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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605221145720 for Longitudinal Associations Between Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Intimate Partner Violence in Malawi by Rachel Kidman, Etienne Breton, Jere R. Behrman, Andrew Zulu and Hans-Peter Kohler in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605221145720 for Longitudinal Associations Between Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Intimate Partner Violence in Malawi by Rachel Kidman, Etienne Breton, Jere R. Behrman, Andrew Zulu and Hans-Peter Kohler in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-jiv-10.1177_08862605221145720 for Longitudinal Associations Between Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Intimate Partner Violence in Malawi by Rachel Kidman, Etienne Breton, Jere R. Behrman, Andrew Zulu and Hans-Peter Kohler in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-jiv-10.1177_08862605221145720 for Longitudinal Associations Between Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Intimate Partner Violence in Malawi by Rachel Kidman, Etienne Breton, Jere R. Behrman, Andrew Zulu and Hans-Peter Kohler in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Additional file 1. Figure S1: Recruitment and enrolment of pregnant adolescents and women in a rural district in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa between December 2016 to March 2017.

Supplemental Material for Marital Histories and Associations With Later-Life Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk in the HUNT4 70+ Study in Norway by Vegard Skirbekk, Asta Håberg, Ekaterina Zotcheva, Bo Lars Engdahl, Steinar Krokstad, Hans-Peter Kohler, Astanand Jugessur, PhD, Bernt Bratsberg, Jordan Weiss, PhD, Catherine Bowen, Sarah Tom, PhD, Jennifer Harris, PhD, Yaakov Stern, PhD, Geir Selbæk, and Heine Strand, PhD in Journal of Aging and Health

For capturing dynamic demographic relationships, longitudinal household data can have considerable advantages over more widely used cross-sectional data. But because the collection of longitudinal data may be difficult and expensive, analysts must assess the magnitudes of the problems, specific to longitudinal, but not to cross-sectional data. One problem that concerns many analysts is that sample attrition may make the interpretation of estimates problematic. Such attrition may be especially severe where there is considerable migration between rural, and urban areas. And attrition is likely to be selective on such characteristics as schooling, so high attrition is likely to bias estimates. The authors consider the extent, and implications of attrition for three longitudinal household surveys from Bolivia, Kenya, and South Africa that report very high annual attrition rates between survey rounds. Their estimates indicate that: 1) the means for a number of critical outcome, and family background variables differ significantly between those who are lost to follow-up, and those who are re-interviewed. 2) A number of family background variables are significant predictors of attrition. 3) Nevertheless, the coefficient estimates for standard family background variables in regressions, and probit equations for the majority of outcome variables in all three data sets, are not significantly affected by attrition. So attrition is apparently not a general problem for obtaining consistent estimates of the coefficients of interest for most of these outcomes. These results, which are very similar to those for industrial countries, suggest that multivariate estimates of behavioral relations may not be biased because of attrition. This wold support the collection of longitudinal data.

The extent and structure of sexual networks have important consequences for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. However, very few datasets currently exist that allow a detailed investigation of sexual networks in sub-Saharan African settings where HIV epidemics have become generalized. In this paper, we describe the context and methods of the Likoma Network Study (LNS), one of the few studies that have collected extensive information on sexual networks in sub-Saharan Africa. We start by reviewing theoretical arguments and empirical studies emphasizing the importance of network structures in the epidemiology of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). The island setting of this study is described, and we argue that the choice of an island as a research site limited potential biases that may make the collection of sexual network data difficult. We then document our empirical strategy for the collection of sexual network data and the subsequent identification of sexual network partners. A description of the protocol for the collection of biomarker data (HIV infection) is provided. Finally, we present initial results relating to the socioeconomic context of the island, the size and composition of sexual networks, the quality of the sexual network data, the determinants of successful contact tracing during the LNS, and the prevalence of HIV in the study population.

"Eine ausgeprägte Präferenz für männliche Nachkommen, mit zum Teil dramatischen Folgen für die Lebenssituation von Mädchen und Frauen, findet sich heute vor allem in einer Reihe asiatischer Länder, wie China, Indien oder Korea. Geschlechterpräferenzen für Kinder sind jedoch ein kulturelles und demographisches Phänomen, das auch in modernen westlichen Gesellschaften zunehmend beachtet wird. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten sind nicht nur traditionelle Geschlechterrollen teilweise erodiert, sondern auch die Geburtenneigung ist deutlich zurückgegangen. Darüber hinaus erlauben es neue Verfahren der Reproduktionsmedizin (z.B. MicroSort), das Geschlecht eines Kindes vorzubestimmen. Wie hat sich vor diesem Hintergrund der spezifische Wunsch von Paaren nach einem Sohn oder nach einer Tochter verändert? Gibt es in Europa überhaupt (noch) Geschlechterpräferenzen, und falls ja: sind sie regional und über die Zeit stabil, oder lassen sich möglicherweise unterschiedliche Entwicklungen beobachten? Die Verfasser untersuchen die Existenz von Geschlechterpräferenzen und ihren Effekt auf Fertilitätsentscheidungen in Deutschland (auf Basis von Daten des ALLBUS 2000) sowie in Dänemark, Finnland, Norwegen und Schweden (unter Verwendung der jeweiligen Bevölkerungsregister seit 1961/71). Dabei zeigt sich, dass a) in allen Ländern verhaltensrelevante Geschlechterpräferenzen für Kinder existieren, b) dass es diesbezüglich - mutmaßlich kulturell bedingte - regionale Unterschiede gibt, und c) dass sich sogar 'neue' Präferenzen parallel zu gesellschaftlichen Modernisierungsprozessen entwickeln können." (Autorenreferat)

Although the production and use of technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and lindane (the purified insecticidal isomer -HCH) are prohibited in most countries, residual concentrations still constitute an immense environmental burden. Many studies describe the mineralization of -HCH by bacterial strains under aerobic conditions. However, the metabolic fate of the other HCH isomers is not well known. In this study, we investigated the transformation of -, -, -, -, epsilon-HCH, and a heptachlorocyclohexane isomer in the presence of varying ratios of the two enzymes that initiate -HCH degradation, a dehydrochlorinase (LinA) and a haloalkane dehalogenase (LinB). Each substrate yielded a unique metabolic profile that was strongly dependent on the enzyme ratio. Comparison of these results to those of in vivo experiments with different bacterial isolates showed that HCH transformation in the tested strains was highly optimized towards productive metabolism of -HCH and that under these conditions other HCH-isomers were metabolized to mixtures of dehydrochlorinated and hydroxylated side-products. In view of these results, bioremediation efforts need very careful planning and toxicities of accumulating metabolites need to be evaluated.

delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH), one of the prevalent isomers of technical HCH, was enantioselectively dehydrochlorinated by the dehydrochlorinases LinA1 and LinA2 from Sphingobium indicum B90A to the very same delta-pentachlorocyclohexene enantiomer. Racemic delta-pentachlorocyclohexene, however, was transformed with opposite enantioselectivities by the two enzymes. A transformation pathway based on an anti-1,2-elimination, followed by a syn-1,4-elimination and a subsequent syn-1,2-elimination is postulated.

Reactions of ozone (O-3) with the beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G (PG) and cephalexin (CP) have previously been found to yield products retaining antibacterial activities. These products are unequivocally identified here as the stereoisomeric (R)-sulfoxides of each parent molecule and characterized by a combination of chemical analysis and an antibacterial activity assay. PG-(R)-sulfoxide, which is similar to 15% as potent as PG itself, is formed in similar to 55% yield, whereas CP-(R)-sulfoxide, which is similar to 83% as active as CP, is formed with a maximum similar to 34% yield. PG-(R)-sulfoxide is recalcitrant toward further oxidation by O-3, but readily transformed by hydroxyl radical (HO center dot) k(HO center dot)(,app)(N) = 7.4 x 10(9) M(-1)s(-1), pH 7), resulting in quantitative elimination of its antibacterial activity. In contrast CP-(R)-sulfoxide is degraded by both O-3 and HO center dot (k"(O3,app) = 2.6 x 10(4) M-1 s(-1) and k"(HO center dot,app) = 7.6 x 10(9) M-1 s(-1), pH 7), leading to quantitative elimination of its antibacterial activity. During ozonation of a secondary municipal wastewater effluent sample (pH 8.1, C-DOC = 4.0 mg/L, [alkalinity] = 3.6 mM as HCO3-) spiked with [PG](0) = 1 mu M, PG-(R)-sulfoxide yields did not exceed 0.15 mu M for O-3 doses up to 100 mu M (4.8 mg/L), but reached 0.47 mu M with 10-mM t-BuOH added as a HO center dot scavenger. In contrast, CP-(R)-sulfoxide yields did not exceed 0.1 mu M for the same wastewater spiked with [CP](0) = 1,mu M in either the presence or absence of t-BuOH, indicating that CP-(R)-sulfoxide transformation is governed primarily by direct reaction with O-3. These findings suggest that, for a given degree of parent compound transformation, PG-(R)-sulfoxide yields would likely be greatest during zonation of wastewaters characterized by low O-3 demands and high HO center dot scavenging rates, whereas CP-(R)-sulfoxide yields would be less matrix-dependent In general, complete deactivation of penicillins during wastewater treatment will likely require higher O-3 exposures than necessary for deactivation of cephalosporins.

Most peri-alpine shallow aquifers fed by rivers are oxic and the drinking water derived by riverbank filtration is generally of excellent quality. However, observations during past heat waves suggest that water quality may be affected by climate change due to effects on redox processes such as aerobic respiration, denitrification, reductive dissolution of manganese(III/IV)- and iron(III)(hydr)oxides that occur during river infiltration. To assess the dependence of these redox processes on the climate-related variables temperature and discharge, we performed periodic and targeted (summer and winter) field sampling campaigns at the Thur River, Switzerland, and laboratory column experiments simulating the field conditions. Typical summer and winter field conditions could be successfully simulated by the column experiments. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was found not to be a major electron donor for aerobic respiration in summer and the DOM consumption did not reveal a significant correlation with temperature and discharge. It is hypothesized that under summer conditions, organic matter associated with the aquifer material (particulate organic matter, POM) is responsible for most of the consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO), which was the most important electron acceptor in both the field and the column system. For typical summer conditions at temperatures >20 °C, complete depletion of DO was observed in the column system and in a piezometer located only a few metres from the river. Both in the field system and the column experiments, nitrate acted as a redox buffer preventing the release of manganese(II) and iron(II). For periodic field observations over five years, DO consumption showed a pronounced temperature dependence (correlation coefficient r = 0.74) and therefore a seasonal pattern, which seemed to be mostly explained by the temperature dependence of the calculated POM consumption (r = 0.7). The river discharge was found to be highly and positively correlated with DO consumption (r = 0.85), suggesting an enhanced POM input during flood events. This high correlation could only be observed for the low-temperature range (T < 15 °C). For temperatures >15 °C, DO consumption was already high (almost complete) and the impact of discharge could not be resolved. Based on our results, we estimate the risk for similar river-infiltration systems to release manganese(II) and iron(II) to be low during future average summer conditions. However, long-lasting heat waves might lead to a consumption of the nitrate buffer, inducing a mobilization of manganese and iron.

Riverbank filtration is an established technique used world-wide to produce clean drinking water in a reliable and cost-efficient way. This practice is, however, facing new challenges posed by climate change, as already observed during past heat waves with the local occurrence of anoxic conditions. In this study we investigated the effect of direct (temperature) and indirect (dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration and composition, flow rate) climate change variables on redox processes (aerobic respiration, denitrification and Mn(III/IV)/Fe(III) reduction) by means of column experiments. Natural river water, modified river water and river water mixed with treated wastewater effluent were used as feed waters for the columns filled with natural sand from a river-infiltration system in Switzerland. Biodegradable dissolved organic matter was mainly removed immediately at the column inlet and particulate organic matter (POM) associated with the natural sand was the main electron donor for aerobic respiration throughout the column. Low infiltration rates (

Soil biodegradable mulch films composed of the polyester polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) are being increasingly used in agriculture. Analytical methods to quantify PBAT in field soils are needed to assess its soil occurrence and fate. Here, we report an analytical method for PBAT in soils that couples Soxhlet extraction or accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with quantitative protonnuclear magnetic resonance (q-H-1 NMR) spectroscopy detection. The H-1 NMR peak areas of aromatic PBAT protons increased linearly with PBAT concentrations dissolved in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3), demonstrating accurate quantitation of PBAT by q-H-1 NMR Spike-recovery experiments involving PBAT addition to model sorbents and soils showed increased PBAT extraction efficiencies into chloroform (CHCl3) with methanol (MeOH) as cosolvent, consistent with MeOH competitively displacing PBAT from H-bond donating sites on mineral surfaces. Systematic variations in solvent composition and temperatures in ASE revealed quantitative PBAT extraction from soil with 90/10 volume % CHCl3/MeOH at 110-120 degrees C. Both Soxhlet extraction and ASE resulted in the complete recovery of PBAT added to a total of seven agricultural soils covering a range of physicochemical properties, independent of whether PBAT was added to soils dissolved in CHCl3, as film, or as particles. Recovery was also complete for PBAT added to soil in the form of a commercial soil biodegradable mulch film with coextractable polylactic acid (PLA). The presented analytical method enables accurate quantification and biodegradation monitoring of PBAT in agricultural field soils.