline (T0) and 2 weeks post app usage (T1). This pilot is reported as per guidelines for nonrandomized pilot and feasibility studies and in line with the CONSORT 2010 checklist for reporting pilot or feasibility trials. Results A total of 23 patients completed the pilot intervention. Mean energy intakes increased from 24.4 kcal/kg/day (SD 8.0) to 29.1 kcal/kg/day (SD 7.8) with a medium effect size (d=0.6, 95% CI 0.0-1.2). Mean protein intakes increased from 0.9 g/kg/day (SD 0.3) to 1.3 g/kg/day (SD 0.5) with a large effect size (d=1.0, 95% CI 0.4-1.6); mean intake of high biological value (%HBV) proteins also increased from 58.6% (SD 10.1) to 70.1% (SD 10.7) with a large effect size (d=1.1, 95% CI 0.5-1.7). Dietary intakes of minerals did not change, apart from sodium which decreased from a mean intake of 2218.8 mg/day (SD 631.6) to 1895.3 mg/day (SD 581.0) with a medium effect size (d=0.5, 95% CI 0.1-1.1). Mean serum phosphorus, potassium, and albumin levels did not change relevantly. Mean serum iron increased from 7.9 mg/dL (SD 2.8) to 11.5 mg/dL (SD 7.9) postintervention with a medium effect size (d=0.6, 95% CI 0.0-1.2). Conclusions This pilot study showed that the KELA.AE app has the potential to improve dietary intakes. Processes related to procedure, resources, tools, and app improvement for a future trial were assessed. A more extended intervention using a randomized controlled trial is required to estimate parameters concerning app efficacy accurately.

Data on dietary nutrient intakes of adolescents in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) is lacking partly due to the absence of validation studies of the 24‐h recall method in adolescents. We conducted a validation study of 24‐h recall (24HR) compared with observed weighed records (OWR) in adolescents (n = 132, 10–11 years; n = 105, 12–14 years). Dietary data were collected for the same day by both methods by conducting the 24HR the day after the OWR. For OWR, all foods consumed by adolescents from the first to last meal of the day were weighed; for 24HR adolescents reported foods consumed using portion aids. Food intakes were converted to nutrients. Nutrient intakes by both methods were tested for equivalence by comparing the ratios (24HR/OWR) with equivalence margins of within ±10%, 15% and 20% of the ratio. Prevalences of inadequacy (POIs) were obtained using the NCI method. Mean ratios for energy were 0.88 and 0.92, for younger and older adolescents, respectively, and other nutrients ranged between 0.84 and 1.02. Energy intakes were equivalent within the 15% bound, and most nutrients fell within the 20% bound. POI was overestimated by 24HR, but differences were less than 25 percentage points for most nutrients. Half of adolescents omitted foods in recalls, mainly sweet or savoury snacks, fruits and beverages. Our study showed that adolescents underestimated intakes by 24HR; however, the degree of underestimation was generally acceptable for 12–14‐year‐olds within a bound of 15%. Errors could possibly be reduced with further training and targeted probing.

Summary Nutrition science in the United States has been shaped by national security needs, specifically the need to feed armies to sustain their performance in the face of adversity. In the 20th century, Army nutrition research provided foundational data on metabolic requirements of healthy men and women, developed important methodologies for laboratory and field nutrition surveys, and led national efforts on performance in extreme environments. The study of human metabolism in challenging environments has proven to be an enduring need for the Army, and this requires unique capabilities with embedded soldier-scientists conducting credible studies in relevant field environments. Support for military nutrition research periodically surged during the 20th century, including reincarnations in the 1940 and 1980s when nutritional physiologists were colocated with food developers. Major findings repeatedly centered on the challenges of inadequate energy intakes in all extreme environments rather than identifying any unique needs for specific ration components.

Over the course of evolution, Mother Nature preserved the ability of humans to make every sugar they need for metabolic functions. Glucose is the almost exclusive fuel preferred by the human brain. Human infants are born with sweet taste receptors, sugars are a significant energy source in human milk, and mammals have a direct gut-to-brain sugar-sensing system that enhances development of a preference for sugars. If sugars are as toxic as many postulate, what species advantage was conferred by this evolutionary progression? Observational studies have reported that sugar consumption is associated with various adverse health risks. However, observational studies can never prove causality, dietary intake records are known to be highly problematic, and the huge number of correlation interdependencies among environmental "exposome" variables makes it impossible to attribute causality to individual dietary components. Additionally, these studies overall have been graded as low quality, and many reported the small effect sizes are likely within the propagated methodological "noise." With several exceptions, data from randomized controlled trials that ensured isocaloric energy intakes have failed to confirm the causal implications of the observational data. Likewise, the comprehensive UK Scientific Committee on Nutrition Report on Carbohydrates and Health also failed to confirm the vast majority of widely postulated detrimental effects of sugar consumption per se. Current data on intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and on the risks associated with high intakes of dietary fructose remain under debate.

ObjectiveTo identify generational differences in the dietary patterns of Brazilian adults born between 1934 and 1975.DesignA cross-sectional study from the baseline of the multicentre Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) cohort. Year of birth was categorized into three birth generations: Traditionalists (born between 1934 and 1945); Baby Boomers (born between 1946 and 1964); and Generation X (born between 1965 and 1975). Food consumption was investigated using an FFQ. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify data-driven dietary patterns.SettingBrazil.SubjectsIndividuals (n 15 069) aged 35–74 years.ResultsA three-class model was generated from the LCA for each birth generation. Generation X presented higher energy intakes (kJ/kcal) from soft drinks (377·4/90·2) and sweets (1262·3/301·7) and lower energy intakes from fruit (1502·5/359·1) and vegetables (311·3/74·4) than Baby Boomers (283·7/67·8, 1047·7/250·4, 1756·0/419·7 and 365·3/87·3, respectively) and Traditionalists (186·2/44·5, 518·8/124·0, 1947·7/465·5 and 404·6/96·7, respectively). For Baby Boomers and Generation X, we found food patterns with similar structures: mixed pattern (22·7 and 29·7 %, respectively), prudent pattern (43·5 and 34·9 %, respectively) and processed pattern (33·8 and 35·4 %, respectively). Among Traditionalists, we could also identify mixed (30·9 %) and prudent (21·8 %) patterns, and a third pattern, named restricted dietary pattern (47·3 %).ConclusionsThe younger generation presented higher frequencies of consuming a pattern characterized by a low nutritional diet, compared with other generations, indicating that they may age with a greater burden of chronic diseases. It is important to develop public health interventions promoting healthy foods, focusing on the youngest generations.

Background Morbidity remains high in MMAmut0 patients. Liver transplantation can decrease metabolic decompensation episodes and organ damage whilst improving quality of life (QOL). Case report An infant was prospectively managed as family history of MMAmut0, and confirmed postnatally. Bilateral dysplastic multicystic kidneys were diagnosed after birth and hepatoblastoma at 4 months. He underwent liver transplant age 6 months for tumour removal and MMA management. Pre-transplant Due to low albumin ( Post-transplant PN matched pre-transplant protein and energy intakes. He recommenced hydrolysed feed, via NGT and orally. After 3 months pMMA remained elevated, median 125umol/L (range 76.9- 169) protein was reduced to 1.5 g/kg/d (SI 1.14 g/kg/d) and is unchanged 1year post-transplant. All feeds are taken orally. Conclusion Episodes of metabolic decompensation markedly decreased. Parents report QOL improved. Protein remains restricted.

Many pre-clinical models of binge-like eating involve predictable, scheduled, access to a palatable diet high in fat (HF), where access may be preceded by anticipatory behaviour. Here, to introduce spontaneity into the binge-type consumption of palatable diets, mice were allowed 2 h access on a random day once per week and at a random time within an 8 h window either side of the transition from dark phase to light phase. Despite normal intake of a stock diet prior to unpredictable access to HF diet, mice immediately initiated a substantial eating episode when presented with HF diet. Following this consumption, compensatory hypophagia was observed relative to stock diet-fed controls, and cumulative energy intakes converged. There were no effects of HF diet on body weight or body composition over a 12-week period. Binge-like consumption was also observed on unpredictable access to the complete liquid diet, chocolate Ensure, but not with a 10% sucrose solution. Binge-like responses to unpredictable access to HF diet or Ensure were similar in male and female mice, although there were effects of sex on caloric consumption from stock diet in the compensatory period following palatable diet intake, with higher intakes in females. The timing of the 2h access period relative to light phase transition affected intake of palatable diets, but less robustly than the equivalent effect on stock diet intake during the same timed periods – the diurnal patterning of energy intake was diet sensitive. The large spontaneous binge-like consumption on unpredictable access to either solid or liquid palatable diets in mice of either sex offers the potential to combine these attributes with other manipulations where a developing obesity is part of the binge-like eating phenotype.

Many prediction equations are available for enteric methane (CH4) emission in cattle; however, these are not suitable for yaks, as CH4 emission differs between these species. To our knowledge, no equation has been generated for yaks and, consequently, the aim of this study, at least in part, is to fill this gap. Feed and energy intakes, dry matter digestibility, and CH4 emissions were measured in 16 yak calves (8 males and 8 females) at 8, 12, and 16 months of age. Concentrate (C) and forage (F) were offered the calves at a ratio of 60:40. There was no difference (P = 0.92) in body mass (mb) between sexes, but there was a difference (P

Background and aims: Fasting of Ramadan leads to changes in dietary habits, physical activity, sleep and time of drug intake for diabetics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-Ramadan education on dietary intake and anthropometry of two groups of patients.Material and methods: The entire cohort was divided in a group (G1; n=86) which attended nutritional education sessions and group that did not attend these sessions (G2; n=72). The protocol included three visits before, during and after the month of Ramadan.Results. Total energy intake of the G1 did not differ significantly between visits, unlike the G2. Patients in the G1 reduced their carbohydrate intake during Ramadan with 32.5g, compared to the G2 which decreased their consumption with17.2g. The intake of saturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the G2 (p=0.001) after Ramadan. The number of obese class 2 of the G1 decreased after Ramadan, however for the G2, the number increased. The waist-to-hip ratio and the body fat (%) were unchanged between the three periods.Conclusion. The management of diabetes should be multidisciplinary to ensure better continuity of care. Specialized and individual educational actions must be concrete in diabetics wishing to fast.

Horses with 2 different metabolic tendencies are referred to as “easy keepers” (EK) or “hard keepers” (HK). These tendencies are anecdotal and often related to the Henneke Body Condition Scoring system. EK tends to be over-conditioned (BCS ≥6) and HK need extra feed to maintain a BCS of 5. “Medium keepers” (MK) can maintain a BCS of 5 easily. This lab group has developed the Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) and the objective of this work is to compare the microbiome composition of the 3 keeper statuses between owner reported keeper statuses (ORKS) and EKSS assignments. Fresh fecal samples from 73 horses were collected for 16S rRNA profiling. ORKS were obtained by a verbal estimate of their horse's keeper status in regard to their metabolic tendencies with no influence of the research team (ORKS: EK, n = 20; MK, n = 26; HK, n = 27). Feed weights and BCS scores of each horse were collected and digestible energy intakes were estimated by FeedXL software (input variables of the EKSS) and EKSS assignments were determined at a later time (EK, n = 31; MK, n = 22; HK, n = 20). QIIME2 (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology, v. 2020.8) and R was used for data processing and analysis. α diversity Shannon-Weaver measures between ORKS groups were not found (P = 0.34) but were found after EKSS evaluation (P = 0.06) and Tukey's pairwise tests found the difference between EK and MK to be the most different (P

Horses with 2 different metabolic tendencies are referred to as “easy keepers” (EK) or “hard keepers” (HK). These tendencies are anecdotal and often related to the Henneke Body Condition Scoring system. EK tends to be over-conditioned (BCS ≥6) and HK need extra feed to maintain a BCS of 5. “Medium keepers” (MK) can maintain a BCS of 5 easily. This simplistic approach to solely use BCS to determine keeper status has led to confusion and poor choices when it comes to equine feeding management. The objective of this work was to develop a reliable and standardized tool for determining equine keeper status. The Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) uses a series of equations based on maintenance requirements and feeding recommendations from the NRC as well as the current diet and BCS to determine keeper status based on the recommended dietary energy intakes (DEI) for an individual horse to achieve the optimal BCS score, 5 (RDI5%). The EKSS proposes RDI5% cut-off ranges to identify EK (RDI5% 110%) horses as well as 7 keeper level subcategories based on the RDI5% cut-off ranges to further identify where horses may lie in the keeper status spectrum. The EKSS was tested using data collected from 238 horses that includes the average BCS from 2 scorers, weighed daily feed rations, and DEI estimated with FeedXL software. Owner reported keeper statuses (ORKS) were obtained by a verbal estimate of their horse's keeper status in regard to their metabolic tendencies with no influence of the research team (ORKS: EK n = 108; MK n = 76; HK n = 56) and evaluated against EKSS assignments (EK n = 84; MK n = 96; HK n = 60). The EKSS determined that only 38% of owners can accurately predict their horse's keeper status. Owners had the most difficulty identifying EK and MK and the least difficulty identifying the HK. Analysis of variance and Tukey's pairwise testing revealed how heavily owners rely on BCS and estimated total body fat to determine keeper status (P

This study examines changes in Korean adolescents’ energy intakes from selected foods that were offered in school stores over 15 years, during which 2 policies prohibiting unhealthy food sales in school stores were implemented in 2007 and in 2009, respectively. Using 24-h dietary recall from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1998–2012, adolescents’ energy intakes in each eating place were calculated. Energy intakes from instant noodles consistently decreased both at home and in school stores. Energy intakes from soft drinks away from home or school rapidly increased beginning in 2008. Policies regulating unhealthy food sales in school stores appear to have had a modest impact on adolescents’ overall consumption of unhealthy foods. Comprehensive policies targeting diverse eating places are needed to improve adolescents’ overall diet.

Nutritional therapy is particularly important after major burn injury and specific nutritional guidelines have been developed. The study aimed at evaluating the impact of the changes in our nutritional practice, general compliance with the guidelines and potential consequences. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in burn patients requiring intensive care (ICU) between 1999 and 2014. admission on day 1, full treatment and length of ICU stay >7 days. Four periods (P) were defined by protocol changes (P1: 1999-2001, P2: 2002-2005, P3: 2006-2010, P4: 2011-2014). Collected data: demographic and nutritional data, infectious complications, weights, CRP and prealbumin concentrations during the first 21 days. 240 patients were included (median age 43 years, burned area 25%). Measured energy expenditure (MEE) was stable through all periods but the prescribed caloric target decreased significantly, and below MEE (P1: 33 kcal/kg, IQR 7, P4: 28 kcal/kg, IQR 8, p

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that the timing, amount at individual eating occasions, and distribution of protein and energy intakes throughout the day may affect health.Objective: We examined the timing, amounts, and distribution of protein and energy intakes throughout the day among participants aged 4-18 y in the United States in the context of chronobiology and nutrition.Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 2532 participants aged 4-18 y who completed the first interviewer-administered 24-h dietary recall in NHANES 2013-2014. Descriptive statistics for intakes across the day were provided as percentiles, means ± SEMs, and percentages of nonconsumers. Statistical differences between intakes across the day were tested with the use of individual-level fixed-effects regression models. Cumulative distribution functions were used to examine the timing of the first and last caloric eating occasion.Results: Mean ± SEM protein (grams) and energy (percentage of the day) intakes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the evening than in the morning among all age groups. The percentage of participants aged 4-8, 9-13, and 14-18 y who had their first eating occasion at or after 1100 was 4%, 14%, and 20%, respectively, and the percentage who had their last eating occasion at or after 2100 was 8%, 19%, and 34%, respectively.Conclusions: Protein and energy intakes among participants aged 4-18 y in this study were largest in the evening and midday and smallest in the morning and afternoon. Clinical trials are needed to assess any potential impact such dietary behaviors may have on health outcomes related to metabolic dysfunction in children and adolescents.

Herein, methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission from different aged barn feeding Tibetan sheep were characterized using a respiration chamber in combination with gas chromatograph method in cold season of 2013. This work was based on measuring the increase of gas concentration inside respiration chamber by the means of gas chromatograph. Results indicated that diurnal CH 4 emission patterns for barn feeding Tibetan sheep were driven by feeding schedule, diurnal CO 2 emission patterns were relatively stable with two slight emission peaks, diurnal N 2 O emission patterns were driven by the variation of temperature inside chamber. Diurnal CH 4 emission rates were 17.65, 19.49 and 21.06 g sheep −1 d −1 for yearling, two-year and three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep, account for 6.15%, 5.76% and 5.45% of their daily gross energy intakes, respectively. Diurnal CO 2 emission rates were 526.88, 588.43 and 640.66 g sheep −1 d −1 for yearling, two-year and three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep, respectively. Diurnal N 2 O emission rates were 1.64, 1.25 and 1.05 mg sheep −1 d −1 for yearling, two-year and three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep, respectively. Three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep released more CO 2 -eq on per unit BW and BW 0.75 gain basis.

The aim of the current study was to analyze the relationship between plant food (fruits, vegetables, and kimchi) and the prevalence of rhinitis among Korean adults using data from the 2011 and 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 7494 subjects aged from 19 to 64 years participated in a rhinitis morbidity survey, health behavior interview, and 24-h dietary recall test. Individuals with energy intakes less than 500 kcal or more than 5000 kcal were excluded. The results showed that kimchi intake was inversely associated with the prevalence of rhinitis. The prevalence of rhinitis decreased with increasing kimchi consumption. The quintile 4 (range of kimchi intake: 108.0-180.0 g) groups, compared with the reference of quintile 1 (0-23.7 g), showed a decrease of 18.9% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.811, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.672-0.979) in Model 4. In conclusion, consumption of kimchi lowers the risk of rhinitis, suggesting that its use should be encouraged among the Korean population.

Introduction Picky eating is characterised by an unwillingness to eat some foods and strong food preferences. This may result in lower intakes of energy and nutrients, which may compromise health.Objectives Our aim was to quantify nutrient and food group intakes in children identified as picky eaters (PE) or non-PE, and to compare intakes between groups and with UK reference nutrient intakes.Design PE was identified in an observational cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) from questionnaires at 2, 3, 4.5 and 5.5 years of the child’s age. Dietary intake was assessed at 3.5 and 7.5 years with a 3-day food record. Comparisons were made for PE versus non-PE at 3 years with diet at 3.5 years and for longitudinally defined PE groups with diet at 7.5 years. Results Children who were PE at 3 years had lower mean carotene, iron and zinc intakes than non-PE. There were similar differences between the longitudinally defined PE groups. Iron and zinc intakes were most likely to be below recommended amounts, with intake of free sugars much higher than recommendations. There were no significant differences in energy intakes between the groups and intakes were adequate in comparison with estimated average requirements. Nutrient differences were explained by lower intakes of meat, fish, vegetables and fruits in PE than non-PE; in the older PE children there were higher intakes of sugary foods/drinks. Conclusion Picky eating did not result in compromised macronutrient intakes, although intakes of zinc and iron were more likely to be below recommendations in PE than non-PE. Emphasis should be placed on allaying parental concerns about children with picky eating being prone to inadequate nutrient intakes and on encouraging all parents to extend their child’s diet to include more nutrient-rich items, especially fruit and vegetables, and less nutrient-poor sugary foods.