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Contingencies between situational variables and psychological states have been proposed as key individual difference variables by many theoretical approaches to personality. Despite their relevance, the basic properties, nomological correlates, and factor structure of individual differences in contingencies have not been examined so far. We address these fundamental questions in five studies with overall N = 952 participants and N = 32,052 unique assessments. Individual differences in situation characteristic-state contingencies (SCSCs) between DIAMONDS situation characteristics and Big Five personality states were examined in everyday life. SCSCs showed substantial variation across participants, and individual differences in them were moderately reliable (average meta-analytic reliability = .47) and short-term stable (average meta-analytic latent stability = .43). They were weakly and inconsistently related to average personality states, self-reported personality traits, subjective happiness, and sociodemographic variables across studies. However, there were meaningful intercorrelations among SCSCs that could be described by four factors: contingencies involving (1) positive states and situational problems, (2) positive states and situational rewards, (3) thinking/work and requirements of thinking/work, and (4) neurotic states. Overall, our findings support the notion of SCSCs as potentially important individual difference variables, and we sketch future lines of research on contingencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Personality psychology has traditionally focused on stable between-person differences. Yet, recent theoretical developments and empirical insights have led to a new conceptualization of personality as a dynamic system (e.g., Cybernetic Big Five Theory). Such dynamic systems comprise several components that need to be conceptually distinguished and mapped to a statistical model for estimation. In the current work, we illustrate how common components from these new dynamic personality theories may be implemented in a continuous-time modeling framework. As an empirical example, we use experience sampling data from N = 180 persons (with on average T = 40 [SD = 8] measurement occasions) to investigate four different effects between momentary happiness, momentary extraverted behavior, and the perception of a situation as social: (1) between-person effects, (2) contemporaneous effects, (3) autoregressive effects, and (4) cross-lagged effects. We highlight that these four effects must not necessarily point in the same direction, which is in line with assumptions from dynamic personality theories.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506231156061 for Lonely Today, Lonely Tomorrow: Temporal Dynamics of Loneliness in Everyday Life and its Associations With Psychopathological Symptoms by Susanne Buecker, Kai T. Horstmann and Maike Luhmann in Social Psychological and Personality Science

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506231156061 for Lonely Today, Lonely Tomorrow: Temporal Dynamics of Loneliness in Everyday Life and its Associations With Psychopathological Symptoms by Susanne Buecker, Kai T. Horstmann and Maike Luhmann in Social Psychological and Personality Science

Abstract. The outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered people’s lives. Loneliness and social isolation were publicly discussed as possible psychological consequences of the measures taken to slow the virus spread. These public discussions have sparked a surge in empirical studies on loneliness and social isolation. In this study, we first provide a systematic review synthesizing recent literature on the prevalence and correlates of loneliness and social isolation during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic ( k = 53 studies). We found that most quantitative studies included in the systematic review were cross-sectional. The few longitudinal studies mainly reported increases in loneliness, especially when the pre-pandemic measurement occasions were months or years before the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies with pre-pandemic measures weeks or days before the pandemic reported relatively stable or even decreasing loneliness trends. Second, we enrich the systematic review with an empirical investigation on daily changes in the perceived quality and quantity of social relationships during the pandemic compared to before the pandemic ( N = 4,823). This empirical investigation showed that, on average, the quality of social relationships was perceived worse during the pandemic than before. This perception got slightly stronger over the first 2 weeks of the pandemic but stagnated thereafter. Regarding the quantity of social relationships, participants reported on average that they had fewer social interactions at the beginning of the study than before the pandemic. This perceived reduction in the quantity of social interactions linearly decreased over time.

Aided target recognition (AiTR) systems, implemented in head-mounted and in-vehicle augmented reality (AR) displays, can enhance human performance in military operations. However, the visual appearance and delivery of AiTR may impact other important critical aspects of human performance like decision making and situational awareness (SA). Previous research suggests salient visual AR cueing, such as found in Computer-Aided Detection diagnostic systems, orient attention strongly toward cued targets leading to missed uncued targets, an effect which may be lessened by providing analog information about classification uncertainty and using less visually salient cueing techniques, such as soft highlighting. The objective of this research was to quantify the human performance impacts of two different types of AR AiTR visualizations in a simulated virtual reality defensive security task. Participants engaged in a visual camouflage discrimination task and a secondary SA Task in which participants observed and reported a peripheral human target. Critically, we manipulated the type of AiTR visualization used: 1) a traditional salient bounding box, 2) a softly glowing soft highlight, and 3) a baseline no-AiTR condition. Results revealed minimal impacts of the visual appearance of AiTR on target acquisition, target categorization, and SA but an observable reduction in user experience associated with soft highlight AiTR. Future research is needed to explore novel AiTR designs that effectively cue attention, intuitively and interpretably visualize uncertainty, and deliver acceptable user experience.

We investigate the contribution of sub-Chandrasekhar mass Type Ia supernovae to the chemical enrichment of the Gaia Sausage galaxy, the progenitor of a significant merger event in the early life of the Milky Way. Using a combination of data from Nissen & Schuster (2010), the 3rd GALAH data release (with 1D NLTE abundance corrections) and APOGEE data release 16, we fit analytic chemical evolution models to a 9-dimensional chemical abundance space (Fe, Mg, Si, Ca, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn) in particular focusing on the iron-peak elements, Mn and Ni. We find that low [Mn/Fe] $\sim-0.15\,\mathrm{dex}$ and low [Ni/Fe] $\sim-0.3\,\mathrm{dex}$ Type Ia yields are required to explain the observed trends beyond the [$\alpha$/Fe] knee of the Gaia Sausage (approximately at [Fe/H] $=-1.4\,\mathrm{dex}$). Comparison to theoretical yield calculations indicate a significant contribution from sub-Chandrasekhar mass Type Ia supernovae in this system (from $\sim60$% to $100$% depending on the theoretical model with an additional $\pm10$% systematic from NLTE corrections). We compare to results from other Local Group environments including dwarf spheroidal galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds and the Milky Way's bulge, finding the Type Ia [Mn/Fe] yield must be metallicity-dependent. Our results suggest that sub-Chandrasekhar mass channels are a significant, perhaps even dominant, contribution to Type Ia supernovae in metal-poor systems, whilst more metal-rich systems could be explained by metallicity-dependent sub-Chandrasekhar mass yields, possibly with additional progenitor mass variation related to star formation history, or an increased contribution from Chandrasekhar mass channels at higher metallicity., Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures, resubmitted to MNRAS following referee's comments

Continuous powder mixing technology (CMT) application during continuous direct compression has emerged as a leading technology used in the development and manufacture of solid oral dosage forms. The critical quality attributes of the final product are heavily dependent on the performance of the mixing step as the quality of mixing directly influences the drug product quality attributes. This study investigates the impact of blend material properties (bulk density, API particle size distribution) and process parameters (process throughput, hold up mass and impeller speed) on the mixing performance. Mixing of the blend was characterized using the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of the process by trending the outlet stream of the mixer using a near-infrared (NIR) probe after the injection of a small mass of tracer at the inlet stream. The outcomes of this study show that the RTDs of the mixer with throughput ranging between 15 and 30 kg/h; impeller speed ranging between 400 and 600 rpm and hold up mass (HUM) ranging between 500 and 850 g can be described by a series of two ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) with different volumes, and correspondingly, different mean residence times. It is also observed that the mixing is mainly occurring in the lower chamber of the CMT and the normalized RTDs of the mixer are similar across the range of process conditions and material attributes studied. The results also showed that the formulation blend with different API particle sizes and bulk properties, like bulk density and flowability, provide insignificant impact on the mixing performance. The CMT allows independent selection of target set points for HUM, impeller rotational speed and line throughput and it shows great robustness and flexibility for continuous blending in solid oral dose manufacturing.

During prolonged mitotic arrest induced by anti-microtubule drugs, cell fate decision is determined by two alternative pathways, one leading to cell death, the other inducing premature escape from mitosis by mitotic slippage. FBWX7, a member of the F-box family of proteins and substrate-targeting subunit of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-Box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex promotes mitotic cell death and prevents mitotic slippage. In this study, we report that WDR5, a component of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) complex of Histone 3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferases is a substrate of FBXW7. WDR5 binds to FBXW7 in vivo and in vitro and its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is mediated by FBXW7. Furthermore, we find that WDR5 depletion counteracts FBXW7 loss-of-function by reducing mitotic slippage and polyploidization. Our data elucidate a new mechanism in mitotic cell fate regulation which might contribute to prevent chemotherapy resistance in patients after anti-microtubule drug treatment.

In astronomy, if we denote the dimension of data as $d$ and the number of samples as $n$, we often meet a case with $n \ll d$. Traditionally, such a situation is regarded as ill-posed, and there was no choice but to throw away most of the information in data dimension to let $d < n$. The data with $n \ll d$ is referred to as high-dimensional low sample size (HDLSS). {}To deal with HDLSS problems, a method called high-dimensional statistics has been developed rapidly in the last decade. In this work, we first introduce the high-dimensional statistical analysis to the astronomical community. We apply two representative methods in the high-dimensional statistical analysis methods, the noise-reduction principal component analysis (NRPCA) and regularized principal component analysis (RPCA), to a spectroscopic map of a nearby archetype starburst galaxy NGC 253 taken by the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). The ALMA map is a typical HDLSS dataset. First we analyzed the original data including the Doppler shift due to the systemic rotation. The high-dimensional PCA could describe the spatial structure of the rotation precisely. We then applied to the Doppler-shift corrected data to analyze more subtle spectral features. The NRPCA and RPCA could quantify the very complicated characteristics of the ALMA spectra. Particularly, we could extract the information of the global outflow from the center of NGC 253. This method can also be applied not only to spectroscopic survey data, but also any type of data with small sample size and large dimension., 25 pages, 21 figures, submitted

We report the discovery of a two-dimensional Galaxy Manifold within the multi-dimensional luminosity space of local galaxies. The multi-dimensional luminosity space is constructed using 11 bands that span from far ultraviolet to near-infrared for redshift < 0.1 galaxies observed with GALEX, SDSS, and UKIDSS. The two latent parameters are sufficient to express 93.2% of the variance in the galaxy sample, suggesting that this Galaxy Manifold is one of the most efficient representations of galaxies. The transformation between the observed luminosities and the manifold parameters as an analytic mapping is provided. The manifold representation provides accurate (85%) morphological classifications with a simple linear boundary, and galaxy properties can be estimated with minimal scatter (0.12 dex and 0.04 dex for star formation rate and stellar mass, respectively) by calibrating with the two-dimensional manifold location. Under the assumption that the manifold expresses the possible parameter space of galaxies, the evolution on the manifold is considered. We find that constant and exponentially decreasing star formation histories form almost orthogonal modes of evolution on the manifold. Through these simple models, we understand that the two modes are closely related to gas content, which suggests the close relationship of the manifold to gas accretion. Without assuming a star formation history, a gas-regulated model reproduces an exponentially declining star formation history with a timescale of $\sim$1.2 Gyrs on the manifold. Lastly, the found manifold suggests a paradigm where galaxies are characterized by their mass/scale and specific SFR, which agrees with previous studies of dimensionality reduction., Submitted to MNRAS. 15 pages and 17 figures. All comments are welcome

Although theory emphasizes that loneliness fluctuates in everyday life, most previous studies focused on the general and stable tendency of feeling lonely. In the present study, we used daily diary data collected over two 4-week periods ( N1 = 3,309; N2 = 907) to examine different indicators of temporal dynamics of loneliness in everyday life and compare them with temporal dynamics of positive and negative affect. Moreover, we examined associations between temporal dynamics of loneliness and psychopathological symptoms (i.e., stress, anxiety, depression). We found large similarities in the variability, instability, and inertia of loneliness and affect. Moreover, all indicators of temporal dynamics of loneliness were related to psychopathological symptoms. However, these indicators had little added value above the average state and trait level of loneliness in predicting psychopathology. We discuss the potential of assessing the short-term dynamics of loneliness for the early detection of mental health issues.

During prolonged mitotic arrest induced by anti-microtubule drugs, cell fate decision is determined by two alternative pathways, one leading to cell death, the other inducing premature escape from mitosis by mitotic slippage. FBWX7, a member of the F-box family of proteins and substrate-targeting subunit of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-Box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex promotes mitotic cell death and prevents mitotic slippage, but molecular details underlying these roles for FBWX7 are unclear. In this study, we report that WDR5, a component of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) complex of Histone 3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferases, is a substrate of FBXW7. We determined by co-immunoprecipitation experiments and in vitro binding assays that WDR5 interacts with FBXW7 in vivo and in vitro. SCF-FBXW7 mediates ubiquitination of WDR5 and targets it for proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, we find that WDR5 depletion counteracts FBXW7 loss-of-function by reducing mitotic slippage and polyploidization. In conclusion, our data elucidate a new mechanism in mitotic cell fate regulation which might contribute to prevent chemotherapy resistance in patients after anti-microtubule drug treatment.

The pharmaceutical industry is continuously overcoming ways to reduce its development times to market and bring new medicines to patients with the highest quality standards faster. This can be achieved with continuous manufacturing and digital design by minimising the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) needed in drug product design, early project de-risking, and reducing the use of clinical manufacturing equipment, rework, and quality investigations. This paper presents the digital twin of a continuous direct compression line combining first-principles models, residence time distribution (RTD) models obtained from discrete element method (DEM) simulations, science of scale tools and data-driven models from process data in a hybrid flowsheet approach. The flowsheet predicts critical process parameters in the feeders, blender, and tablet press, and critical quality attributes, like tablet composition, weight, thickness, and hardness. It allows the study of the steady state operation in the design space, the impact of operating conditions, material and process parameters, and the dynamic response to disturbances. This is used to de-risk and optimise drug product and process development while reducing the number of experiments. The digital twin also has the potential to guide manufacturing runs and respond to new drug product market approval queries using flowsheet modelling.

Computational methods have increased the objectivity of measures of human behavior and positioned personality science to benefit from the ongoing digital revolution. In this review, we define and discuss computational personality assessment (CPA), a measurement process that uses computational technologies to obtain estimates of personality. We briefly review some of the most promising sources of data currently used for CPA: mobile sensing, digital footprints from social media, images, language, and experience sampling. We present a concise overview of key findings, discuss the promise and opportunities of CPA (e.g., moving towards objective measures of personality, obtaining new insights from big data), and highlight important limitations and challenges in the development and application of CPA (e.g., establishing reliability and validity, selecting appropriate ground truth criterion, assessing affect and cognition, implications for ethics and privacy). We conclude with our perspective on how CPA could change our understanding of individual differences.

Computational methods for the representation and analysis of data have drastically increased the objectivity, reliability, and the practical implications of research conducted throughout most scientific pursuits. Our rapidly-emerging potential to transform digital data into objective measures of human behavior, thoughts, and feelings has perfectly positioned personality science as a critical discipline that will benefit from today’s ongoing digital revolution. Here, we review and discuss some of the most promising approaches to computational personality assessment based on data from experience sampling, natural language, online social media, mobile sensing, and images. We present a concise overview of key findings, discuss the potential and promise ofcomputational personality assessment, and highlight important remaining questions in their development and application. We conclude with an optimistic outlook on how computational assessment could fuel the transition from personality research to personality science.

Experience sampling and daily diary methods have become increasingly popular among psychologists. The repeated assessment of persons in their daily lives allows capturing how a person feels, thinks, or behaves or what he or she desires in the very moment. The current chapter describes basic concepts of experience sampling studies, gives an overview of possible designs and challenges that may be encountered when setting up the first experience sampling study. To overcome these challenges, three basic questions can be answered: (A) What is the construct being measured? (B) What is the purpose of the measure? (C) What is the targeted population of persons and situations? Finally, practical advice is given on how to think through and pilot test an experience sampling study before data collection begins.

Psychological wisdom is a growing and flourishing field of research. However, despite several promising efforts to systematically conceptualize and operationalize this construct, no consensus exists about the definition of wisdom. We argue that there is a need for integration of wisdom models to forward the field as a whole. For this purpose, we use a comprehensive framework, the Nomological Lens Model Network (NLMN; Rauthmann, 2017), to systematically review and categorize major models of wisdom. The NLMN is a combination of a nomological network (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955), a lens model (Brunswik, 1956), and the 4 Ps (Person, Presses, Products, and Processes) as derived from creativity research ( Rhodes, 1961 ). The nomological network and the lens model provide a perspective that allows for a diagnostic evaluation of wisdom models. The 4 Ps, on the other hand, provide a perspective that allows structuring the literature in a meaningful way for personality science. This approach enabled us to identify both common components and blind spots of different wisdom models. We further discuss potential goals that can be achieved using this framework and their implications for wisdom research.

Rationale The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has dramatically altered people's social lives due to social restriction measures taken to control the coronavirus spread. Early on, increased loneliness has been publicly discussed as a harmful psychological side effect of these measures. Due to the serious adverse health consequences of loneliness, it is essential to take these concerns seriously and investigate them systematically to allow for evidence-based decision making. Thus far, however, high-resolution empirical evidence of such harmful side effects is rare. Methods The present preregistered large-scale daily diary study assessed daily loneliness in 4,844 German adults between March 16 and April 12, 2020. Results and conclusion Daily loneliness slightly increased during the first two weeks since implementing the pandemic-related measures and slightly decreased thereafter. With increasing age, daily loneliness increased more strongly over the four weeks. Moreover, daily loneliness increased more strongly for parents compared to people without children. Thus, despite some increases in loneliness in some individuals, there was no linear increase in loneliness in response to the first pandemic-related measures in the present sample.

Affect and situation perception are intertwined in any given situation, but the extent to which both predict behavior jointly and uniquely has not yet been systematically examined so far. Using 2 studies with experience sampling methodology (ESM), we examine how trait-like variables (Big Six, trait affect, general situation experience) and state-like variables (momentary affect, happiness, and situation perception) account for variance in self-reported behavioral states of the Big Six. In Study 1, we reanalyzed data from Sherman, Rauthmann, Brown, Serfass, and Jones (2015) and found that situation perception explained variance in self-reported behavior in logically coherent ways, but only after considering happiness as an additional predictor. These results were replicated in preregistered Study 2, in which positive and negative affect were additionally assessed as distinct variables. Based on both studies, we conclude that personality traits, affect, and situation perception contribute uniquely to the explanation of self-reported behavior in daily life. Importantly, situation perceptions and affect do overlap, but they are neither the same nor redundant with each other. Indeed, theoretically justified and logically coherent links between situation perceptions and behavioral states remain intact once affect is controlled for, while the links not predicted by theory disappear. These results have implications for personality theories as well as appraisal theories of emotion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global phenomenon that could be related to adoption of a Western life-style. Westernization of dietary habits is partly characterized by enrichment with the ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA), which entails risk for developing IBD. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protects against lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cell death termed ferroptosis. We report that small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in Crohn's disease (CD) exhibit impaired GPX4 activity and signs of LPO. PUFAs and specifically AA trigger a cytokine response of IECs which is restricted by GPX4. While GPX4 does not control AA metabolism, cytokine production is governed by similar mechanisms as ferroptosis. A PUFA-enriched Western diet triggers focal granuloma-like neutrophilic enteritis in mice that lack one allele of Gpx4 in IECs. Our study identifies dietary PUFAs as a trigger of GPX4-restricted mucosal inflammation phenocopying aspects of human CD.

Repeated assessments of personality states in daily diary or experience sampling studies have become a more and more common tool in the psychologist's toolbox. However, and contrary to the widely available literature on personality traits, no best practices for the development of personality state measures exist, and personality state measures have been developed in many different ways. To address this, we first define what a personality state is and discuss important components. On the basis of this, we define what a personality state measure is and suggest a general guideline for the development of such measures. Following the ABC of test construction can then guide the strategy for obtaining validity and reliability evidence: (A) What is the construct being measured? (B) What is the intended purpose of the measure? And (C) What is the targeted population of persons and situations? We then conclude with an example by developing an initial item pool for the assessment of conscientiousness personality states. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Convergent correlations between traits and state aggregates from experience sampling cannot fully establish trait-state homomorphy (the extent to which the same constructs are measured). With a nom...

Thermally grown surface oxide layers dominate the single-asperity tribological behavior of a Zr60Cu30Al10 glass. Increase in oxidation time leads to an increased contribution of shearing and a corresponding decreased contribution of ploughing to friction. This change in the dominating friction and wear mechanism results in an overall minor decrease of the friction coefficient of oxidized surfaces compared to the metallic glass sample with native surface oxide. Our results demonstrate the importance of creating a stable oxide layer for practical applications of metallic glasses in micro-devices involving sliding contact.

Much current research on situations, instead of attending to single situation cues or abstract classes of situations, focuses on characteristics which capture the psychological meaning and interpretation of a situation. This focus allows a differential psychology of situations where any situation can be described and compared with a set of continuous dimensions (much like how persons can be described by traits). We provide an overview of extant taxonomies of situation characteristics and highlight their convergences. Several taxonomies—independently developed from different research teams with different item pools, samples, and data-analytic methods—have provided psychometrically validated measurement tools which make it possible to associate the (scales of the) taxonomies with one another. Upon examining the conceptual and empirical overlaps between those taxonomies, six replicable domains of situation characteristics can be identified: threat, stress, tasks, processing, fun, and mundane. These domains bear in content a striking resemblance to the Big Five or HEXACO dimensions of personality traits. We sketch how theory, methods, and research on situations may make further progress, especially regarding the goal of crafting an integrative and inclusive taxonomy of situation characteristics.

We present the psychometric evaluation of a personality measure that assesses the Big Five and situation perception based on a newly developed taxonomy of situation characteristics. Following the lexical approach, more than 15,000 adjectives were extracted from an authoritative German dictionary. In a first exploratory study, 521 participants rated every-day situations on 300 adjectives selected as potential situation descriptors. Seven dimensions of situation perception were initially extracted. In a second study with N = 387, five of these seven factors were confirmed: Outcome-Expectancy, Briskness, Cognitive Load, Psychological and Physical Load, and Lack of Stimuli, together referred to as the Situation Five. Finally, a measurement tool, the Big Five of Personality in Occupational Situations (B5PS), was constructed to assess the Big Five personality traits and the Situation Five simultaneously. We present evidence for the reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and predictive validity of the B5PS test scores. Our study highlights the relevance of situation perception as a trait and discusses their applicability in diverse contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Faking remains an unsolved problem in high-stakes personality assessment. It is important that the evaluation of so-called faking-detection scales differs between psychological disciplines. One of the reasons for this might be the unclear nature of actual faking behavior. In the present study, we aimed to apply a modeling technique introduced by Ziegler, Maas, Griffith, and Gammon (2015) that allows capturing of interindividual differences in faking behavior as a latent variable. We used this approach to isolate variance because of experimentally induced faking good and faking bad of the Big Five, and we predicted this variance with a variety of theoretically relevant constructs (socially desirable responding, overclaiming, and dark triad traits). We tested a sample (n = 233) divided between 2 experimental conditions and n = 167 persons in a control condition twice (honest/faking and honest/honest). The application of the modeling approach for all 5 personality domains was successful. In a second step, factor scores for all faking variables derived from these prior analyses were tested for homogeneity within each faking condition. Results showed that whereas faking was neither homogeneous within each condition (i.e., faking good vs. faking bad), nor was it homogeneous across conditions. Thus, faking is a complex psychological process that is responsive to specific situational demands. In a final step, the faking variables representing faking good and faking bad were regressed onto scores from other measures. The results indicated that the common variance shared by some social desirability scales predicted faking. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

We developed and validated the Approach-Avoidance Job Crafting (AAJC) scale to assess a new conceptualization of job crafting based on a theoretical review by Zhang and Parker (2019) in four studie...

The stranger would not have captured a really accurate picture of the hospital, it is true, but he would have discovered a feature of its organizational landscape which is often underrated in the literature on the subject. The presumption in psychiatric facilities, however, is that there are no areas in the patient’s life that lie beyond the legitimate interest of the institution. The psychiatric hospital is an information system. It draws in data from various sources out in the community, keeps careful track of the activities that take place within its walls, sorts out and processes this information in new ways, and sends certain portions of it back out into the community. The application form will be followed closely by a more complete “Patient Data” form which goes over much of the same ground but which usually performs a different service.

SUMMARYCell fate decision upon prolonged mitotic arrest induced by microtubule targeting agents depends on the activity of the tumor suppressor and F-box protein FBXW7. FBXW7 promotes mitotic cell death and prevents premature escape from mitosis through mitotic slippage. Mitotic slippage is a process that can cause chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between mitotic cell death and mitotic slippage is an important task. Here we report that FBXW7 protein levels markedly decline during extended mitotic arrest. FBXO45 binds to a conserved acidic N-terminal motif of FBXW7 specifically under a prolonged delay in mitosis, leading to ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of FBXW7 by the FBXO45-MYCBP2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, we find that FBXO45-MYCBP2 counteracts FBXW7 in that it promotes mitotic slippage and prevents cell death in mitosis. Targeting this interaction represents a promising strategy to prevent chemotherapy resistance.

The assessment of situations and especially situational perceptions is the focus of this chapter. Based on the ABC principles of test construction (Ziegler, 2014b) and the road map to the taxonomization of situations (Rauthmann, 2015), this chapter shows how situational taxonomies and their assessment tools can be developed. These principles are exemplified by presenting three recent situational taxonomies and the effect different approaches have on the resulting taxonomy. Similarities and differences to established taxonomies of personality traits (such as the Big Five) are discussed. Furthermore, a new taxonomy and assessment tool is presented that captures personality traits and situational perception at the same time. Finally, challenges of future situational taxonomization, especially the need to establish a nomological net of situational perception and other, related constructs and psychological processes, are discussed.

The current study was conducted to raise awareness to the possibility that perceptions of situations and in situ affective states might be highly correlated. To investigate this potential overlap, two recent taxonomies of situational perception, the Situational Eight DIAMONDS and the Situation 5, were assessed in a sample of n = 157 along with a measure of positive and negative affect. Participants provided accounts and ratings for all constructs for three self-selected situations. Overall, 383 situations could be analyzed using multiple regression while considering the nested data structure. Both the DIAMONDS and the Situation 5 scores showed considerable overlap with positive and negative affect scores. The study further advances the growing nomological net of situational perception dimensions and other constructs. Limitations such as the selective-reporting-bias and implications for future situation research are discussed.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the premier choice for transparent conductive electrodes in optoelectronic devices despite its inherent brittleness. Here we report the fabrication of a grating-like structure that obviates ITO’s mechanical limitations while retaining its resistivity and optical qualities. ITO nanopatterned films exhibited a resistivity 90% across the whole visible spectrum range. We demonstrate the nanopatterned ITO retains extraordinary flexibility and durability on heat-sensitive substrates, accommodating cyclic bending to a curvature diameter of at least 3.2 mm for over 50 cycles of compressive and decompressive flexing without significant deterioration of its resistivity or optical properties. Moreover, 2-dimensional extrapolation shows that multiaxial bending is also feasible while maintaining mechanical flexibility, durability, and optical transparency.

Although coccolithophore physiological responses to CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry have been widely studied in the past, there is limited knowledge on the variability of physiological responses between populations. In the present study, we investigated the population-specific responses of growth, particulate organic (POC) and inorganic carbon (PIC) production rates of 17 strains of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi from three regions in the North Atlantic Ocean (Azores, Canary Islands, and Norwegian coast near Bergen) to a CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) range from 120 µatm to 2630 µatm. Physiological rates of each population and individual strain displayed the expected optimum curve responses to the pCO2 gradient. Optimal pCO2 for growth and POC production rates and tolerance to low pH (i.e. high proton concentration) was significantly higher in an E. huxleyi population isolated from a Norwegian fjord than in those isolated near the Azores and Canary Islands. This may be due to the large pCO2 and pH variability in coastal waters off Bergen compared to the rather stable oceanic conditions at the other two sites. Maximum growth and POC production rates of the Azores and Bergen populations were similar and significantly higher than of the Canary Islands population. One of the reasons may be that the chosen incubation temperature (16 °C) is slightly below what strains isolated near the Canary Islands normally experience. Our results indicate adaptation of E. huxleyi to their local environmental conditions. Within each population, different growth, POC and PIC production rates at different pCO2 levels indicated strain-specific phenotypic plasticity. The existence of distinct carbonate chemistry responses between and within populations will likely benefit E. huxleyi to acclimate to rising CO2 levels in the oceans.

Supplemental Material, SPPS774772_suppl_mat for Do Self-Reported Traits and Aggregated States Capture the Same Thing? A Nomological Perspective on Trait-State Homomorphy by John F. Rauthmann, Kai T. Horstmann, and Ryne A. Sherman in Social Psychological and Personality Science

This chapter considers one approach to the sociological perspective that has to do with looking at social life as if from afar even when one is positioned at arm's length from it. It explains how sociologists look at social life from a point of vantage similar to that gained at a fourteenth floor. It suggests that sociologists who speak of the social tend to be speaking of tides, forces, currents, pulls—something in the nature of social life that induces people to behave in fairly predictable ways at least part of the time. Human life is subject to social forces that help give it form and pattern. Sociologists tend to regard those forces as things. The chapter also considers the conflict and disorder that characterize the social world.

This book is a masterful introduction to, and appreciation of, sociology as a window into our world. The culmination of a distinguished career, and a fascinating exploration into the nature of human social life, the book describes the field of sociology as a way of looking at the world rather than as a simple gathering of facts about it. It notes that sociologists look out at the same human scenes as poets, historians, economists, or any other observers of the vast social landscape spread out before them, but select different aspects of that vast panorama to focus on and attend to. The book considers how sociology became a field of study, and how it has turned its attention over time to new areas of study such as race and gender and what the book calls “social speciation.” The book provides readers with new ways of The Individual and the Social thinking about human culture and social life.

Although ocean warming and acidification are recognized as two major anthropogenic perturbations of today’s oceans we know very little about how marine phytoplankton may respond via evolutionary change. We tested for adaptation to ocean warming in combination with ocean acidification in the globally important phytoplankton species Emiliania huxleyi. Temperature adaptation occurred independently of ocean acidification levels. Growth rates were up to 16% higher in populations adapted for one year to warming when assayed at their upper thermal tolerance limit. Particulate inorganic (PIC) and organic (POC) carbon production was restored to values under present-day ocean conditions, owing to adaptive evolution, and were 101% and 55% higher under combined warming and acidification, respectively, than in non-adapted controls. Cells also evolved to a smaller size while they recovered their initial PIC:POC ratio even under elevated CO2. The observed changes in coccolithophore growth, calcite and biomass production, cell size and elemental composition demonstrate the importance of evolutionary processes for phytoplankton performance in a future ocean.

The wet granulation process plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. With the introduction of a Twin Screw Extruder (TSE), it allows the possibility of wet granulation to be run continuously in contrast to a conventional batch process using a High Shear Mixer (HSM). However, the mechanism of Twin Screw Extruder wet granulation is not well understood and the aim of this study is to investigate this process and compare it with the High Shear Mixer granulation process with regard to the granule properties. Granules of pure microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were produced using a Twin Screw Extruder and a High Shear Mixer with water as liquid binder under different process conditions and formulations. The properties (particle size distribution, shape, surface morphology, internal structure, internal porosity and strength) of the granules were then compared. It was found that the granules produced by the two methods have different physical properties. Granules produced by the HSM are spherical in shape and are made up of smaller granules through coalescence process. It is believed that the granules produced by HSM in the present study are over-granulated which leads to the production of strong dense granules. On the other hand, granules produced by TSE have irregular shapes with tiny pores spread uniformly throughout the granules. The granules produced by HSM are affected by process conditions and are stronger at higher impeller speed. However, granules made by TSE are consistent in strength and relatively independent of process conditions. Due to over-granulation in HSM process, the granules produced result in the production of weak tablets whilst granules made by TSE manage to produce stronger tablets. Finally, by observing the structure of the granules, it is believed that the mechanism of HSM and TSE granulation is different. Although the granules made by HSM were over-granulated, it shows the existence of consolidation process that is apparently absent in TSE granulation. Nevertheless, more work will be needed to further understand the mechanism in continuous TSE wet granulation process.

Phytoplankton may evolve complex plasticity that can affect biogeochemically important traits such as calcification., Marine phytoplankton may adapt to ocean change, such as acidification or warming, because of their large population sizes and short generation times. Long-term adaptation to novel environments is a dynamic process, and phenotypic change can take place thousands of generations after exposure to novel conditions. We conducted a long-term evolution experiment (4 years = 2100 generations), starting with a single clone of the abundant and widespread coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi exposed to three different CO2 levels simulating ocean acidification (OA). Growth rates as a proxy for Darwinian fitness increased only moderately under both levels of OA [+3.4% and +4.8%, respectively, at 1100 and 2200 μatm partial pressure of CO2 (Pco2)] relative to control treatments (ambient CO2, 400 μatm). Long-term adaptation to OA was complex, and initial phenotypic responses of ecologically important traits were later reverted. The biogeochemically important trait of calcification, in particular, that had initially been restored within the first year of evolution was later reduced to levels lower than the performance of nonadapted populations under OA. Calcification was not constitutively lost but returned to control treatment levels when high CO2–adapted isolates were transferred back to present-day control CO2 conditions. Selection under elevated CO2 exacerbated a general decrease of cell sizes under long-term laboratory evolution. Our results show that phytoplankton may evolve complex phenotypic plasticity that can affect biogeochemically important traits, such as calcification. Adaptive evolution may play out over longer time scales (>1 year) in an unforeseen way under future ocean conditions that cannot be predicted from initial adaptation responses.