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Wprowadzenie. Przewlekle zapalenie trzustki (PZT) oznacza zlozoną chorobe zapalną, charakteryzującą sie postepującym niszczeniem tkanki gruczolowej, wloknieniem oraz zaburzeniami funkcji zewnątrz- i wewnątrzwydzielniczej. Cel. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie procesu pielegnowania pacjenta z przewleklym zapaleniem trzustki z wykorzystaniem terminologii ICNP ® . Opis przypadku. W pracy zastosowano metode case study oraz technike wywiadu, obserwacji, pomiarow i analizy dokumentacji medycznej pacjenta. W ocenie chorego wykorzystano skale C-HOBIC. Badanie przeprowadzono w Szpitalu im. M. Kopernika w Gdansku na Oddziale Chorob Wewnetrznych i Diabetologii w maju 2019 r. i objeto nim 61.letniego pacjenta hospitalizowanego z powodu utrzymujących sie dolegliwości bolowych jamy brzusznej, nudności, wymiotow oraz biegunki. Wnioski. W wyniku przeprowadzonej oceny statusu pacjenta ogolem sformulowano 11 diagnoz pielegniarskich, w tym 6 diagnoz aktualnych odzwierciedlających status fizjologiczny chorego (bol brzucha [10043953], nudności [10012453], wymioty [10025981], biegunka [10000630], hiperglikemia [10027550] i zmienione ciśnienie krwi [10022954]), 1 diagnoze potencjalną (ryzyko infekcji [10015133]), a takze 2 diagnozy dotyczące stylu zycia chorego (naduzywanie alkoholu [10022234] i naduzywanie tytoniu [10022247]) oraz statusu psychologicznego (niepokoj [10000477]) i samoopieki (brak wiedzy [10000837]). W planie opieki pielegniarskiej uwzgledniono interwencje o charakterze diagnostycznym, związane z oceną i monitorowaniem statusu pacjenta, a takze zarządzaniem stwierdzonymi u chorego symptomami i problemami oraz udzialem pielegniarki w procesie terapeutycznym. Wazny element planu opieki stanowily interwencje ukierunkowane na edukacje zdrowotną oraz zapewnienie choremu komfortu psychicznego.

Introduction. The most important application of information technology in nursing is generating and maintaining patient’s electronic records. Implementing ICNP® to this can guarantee the continuity and high quality of evidence-based care. Aim. Obtaining information on nurses’ opinions on the implementation of ICNP® in clinical practice. Material and methods. The study was conducted in late 2018 and early 2019 in a group of 104 nurses of the University Clinical Centre in Gdańsk. It involved conducting a diagnostic survey. Results. Prior to the survey, 77.9% of the respondents were aware of ICNP®. The respondents who did not provide the correct answer to question about the essence of the ICNP® were mostly over 45 years of age. When it comes to 25% of subjects, they declared they were willing to use ICNP®. The vast majority considered it more convenient to maintain care records in the traditional way than with the use of ICNP®. The respondents with a master’s degree showed a higher level of acceptance for the implementation of the ICNP® to clinical practice than respondents with secondary and tertiary education. Conclusions. The nursing staff over 45 years old presented a lower level of knowledge related to the ICNP® as compared to other respondents. The reasons behind the conviction that applying ICNP® would be difficult included understaffing and lack of mobile devices such as tablets or laptops in hospital wards. It is, therefore, necessary to launch a nursing terminology training programme, equip branches with the necessary devices and comply with minimum employment standards.

Mobbing w miejscu pracy staje sie problemem, nad ktorym coraz wiekszą uwage skupiają eksperci zajmujący sie bezpieczenstwem pracy. Do przyczyn sprzyjających wystepowaniu zjawiska mobbingu zalicza sie czynniki spoleczne, cechy kierującego organizacją, szczegolną pozycje spoleczną pokrzywdzonego. Przemoc w miejscu pracy polega na manipulacji osoby poszkodowanej w celu jej emocjonalnego wyniszczenia. Skutki mobbingu ponosi ofiara, rodzina, przedsiebiorstwo oraz spoleczenstwo. Celem pracy byla ocena przyczyn, form i skutkow mobbingu wśrod pracownikow ochrony zdrowia.

Wstep. Zgodnie z obowiązującymi w Polsce standardami ksztalcenia na kierunku pielegniarstwo absolwent studiow pierwszego stopnia powinien „znac i stosowac klasyfikacje diagnoz pielegniarskich”. Cel pracy. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ukazanie mozliwości wykorzystania ICNP® w procesie ksztalcenia studentow pielegniarstwa realizowanego na pierwszym roku studiow pierwszego stopnia, w ramach przedmiotu podstawy pielegniarstwa (w zakresie ksztalcenia teoretycznego). Podsumowanie . Gdanski Uniwersytet Medyczny posiada ponad 10-letnie doświadczenia w zakresie implementacji ICNP® w procesie ksztalcenia studentow. Wraz z uplywem czasu i jednocześnie z rozwojem samej taksonomii te mozliwości wydają sie coraz wieksze, zarowno w zakresie treści ksztalcenia, jak i form zajec dydaktycznych, podczas ktorych wykorzystuje sie terminologie referencyjną ICNP®.

Wstep. Marskośc wątroby jest najczestszą z przewleklych chorob tego narządu. Stanowi dziewiątą co do czestości przyczyne zgonow na świecie. Glownymi jej przyczynami są nadmierne spozycie alkoholu i wirusy hepatotropowe. Cel pracy. Wskazanie kluczowych problemow pielegnacyjnych pacjenta z marskością wątroby wedlug ICNP® oraz roli pielegniarki w ich rozwiązywaniu. Material i metody. Metodami badawczymi, ktorymi sie posluzono, byly analiza piśmiennictwa oraz case study — studium indywidualnego przypadku. Wyniki i wnioski. U pacjenta sformulowano nastepujące diagnozy: bol, obrzek obwodowy, zaburzony status odzywiania, ryzyko zaburzenia integralności skory, ryzyko infekcji, zaburzony sen, naduzywanie alkoholu, ryzyko krwotoku, ryzyko odlezyn, izolacja spoleczna, brak wiedzy o chorobie oraz niepokoj. Zadaniem pielegniarki w opiece nad pacjentem z marskością wątroby jest poprawa jakości zycia pacjentow, minimalizowanie ryzyka powiklan oraz ksztaltowanie zachowan prozdrowotnych. Terminologia ICNP® jest narzedziem umozliwiającym przejrzyste skonstruowanie procesu pielegnowania pacjentow z tym schorzeniem.

Wstep. Choroba niedokrwienna serca (IHD) jest chorobą cywilizacyjną XXI wieku. Znajduje sie wśrod dziesieciu wiodących przyczyn zgonow na świecie i jest najczestszą przyczyną hospitalizacji oraz inwalidztwa. Cel pracy. Ukazanie mozliwości zastosowania Miedzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Praktyki Pielegniarskiej (ICNP®) w pielegnowaniu pacjentki z chorobą niedokrwienną serca. Material i metody. W pracy zastosowano metode studium indywidualnego przypadku pacjentki z rozpoznaną IHD, wspolwystepującym nadciśnieniem tetniczym, napadowym migotaniem przedsionkow, cukrzycą typu 2 oraz niedoczynnością tarczycy. W procesie pielegnowania chorej wykorzystano frazy opisujące „gotowe” diagnozy/wyniki oraz interwencje zawarte w skategoryzowanym jezyku ICNP®. Wyniki. U pacjentki rozpoznano miedzy innymi: bol wiencowy, dusznośc wysilkową, nietolerancje aktywności oraz niepokoj i brak wiedzy o rezimie terapii. Wnioski. Aktualna wersja ICNP® z 2015 roku umozliwia implementacje gotowych diagnoz/wynikow oraz interwencji podejmowanych przez personel pielegniarski w stosunku do pacjentki z rozpoznaną chorobą niedokrwienną serca. Propozycja planu opieki z wykorzystaniem terminologii referencyjnej ICNP® odzwierciedla problemy chorej i zakres dzialan podejmowanych przez personel pielegniarski.

Wstep. Wstrząs w medycynie zaliczany jest do stanow naglych, zagrazających zyciu i wystepuje podczas niewystarczającego zapotrzebowania komorki na tlen. W takiej sytuacji nie mozna dopuścic do kwasicy, koagulopatii i hipotermii, aby zwiekszyc szanse przezycia pacjenta. Do wstrząsu hipowolemicznego dochodzi najcześciej podczas urazu, gdy nastepuje znaczna utrata krwi krązącej z organizmu. Cel pracy. Celem niniejszej pracy bylo przedstawienie opieki nad pacjentem we wstrząsie hipowolemicznym w ujeciu Miedzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Praktyki Pielegniarskiej ICNP® (wersja online dostepna na stronie Miedzynarodowej Rady Pielegniarek). Material i metody. W pracy zastosowano metode studium indywidualnego przypadku z zastosowaniem techniki wywiadu, obserwacji, analizy dokumentacji zdrowotnej pacjenta oraz pomiarow. Wyniki i wnioski . U pacjenta rozpoznano trzynaście kluczowych diagnoz pielegniarskich, w tym problemy aktualnie wystepujące u chorego, do ktorych zalicza sie: ostry bol, hipowolemie, zaburzoną funkcje ukladu moczowego, hiperglikemie, zmienione ciśnienie krwi, zaburzone samodzielne karmienie, niepokoj przed śmiercią. Ze wzgledu na ciezki stan pacjenta wystąpilo duze prawdopodobienstwo problemow potencjalnych.

Wstep. Pielegniarki odgrywają zasadniczą role w identyfikacji oraz ograniczaniu ryzyka problemow zdrowotnych i spolecznych swoich świadczeniobiorcow. Zakres ich kompetencji obejmuje szereg zadan wynikających z pelnionej przez nie funkcji profilaktycznej. Cel. Celem niniejszej pracy bylo uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy jezykiem terminologii referencyjnej Miedzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Praktyki Pielegniarskiej (ICNP®) mozna opisac interwencje pielegniarskie związane z szeroko pojetą profilaktyką? Wyniki. Pojecie „profilaktyka” stanowi termin nadrzedny w stosunku do prewencji, w zakresie ktorej zawarto określenie „unikanie” oraz „chronienie”. W Klasyfikacji ICNP® mozna odnaleźc liczne interwencje dotyczące zarowno oceniania zapotrzebowania na dzialania profilaktyczne, jak i konkretnego oddzialywania w tym zakresie. Wnioski. Zawarte w ICNP® terminy umozliwiają efektywne i — co warte podkreślenia — szczegolowe opisywanie i dokumentowanie aktywności profilaktycznych podejmowanych przez pielegniarki.

Introduction. The essence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are the episodes of paused or shallow breathing, associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. OSA increases the risk of cardiovascular incidents, secondary hypertension, metabolic diseases, traffic accidents, depression or sudden death. The social consequences of OSA are: impaired interpersonal relationships, social isolation, and decreased quality of life of the patient. The treatment of OSA involves using methods to maintain continuous positive airway pressure, as well as lifestyle modification. The aim of the work. The aim of this work is to present selected aspects of the nursing process in patients with OSA, using the ICNP terminology. Results. In the process of nursing a patient, the ICNP® diagnoses and the corresponding nursing interventions were used: apnoea/risk for apnoea, risk for disease, lack of knowledge of disease, ready to learn, fear/anxiety. Conclusions. The ICNP® catalogue allows to fully describe diagnoses and a plan of care for patients with OSA.

Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases still remain the chief life-threatening condition in Poland. They are one of the main causes of sickness absences at work, as well as reasons for hospitalization and disabilities. The professionals responsible for providing nursing services to people suffering from cardiovascular diseases should take into account the activities addressing all spheres of patient’s life. Most attention should be paid to preventing complications, as well as interventions enabling both the patients to perform selfmonitoring and self-care and their relatives to provide unprofessional care. Aim. The aim of this work was to formulate a nursing care plan for a patient suffering from cardiovascular diseases, using the International Classification for Nursing Practice. Material and methods. For the purpose of this article, an individual case study method and literature analysis were used. The research was conducted in November 2015 at the Clinic of Hypertension and Diabetes of the University Clinical Centre at the Medical University of Gdańsk. Written consents were obtained from every patient. Results. In the process of providing nursing care to the patients, phrases describing “ready” diagnoses and nursing interventions included in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) were used. The care plans included the following nursing diagnoses: impaired cardiovascular system, altered blood pressure, pain, functional dyspnea, peripheral edema, impaired sleep, risk of infection, obesity, lack of knowledge about the disease/ poor self-control. Conclusions. The plan of nursing care for patients with cardiovascular diseases was based on the ICNP® reference terminology that fully reflects the key problems of the patient and the scope of interventions made by nurses.

Introduction The development of a nursing practice, improvements in nurses’ autonomy, and increased professional and personal responsibility for the medical services provided all require professional documentation with records of health status assessments, decisions undertaken, actions and their outcomes for each patient. The International Classification for Nursing Practice is a tool that meets all of these needs, and although it requires continuous evaluation, it offers professional documentation and communication in the practitioner and researcher community. Aim The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical critique of an issue related to policy and experience of the current situation in Polish nursing – especially of the efforts to standardize nursing practices through the introduction and development of the Classification in Poland. Discussion Despite extensive promotion and training by International Council of Nurses members worldwide, there are still many countries where the Classification has not been implemented as a standard tool in healthcare facilities. Recently, a number of initiatives were undertaken in cooperation with the local and state authorities to disseminate the Classification in healthcare facilities. Conclusions Thanks to intense efforts by the Polish Nurses Association and the International Council of Nurses Accredited Center for ICNP® Research & Development at the Medical University of Łodź, the Classification is known in Poland and has been tested at several centres. Nevertheless, an actual implementation that would allow for national and international interoperability requires strategic governmental decisions and close cooperation with information technology companies operating in the country. Implications for nursing & health policy Discussing the barriers to the implementation of the Classification can improve understanding of it and its use. At a policy level, decision makers need to understand that use Classification in eHealth services and tools it is necessary to achieve interoperability.

Pacjenci ze schorzeniami nerek potrzebują dobrze wyksztalconych, wysoko wykwalifikowanych, zmotywowanych pielegniarek, bowiem zmienia sie profil pacjenta nefrologicznego — coraz cześciej jest nim osoba ze schorzeniami wielonarządowymi, wspolwystepującymi chorobami (sercowo-naczyniowymi, cukrzycą, zmianami nowotworowymi), czy osoba w podeszlym wieku. Wspolczesna opieka nefrologiczna wymaga od pielegniarek specjalistycznej wiedzy i umiejetności, umozliwiających świadczenie optymalnej, wysokiej jakości opieki pielegniarskiej. Przeglądając bazy w poszukiwaniu publikacji poświeconych zagadnieniom badania fizykalnego w praktyce pielegniarskiej, zauwazono wyraźny brak doniesien w piśmiennictwie na temat wykorzystania kompleksowego badania fizykalnego w pracy pielegniarki nefrologicznej. Poszerzenie uprawnien pielegniarek stanowi integralną cześc rozwoju profesji, odzwierciedlającego zarowno potrzeby systemu ochrony zdrowia wielu krajow, jak i oczekiwan spolecznych. W związku z tym istnieje koniecznośc zwiekszenia zakresu umiejetności klinicznych, a jedną z nich, ktora powinna byc uniwersalna dla wszystkich pielegniarek nefrologicznych, jest umiejetnośc dokonywania badania fizykalnego pacjenta. Podyktowane jest to tym, ze wiele schorzen nerek, jak chociazby niewydolnośc nerek, wplywa na caly organizm, dlatego badanie fizykalne nalezy traktowac jako podstawowy element pielegniarstwa nefrologicznego. Problemy Pielegniarstwa 2015; 23 (4): 533–536

Introduction. The diagnosis of RA has not only physical consequences in patients, but also psychological and socio-economic ones. The patients often suffer from anxiety associated with the prospect of disability, sleep disorders, and the increased risk of depression. The aim of the treatment of the patients with RA, apart from the elimination of the inflammation, is to maintain the patient’s independence as long as possible, therefore the education of the patient and their carers is considered significantly important. Learning to live with the disease reduces anxiety, and facilitates the process of accepting the disease. Aim. The objective of this study was an attempt to answer the question: can the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) be used in the process of nursing of patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Material and methods. In this paper, a method of the analysis and critique of selected Polish literature from the last decade that included the aspects of nursing of patients with RA was used, and the cross-mapping of the diagnoses and nursing interventions with the use of the ICNP® dictionary (online version available on the International Council of Nurses site). Results and conclusions. All the key problems of the care of patients with RA (concerning psychological and social spheres: fatigue, chronic sadness, potential negative depression, anxiety and actual negative ability to perform self care act) and the activities undertaken in nursing them expressed in the traditional way were replaced with the ICNP® diagnoses and interventions. The use of terms from other classifications is an interesting proposal to supplement/complete the plan of care, and it also emphasizes the individual character of the service provided by the nurse. Nursing Topics 2015; 23 (4): 527–532

Niewydolnośc serca (HF, heart failure ) oznacza zespol zaburzen wynikających z nieprawidlowości w zakresie budowy i czynności serca. W Polsce z rozpoznaną HF zyje okolo miliona osob, a szacuje sie, ze w ciągu 2 najblizszych dekad liczba ta wzrośnie o 25%. Niewydolnośc serca stanowi przyczyne wysokiej śmiertelności i hospitalizacji wśrod osob po 65. roku zycia oraz związanych z nią kosztow leczenia i niezdolności do pracy. Celem niniejszego artykulu bylo ukazanie mozliwości zastąpienia tradycyjnych diagnoz (dotyczących problemow somatycznych) i dzialan pielegniarskich frazami ICNP® w procesie pielegnowania chorego z niewydolnością serca. W niniejszym opracowaniu zastosowano metode analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa polskiego z ostatniej dekady, w ktorym uwzgledniono aspekty opieki pielegniarskiej nad pacjentami z niewydolnością serca. Nastepnie przeprowadzono proces mapowania najcześciej wystepujących u chorych problemow pielegnacyjnych oraz dzialan pielegniarskich frazami opisującymi diagnozy, wyniki i interwencje ICNP®. Aktualna wersja ICNP® umozliwia zastąpienie „tradycyjnych” sformulowan opisujących rozpoznania pielegniarskie i podejmowane wobec chorych z niewydolnością serca dzialania frazami opisującymi diagnozy i interwencje ICNP®. Problemy Pielegniarstwa 2015; 23 (1): 104–109

Niewydolnośc serca stanowi przyczyne wysokiej śmiertelności i hospitalizacji oraz związanych z nią kosztow leczenia i niezdolności do pracy. Pacjent, poza rozwiązywaniem problemow dotyczących statusu fizjologicznego, wymaga kompleksowej opieki uwzgledniającej rowniez pozostale sfery funkcjonowania chorego, w tym edukacji zdrowotnej. Celem niniejszego artykulu bylo przeprowadzenie mapowania najcześciej wystepujących u chorych problemow pielegnacyjnych, wynikow oraz dzialan pielegniarskich (w odniesieniu do problemow wykraczających poza sfere somatyczną) frazami opisującymi diagnozy, wyniki i interwencje ICNP®. W pracy zastosowano metode analizy i krytyki wybranych pozycji piśmiennictwa polskiego (z lat 2005–2015) uwzgledniającego aspekty opieki pielegniarskiej nad pacjentami z niewydolnością serca. Terminy zawarte w katalogu ICNP® umozliwiają pelne zastąpienie „tradycyjnych” sformulowan opisujących diagnozy, wyniki oraz zakres podejmowanych przez pielegniarke interwencji wobec chorych z niewydolnością serca. Problemy Pielegniarstwa 2015; 23 (1): 110–116

A catalytic phenol methylation study on two ferrospinel materials (Mg0.63Zn0.37)(Mn0.1Fe1.8)O3.85 (hereafter Mg–Zn) and (Mn0.55Zn0.35Fe0.1)Fe2O4 (hereafter Mn–Zn) was performed. The reaction was carried out in the gas phase in a continuous manner with the feed composition of phenol, methanol, and water in molar ratio 1:5:1. Both ferrites are active in the studied reaction. The alkylation of phenol with methanol led to the selective production of o-methylated phenol derivatives, i.e., o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol. However, both catalysts markedly differ in terms of activity. Different synergy effects on both catalysts cannot be a sufficient explanation. These materials do not differ significantly either in their susceptibility to reduction or in their Lewis type acidity. Because their microstructure differs significantly, a size effect may therefore be responsible for the differences in activity.

ZnFe2−xAlxO4 (x = 0, 1, 2) spinels were obtained by microwave-assisted solvothermal method using 1,4-butanediol as reaction medium. The results of XRD and HRTEM studies have indicated higher nanocrystallinity of aluminium containing spinels, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements have revealed their enhanced textural properties, in particular much higher specific surface areas. NH3-TPD method and cyclohexanol test have shown the variation of surface acid–base properties with the changes in the spinel composition. All studied spinels were active in aniline methylation and proved to be selective for N-methylation leading to N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline. The main advantage of aluminium containing spinels is that N-alkylation with methanol is possible at significantly lower temperature (200–260 °C) when pure zinc ferrite is almost inactive.

Palladium catalysts containing Pd(0) or Pd(II) supported on alumina-based mixed oxides prepared by alkoxide sol–gel method (Al 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 –Eu 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 –MgO, Al 2 O 3 –CeO 2 , Al 2 O 3 –Fe 2 O 3 ) are very effective in the Heck coupling of bromobenzene with butyl acrylate in DMF solvent. In the presence of an excess of bromobenzene, butyl cinnamate (1) was formed as the main product after 4 h. With the same catalysts, good results, up to 97% yield of ethyl β-phenylcinnamate (3), were also obtained in the coupling of bromobenzene with ethyl cinnamate. The three most active catalysts, Pd(0)/Al 2 O 3 , Pd(II)/Al 2 O 3 , and Pd(II)/Al 2 O 3 –Fe 2 O 3 , were applied in the Heck cross-coupling of cinnamates with different bromobenzene and iodobenzene derivatives, leading to β-arylcinnamate products. The highest yield was observed when iodoanisole and cinnamic aldehyde were used as substrates. The formation of Pd(0) nanoparticles in the Heck reaction carried out with supported Pd(II) catalyst precursors was confirmed by TEM measurements.

Mixed oxides with perovskite-like structure and the same formal composition La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF) were prepared by combustion synthesis and by reactive grinding method. Properties of these materials were compared with properties of a commercially available LSCF mixed oxide. The samples were characterized using XRD, ICP, XPS, TEM, SEM, TPR-H2, specific surface area (SSA) and acid–base measurements. It was found that although studied materials exhibit similar physicochemical properties they show different catalytic behaviour for phenol alkylation with methanol. Such behaviour can be attributed to differences in surface structure caused by different synthesis route. The main reaction product, i.e. ortho-cresol, was obtained with selectivity higher than 90% (in the whole studied temperature range) at conversion level up to 41% on the material prepared by reactive grinding.

Alumina-based oxides Al 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 (A, B, C) and Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 –Eu 2 O 3 (D) were prepared by alkoxide sol–gel method and used as supports for palladium nanoparticles obtained by reduction of PdCl 2 by methanol or hydrazine. As confirmed by XRD and TEM methods, such catalysts are composed of palladium nanoparticles well dispersed on the surface of the alumina matrix. The Suzuki coupling of 2-bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid, used as the test reaction, revealed that the obtained catalysts were quite efficient even at 40 °C and that their catalytic activity increased at 60 and 80 °C. Very good results (95% yield after 1 h) also were obtained when PdCl 2 supported on mixed oxides was used without earlier palladium reduction. It was confirmed that under the reaction conditions, Pd(0) nanoparticles of ca. 5 nm in diameter were formed on the support. Under the same conditions ( i PrOH + H 2 O used as a solvent, KOH as a base), a Pd(0)/PVP colloid exhibited slightly lower catalytic activity.

This paper reports the investigation ofC-alkylation of phenol with methanol over zinc ferrite as a catalyst. The reactions were carried out in gas phase at atmospheric pressure in dependence of increasing temperature. The total selectivity towardsortho-cresol and 2,6-xylenol over 300°C surpassed 90%. ZnFe2O4 was obtained by oxidative precipitation method from solution of iron (II) sulphate and zinc sulphate at 60°C. Based on the results, the best equation describing the oxidation reaction rate was found. The obtained products have been investigated using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis.

A composite oxide ZnAl2O4 was prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment, a precursor mixture of hydroxides obtained by precipitation of aluminium and zinc nitrates. Characterization by TEM, XRD and textural studies shows that ZnAl2O4 is nanosized and is a micro/mesoporous material with large a surface area (140 m2/g). The gas phase catalytic methylation of 4-hydroxypyridine in the presence of the ZnAl2O4 catalyst was performed in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 240–360 °C. A mixture of O- and N-alkylated products, namely 4-methoxypyridine and N-methyl-4-pyridone were obtained. The alkylation of 4-hydroxypyridine with methanol at 345 °C offered 87.6% selectivity towards N-methyl-4-pyridone with about 89% 4-hydroxypyridine conversion.

The gas phase alkylation of 2-hydroxypyridine with methanol at atmospheric pressure, over ZnAl 2 O 4 , prepared via hydrothermal route, is reported. The catalyst was characterised by XRD, HRTEM, DTA-TG, BET surface area measurements, pore-size analysis and surface acidity. The catalyst indicates high selectivity (over 95%) in the reaction of methanol with 2-hydroxypyridine leading to N -methyl-2-pyridone and its activity does not change substantially in the temperature range of 325–340 °C.

Cyclopentyl n-decanoate and n-butyl cyclopentanecarboxylate were converted into ketones over heterogeneous catalyst. The transformations proceeded as parallel ones: through b-ketoesters with simultaneous thermal decomposition (retro-Tishchenko reaction) and secondary condensation of the resultant aldehydes. The path from esters to ketones from acidic ester sides is shorter than the one from alcohol ester sides. The mutual proportions of ketones depend also on the control parameters.

The investigation presented attempts to apply the Zr-Mg-Y oxide system as a catalyst for phenol alkylation with methanol by a gas-phase reaction. The studies were carried out in a continuous process performed at atmospheric pressure. It was indicated that the catalyst obtained is active and ortho-selective in the methylation of phenol. At 370°C, in the presence of Zr-Mg-Y oxide catalyst under the experimental conditions studied, an interesting yield of ortho-cresol (over 46% with 66.5% selectivity) was attained. Zr-Mg-Y-O catalyst was prepared by low temperature method and it was characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning microscopy and nitrogen physisorption. In addition, in this reaction the catalytic specificity of Zr-Mg-O, ZrO2, MgO and Y2O3 was examined.

Mg,Al-mixed oxide catalyst with molar ratio 1:2 was prepared hydrothermally from magnesium acetate and basic aluminium nitrate. The obtained sample was characterised by XRD, HRTEM and nitrogen adsorption. The basic sites density was determined by temperature-programmed desorption of CO 2 combined with mass spectrometry (TPD-MS). Moreover, test reactions for acid–base characterisation (i.e. 2-propanol and cyclohexanol transformations) were used. The prepared catalyst proved to be selective and active for monoalkylation of imidazole leading to 1-methylimidazole. The gas phase catalytic alkylation of imidazole with methanol on Mg,Al-mixed oxide catalyst was carried out in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 225–350 °C. 1-Methylimidazole was efficiently obtained with selectivity reaching up to 97.4% at an imidazole conversion of 93.0% (at temperature 340 °C).

Nanosized γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst was prepared by the alkoxide sol–gel method and characterized by XRD and TEM. The porous nature of the catalyst was studied by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Acidity of the synthesised material was analyzed by pyridine-adsorbed FT-IR spectroscopy. The gas phase alkylation of isomeric methylphenols (cresols) with isopropyl alcohol over sol–gel prepared alumina catalyst was studied. The reactions were carried out in a continuous process at the atmospheric pressure with dependence on temperature, starting at 210 °C up to the point when the amount of alkylated cresols dropped due to decomposition. Both, O- and C-alkylated products were obtained at lower temperatures, while at higher temperatures ortho -isopropylated derivatives of isomeric cresols were the main products. According to the present method isopropylated cresols can be efficiently obtained with selectivity higher than 90%.

The gas-phase catalytic transformations of anisole on two catalytic systems: ZnAl 2 O 4 ( A ) and 8%Fe 2 O 3 /ZnAl 2 O 4 ( B ) have been studied. Catalyst A was synthesised at hydrothermal conditions from Zn and Al nitrates; catalyst B was made from catalyst A by additionally impregnating with aqueous solution of ferric nitrate. Experimental data show that the addition of iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) into zinc aluminate improves the catalytic activity i.e. anisole conversion and total ortho -selectivity to ortho -cresol and 2,6-xylenol. On the surface of both catalysts, Lewis acid sites are present. Catalyst A is characterised by higher concentration of Lewis acidity. The proposal of the reaction mechanism in the presence of catalysts was presented.

Terbium-doped Al2O3–ZrO2 mixed oxides of 10 wt% zirconia content were prepared by the alkoxide sol–gel method. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, thermal analysis, textural and TPR studies. The effect of thermal treatment of Tb-doped Al2O3–ZrO2 samples on photo- and cathodoluminescence spectra was investigated. It was found that the photoluminescence spectrum induced by UV excitation was characterized by a green luminescence pattern arising from the 5D4 → 7FJ (J=6–0) transitions of the Tb3+ ion. This photoluminescence became almost completely damped for the samples sintered at 1200 °C. However, these samples have demonstrated an intense cathodoluminescence under high electron accelerating potential (60 kV). Moreover, it was observed that apart of the green luminescence, the blue emission lines arising from 5D3 → 7FJ transitions of Tb3+ were observed. The nature of such behavior is discussed.

The gas phase catalytic alkylation of phenol with methanol over new Sn–Ce–Rh–O catalyst has been studied. Cerium dioxide, tin dioxide, Sn–Ce–O and Sn–Rh–O systems have been also applied as catalysts. The reaction was carried out in a continuous process at the atmospheric pressure in dependence on temperature—starting at 523 K up to the deflection of phenol conversion. According to the elaborated method ortho-methyl phenol derivatives can be efficiently obtained. The best results were received in the presence of Sn–Ce–Rh–O: a summarized selectivity to ortho-cresol and 2,6-xylenol at 643 K reached 93.5% at the 71% conversion of phenol. Over all the studied catalysts O-alkylation was an insignificant process.

Deactivation of the iron catalyst Fe-Si-Cr-K-O was investigated with the help of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and checked in reaction of phenol alkylation with methanol performed in gas phase at the atmospheric pressure. It was indicated that the catalytic action of the alkylation catalyst (active–inactive) could be correlated with the relative contribution of the oxidation states of iron (+2) and (+3). The intensity ratio of the Fe 3p individual components was found to be a good measure of the contribution. The catalyst as-prepared has the (+2)/(+3) ratio 1.7, active in reaction—1.9, calcined at 1000 °C—1.4 and deactivated during the reaction—2.7. The process accompanied other reasons for deactivation as carbon deposition on the surface and/or sintering of catalyst crystallites.

Ketonization of metameric esters n-hexyl acetate and ethyl n-hexanoate was carried out in the vapor phase over Sn-Ce-Rh-O catalyst at 370°C and at 1 and 3 h-1 load. In both cases the main products were dimethyl ketone, dipentyl ketone and methyl pentyl ketone; however, the compositions and ratios of the products obtained from both esters were different. The transformation pathways of both esters were inferred based on the quantitative differences in the composition of the products. The ratios of the particular compounds obtained during transformation of both esters indicate that the reactions proceeded simultaneously - through β-ketoesters with partial thermal decomposition of esters and secondary condensation of the formed aldehydes. Also the way of creation of ketones resulting from secondary condensation was proposed.

The catalytic conversion of acyclic and cyclic esters into ketones was studied. Based on an analysis of data on the yields of the products of ester conversion, the conclusion was drawn that ketones result from a reaction between two ester molecules with the intermediate formation of a β-ketoester. This reaction is accompanied by the partial thermal decomposition of esters to aldehydes (reverse Tishchenko reaction) with the subsequent condensation.

Europium-doped nanostructured monolithic alumina matrix was prepared by the alkoxide sol–gel method. The Eu 3+ ions were introduced by impregnation. The resulting γ-Al 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ samples were heat-treated in the presence of gaseous components from oxidative pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The textural properties and optical behavior of the samples obtained were investigated. It was found that after a subsequent heat-treatment in air at 1400 °C, a strong blue fluorescence of Eu 2+ was observed whereas in thermally sintered samples without fluorination only the Eu 3+ ions were present.

The gas-phase catalytic alkylation of m -cresol with isopropanol on ZnAl 2 O 4 catalysts of different properties has been studied. The reactions were carried out in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 473–583 K. Both, O- and C-alkylated products were obtained at lower temperatures while at higher temperatures thymol was the main product of the reaction. According to the elaborated method thymol can be efficiently obtained with selectivity reaching up to 88.4% at an m -cresol conversion of 78.2%.

The gas-phase alkylation of m-cresol (3-methylphenol) with n-and iso-propanol was investigated. The reactions were carried out in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure over an iron catalyst that contains Cr, Si and K oxides. It is possible to obtain n and iso-propyl derivatives of m-cresol with satisfactory selectivity.

Two samples (A and B) of zinc aluminate spinel were prepared and used as catalysts of phenol methylation. Both catalysts were synthesised at hydrothermal conditions from zinc acetate and from various aluminium precursors: aluminium isopropoxide (catalyst A) or basic aluminium nitrate (catalyst B). Catalyst A was pure ZnAl2O4 and B - besides ZnAl2O4 contained traces of γ-Al2O3. Reactions of phenol alkylation with methanol were carried out in the gas phase under atmospheric pressure in a standard flow reactor with fixed bed. Catalysts indicated different properties in dependence on the aluminium precursor used during preparation. In the presence of catalyst A higher selectivity of ortho-methylation of phenol was obtained. Catalyst B was active both in O-alkylation and C-alkylation.

The methyl ester mixture obtained from rape oil, and the mixture of butyl esters produced from animal fatty acids, were converted into mixtures of ketones with a total yield above 65%. The experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure in a temperature range of 300-400°C using a standard flow system, with an iron catalyst modified with silicon, chromium, and potassium oxides, in the molar ratio of 100:2:1:0.1. The described method may extend the prospects of using waste technical fats.

Pentamethylene and hexamethylene glycols over a catalyst consisting of iron, silicon, chromium and potassium oxides undergo intramolecular condensation at about 640 K, but considerably different products are obtained: 2,3-dihydropyran and cyclopentanone, respectively. Above 650 K, both glycols undergo intermolecular condensation forming corresponding 5-nonanone and 6-undecanone. Reactions were carried out in a standard flow system under atmospheric pressure in the gas phase.

Primary aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, esters, carboxylic acids, and their anhydrides undergo a transformation to ketones with high yield and selectivity. The reactions proceed in a continuous way in the gas phase over an iron catalyst.

The results of gas-phase conversion of ω-phenyl-substituted alcohols (benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-phenyl-1-propanol) and their equimolar mixtures with primary normal alcohol (1-octanol) are presented. Reactions were carried out at atmospheric pressure in the presence of an iron catalyst in the temperature range of 568–673 K and load of 2.0 h−1. 2-Phenylethanol and 3-phenyl-1-propanol undergo dehydrogenation to aldehydes and condensation to esters. At higher temperatures symmetrical ketones containing ω-phenyl group as substituent are formed. Mixtures of these alcohols with 1-octanol give among others asymmetrical aromatic-aliphatic ketones.

The susceptibility to ketonization of oxidized derivatives of n -decane ( n -decanol, n -decanal, their equimolar mixtures, n -decyl n -decylate, and 3-hydroxy-2-octyl-dodecanal) in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure over Fe 3 O 4 catalyst was studied. Using those reactants, 10-nonyldecanone was the main product. Condensing n -decanal, n -decyl n -decylate, and 3-hydroxy-2-octyl-dodecanal, ketone is obtained with higher yields than from n -decanol.

The results of gas-phase alkylation of para-cresol (4-methylphenol) in the presence of an iron catalyst using methanol, ethanol, n- and iso-propanol as alkylating agents are presented. In the case of methylation and ethylation the total ortho-selectivities were nearly 100% and the yields of products were very high. The studies were carried out in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure. The obtained alkyl derivatives of para-cresol are important for industry as antioxidants and intermediates.

The vapour phase alkylation of methoxyphenols with alcohols in the presence of an iron catalyst that contains Cr, Si and K oxides was studied. The reactions were carried out in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure. It is possible to receive ortho alkylated derivatives of 3- and 4-methoxyphenol with high yield and selectivity.

A oxidizing condensation of normal alcohols C4 to C12 in the gas phase over Fe3O4 catalyst containing Cr, Si and K oxides was studied. The reactions were carried out in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure. Initially the alcohols undergo dehydrogenation to aldehydes and esters, and at higher temperatures symmetric ketones containing 2n - 1 atoms of carbon in a molecule are formed. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed.

The vapour phase alkylation of 2-naphthol with C1−C3 alcohols in the presence of an iron catalyst that contains Cr-, Si- and K-oxides was investigated. 2-Naphthol was methylated in a temperature range 520–645 K giving first 1-methyl-2-naphthol and then 1,3-dimethyl-2-naphthol with total selectivity of ortho-alkylation over 98%. In the cases of ethanol and n-propanol, derivatives of 2-naphthol alkylated in the 1-position were obtained with high yield and selectivity. The reactions were carried out in a continuous process at atmospheric pressure.