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Wild animals like pheasant seem to be a good source of information about human activities. Therefore, the wild pheasants and relative stable appendix microcenosis were selected for antibiotic resis...

Microbial communities on fresh-consumed plant products are an important predictor of quality and safety for the consumer. Totally, 45 samples of berry fruits (8 blackberries, 9 blueberries, 8 strawberries, 8 raspberries, 12 currants) and 40 samples of leafy vegetables (20 lettuce, 6 cornsalad, 8 rocket, 8 spinach) were analyzed using cultivation and DNA-depended methods. Total aerobic count, coliforms, and yeasts were significantly lower in fruits while counts of filamentous fungi were similar. Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella were the most common colonies grown on VRBL agar. Salmonella was detected in single sample of cornsalad using qPCR but no sample contained Escherichia coli harboring stx1, stx2 and intimin genes. Sequencing of V4 region of bacteria 16S rRNA and ITS2 region of fungi amplified from plant tissue-extracted DNA confirmed different composition of fruit and vegetable microbiome. Pre-enrichment of bacteria in phosphate buffered water allowed deeper analysis of Enterobacteriaceae using V4–V5 region of 16S rRNA while differences among communities were described similarly. Pantoea, Klebsiella, or Staphylococcus were more frequent in berries while Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, or Sphingobacterium in leafy vegetables. Comparison of inner and outer leaves of head-forming lettuces (6 iceberg, 5 romain) showed that outer leaves are colonized by more bacteria with higher diversity. Microbiological safety of fresh production requires more attention as the potentially pathogenic bacteria were detected, particularly in leafy vegetables. However, the true pathogenicity of such bacteria needs further research.

Autoři uvaději sve vlastni zkusenosti s peroralnim podavanim amiodaronu u pacientů trpicich fibrilaci sini. Uvaději strucný přehled metabolismu amiodaronu, doporuceneho davkovani a nežadoucich ucinků. Při podavani nizkých davek a peclivem sledovani považuji amiodaron za bezpecne a vysoce ucinne antiarytmikum. © 2019, CKS.

Traditional medicine usage at the preventive medicine level is comprehensive and plant-based remedies are being prescribed for the treatment of a large scale of diseases by indigenous medical practitioners around the world. The phytochemicals being observed in the fruits and vegetables as well as herbal plants are getting investigated intensively as their important role in the avoidance of diverse human diseases is undoubtful. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal herbs were evaluated in this study. Aerial parts of plants from Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Plantaginaceae, Rubiaceae growing wild in Slovakia (locality Zobor) were investigated to characterize their polyphenol content, flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Inspection of the metabolic profile combined with HPLC data showed that the ethanol extract contained mainly eight polyphenols with apigenin, daidzein, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, vitexin, and cynaroside as the main chemicals. Among them, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, trans-p-caffeic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, trans-p-sinapic acid, trans-p-ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid were identified. The antioxidant capacity of ethanol extracts was evaluated by employing DPPH radical scavenging and phosphomolybdenum assays. All samples were also tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphyloccocus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Citrobacter koseri, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas proteolytica, Hafnia alvei, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica) bacterial species using the disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays

Pomegranate represents a rich source of phytocompounds with high medicinal value. Nowadays, many studies have shown that the pomegranate extract also possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells, thus leading to increased popularity as a functional food and nutraceuticals. The aim of the study was to determine the biological effect of dry pomegranate extract (at concentrations 5, 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml; for 24h) on the viability of ovarian cells and the secretion of steroid hormones. Cultures of human ovarian granulosa cells (HGL5) and human ovarian carcinoma cells (OVCAR-3) were used such as a model cell system. The metabolic activity was evaluated by AlamarBlueTM assay, the release of steroid hormones was assayed by the ELISA method. Experimental results indicated a significant (P≤0.001) increase of proliferation in HGL5 cells after the addition of the extract at the concentrations 5, 10 and 20 µg/ml. Moreover, the number of viable OVCAR-3 cells significantly (P≤0.05; P≤0.01; P≤0.001) decreased after the addition of the extract at the concentrations 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml compared to the control. In addition, the secretion of 17ß-estradiol by the HGL5 cells was significantly (P≤0.05; P≤0.001) increased at all used concentrations of the extract. Despite to increasing of the 17ß-estradiol secretion, progesterone levels produced by the HGL5 cells were not significantly (P≥0.05) affected at all used concentrations of the extract. The current study provided experimental evidence that the pomegranate extract might be a promising candidate as a potential modulator of steroidogenesis and as a potential chemoprotective agent.

Plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are a severe problem for agriculture, and some organic fertilizers have shown a suppressive capacity due to the antagonistic action of microbial communities inhabiting those substrates. The purpose of this work was to isolate and identify actinomycetes from soil, compost and vermicompost able to antagonize phytopathogens. In total, out of 352 actinomycetes successfully recovered on Pochon medium and of which were selected representative 22 mycelium forming isolates, which were subjected to morphological and genotypic characterization. Genetic characterization based on 16S rDNA fragment sequencing revealed that, all the actinomycete isolates belong to the genus Streptomyces. The antifungal activity of isolates was tested against eight phytopathogenic fungi, and they were most activated against Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria tenuissima, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum. Isolates 51VK13 (Streptomyces sampsonii) and 12VK13 (Streptomyces flavovariabilis) isolated from soil amended with vermicompost showed the greatest antagonistic activity. Their bioactive potential was also confirmed by presence of genes for nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase types I and II (PKS-I and PKS-II). It can, therefore, be concluded that soil amended with organic fertilizers such as compost, and in particular vermicompost, provides a lower incidence of phytopathogens, especially fungi. Isolated actinomycetes have also shown high potential for the production of bioactive compounds useful in the control of plant diseases.

Rapeseed is an important oil crop strongly dependent on high agrochemical inputs. Some pathogens, including Leptosphaeria maculans, cause blackleg disease and can drastically decrease yields. Microbial inoculants seem to be a promising solution to these problems. However, a selection of potent bacterial strains able to improve growth and/or suppress disease is needed. Endophytic bacteria (n = 38) isolated from rapeseed plants with exceptionally good growth were screened for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and L. maculans antifungal activity. A majority of isolates (35) showed the ability to produce siderophores, 17 isolates solubilized phosphate, and 28 isolates inhibited the growth of L. maculans. The six most promising isolates belonging to Bacillus genera were characterized in detail and compared to two previously published PGP strains. Plant growth measured as total weight and root length of rapeseed seedlings was stimulated by all isolates in comparison to control. The best isolate, 1L6, preliminary identified as Bacillus pumilus showed the highest phosphate solubilization, IAA and HCN production, and growth promotion of plants. Isolates with high antifungal activity in screening showed good potential to suppress disease on plants, with 87% reduction of lesions caused by L. maculans. These strains are good candidates to be explored under field use either solely or in combination.

The potential of cantabrian anchovy (Engraulis encrarischolus) viscera as a source of bioactive compounds is of interest for both, pharmaceutical and food industries. Cantabrian anchovy guts and heads were freeze-dried, extracted with methanol and subjected to fractionation by solvent partitioning using hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Fractions were tested for antimutagenic, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial activity using the Ames test; DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays; the radial grown inhibition assay; and the microbroth dilution method, respectively. Five fractions were obtained from the anchovy gut methanolic extract, in addition to the hexane- (HF), ethyl acetate- (EAF), and butanol-soluble (BF) fractions, an aqueous-soluble fraction (ALF) and precipitated crystals (ACF) in this were also obtained. HF and EAF resulted to be antimutagenic, HF and ALF showed antifungal activity, BF and ACF showed the highest antioxidant potential, and HF and BF were antibacterial against several strains. Anchovy gut, which to the present study had not been reported for any bioactivity, has antimutagenic, antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial compounds, which need to be isolated for full characterization and study. Authors wish to acknowledge CONACyT for the financial support granted to Burgos-Hernández, A., (234469) and Rosas‑Burgos, E.C., (234051) to carry out a sabbatical-research staying at the Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche at Orihuela, Alicante, Spain.

Chocolate is one of the most consumed delicacies in the world. Nowadays, raw chocolates without vanilla or allergens are getting more attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biological activity of different types of chocolate - cold processed chocolate and chocolate made by traditional way. Total content of fat, crude fibre, polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and metylxantines - theobromine and caffeine was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was determined by amethod using DPPH radical, reducing power method and phosphomolybdenum method. Both evaluated chocolates had similar content of fat and crude fibre, but sample of chocolate made by traditional way probably due to the higher content of cocoa mass had almost two times higher content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids as cold processed chocolate. Also the content of theobromine and caffeine was slightly higher in chocolate made by traditional way. This sample had the highest antioxidant activity - 93.68 mg TEAC.g-1 determined by phosphomolybdenum method, while in the sample of chocolate made by cold processed way was measeured value 50.82 mg TEAC.g-1. Similarly, reducing power of chocolate made by traditional way was almost two times higher, but antioxidant activity determined with DPPH method was similar in both samples (3.58 and 3.62 mg TEAC.g-1). The antioxidants and metylxantines in chocolates determine its potential to be asignificant source of biologicaly active compounds withfavorable effects to human health. It can be concluded in this study, that chocolate produced by conventional production technology can have more health-promoting ingredients reserved, but more extensive researches are still needed.&nbsp

Bacteria, their endotoxin and mold found on pollen can be a reason of respiratory symptoms in sensitized individuals. This question concerns an anemophilous pollen more acute. In this work quantitative by dilution plating method and qualitative microbial analysis by MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper of pollen and other plants organs of Pinus sylvestris L., P. nigra Arnold, P. mugo Turra, P. armandii Franch., P. wallichiana A.B. Jacks from Nitra, Slovakia are performed which shows quantitative and species differences in mesophilic aerobic (0.00-6.27 log cfu/g) and anaerobic bacteria (0.00-3.70 log cfu/g), enterococci (0.00 log cfu/g), coliform bacteria (0.00-5.29 log cfu/g), lactobacilli (0.00-4.20 log cfu/g), microscopic fungi and yeasts (2.60-5.29 log cfu/g) content. Representatives of Pseudomonas (14), Bacillus (2), Acinetobacter (1), Arthrobacter (1), Pantoea (1), Klebsiella (1), Penicillium (6), Aspergillus (4), Cladosporium (1), Debaryomyces (1) genera were revealed on pine trees. The allergenic potential of the identified association of microorganisms on pollen has been evaluated based on published data. The results may be useful for aerobiologists, allergists and microbiologists, at least at the local level.

Quantitative microbiological analysis by dilution plating method of pollen and additional male and female catkins, leaves of Betula verrucosa Ehrh. and its two cultivars: ‘Purpurea’ and ‘Youngii’ relatively of flowering period of Betula has been realized with the aim to provide new knowledge of the microbiological quality of anemophilous pollen for processing and its further application. Qualitative microbiological analysis with MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper was used in the identification of aerobic, anaerobic mesophilic bacteria and coliforms. Mixed microbiota was determined, consisting of aerobic (4.68–4.89 log cfu/g) and anaerobic (3.30–3.48 log cfu/g) mesophilic bacteria, lactobacilli (0–3.48 log cfu/g), coliform bacteria (0–4.57 log cfu/g), fungi and yeast (3.78–3.95 log cfu/g) on the pollen grains, that indicates acceptable quality in comparison with the microbiological quality parameters for bee pollen. Pantoea agglomerans was found associated with pollen of Betula verrucosa Ehrh. Recommendations on the collection of anemophilous pollen were established.

In this paper the antimicrobial activity of 1 year old crude ethanolic extracts obtained from Cordyceps sinesis, Laricifomes officinalis, Oudemansiella mucida and Coprinus comatus were investigated. The antimicrobial activities of extracts against two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes) were determined by disk diffusion and microbroth dilution method according by EUCAST in 96-well microplates. Microorganisms were obtained from Czech Collection of Microorganisms. Absorbance after and before the experiment were substracted, converted to binary system and obtained values to Probit analysis were used. Not all macromycetes ethanolic extracts showed antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria. Antimicrobial activity determined by MIC methodology showed extracts from Oudemansiella mucida, Cordyceps sinesis, Coprinus comatus in the tested range. Conversely, the best antimicrobial activity tested by disc diffusion methods showed extract from Laricifomes officinalis. Equally, more better studying of antimicrobial activity in these mushrooms will needed.

The aim of the present work to monitoring chicken the microbiological quality of vaccum packaged thighs after treatment by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), anise (Pimpinella anisum), spearmint (Mentha spicata var. crispa), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oils and stored in at 4 ±0.5 °C for a period of 16 days. The following treatments of chicken thighs were used: air-packaged control samples, control vacuum-packaged samples, vacuum-packaging with EDTA solution 1.5% w/w, control samples, vacuum-packaging after treatment with Pimpinella anisum, Mentha spicata var. crispa essential oil at concentrations 0.2% v/w, vacuum-packaging after treatment with Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L. essential oil at concentration 0.2% v/w. The quality assessment of all samples was done microbiologically and following microbiological parameters were detected: the anaerobic plate count, Enterobacteraceae counts, lactic acid bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. counts. The number of anaerobic plate count ranged from 3.69 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 5.68 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The number of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 2.00 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 4.82 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in group with oregano, thyme essential oils combination. Enterobacteriacea counts in chicken thighs was 0.68 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day to 7.58 CFU.g-1 on 16 day in air-packed meat samples. The Pseudomonas spp. was not found in all tested samples. Among the antimicrobial combination treatments examined in this work, the as application of vacuum packaging, EDTA and essential oils treatment was the most effective against the growth of Enterobactericeae, inhibitory effect on anaerobic plate count also was observed. The results of this present study suggest the possibility of application the Pimpinella anisum, Mentha spicata var. crispa, Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L. essential oil of as natural food preservatives and potential sources of antimicrobial ingredients for food industry for chicken thighs meat treatment.

The purpose of this study was to determine in vitro antibacterial activity of selected teas (Assam: Indian black tea fromCamellia sinensis, Pu-erh: darkpu-erh (shu) fromCamellia sinensis, Sencha: Japanese green tea from Camellia sinensis) against five species of pathogenic microorganisms. In our study, we determined the total viable count (TVC), number of yeasts (Y) and number of Enterobacteriaceae genera (E). Then MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper identified colonies after cultivation. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was performed by disc diffusion method, well diffusion method and detection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For antibacterial activity, bacteria Escherichia coli CCM 2024, Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671, Klebsiella pneumonie CCM 2318, Staphylococus aureus CCM 2461 and Bacillus thurigiensis CCM19 were used. The inhibition zones were measured in mm in disc diffusion method and well diffusion method. The MIC of the individual extracts was measured spectrophotometrically. The high number of total viable count was found in Pu-erh tea (2.1 log CFU.g-1) and lowest number was found in Assam tea (0.7 log CFU.g-1). The high number of Enterobacteriacea genera was found in Pu-erh tea (2.03 log CFU.g-1) and lowest number was found in Assam tea (0 log CFU.g-1). The higher number of yeasts was found in Pu-erh tea (1.83 log CFU.g-1) and lowest number was found in Assam tea (0.3 log CFU.g-1). Mass spectrometry revealed seven Gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, B. mycoides, B. pumilus, Enterococcus durans, Staphylococcus epidermis, S. hominis, S. warneri, four Gram negative bacteria Acinetobacter junii, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Sphingomonas spp. andtwo yeast Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus albidus. The results show that certain tea extracts are particularly active against various pathogenic bacteria. Tea extracts (Sencha, Rooibos, Mate, Assam) were found to have the strongest antibacterial activity against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus CCM 2461.

The aim of the present work was monitoring of chicken quarters microbiological indicators after treatment by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil, stored under vacuum packaging, at 4 ±0.5°C for a period of 16 days. The following treatments of chicken quarters were used: Air-packaging control samples, control vacuum-packaging samples, vacuum-packaging with EDTA solution 1.50% w/w, control samples, vacuum-packaging with Lavandula angustifolia essential oil at concentrations 0.2% v/w and vacuum-packaging with Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil at concentration 0.2% v/w. The quality assessment of all samples was established by microbiological analysis. Sampling was carried out after certain time intervals: 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. Chicken quarters were stored under vacuum packaging, at 4 ±0.5°C during experiment. Microbiological analyses were conducted by using standard microbiological methods. Anaerobic plate count were determined using Plate Count Agar, after incubation for 2 days at 35°C under anaerobic condition. Pseudomonas spp. were determined on Pseudomonas Isolation agar after incubation at 48 h at 25°C. For lactic acid bacteria were inoculated into Rogosa and Sharpe agar after incubation 48-78 h at 37°C in an aerobic atmosphere supplemented with carbon dioxide (5% CO2). For members of the family Enterobacteriaceae violet red bile glucose agar were used and samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The initial APC value of chicken quarter was 3.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. The number of anaerobic plate count ranged from 3.00 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 6.11 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The initial LAC value of chicken quarter was 3.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. The number of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 3.00 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 3.58 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The initial Enterobacteriacea genera value of chicken quarter was 2.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. Presences of these bacteria were found on all groups at 16 days. The results of this present study suggest the possibility of application the Lavandula angustifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil as natural food preservatives and potential sources of antimicrobial ingredients for food industry.&nbsp

The aim of the present study was analysed the physical and chemical parameters in lump cheese and Korbáčik cheese. Sensory evaluation was performed only in Korbáčik cheese. There was compared quality of Korbáčik cheese made from lump cheese ripened one and three weeks. The statistical analysis of the moisture showed significant differences (p<0.001) among Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average moisture of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 44.73% and of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 53.73%. The statistical analysis of the dry mater value showed significant differences (p<0.001) among the Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average value of dry matter of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 55.27% and of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 46.27%. The statistical analysis of the fat content showed significant differences (p<0.01) among the Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average fat content of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 22.67% and of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 20.20%. The statistical analysis of the fat content in dry matter showed significant differences (p<0.001) among Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average NaCl content in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 3.78% and in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 2.93%. The statistical analysis of MDA content showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average MDA content in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 0.29 mg.kg-1 and in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 0.36 mg.kg-1. Korbáčik cheese made from cheese aged 3 weeks was practically in all sensory parameters better evaluated than the Korbáčik cheese made from cheese aged one week.

Metschnikowia pulcherrima is common yeast on grape berries and can grow on special cultivation media with iron (e.g. FeSO4.7H2O) (max. 0.02 g/L) to produce reddish (maroon) pigment pulcherrimin. Many studies confirm that pulcherrimin has antimicrobial activity against postharvest pathogens, microscopic fungi and other yeast species. In this study, two strains of M. pulcherrima, isolated from grapes and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, were used : VML and CBS 610NT. Sixteen yeast species: Aureobasidium (1), Candida (5), Hanseniaspora (1), Kregenvanrija (1), Pichia (2), Rhodotorula (2), Saccharomyces (1), Zygosaccharomyces (2) and Wickerhamomyces (1) were selected to test the antimicrobial capacity of these two M. pulcherrima strains. The results showed CBS 610NT had a stronger ability than VML to inhibit the tested yeasts. Among the yeast, Candida spp. and Pichia manshurica were the most sensitive to the pigment pulcherrimin.

The aim of this study is to determine and compare microbiological contamination of anemophilous pollens (Betula verrucosa Ehrh., Betula verrucosa Ehrh. 'Youngii', Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus nigra Arnold, Pinus mugo Turra, Pinus armandii Franch., Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks) after collection and after not long-term storage. Samples were picked by hands aseptically in the territory of the same environmental conditions in Slovakia. Colonies of mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, lactobacilli, total coliforms, fungi and yeast were found on pollen samples by dilution plating method. It was found significant differences in content of lactobacilli for birch pollens and fungi and yeast on pine pollens, depending on the stages – collection and storage. The microbiological quality of Betula pollen is better than Pinus pollen after collection and storage. Species factor affects the microbiota of anemophilous pollen.

Antibiotic resistance and identification of strains in Enterobacteriaceae genera isolated from milk, milk products and rectal swabs of chicken was examined in this experiment. After samples collection cultivation and identification of bacterial strain was done. MALDI TOF MS Biotyper for identification of Enterobacteriaceae strains was used. For susceptibility testing disc diffusion methodology was used according by EUCAST. Results showed high level of ampicillin resistance in isolates from milk and milk samples. The highest streptomycin resistance was detected in isolates from rectal swabs of chicken. After identification, we determined that S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, which was isolated from rectal swabs of chicken showed the most multi-resistance from all identificated strains of Enterobacteriaceae. The most isolates bacterial strain was E. coli, which showed resistance against four antibiotics from rectal swabs of chicken. Also our results showed that the higher resistance level is in rectal swabs of chicken like in milk samples.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw materials used for preparation of confectionery products. For microbiological evaluation total count of bacteria, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, yeast and microscopic filamentous fungi in samples of raw materials used in the manufacture and creams of confectionery products were detected. In addition to these groups of microorganisms the presence of pathogenic microorganisms Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in creams was monitored. Products are assessed according to the limit values of the number of microorganisms defined in the Codex Alimentary of the Slovak Republic. For microbiological analysis of confectionery products, sampling of components of confectionary products and cream was carried out according to current health regulations and altogether 65 samples of components and creams were collected: 10 samples of raw materials sugar, 10 samples of flour, 10 samples of butter and 10 samples of eggs, 5 samples of butter yolk from cream-filled disposable bag without rum addition, 5 samples of butter yolk from cream-filled disposable bag with rum addition, 5 samples of cream-filled multiple use paid bag, 5 samples of cream-filled newly purchased paid bag, 5 samples of Venček corpus and 5 samples of the French cubes corpus. From raw material the highest TBC (2.65log CFU) was in flour, but the lowest in sugar (1.35 log CFU), the highest years counts was found on flour (2.42), but lowest in butter (1.18), while wasn’t in egg. In samples of creams and corpus were increased occurrence of yeast, coliform bacteria. Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus weren’t isolated from any tested sample.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate fresh chicken thighs quality (microbiological and sensory) after treatment by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), Pimpinella anisum L. and Mentha piperita essential oils in 1% concentration, stored under vacuum packaging (VP), at 4±0.5°C for a period of 16 days. The following treatments of chicken thighs were applied: air-packaged (AC, control samples), vacuum-packaged (VPC, control samples), vacuum-packed with EDTA solution 1.50% v/w (VPEC, control samples), VP with Pimpinella anisum L. and Mentha piperita essential oil at concentrations 0.1% v/w (VP+AEO and VP+MEO). The quality assessment of VP product after EDTA treatment, Pimpinella anisum L. and Mentha piperita oils was done by microbiological testing and the total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected. The using of Pimpinella anisum L. and Mentha piperita oils and EDTA with combination of vacuum packaging has significant effect (P < 0.05) to reduction of microorganisms compared with control group without vacuum packaging and untreated control group.

The medicinal use of genus Drosera, as an important antitussive for different respiratory diseases, has been known for centuries. Many of extracts from carnivorous plants exhibit various antibacterial and antifungal activities. Naphthoquinones containing extracts from Drosera have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, antileprosy, antisclerotic and anticancer properties. The aim of the present study was to detect antibacterial activity of Drosera rotundifolia against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the testing of MIC. For the study six strains of microorganisms were selected and there were Gram-positive bacteria -Bacillus thuringiensis (CCM 19T), Clostridium perfringens (CCM 4991), and Listeria monocytogenes (CCM 4699), as well as and Gram-negative bacteria - Escherichia coli (CCM 3988), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (CCM 3807) and Yersinia enterocolitica (CCM 5671). Plant extracts were isolated from three plants of Drosera rotundifolia L. (S1, S2 and S3) in different time range. The most effective extract with MIC50 value of 17.07 μg.ml-1 was S3, while forMIC90 of 19.05 μg.ml-1 were extracts S2 and S3 exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Bacillus thuringiensis, Clostridium perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes. Extracts S1, S2 showed MIC50 value 25.53 μg.ml-1for all the microorganism tested, but S3 extract revealed the same antimicrobial activity against Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Escherichia coli. Extract S1 has MIC90 value of 27.14 μg.ml-1 against all the microorganism tested, but S2 and S3 shared the same MIC90 for Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Escherichia coli.

In the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. The antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against Clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their scavenging effect on DPPH radicals activities. We determined the antibacterial activity of Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium hystoliticum, Clostridium intestinale, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium ramosum. We obtained the original commercial essential oils samples of Lavandula angustifolia, Carum carvi, Pinus montana, Mentha piperita, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Pinus sylvestris, Satureia montana, Origanum vulgare L. (2 samples), Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Abies alba Mill., Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch and Thymus vulgaris L. produced in Slovakia (Calendula a.s., Nova Lubovna, Slovakia). The results of the disk diffusion method showed very high essential oils activity against all tested strains of microorganisms. The best antimicrobial activity against C. butyricum was found at Pimpinella anisum, against C. hystoliticum was found at Pinus sylvestris, against C. intestinale was found at Satureia hortensis L., against C. perfringens was found at Origanum vulgare L. and against C. ramosum was found at Pinus sylvestris. The results of broth microdilution assay showed that none of the essential oils was active against C. hystoliticum. The best antimicrobial activity against C. butyricum was found at Abies alba Mill., against C. intestinale was found at Abies alba Mill., against C. perfringens was found at Satureia montana and against C. ramosum was found at Abius alba and Carum carvi. Antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined at several solutions of oil samples (50 μL.mL(-1)-0.39 μL.mL(-1)) and the best scavenging effect for the highest concentration (50 μL.mL(-1)) was observed. The antioxidant properties were different in particular plant species. The highest% of inhibition after 30 min. of reaction was observed at Origanum vulgare (93%), Satureia montana (90.66%) and Lavandula augustifolia (90.22%).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bee pollen ethanolic extracts on the in vivo gastrointestinal tract microflora colonization of broiler chickens. A completely randomized experiment based on six treatments (different concentrations of bee pollen – 0, 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 g kg −1 diet) was used during 7 weeks. The highest count of faecal Enterococci was found in the experimental group with the addition of 15 g of pollen (8.85 ± 0.87 log CFU g −1 ) per 1 kg of feed mixture. The highest count of Lactobacilli was detected in the experimental group with 35 g of pollen per 1 kg of feed mixture and the highest number of the Enterobacteriaceae genera count was found in the control group (8.43 ± 0.15 log CFU g −1 ). Moreover, the MALDI TOF MS Biotyper identified the following genera: Escherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Klebsiella oxytoca , as well as Lactobacillus acidophilus , L. crispatus , L. fermentum and L. salivarius from the Lactobacilli group and Enterococcus avium , E. casseliflavus , E. cecorum , E. faecalis , E. faecium , E. gallinarum , E. hirae and E. malodoratus from the Enterococci group. Additionally, the in vitro antimicrobial activities of pollen against five bacteria species isolated from gastrointestinal tracts of chickens were tested. The best antimicrobial effect of the pollen extract was detected against K. oxytoca .

The aim of this study was to trace a contamination of meat products with Listeria monocytogenes. Step One real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used. We used the PrepSEQ Rapid Spin Sample Preparation Kit for isolation of DNA and MicroSEQ® Listeria monocytogenes Detection Kit for the real-time PCR performance. We found out the strains of Listeria monocytogenes in hundred samples of meat products with no incubation. There was Internal Positive Control (IPC) in 40 samples. Our results showed that the real time PCR assay tested in this study might detect Listeria monocytogenes in meat product samples with no incubation sensitively.

The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils, on the chicken breast fillets was examined in this study. The chicken breast fillets were stored under vacuum packaging (VP), at 4 ± 0.5 °C for a period of 18 days. There were used the following treatments of chicken breast fillets: Air-packaged (AC, control samples), vacuum-packaged (VPC, control samples), VP with EDTA solution 1.50% w/w (VPEC, control samples), VP with oregano oil 0.20% v/w (VP + O) and VP with thyme oil 0.20% v/w, (VP + T). The quality assessment for vacuum packaging of the product in accordance with the terms above and EDTA treatment, oregano and thyme oil was established by microbiological analyzes. The microbiological properties as the total viable counts on Plate Count Agar, after incubation for 2 days at 37 °C and coliform bacteria on Violet Red Bile Glucose agar incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, lactobacilli on Rogosa and Sharpe agar after incubation 48-78 h at 37 °C in an aerobic atmosphere supplemented with carbon dioxide (5% CO2) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Pseudomonas Isolation agar (PIA, Oxoid, UK) after incubation at 48 h at 35 °C were monitored. The using of oregano, thyme oil and EDTA with combination of vacuum packaging has significant effects to reduction of all followed groups of microorganisms compared with control group without vacuum packaging and untreated control group. The natural preservatives can be used as alternatives to chemical additives which could extend the meat and meat products shelf life. The knowledge about them can have an important economic feedback by reducing losses attributed to spoilage and by allowing the products to reach distant and new markets. This study shows how using of natural antimicrobials can extend the shelf-life of the meat product.