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Background/Aim: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women all over the world and new treatment options are urgent. ER stress in cancer cells results in apoptotic cell death, and it is being proposed as a new therapeutic target. SH003, a newly developed herbal medicine, has been reported to have anti-cancer effects. However, its molecular mechanism is not yet clearly defined. Materials and Methods: Microarray was performed to check the differential gene expression patterns in various breast cancer cell lines. Cell viability was measured by MTT assays to detect cytotoxic effects. Annexin V-FITC and 7AAD staining, TUNEL assay and DCF-DA staining were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate apoptosis and ROS levels, respectively. Protein expression was examined in SH003-breast cancer cells using immunoblotting assays. The expression of C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) mRNA was measured by real-time PCR. The effects of CHOP by SH003 treatment were investigated using transfection method. Results: Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which SH003 causes apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. Both cell viability and apoptosis assays confirmed the SH003-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, SH003 altered the expression patterns of several genes in a variety of breast cancer cell lines. More specifically, it upregulated gene sets including the response to unfolded proteins, independently of the breast cancer cell subtype. In addition, SH003-induced apoptosis was due to an increase in ROS production and an activation of the ER stress-signaling pathway. Moreover, CHOP gene silencing blocked SH003-induced apoptosis. Conclusion: SH003 causes apoptosis of breast cancer cells by upregulating ROS production and activating the ER stress-mediated pathway. Thus, our findings suggest that SH003 can be a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer.

Electrical stimulation such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is widely used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases and neurological disorders. Computational modeling is an important approach to understand the mechanisms underlying tDCS and optimize treatment planning. When applying computational modeling to treatment planning, uncertainties exist due to insufficient conductivity information inside the brain. In this feasibility study, we performed in vivo MR-based conductivity tensor imaging (CTI) experiments on the entire brain to precisely estimate the tissue response to the electrical stimulation. A recent CTI method was applied to obtain low-frequency conductivity tensor images. Subject-specific three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) of the head were implemented by segmenting anatomical MR images and integrating a conductivity tensor distribution. The electric field and current density of brain tissues following electrical stimulation were calculated using a conductivity tensor-based model and compared to results using an isotropic conductivity model from literature values. The current density by the conductivity tensor was different from the isotropic conductivity model, with an average relative difference |rD| of 52 to 73%, respectively, across two normal volunteers. When applied to two tDCS electrode montages of C3-FP2 and F4-F3, the current density showed a focused distribution with high signal intensity which is consistent with the current flowing from the anode to the cathode electrodes through the white matter. The gray matter tended to carry larger amounts of current densities regardless of directional information. We suggest this CTI-based subject-specific model can provide detailed information on tissue responses for personalized tDCS treatment planning.

BackgroundAltered innate defense mechanisms, including an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants release, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this study is to investigate whether oxidative stress may attenuate the secretion of anti-viral interferons in human sinonasal mucosa.MethodsThe levels of H2O2 in nasal secretion were increased in patients with CRS with nasal polyps, compared with that of CRS patients without nasal polyps and control subjects. Normal sinonasal epithelial cells derived from healthy subjects were cultured under an air-liquid interface. The cultured cells were infected with rhinovirus 16 (RV 16) or treated with poly (I: C), TLR3 agonist, after being pretreated with an oxidative stressor, H2O2 or antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Thereafter, the expression levels of type I (IFN-β) and type III (IFN-λ1 and λ2) interferons and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were evaluated with RT-qPCR, ELISA, and western blot.ResultsThe data showed that the production of type I (IFN-β) and type III (IFN-λ1 and λ2) interferons and ISGs was upregulated in cells infected with RV 16 or treated with poly (I: C). However, their up-regulated expression was attenuated in cells pretreated with H2O2, but not inhibited in cells pretreated with NAC. In line with these data, the up-regulated expression of TLR3, RIG-1, MDA5, and IRF3 was reduced in cells pretreated with H2O2, but not attenuated in cells treated with NAC. Furthermore, cells transfected with Nrf2 siRNA showed decreased secretion of anti-viral interferons whereas sulforaphane treatment enhanced the secretory capacity of antiviral interferons.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the production of RV16-induced antiviral interferons may be attenuated by oxidative stress.

Although left atrial (LA) dimension (LAD) is one of the predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after catheter ablation, repetitive recurrences occur in patients without enlarged LAD. We explored the predictive value of pulmonary vein (PV) to LA volume percent ratio (PV/LA%vol) for rhythm outcomes after AF catheter ablation (AFCA). We included 2913 patients (73.5% male, 60.0 [52.0–67.0] years old, 60.6% paroxysmal AF) who underwent AFCA. We evaluated the association between PV/LA%vol and AF recurrence after AFCA and compared the predictive value for AF recurrences according to the LA size with LAD. We additionally investigated the association between PV/LA%vol and PITX2 gene using a genome-wide association study. LAD affected 1-year recurrence only in the highest tertile group (T3, p = 0.046), but PV/LA%vol determined 1-year recurrence in all LAD groups (T1, p = 0.044; T2, p = 0.021; and T3, p = 0.045). During 20.0 (8.0–45.0) months of follow-up, AF recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with lower PV/LA%vol (Log-rank p = 0.004, HR 0.91 [0.84–1.00], p = 0.044). In the T1 and T2 LAD groups, predicting AF recurrences was better with PV/LA%vol than with LAD (AUC 0.63 vs. 0.51, p < 0.001 at T1; AUC 0.61 vs. 0.50, p = 0.007 at T2). We replicated PITX2-related rs12646447, which was independently associated with PV/LA%vol (β = 0.15 [0–0.30], p = 0.047). In conclusion, smaller PV volumes after LA volume adjustments have genetic background of PITX2 gene and predictive value for poorer rhythm outcomes after AFCA, especially in patients without LA enlargement.

Seven known analogs, along with two previously undescribed lignan derivatives sesamlignans A (1) and B (2), were isolated from a water-soluble extract of the defatted sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) by applying the chromatographic separation method. Structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated based on extensive interpretation of 1D, 2D NMR, and HRFABMS spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations were established by analyzing the optical rotation and circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. Inhibitory effects against the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) scavenging assays were performed to evaluate the anti-glycation effects of all isolated compounds. Among the isolated compounds, (1) and (2) showed potent inhibition towards AGEs formation, with IC50 values of 7.5 ± 0.3 and 9.8 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the new aryltetralin-type lignan 1 exhibited the most potent activity when tested in the in vitro ONOO− scavenging assay.

Significance: Multiple eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa can cause photoreceptor dysfunction. Rod photoreceptors are known to be more vulnerable than cone photoreceptors. Therefore, functional assessment of rod photoreceptors is important for early detection of eye diseases. Aim: This study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using intrinsic optical signal (IOS) optoretinography (ORG) for objective detection of dark adaptation (DA) abnormality due to rod photoreceptor degeneration. Approach: Functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) was employed for IOS ORG of wild-type (WT) and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice. Six WT C57BL/6J and eight rd10 B6.CXB1-Pde6brd10/J mice at postnatal day 14 (P14) were used for this study. Dynamic OCT analysis of retinal thickness and brightness changes, corresponding to light to dark transition, was implemented Results: Comparative measurement of the retina under light and dark conditions revealed significant IOS changes within the outer retina. The thickness between external limiting membrane (ELM) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reduced, and the OCT brightness of inner segment ellipsoid zone (EZ) decreased during DA, compared to light adaptation (LA). Relative EZ intensity change was observed to decrease larger in rd10, compared to WT. The relative intensity of the hyporeflective band between ELM and RPE also showed significant decrease in rd10 retinas during DA. Conclusions: DA-IOS abnormalities were observed in rd10, compared to WT at P14. The ORG measurement of DA-IOS kinetics promises valuable information for noninvasive assessment of photoreceptor function.

Deep learning models are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. These models are often deployed on the server-side and receive user data in an information-rich representation to solve a specific task, such as image classification. Since images can contain sensitive information, which users might not be willing to share, privacy protection becomes increasingly important. Adversarial Representation Learning (ARL) is a common approach to train an encoder that runs on the client-side and obfuscates an image. It is assumed, that the obfuscated image can safely be transmitted and used for the task on the server without privacy concerns. However, in this work, we find that training a reconstruction attacker can successfully recover the original image of existing ARL methods. To this end, we introduce a novel ARL method enhanced through low-pass filtering, limiting the available information amount to be encoded in the frequency domain. Our experimental results reveal that our approach withstands reconstruction attacks while outperforming previous state-of-the-art methods regarding the privacy-utility trade-off. We further conduct a user study to qualitatively assess our defense of the reconstruction attack., Comment: The IJCAI-ECAI-22 Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety (AISafety 2022)

Raw NMR Data, DFT calculated CIF files, SIMPSON numerical simulation input files., This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering Division. Electron microscopy was performed at the Sensitive Instrument Facility of the Ames Laboratory. The Ames Laboratory is operated for the U.S. DOE by Iowa State University under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11358. A.J.R. acknowledges additional support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation through a Sloan research fellowship. This study made use of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory to perform solid-state NMR experiments. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory is supported by the National Science Foundation through NSF/DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida. Development of the SCH magnet and NMR instrumentation was supported by NSF (DMR-1039938 and DMR-0603042) and NIH P41 GM122698.

Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-crd-10.1177_14799731211017548 for Serum albumin is a predictor of respiratory hospitalization in patients with bronchiectasis by Sunmi Ju, Jong Hwan Jeong, Manbong Heo, I Re Heo, Tae Hoon Kim, Ho Cheol Kim, Jung-Wan Yoo, Yu Ji Cho, Yi Yeong Jeong, Jong Deog Lee and Seung Jun Lee in Chronic Respiratory Disease

Additional file 2: Table S1. Nonsynonymous variants in the 33 sarcomere associated genes classified according to the refined American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standards and guidelines for inherited cardiac conditions. Table S2. Likely pathogenic or Pathogenic variants in the 6 non-sarcomere genes and the 44 mitochondria-related nuclear gene. Table S3. Mitochondrial DNA mutations upto probably damaging. Table S4. Comparisons of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings between the patients with and without any sarcomere variants of uncertain significance within patients without any pathogenic or likely pathogenic sarcomere gene variants

Additional file 1: Method S1. DNA preparation, library construction and sequencing of the HCM gene panel and mtDNA. Method S2. Detail questions for assessment of systemic involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction. Method S3. Echocardiographic analysis.

Supplemental Material, sj-docx-2-crd-10.1177_14799731211017548 for Serum albumin is a predictor of respiratory hospitalization in patients with bronchiectasis by Sunmi Ju, Jong Hwan Jeong, Manbong Heo, I Re Heo, Tae Hoon Kim, Ho Cheol Kim, Jung-Wan Yoo, Yu Ji Cho, Yi Yeong Jeong, Jong Deog Lee and Seung Jun Lee in Chronic Respiratory Disease

Additional file 1: Method S1. DNA preparation. Method S2. Library construction and sequencing of the HCM gene panel. Method S3. Library construction and mtDNA sequencing. Method S4. Data analysis of the mitochondrial genome. Method S5. CMR. Table S1. Summary of 82 genes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Supplementary Table S2. Likely pathogenic or Pathogenic variants in the 33 sarcomere associated genes classified according to the refined American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standards and guidelines for inherited cardiac conditions. Supplementary Table S3. Likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants in the 6 non-sarcomere genes and the 44 mitochondria-related nuclear genes. Supplementary Table S4. Non-haplogroup-associated variants with a GenBank frequency

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-ear-10.1177_0145561321997546 for Predictive Value of Radiologic Central Compartment Atopic Disease for Identifying Allergy and Asthma in Pediatric Patients by Kijeong Lee, Tae Hoon Kim, Sang Hag Lee, Chang Ho Kang, Bo-Kyung Je and Saelin Oh in Ear, Nose & Throat Journal

Additional file 1. Study population.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ajr-10.1177_1945892420964169 for TRPV4-Mediated Epithelial Junction Disruption in Allergic Rhinitis Triggered by House Dust Mites by Kijeong Lee MD, Junhyoung Byun MS, Byoungjae Kim PhD, Jiwoo Yeon MS, Junhu Tai MD, Sang Hag Lee MD, PhD, Tae Hoon Kim MD, PhD in American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy

External magnetic field, temperature, and spin-polarized current are usually employed to create and control nanoscale vortex-like spin configurations such as magnetic skyrmions. Although these methods have proven successful, they are not energy-efficient due to high power consumption and dissipation. Coupling between magnetic properties and mechanical deformation, the magnetoelastic (MEL) effect, offers a novel approach to energy-efficient control of magnetism at the nanoscale. It is of great interest in the context of ever-decreasing length scales of electronic and spintronic devices. Therefore, it is desirable to establish a comprehensive framework capable of predicting the effects of mechanical stress and enabling deterministic control of magnetic textures and skyrmions. In this work, using an advanced scheme of multiscale simulations and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy measurements we demonstrate deterministic control of topological magnetic textures and skyrmion creation in thin films and racetracks of chiral magnets. Our investigation considers not only uniaxial but also biaxial stress, which is ubiquitous in thin-film devices. The biaxial stress, rather than the uniaxial one, was shown to be more efficient to create or annihilate skyrmions when the MEL coefficient and strain have the same or opposite signs, respectively. It was also demonstrated to be a viable way to stabilize skyrmions and to control their current-induced motion in racetrack memory. Our results open prospects for deployment of mechanical stress to create novel topological spin textures, including merons, and in control and optimization of skyrmion-based devices., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Additional file 1. Fig. S1. Receiver operating curves for the predicted probabilities of selected risk scores before (blue line) and after (red line) the addition of four biomarkers to the conventional TIMI risk score in each subgroup with Killip class I (A) and class II-IV (B). †The added biomarkers included hypoxic liver injury, dysglycemia, anemia and high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio.

Objective Progesterone receptor (PGR) and AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) have important roles in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in the uterus. In present studies, we examined the expression of mitochondrial tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1) in the murine uterus during early pregnancy as well as in response to ovarian steroid hormone treatment. Methods We performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis to investigate the regulation of MTUS1 by ARID1A and determined expression patterns of MTUS1 in the uterus during early pregnancy. Results The expression of MTUS1 was detected on day 0.5 of gestation (GD 0.5) and then gradually increased until GD 3.5 in the luminal and glandular epithelium. However, the expression of MTUS1 was significantly reduced in the uterine epithelial cells of Pgrcre/+Arid1af/f and Pgr knockout (PRKO) mice at GD 3.5. Furthermore, MTUS1 expression was remarkably induced after P4 treatment in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the wild-type mice. However, the induction of MTUS1 expression was not detected in uteri of Pgrcre/+Arid1af/f or PRKO mice treated with P4. Conclusion These results suggest that MTUS1 is a novel target gene by ARID1A and PGR in the uterine epithelial cells.

블라시는 도덕적 동기화에 대한 인지적 및 정서적 접근의 문제점들을 지적하고, 도덕 판단을 넘어서는 다른 요소들이 도덕적 행동을 유발하는 동기로 작용한다면서 도덕적 정체성을 그의 주요 원천으로 제시하였다. 도덕적 정체성을 지닌 사람은 도덕 판단에 따른 책임감과 자아를 유지하고자 하는 자아 보전성이 도덕적 행동의 동기로 작용한다. 블라시의 이론은 도덕적 정체성의 형성이 도덕적 행동의 동기화로서 기능을 발휘하는 과정을 의미 있게 제시해 주었다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다. 그러나 도덕적 자아 정체성에 관한 이론적 및 경험적 분석은 그것을 교육의 목적으로 내세울 수 있는 적절한 방안을 아직 찾지 못하고 있다. 정체성 발달과 관련한 분명한 발달 모델이 없다는 것이 장애로 작용한다. 이에 따라 도덕적 자아 정체성 함양을 위한 적절한 교육적 전략을 수립하는데 어려움이 따른다.

본 연구는 패트리샤 처칠랜드의 신경 철학적 관점의 기본입장과 이를 토대로 한 도덕성 관련 내용들을 검토하고, 도덕교육적 함의를 탐색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 그녀는 뇌에 대한 관찰과 해명을 통해 인간의 의식 혹은 마음을 이해할 수 있다는 믿음을 철학적 관점에서 정당화하고자 시도한다. 뇌는 생물학적 진화의 산물이며, 도덕성은 도덕체계의 요소들이 뇌의 신경조직으로 진화되어 체계화된 신경작용의 결과로 이해한다. 그녀의 신경 철학적 관점은 아동들이 어려서부터 건강한 신경구조를 발달시키고, 올바른 도덕적 결정 경험을 쌓으며, 직관과 감정을 발달시킬 수 있는 교육적 여건을 조성하는 것이 중요함을 시사해 주고 있다.

본 논문에서는 한국인들이 느끼는 수치심과 유가 문화적 특성(공동체 중심의 사유체계, 예 중심의 행동체계, 부끄러움 중심의 심정체계)간에 어떤 관련성이 있는가를 분석하고 논의하는데 그 목적이 있다. 한국인들이 느끼는 수치심은 유가문화의 공동체 중심의 사유체계로 인해 개인적 경계를 넘어서서 확장되기 쉬우며, 그럼으로써 효과적인 도덕적 통제의 수단이 될 수 있다. 예는 한국인들에게 있어서 행위의 전반적인 기준이 되는 것으로, 이의 충족여부는 한국인들이 느끼는 수치심의 강력한 원천이 된다. 또한 유가 문화에서 부끄러움(수오)은 하늘로부터 주어진 천부적인 것으로, 도덕이성과 감성이 어우러진 인간 본성의 하나로 이해되었다. 한국인들이 느끼는 수치심은 이와 같은 유가 문화적 특성과 융합되면서 죄의식의 개념을 포괄하는 정서로 발달하였다.

As there are increasing needs of sharing data for machine learning, there is growing attention for the owners of the data to claim the ownership. Visible watermarking has been an effective way to claim the ownership of visual data, yet the visibly watermarked images are not regarded as a primary source for learning visual recognition models due to the lost visual information by in the watermark and the possibility of an attack to remove the watermarks. To make the watermarked images better suited for machine learning with less risk of removal, we propose DeepStamp, a watermarking framework that, given a watermarking image and a trained network for image classification, learns to synthesize a watermarked image that are human-perceptible, robust to removals, and able to be used as training images for classification with minimal accuracy loss. To achieve the goal, we employ the generative multi-adversarial network (GMAN). In experiments with CIFAR10, we show that the DeepStamp learn to transform a watermark to be embedded in each image and the watermarked images can be used to train networks., Comment: Presented as a poster at the NDSS'19

Gallic acid is a representative hydroxybenzoic acid and is found in free form in several plants and in various esterified forms as a part of hydolyzable tannins. Convenient enzymatic transformation of trihydroxylated gallic acid with polyphenol oxidase originating from pear was evaluated to investigate whether polyphenol oxidase can be used as a valuable compound to improve the biological activity of gallic acid. Enzymatic oxidation processing of gallic acid using polyphenol oxidase was carried out for five different reaction times. The antioxidant effects of transformed gallic acid for different reaction times were evaluated via radical scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2"-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. In addition, the anti-diabetic property of the transformed gallic acid was measured based on α-glucosidase. Gallic acid reacted for 5 h showed significantly higher antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities compared to the tested positive control substances. Biotransformation of simple gallic acid induced by polyphenol oxidase might be responsible for enhancing the biological activity of gallic acid.

Figure S1 Total AKT level is not changed in Mig-6 f/f and Mig-6 d/d mice. (A) The expression of AKT in the uteri of Mig-6 f/f (a) and Mig-6 d/d (b) mice and (B) H-score of AKT in the uteri of Mig-6 f/f and Mig-6 d/d mice. (PPTX 251 kb)

We propose to learn a curriculum or a syllabus for supervised learning and deep reinforcement learning with deep neural networks by an attachable deep neural network, called ScreenerNet. Specifically, we learn a weight for each sample by jointly training the ScreenerNet and the main network in an end-to-end self-paced fashion. The ScreenerNet neither has sampling bias nor requires to remember the past learning history. We show the networks augmented with the ScreenerNet achieve early convergence with better accuracy than the state-of-the-art curricular learning methods in extensive experiments using three popular vision datasets such as MNIST, CIFAR10 and Pascal VOC2012, and a Cart-pole task using Deep Q-learning. Moreover, the ScreenerNet can extend other curriculum learning methods such as Prioritized Experience Replay (PER) for further accuracy improvement., Comment: curricular learning, deep learning, deep q-learning

Figure S2 Total AKT level is not changed in Mig-6 d/d mice after P4 treatment. (A) The expression of AKT in the uteri of vehicle (a) and P4 (b) treated Mig-6 d/d mice and (B) H-score of AKT in the uteri of vehicle and P4 treated Mig-6 d/d mice. (PPTX 407 kb)

Supplemental_figures_and_tables for The Notch Family Transcription Factor, RBPJκ, Modulates Glucose Transporter and Ovarian Steroid Hormone Receptor Expression During Decidualization by Michael R Strug, Ren-Wei Su, Tae Hoon Kim, Jae-Wook Jeong, and Asgerally Fazleabas in Reproductive Sciences

Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) 2013 Checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents*. (PDF 39 kb)

Noninvasive label-free hyperspectral imaging of physiological changes in biological systems has been extensively used as invaluable tools in a variety of research areas, including medical and biological applications. However, conventional approach requires a critical, yet bulky, expensive, and slow optical component (i.e. a mechanical filter wheel, an imaging spectrograph, or a liquid crystal tunable filter) for capturing full spectral information. Therefore, this component limits development of compact, rapid, and cost-effective systems. In this respect, we propose to explore a possibility of spectrometerless (or spectrometer-free) hyperspectral imaging to map out detailed spatial distributions of biochemical absorption compounds or pigments, which are key traits for physiological evaluation. In this work, we demonstrate that a combination of 3-color CCD imaging system and a hyperspectral reconstruction method offers simple instrumentation and provides hyperspectral image data to noninvasively detect physiological changes of various biological tissues. In Chapter 2, we apply this proposed method to plant model to investigate a possibility of visualizing heterogeneous responses to various types of abiotic and biotic stress. We report a spectrometerless (or spectrometer-free) reflectance imaging method that allows for nondestructive and quantitative chlorophyll imaging in individual leaves in situ in a handheld device format. Detailed spatial distribution of chlorophyll content in a whole leaf was successfully visualized with a high correlation between the reflectance spectra pattern and the chlorophyll content. This approach could potentially be integrated into a compact, inexpensive, and portable system, while being of great value in high-throughput phenotyping facilities and laboratory settings. As another application, Chapter 3 shows a potential benefit of the proposed method to supplement qualitative scoring of conjunctival redness developed for farmers to gauge anemia in small ruminants and identify animals that require treatment. We report experimental and numerical results for simple, yet reliable, noninvasive hemoglobin detection that can be correlated with laboratory-based blood hemoglobin testing for anemia diagnosis. In our pilot animal study using calves, we exploit the third eyelid (i.e. palpebral conjunctiva) as an effective sensing site. To further test spectrometer-free (or spectrometerless) hemoglobin assessments, we implement full spectral reconstruction from RGB data and partial least square regression. The unique combination of RGB-based spectral reconstruction and partial least square regression could potentially offer uncomplicated instrumentation and avoid the use of a spectrometer, which is vital for realizing a compact and inexpensive hematology device for quantitative anemia detection in the farm field. In Chapter 4, we present that mathematical hyperspectral reconstruction from RGB images in a simple imaging setup can provide reliable visualization of hemoglobin content in a large skin area. Without relying on a complicated, expensive, and slow hyperspectral imaging system, we demonstrate the feasibility of determining heterogeneous or multifocal areas of inflammatory hyperemia associated with experimental photocarcinogenesis in mice. Sensitive and accurate assessment of dermatologic inflammatory hyperemia would be beneficial to laypeople for monitoring their own skin health on a regular basis, to patients for looking for timely clinical examination, and to primary care physicians or dermatologists for delivering effective treatments. Therefore, we envision that RGB-based reconstructed hyperspectral imaging of subclinical inflammatory hyperemic foci could potentially be integrated with the built-in camera (RGB sensor) of a smartphone to develop a simple imaging device that could offer affordable monitoring of dermatologic health.