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OBJECTIVES The most used mortality risk prediction models in cardiac surgery are the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (ES) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score. There is no agreement on which score should be considered more accurate nor which score should be utilized in each population subgroup. We sought to provide a thorough quantitative assessment of these 2 models. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review and captured information on discrimination, as quantified by the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC), and calibration, as quantified by the ratio of observed-to-expected mortality (O:E). We performed random effects meta-analysis of the performance of the individual models as well as pairwise comparisons and subgroup analysis by procedure type, time and continent. RESULTS The ES2 {AUC 0.783 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.765–0.800]; O:E 1.102 (95% CI 0.943–1.289)} and STS [AUC 0.757 (95% CI 0.727–0.785); O:E 1.111 (95% CI 0.853–1.447)] showed good overall discrimination and calibration. There was no significant difference in the discrimination of the 2 models (difference in AUC −0.016; 95% CI −0.034 to −0.002; P = 0.09). However, the calibration of ES2 showed significant geographical variations (P, Cardiac surgery carries an inherent risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity.

ResumenIntroducción y objetivosLos modelos predictivos de mortalidad hospitalaria, EuroSCORE logístico y EuroSCORE II, ofrecen un rendimiento razonable en cirugía cardíaca. Sin embargo, su aplicación en la cirugía de aorta es motivo de controversia. El objeto del presente estudio es el diseño de un modelo de estimación de riesgo específico ajustado a pacientes con cirugía de aorta torácica.MétodosSe recogieron retrospectivamente 310 pacientes consecutivos con cirugía de aorta proximal (raíz, aorta ascendente y/o arco) entre 2006 y 2013. Se elaboró un modelo predictivo mediante regresión logística múltiple con las variables que resultaron significativas en el análisis univariado. La capacidad discriminatoria se calculó mediante el área bajo la curva ROC y se comparó con las obtenidas aplicando el EuroSCORE logístico y el EuroSCORE II.ResultadosLa mortalidad hospitalaria observada fue de un 8,1%. Las variables relacionadas con muerte hospitalaria fueron la clase NYHA, el aclaramiento de creatinina, el estado crítico preoperatorio y la endocarditis activa. La mortalidad predicha por el EuroSCORE logístico, el EuroSCORE II y el modelo elaborado fueron de 14,98, 8,12 y 8,06%, respectivamente. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0,665 (0,541-0,789) para el EuroSCORE logístico, de 0,718 (0,588-0,848) para el EuroSCORE II y de 0,775 (0,675-0,876) para el modelo elaborado (Hosmer-Lemeshow, p=0,405).ConclusionesEl modelo predictivo elaborado predice la mortalidad hospitalaria de manera más ajustada, y con mayor discriminación que el EuroSCORE logístico y el EuroSCORE II para pacientes sometidos a cirugía de aorta torácica, aportando además una mayor sencillez de cálculo al basarse únicamente en 4 parámetros preoperatorios.AbstractIntroduction and objectivesPredictive stratification scores of hospital mortality, logistic EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II are reasonable tools in cardiac surgery. However, its utility in aortic procedures is controversial. The aim of this study is to design a new specific mortality risk model adjusted to patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery.MethodsWe analyzed retrospectively 310 consecutive patients who underwent surgery of proximal aorta (root, ascending and/or arch) between 2006 and 2013. A predictive model was developed using multiple logistic regression, entering variables that were significant in univariate analysis. Discriminatory performance was calculated by area under ROC curve and was compared with those of the logistic EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II.ResultsThe observed death in-hospital mortality was 8.1%. Hospital mortality related variables were NYHA class, creatinine clearance, critical preoperative status, and active endocarditis. Logistic EuroSCORE, EuroSCORE II and new model predicted mortality were 14.98, 8.12, and 8.06, respectively. Area under ROC curve was 0.665 (0.541-0.789) for logistic EuroSCORE, 0.718 (0.588-0.848) for EuroSCORE II and 0.775 (0.675-0.876) for the new developed model (Hosmer-Lemeshow P=.405).ConclusionsThe new developed model predicts hospital mortality more accurate and with more discriminatory power than logistic EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II in thoracic aortic surgery, also offering an easier method for the calculation based on only 4 preoperative parameters.

Background and Aims: Previous studies around the world indicated validity and accuracy of European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) risk scoring system we evaluated the EuroSCORE risk scoring system for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in a group of Iranian patients. Materials and Methods: In this cohort 2220 patients more than 18 years, who were performed CABG surgery in Massih Daneshvari Hospital, from January 2004 to March 2010 were recruited. Predicted mortality risk scores were calculated using logistic EuroSCORE and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and compared with observed mortality. Calibration was measured by the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test and discrimination by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area. Results: Of the 2220 patients, in hospital deaths occurred in 270 patients (mortality rate of 12.2%). The accuracy of mortality prediction in the logistic EuroSCORE and APACHE II model was 89.1%; in the local EuroSCORE (logistic) was 91.89%; and in the local EuroSCORE support vector machines (SVM) was 98.6%. The area under curve for ROC curve, was 0.724 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.88) for logistic EuroSCORE; 0.836 (95% CI: 0.731-0.942) for local EuroSCORE (logistic); 0.978 (95% CI: 0.937-1) for Local EuroSCORE (SVM); and 0.832 (95% CI: 0.723-0.941) for APACHE II model. The HL test showed good calibration for the local EuroSCORE (SVM), APACHE II model and local EuroSCORE (logistic) ( P = 0.823, P = 0.748 and P = 0.06 respectively); but there was a significant difference between expected and observed mortality according to EuroSCORE model ( P = 0.033). Conclusion: We detected logistic EuroSCORE risk model is not applicable on Iranian patients undergoing CABG surgery.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this article is to report early and mid-term outcomes of the ACCESS-EU study (ACCESS-Europe A Two-Phase Observational Study of the MitraClip System in Europe), a European prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized post-approval study of MitraClip therapy (Abbott Vascular, Inc., Santa Clara, California).BackgroundMitraClip has been increasingly performed in Europe after approval; the ACCESS-EU registry provides a snapshot of the real-world clinical demographic data and outcomes.MethodsA total of 567 patients with significant mitral valve regurgitation (MR) underwent MitraClip therapy at 14 European sites. Mean logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation at baseline was 23.0 ± 18.3; 84.9% patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, and 52.7% of patients had an ejection fraction ≤40%.ResultsThe MitraClip implant rate was 99.6%. A total of 19 patients (3.4%) died within 30 days after the MitraClip procedure. The Kaplan-Meier survival at 1 year was 81.8%. Intensive care unit and hospital length of stay was 2.5 ± 6.5 days and 7.7 ± 8.2 days, respectively. Single leaflet device attachment was reported in 27 patients (4.8%). There were no MitraClip device embolizations. Thirty-six subjects (6.3%) required mitral valve surgery within 12 months after the MitraClip implant procedure. There was improvement in the severity of MR at 12 months, compared with baseline (p < 0.0001), with 78.9% of patients free from MR, severity of >2+ at 12 months. At 12 months, 71.4% of patients had New York Heart Association functional class II or class I. Six-min-walk-test improved 59.5 ± 112.4 m, and Minnesota-living-with-heart-failure score improved 13.5 ± 20.5 points.ConclusionsIn the real-world, post-approval experience in Europe, patients undergoing the MitraClip therapy are high-risk, elderly patients, mainly affected by functional MR. In this patient population, the MitraClip procedure is effective with low rates of hospital mortality and adverse events.

Ketamine is a unique anesthetic drug that provides analgesia, hypnosis, and amnesia with minimal respiratory and cardiovascular depression. Because of its sympathomimetic properties it would seem to be an excellent choice for patients with depressed ventricular function in cardiac surgery. However, its use has not gained widespread acceptance in adult cardiac surgery patients, perhaps due to its perceived negative psychotropic effects. Despite this limitation, it is receiving renewed interest in the United States as a sedative and analgesic drug for critically ill-patients. In this manuscript, the authors provide an evidence-based clinical review of ketamine use in cardiac surgery patients for intensive care physicians, cardio-thoracic anesthesiologists, and cardio-thoracic surgeons. All MEDLINE indexed clinical trials performed during the last 20 years in adult cardiac surgery patients were included in the review.

Truncus arteriosus (TA) is a rare congenital heart disease defined as a single arterial vessel arising from the heart that gives origin to the systemic, pulmonary and coronary circulations. The truncal valve in majority of the cases is tricuspid though quadricuspid and bicuspid valves have been reported. Patients with TA typically have a large nonrestrictive sub truncal ventricular septal defect. Survival of these infants beyond 1-year is uncommon. Here, we report a unique case of 12-year-old female patient with persistent TA who underwent surgical repair by using transesophageal echocardiography as a monitoring device during the perioperative management.

INTRODUCTION: European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE) is a valuable tool in control of the quality of cardiac surgery. However, the validity of the risk score for the individual patient may be questioned. The present study was carried out to investigate whether the continued fall in short-term mortality reflects an actual improvement in late mortality, and subsequently, to investigate EuroSCORE as predictor of 1-year mortality.METHODS: A population-based cohort study of 25,602 patients from a 12-year period from three public university hospitals undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or valve surgery. Analysis was carried out based on EuroSCORE, age and co-morbidity factors (residual EuroSCORE).RESULTS: During the period the average age increased from 65.1 ± 10.0 years to 68.9 ± 10.7 years (P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA), and the number of females increased from 26.0% to 28.2% (P = 0.0012, Chi-square test). The total EuroSCORE increased from 4.67 to 5.68 while the residual EuroSCORE decreased from 2.64 to 1.83. Thirty-day mortality decreased from 4.07% in 1999-2000 to 2.44% in 2011-2012 (P = 0.0056; Chi-square test), while 1-year mortality was unchanged (6.50% in 1999-2000 vs. 6.25% in 2011-2012 [P = 0.8086; Chi-square test]).DISCUSSION: The study demonstrates that both co-morbidity and age has a great impact on 30-day mortality. However, with time the impact of co-morbidity seems less. Thus, age is more important than co-morbidity in late mortality. The various developments in short and long-term mortality are not readily explained.CONCLUSION: Although 30-day mortality of CABG and valve surgery patients has decreased during the 12-year period, the 1-year mortality remains the same.