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Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a novel post-translational modification and its function in plant salt-stress responses remains unclear. In this study, we performed the first comprehensive chloroplast crotonylome analysis of wheat seedling leaves to examine the potential functions of Kcr proteins in salt-stress responses. In a total of 471 chloroplast proteins, 1290 Kcr sites were identified as significantly regulated by salt stress, and the Kcr proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, protein folding, and ATP synthesis. The identified Kcr sites that responded to salt stress were concentrated within KcrK and KcrF motifs, with the conserved KcrF motif being identified in the Kcr proteins of wheat chloroplasts for the first time. Notably, 10 Kcr sites were identified in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (TaFBA6), a key chloroplast metabolic enzyme involved in the Calvin–Benson cycle. Site-directed mutagenesis of TaFBA6 showed that the Kcr at K367 is critical in maintaining its enzymatic activity and in conferring salt tolerance in yeast. Further molecular dynamic simulations and analyses of surface electrostatic potential indicated that the Kcr at K367 could improve the structural stability of TaFBA6 by decreasing the distribution of positive charges on the protein surface to resist alkaline environments, thereby promoting both the activity of TaFBA6 and salt tolerance.

Wheat gluten proteins serve as the largest protein molecules in nature and play key roles in breadmaking quality formation. In this study, we used a pair of Glu-A1 allelic variation lines to perform a comprehensive investigation on the effects of Glu-A1a encoded 1Ax1 subunit on gluten physicochemical properties, molecular structures and breadmaking quality. The results showed that the presence of the 1Ax1 subunit significantly increased gluten content, leading to marked improvement of dough rheological properties. Meanwhile, gluten physicochemical properties such as foaming ability and foaming stability, oil/water-holding capacity, emulsifying activity, disulfide bond content, and gluten degradation temperature were significantly improved. A confocal laser scanning microscope analysis revealed that the 1Ax1 subunit drastically enhanced gluten microstructure. Gluten secondary structure analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and laser scanning microscope-Raman spectroscopy indicated that 1Ax1 subunit significantly promoted β-turn and β-sheet content and reduced α-helix content. Three-dimensional structure analysis by AlphaFold2 revealed a similar structural feature of 1Ax1 with the superior quality subunit 1Ax2*. Correlation and principal component analyses demonstrated that α-helix and β-sheet content had a significant correlation with dough rheological properties, gluten physicochemical properties and breadmaking quality. Our results showed that 1Ax1 subunit positively affected gluten molecular structure and quality formation.

Cadmium, one of the toxic heavy metals, robustly impact crop growth and development and food safety. In this study, the mechanisms of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) selenium-binding protein-A (TaSBP-A) involved in response to Cd stress was fully investigated by overexpression in Arabidopsis and wheat. As a cytoplasm protein, TaSBP-A showed a high expression in plant roots and its expression levels were highly induced by Cd treatment. The overexpression of TaSBP-A enhanced Cd-toleration in yeast, Arabidopsis and wheat. Meanwhile, transgenic Arabidopsis under Cd stress showed a lower H2O2 and malondialdehyde content and a higher photochemical efficiency in the leaf and a reduction of free Cd2+ in the root. Transgenic wheat seedlings of TaSBP exhibited an increment of Cd content in the root, and a reduction Cd content in the leaf under Cd2+ stress. Cd2+ binding assay combined with a thermodynamics survey and secondary structure analysis indicated that the unique CXXC motif in TaSBP was a major Cd-binding site participating in the Cd detoxification. These results suggested that TaSBP-A can enhance the sequestration of free Cd2+ in root and inhibit the Cd transfer from root to leaf, ultimately conferring plant Cd-tolerance via alleviating the oxidative stress and photosynthesis impairment triggered by Cd stress.

Coupling energy storage system is one of the potential ways to improve the peak regulation and frequency modulation performance for the existing combined heat power plant. Based on the characteristics of energy storage types, achieving the accurate parameter design for multiple energy storage has been a necessary step to coordinate regulation. In this work, heat storage tank for peak regulation and flywheel energy storage for frequency modulation have been carried out, including the parameters design and performance evaluation for their charging (or discharging) rate and capacity, and the collaborative optimization of dual energy storage systems has been realized. First, the effects of increasing peak depth, load change rate (frequency modulation) range, and energy storage parameters are further analyzed. It is worth noting that the power curves of regional thermal and electrical loads would be adjusted according to the set requirements. Results showed that, the set rate of charge and discharge as well as the capacity of energy storage is conducive to improving the peak regulation depth of the system, and the peak regulation depth would reach its limit at 96.35 MW and 40.83 MWh in the calculation cases, respectively. On this basis, the cooperative regulation of dual energy storage can further increase the capability of peak regulation and frequency modulation. The extreme point is that when the charge and discharge rates are both 3 MW, and meanwhile the peak clipping coefficient, a self-defined parameter, reaches 22.34 MW. Furthermore, an example calculation is carried out to verify the reliability of the design method of energy storage parameter. The specific parameters set include the charging and discharging rate of energy storage tank equipment is 61.67 MW, and its capacity is 10.64 MWh, and the charging and discharging rate of flywheel energy storage equipment is 3 MW. The example results confirmed that there was only a very small error between the set results and the calculation results. Finally, the thermal-electric load region has been drawn to contrast the key roles of dual energy storage systems, which indicates that the heat storage tank can be used for peak regulation and flywheel energy storage for frequency modulation. Overall, the parameter design method for dual energy storage can meet the engineering requirements and provide a new direction for the subsequent parameter design of thermal power unit coupled energy storage system.

Activity of BC1 complex kinase (ABC1K) serves as an atypical kinase family involved in plant stress resistance. This study identified 44 ABC1K genes in the wheat genome, which contained three clades (I–III). TaABC1K genes generally had similar structural features, but differences were present in motif and exon compositions from different clade members. More type II functional divergence sites were detected between clade I and clade III and no positive selection site were found in TaABC1K family. The three-dimensional structure prediction by Alphafold2 showed that TaABC1K proteins had more α-helixes with a relatively even distribution, and different clade members had differences in the content of secondary structures. The cis-acting element analysis showed that TaABC1K genes contained abundant cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and environmental stress response in the promoter region, and generally displayed a significantly upregulated expression under drought stress. In particular, both TaABC1K3 and TaABC1K6 genes from clade I was highly induced by drought stress, and their overexpression in yeast and Arabidopsis enhanced drought tolerance by suppressing active oxygen burst and reducing photosynthesis impairment. Meanwhile, TaABC1K3 and TaABC1K6 could, respectively, complement the function of Arabidopsis abc1k3 and abc1k6 mutants and reduce photosynthesis damage caused by drought stress.

Spelt wheat (

Activity of BC1 complex kinase (ABC1K) serves as an atypical kinase family involved in plant stress resistance. This study identified 44

GATA transcription factor genes participate in plant growth, development, morphogenesis, and stress response. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of wheat GATA transcription factor genes to reveal their molecular evolutionary characteristics and involvement in salt and drought tolerance. In total, 79 TaGATA genes containing a conserved GATA domain were identified in the wheat genome, which were classified into four subfamilies. Collinear analysis indicated that fragment duplication plays an important role in the amplification of the wheat GATA gene family. Functional disproportionation analysis between subfamilies found that both type I and type II functional divergence simultaneously occurs in wheat GATA genes, which might result in functional differentiation of the TaGATA gene family. Transcriptional expression analysis showed that TaGATA genes generally have a high expression level in leaves and in response to drought and salt stresses. Overexpression of TaGATA62 and TaGATA73 genes significantly enhanced the drought and salt tolerance of yeast and Arabidopsis. Protein–protein docking indicated that TaGATAs can enhance drought and salt tolerance by interacting between the DNA-binding motif of GATA transcription factors and photomorphogenesis-related protein TaCOP9-5A. Our results provided a base for further understanding the molecular evolution and functional characterization of the plant GATA gene family in response to abiotic stresses.

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are perfectly confined resonances within the radiation continuum. The novel characteristics of single BICs have been studied in great detail in various wave systems, including electromagnetic waves, acoustic waves, water waves, and elastic waves in solids. In practice, the performance of BICs is limited by the finite size of the structure, while the combination of multiple BICs can further improve the localization of resonances. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate the combination of Fabry–Perot and symmetry-protected BICs at near infrared wavelengths by employing a compound photonic crystal system composed of a photonic crystal slab and a distributed Bragg reflector, resulting in an enhanced high quality factor.

Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L., 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) is a valuable source of new gene resources for wheat genetic improvement. In the present study, two novel high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) 1Ax2.1* at Glu-A1 and 1By19* at Glu-B1 from German spelt wheat were identified. The encoding genes of both subunits were amplified and cloned by allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), and the complete sequences of open reading frames (ORF) were obtained. 1Ax2.1* with 2478 bp and 1By19* with 2163 bp encoded 824 and 720 amino acid residues, respectively. Molecular characterization showed that both subunits had a longer repetitive region, and high percentage of α-helices at the N- and C-termini, which are beneficial for forming superior gluten macropolymers. Protein modelling by AlphaFold2 revealed similar three-diamensional (3D) structure features of 1Ax2.1* with two x-type superior quality subunits (1Ax1 and 1Ax2*) and 1By19* with four y-type superior quality subunits (1By16, 1By9, 1By8 and 1By18). Four cysteine residues in the three x-type subunits (1Ax2.1*, 1Ax1 and 1Ax2*) and the cysteine in intermediate repeat region of y-type subunits were not expected to participate in intramolecular disulfide bond formation, but these cysteines might form intermolecular disulfide bonds with other glutenins and gliadins to enhance gluten macropolymer formation. The SNP-based molecular markers for 1Ax2.1* and 1By19* genes were developed, which were verified in different F2 populations and recombination inbred lines (RILs) derived from crossing between spelt wheat and bread wheat cultivars. This study provides data on new glutenin genes and molecular markers for wheat quality improvement.

The substituted Mn2Sb-based ferrimagnetic (FIM) alloys by other elements have attracted much attention recently due to excellent magneto-functional properties. However, almost all investigations have been concentrated on the first-order phase transition between antiferromagnetic and FIM state. In this work, a large topological Hall effect (THE) associated with the spin reorientation transition is observed in the Mn2Sb0.9Bi0.1 alloy. Strikingly, the sign reversal of topological Hall resistivity ([Formula: see text]) is found before and after the SRT temperature TSR ∼260 K. Above the TSR, a positive [Formula: see text] is observed, e.g., ∼0.52 μΩ cm at 320 K. By reducing temperature to 275 K, the [Formula: see text] value decreases to ∼0.42 μΩ cm. It is interesting that, however, the negative [Formula: see text] value is found below the TSR, e.g., ∼−0.66 μΩ cm at 175 K. The physical mechanism about this peculiar THE is discussed in Bi-doped Mn2Sb-based alloys.

A compact and tunable micro-integrated extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) on AlN ceramic template in butterfly packaging has developed for rubidium (780.2 nm) atom interferometry. Moveable parts are strictly omitted to provide maximum mechanical stability and reliability. The micro-integrated ECDL uses a volume holographic Bragg grating (VHBG) with a diffraction efficiency of 20% at 780.2 nm and a FWHM bandwith 70 pm based on a littrow configuration possessing an extended cavity length of 5.5 mm. The gain chip in ECDL has curved stripe with high reflecting (99%) on normal side and deep antireflecting (AR) on the tilted one. The curved stripe together with deep AR-coating provides extremely low reflection ( 65 GHz for a temperature range of 25 K with a tuning factor at 2.6 GHz/K. Continuous laser frequency tuning is achieved by sweeping the injection current to the Gain chip for 8.8GHz at -557 MHz/mA. The device provides a short term full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of significantly less than 100 kHz and an optical power in excess of 120 mW.

This article uses semiconductor simulation software to simulate the composition concentration and thickness of the epitaxial structure of the InGaAsP near-infrared single photo avalanche detector. By optimizing and adjusting different parameters, this study manifests the ideal inner energy band, electrical field distribution, making the overall performance of the SPAD has been improved. The calculation results of I-V curve show that by controlling the thickness of the charge layer and multiplication layer within a certain range, the punch voltage and avalanche voltage of the device can be appropriately reduced to 25V and 72V, and the maximum multiplication factor can be obtained over 10000 under the avalanche voltage. By depicting the infrared spectrum response curve, it can be seen that in the range of 0.9 to 1.55um, the internal quantum efficiency of the SPAD is basically maintained above 70%, indicating that the device has a high photon conversion efficiency and meets the demand for single-photon detection.

Optical waveguide phased array has a lot of benefits, such as high speed scanning, low control power, low optical loss, small package size and high integration and so on. Many fields including pilotless driving, celestial navigation，medical diagnosis, optical communication, can use this new type of all solid scanning device to improve their performance. In this paper, we conduct the theory simulation about the device design of the silicon waveguide phased array system and the main contents include these following researches. Firstly the simulation results about the local optical field under the TE mode of silicon optical waveguide based on SOI prove that our silicon-based optical waveguide has low electromagnetic wave loss. Secondly the input grating coupler for spatial light-towaveguide transmission is designed and the propagation direction and intensity distribution of the light field in the grating coupler are obtained, which indicates the coupling efficiency is more than 50%. Also the multi-mode interferometer structure design and optimization for multi-element phased array beam splitting are carried out, and the output intensity reaches 90%. Finally, the power of the heating electrode Ti is designed to meet the temperature requirement of phase shift at 360K.

Internal jugular phlebectasia is a rare condition. Children with internal jugular phlebectasia are often discovered by their parents when they notice a soft mass in the neck that appears when the child cries, coughs, or breathes deeply. Most internal jugular vein dilatations occur unilaterally on the right side according to the literature reports. To our knowledge, no other internal jugular phlebectasia patients reported pulsatile tinnitus as the major complaint without a soft mass in the neck. The authors reported a female adult patient with left-side internal jugular phlebectasia with pulsatile tinnitus as the major complaint without a soft mass in the neck. Internal jugular phlebectasia was diagnosed by color ultrasound of the internal jugular vein. Pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, hemoglobin, thyroid function, and magnetic resonance imaging were made to differentiate other diseases that can cause the pulsatile tinnitus. Conservative treatment is recommended in this report. The possibility of internal jugular vein dilatation should be considered when differentiate the possible diseases that caused pulsatile tinnitus.

The GaN/AlN QDs with different height and density are grown by MOCVD in Stranski-Krastanov (S-K) method. The growing of self-assembly GaN quantum dots (QDs) in S-K method is attributed to six key growth parameters of Ⅴ/Ⅲ ratio, growth interruption, growth duration, flow rate, growing temperature and the NH3 protective atmosphere during cooling down. The surface free energy and GaN deposition amount on the growth front are modulated by adjusting the 6 conditions in epitaxial process of GaN QDs. The influence of the six growth factors on GaN QDs and the mechanism of which are systematically analyzed, the appropriate growth windows of each factor are obtained by optimizing experiments. The uncapped GaN QDs possess excellent photoluminescence performance.

In this paper we demonstrate a branched Rutile TiO2 nanorod structure which used as a model architecture for efficient photoelectrochemical devices for simultaneously offers a large contact area with the electrolyte, excellent lighttrapping characteristics, and a highly conductive pathway for charge carrier collection. We developed a facile hydrothermal synthesis method to achieve rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays on FTO substrate without use of any acid. The morphology of nanorods can be finely tuned by changing the growth parameters, and the potential of the as-made rutile TiO2 nanorods in perovskite solar cells was evaluated, showing power conversion efficiency up to 11.1%.

The Meropeidae (earwigflies) is a small family of Mecoptera with only three extant and three fossil species. In this paper, a new species of Meropeidae Burmomerope bashkuevi sp. nov., is described based on an exceptionally well-preserved specimen from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. It can be distinguished from other species mainly by most simplified wing venation, four veins both in radial and medial sectors, massive antenna with wide flagellomeres and very thin and elongated last segments of female abdomen. Our new finding not only represents the fourth species of Mesozoic Meropeidae, but also the third female record of extinct earwigflies, which augments the diversity of Mesozoic earwigflies.

A low-temperature solution-processed inorganic p-type contact material of vanadium oxide (VOx) was developed to fabricate planar-heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Using a solvent-assisted process, high-quality uniform and compact perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) films were deposited on VOx coated substrates. Due to the high transmittance and quenching efficiency of VOx layers, a power conversion efficiency of over 14% was achieved.

Perovskite-type solar cell represents the pursuit of the ultimate goal of clean and renewable energy. Recently, hydroxyethyl methyl halide perovskite lead has been identified as a promising solar absorber. Recently, the perovskite-type solar cell performance improved rapidly achieve efficiencies up to 15%. Now we showed a new structure for perovskite cells based on a sublimated methylammonium lead iodide perovskite layer that is sandwiched between a very thin electron conductive layers and a Al 2 O 3 scaffold layer processed on a substrate consist of polymer using spinning-coating techniques which lead a high power conversion efficiencies solar cell.

Tripping off of the centralized grid-connected large-scale wind farm will have an impact on the grid frequency. When a failure occurs nearby the point of common coupling, in order to ride through the fault, it's a feasible strategy to turn the wind farm into isolated island operation for a short time and reconnect to the grid after the fault isolation. In order to achieve the condition for grid-reconnection, the frequency control characteristics of wind farms are analyzed in this paper and a reasonable short-term emergency control strategy of isolated island is proposed using the equivalent inertia. Furthermore, a simulation is carried out to verify the correctness of the strategy.