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1st October 2002, CE Marking has been implemented for Geosynthetics and from 1st July 2013, it has been reinforced by the Construction Products Regulation (CPR 305/2011) making mandatory in all EEA Countries for manufacturers to apply CE Marking to any products covered by a harmonised European Standard (hEN) or a European Technical Assessment (ETA). Main principles of the CPR and of the harmonised European Standards are presented, including a rapid overview of the general rules imposed by the CPR, like Standardisation Request, position versus references to national requirements and assessment method(s). Secondly, the paper shows how to deal with CE Marking in practical use of Geosynthetics for the placement on the market and for specific requirements in construction jobs, for control of incoming products and for fit for purpose.

The application of geosynthetics is state of the art onshore, at the coast and offshore. Geosynthetics complement conventional construction methods, or even replace them and generate advantages for the client, the designer and even more for the environment, e.g. by reducing carbon footprint. Decades of research and experience have resulted in standards and products, which are optimised for long-term performance and reliable application. Geosynthetics, by definition, are products covered by soil and thus protected against impacts or abrasion. As they are often used in contact to water, they are tested to be groundwater neutral. On the other hand, however, concerns about the use of plastic are omnipresent and must be taken into account. In some very limited but not negligible applications, temporary or periodical environmental influences have to be discussed, e.g. permanently or temporarily uncovered geotextile applications such as scour protection measures, coastal protection or riverbed stabilisation. As the geosynthetics, beside their technical beneficial use, can be subject to abrasion in this limited range of applications, further options for optimisation shall be discussed. One possible alternative is to design geosynthetics from or with the use of biodegradable raw materials. The subject of this article is the presentation of geosynthetic products made from alternative raw materials which biodegrade after their planned period of use. Other applications may require a defined degradation process over time, for example erosion control products. Making use of biodegradable materials, the potential risk of causing damage to the flora and fauna in case of an undesirable entry into the environment can be limited.

Correction for 'Composition-dependent charge transfer and phase separation in the V

The substitution of vanadium in vanadium dioxide VO

The peculiarities of oxygen nonstoichiometry (δ) in tetragonal La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4-δ) solid solution with x(Sr) = 0.15-1.2 were studied by XRD, NPD, in situ high-temperature XPS, and chemical analysis. Temperature dependences of oxygen nonstoichiometry, δ = δ(T), were obtained for different Sr contents at 1 bar of O(2). Two types of charge compensation during replacement of lanthanum by strontium are discussed: an increase of the average copper oxidation state and a formation of oxygen vacancies. The average copper oxidation state V(Cu) exhibits a maximum of 2.32 at x(Sr) = 0.6, while δ increases with x(Sr). Oxygen vacancies are unambiguously located on the 4c site ({CuO(2)} plane) for compositions with different strontium contents, which electronic state is described by the O 2p core electron peak at about 531 eV. Thermal stability of the solid solution in a vacuum is associated with the extraction of practically the entire oxygen from CuO(2) layers and the formation of Cu(+) at least in the near-surface region. The higher average copper oxidation state after synthesis in the Sr-rich phases in comparison with the Sr-poor compositions prevents oxygen removal and the formation of Cu(+) and, therefore, stabilizes the structure during heating in a vacuum.

Pr2Fe14B/(Fe3B,α-Fe) nanocomposite magnets with high coercivity have been prepared by devitrification of Pr9Fe88.5–x Ti2.5Bx (x = 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15) amorphous ribbons. Similar to Zr and Nb, Ti substitutes rare earth sites and participates in forming the (Pr,Ti)2Fe14B phase. The increasing amount of nonmagnetic TiB2 with increasing x in the nanocomposite magnets may precipitate along the grain boundaries and refine the microstructure by inhibiting the grain growth, and results in a continuous increase of coercivity. It also leads to an increase of the fraction of soft phases in the nanocomposites, which enhances the remanence. The squareness of the demagnetization curves is also improved by appropriate B addition. As a result, the energy product attains a maximum value of 129.6 kJ/m3 for x = 13. A more obvious shoulder and significantly enhanced coercivity (2424 kA/m) in the hysteresis curves at 70 K was observed for the sample with x = 15 in comparison with the ribbon with x = 7. This further demonstrates that B addition promotes the formation of TiB2 and the Fe3B soft phase in good agreement with XRD results. Accordingly, the introduction of a proper amount of nonmagnetic phases can enhance the magnetic properties of the nanocomposite magnets. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Mechanical deformation drastically affects both microstructure and thermal stability of polycrystalline β-Al 3 Mg 2 . Upon milling, the β-Al 3 Mg 2 phase transforms into a nanoscale supersaturated Al(Mg) solid solution with 40 at.% Mg. Upon heating, the milled powders display a complex thermal behavior characterized by four distinct exothermic events. At low temperatures, an increasing amount of Mg is rejected from the solid solution with increasing temperature. At higher temperatures, the β′-phase, a hexagonal phase with composition Al 3 Mg 2 , is formed and no traces of the solid solution can be detected, indicating that the solid solution is metastable and transforms into more stable phase(s). Finally, the subsequent exothermic events reveal the formation and growth of the β-Al 3 Mg 2 phase.

Crystal structures of three new lithium copper borates, Li3CuB3O7, Li8Cu7B14O32, and Li2Cu9B12O28, and a new Li6CuB4O10 polymorph were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In all of the structures, the boron cations form BO3 triangles, which are connected with each other and with copper polyhedra only via corners in Li6CuB4O10 and Li3CuB3O7 and via both corners and edges in Li8Cu7B14O32 and Li2Cu9B12O28. The Li3CuB3O7 and Li8Cu7B14O32 compounds were synthesized as pure samples with only trace amounts of impurities; hence, their magnetic properties could be investigated and analyzed in terms of underlying magnetic couplings. Other compositions always represented multiphase mixtures. Li3CuB3O7 features infinite Cu,O chains formed by Cu2O6 units consisting of edge-shared CuO4 squares. Together with two apical oxygen atoms with long interatomic Cu-O distances of 2.7-2.8 Å, the Cu2O6 units form chains extended along the a axis. These pseudochains are responsible for strong anisotropic thermal expansion behavior. The temperature dependence of the magnetization between 4 and 380 K for Li3CuB3O7 could be fit well by a spin-dimer model. The magnetic susceptibility of Li8Cu7B14O32 showed a more complex temperature dependence, with two different Curie-Weiss regimes in the temperature range of 2-380 K.

This poster provides an overview of IEEE P1581, for those not familiar with this standardization effort, and gives a status update of the IEEE P1581 specification development. We will also provide examples for the implementation of IEEE P1581 capabilities in SRAM, DRAM, and FLASH devices.

Boundary Scan (often also referred to as JTAG) as defined in IEEE Std. 1149.1 has been adopted by many design and test engineers as test methodology for prototype verification and for production testing. This successful and powerful technology has a few limitations, though, some of which can be overcome with newer test standards, such as IEEE 1149.4 and IEEE 1149.6. Still, practically all electronic products need to undergo a functional test before they leave the manufacturing floor. Functional tests, however, require manual, labor intensive and costly test development and often times ad-hoc test equipment configurations. This paper discusses the benefits of combining boundary scan tools with functional test equipment, with a focus on extended boundary scan applications based on reconfigurable tester hardware.

This paper highlights various challenges test engineers face when they attempt to test pin connectivity on memory devices at board and system level. IEEE P1581 was presented as an elegant solution to these challenges. Furthermore, this paper provide an update on the latest developments in the IEEE PI581 specification.

The IEEE Standard 1149.4 has been ratified and available for some time, now. However, describing the architectural content of an analog boundary-scan register has not yet been standardized. The work of the IEEE Std 1149.4 Working Group over the past several years has been to define and codify an extension to IEEE Std 1149.1 's BSDL. In this paper, a language to describe the boundary-scan implementation in a mixed-signal device is proposed. The language is called analog boundary-scan description language (ABSDL) and it is compatible with the existing IEEE Std 1149.1 BSDL. Using this language, test generation automation can proceed, and interconnect test on a mixed-signal board using analog boundary-scan cells can be performed to test both simple wires and discrete components between packaged devices with IEEE Std 1149.1 and 1149.4 infrastructure and access. Although not yet promulgated, the syntax definitions proposed in this paper are indicative of the current state of the Working Group's attempts at this effort. Along with the generation of the syntax for describing IEEE Std 1149.4 structures, the semantic checks for such an ABSDL file are presented

Being well established as a valuable test and debug access methodology in the commercial electronics business, JTAG/ boundary scan as defined in IEEE Std. 1149.1 continues to advance into government and military applications as well. This test technology can be implemented in test systems based on various hardware platforms. This paper presents benefits a high speed tester platform such as PXI express provides for structural test and in-system programming applications based on JTAG / boundary scan access.

Boundary scan tools in a PXI form factor allow a powerful combination with other test methodologies. This paper discusses possibilities of integrating boundary scan tools in a PXI based ATE system as well as outline test and in-system programming applications based on boundary scan at the device, board and system level. An introduction to boundary scan related design-for-testability is provided.

The mineralized shell (consisting of calcium carbonate) of the tropical freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata was investigated with high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffractometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS). Parts from different locations of the snail shell were taken from animals of different age grown under various keeping conditions. Additionally, eggs with ages of 60, 72, 120, and 140 hours were examined. Traces of aragonite were found as first crystalline phase in 120 h old eggs, however, Ca K-edge EXAFS indicated the presence of aragonitic structures already in the X-ray amorphous sample of 72 h age. The main component of the shell of adult animals was aragonite in all cases, but in some cases minor amounts of vaterite (below 1.5%) are formed. The content of vaterite is generally low in the oldest part of the shell (the center) and increases towards the mineralizing zone (the shell margin). In juvenile snails, almost no vaterite was detectable in any part of the shell.

In this paper, we attempt to give a general survey and a comprehensive description of the most significant features of the facilities for electron scattering experiments at the Mainz 300 MeV Linear Accelerator, along with a list of literature, where more detailed information on certain subjects can be found. The accelerator provides energies between 80 and 300 MeV. Scattering angles are available up to 160° resulting in a momentum transfer region up to 3.0 fm −1 . The overall experimental resolution is 0.1%. Cross sections down to 10 −34 cm 2 /sr can be measured. The main features of the apparatus are: an achromatic magnet system with 90° deflection, a double focusing spectrometer, a 75 channel double coincidence detector ladder, spanning a 7% final energy width, and an on-line data acquisition system, together with several beam stabilizing and monitoring systems.

The Mainz electron scattering facility provides energies between 80 and 300 MeV and scattering angles up to 158° which corres-pond to a useful momentum transfer region 0.4 ≤ q ≤ 3.0 fm−1. The accelerator and analyzing system produce approximately 1 μA average current with the overall resolution in the final spectra of usually 0.15% to 0.30%.