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To carry out molecular characterization and determine the antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) against endodontic strains isolated from persistent infections. Root canal samples from 24 teeth in different patients with persistent endodontic infections were obtained. The isolated strains were identified by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. Genotyping was achieved by molecular methods. The antibacterial activity of antibiotics and copper nanostructures was determined by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Furthermore, a time-kill kinetics assay was evaluated. Nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) were performed (p value

Introducción: Los estilos de vida se generan y consolidan en la adolescencia; cuando estos son poco saludables, se exponen a riesgos en su salud. Objetivo: Identificar los estilos de vida de adolescentes y su relación con la percepción de sus contextos de desarrollo. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, con análisis bivariado de comparación de medias y correlación, realizado a una muestra de 489 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años de establecimientos educacionales públicos del Biobío, Chile, se excluyeron adolescentes con déficit cognitivo y/o con alteraciones no corregidas de los órganos de los sentidos. Los aspectos éticos consideraron el consentimiento de los padres y asentimiento de cada adolescente. Se utilizó instrumento FANTÁSTICO versión chilena adaptada, que mide 8 dimensiones relacionadas con la salud, bienestar mental y percepción relaciones afectivas familiares y entorno escolar. Los análisis fueron descriptivos y correlacionales. Resultados: Casi la mitad de la muestra manifestaron estilos de vida que requiere modificaciones y/o intervenciones. Los más jóvenes presentaron estilos más saludables con diferencias por sexo. Los comportamientos saludables tuvieron relación estadísticamente positiva con bienestar mental y con la percepción de sus contextos de desarrollo como las relaciones afectivas familiares y el entorno escolar. Conclusiones: La evidencia sustenta el diseño de futuros estudios de intervención que consideren edades tempranas de la adolescencia, las diferencias por sexo, dirigidos especialmente a mejorar los contextos de desarrollo más próximos como la familia, los establecimientos educaciones y el barrio donde se desenvuelven.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of calcium silicate repair cements and sealers against a dual-species planktonic aerobic model with different aging times and the ability to inhibit the formation of a mature 21-day-old multispecies anaerobic biofilm. The antibacterial activity of ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, BioRoot RCS and TotalFill BC sealer against a dual-species aerobic planktonic model, as well as measuring how materials were affected by aging, was evaluated using the Modified Direct Contact Test. Subsequently, the ability to inhibit the formation of a mature multispecies anaerobic biofilm was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy complemented with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biodentine and BioRoot RCS had higher antibacterial action, and Biodentine was able to maintain its antibacterial action after a prolonged aging period in vitro. Calcium silicate repair cement MTA ProRoot and Biodentine had higher antibiofilm action.

To carry out molecular characterization and determine the antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) against endodontic strains isolated from persistent infections.Root canal samples from 24 teeth in different patients with persistent endodontic infections were obtained. The isolated strains were identified by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. Genotyping was achieved by molecular methods. The antibacterial activity of antibiotics and copper nanostructures was determined by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Furthermore, a time-kill kinetics assay was evaluated. Nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) were performed (p value0.05).Twenty-one isolated strains were identified. Six isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were grouped into two clusters of three isolates each, two of which were clones. All were clarithromycin-resistant and erythromycin. Eight Pseudomonas putida presented two clusters, two Pseudomonas spp. were not clonal, and all were resistant to the tested antibiotics except tetracycline. Two of five strains of Cutibacterium acnes were clonal, and all were resistant only to metronidazole. The lowest MIC and MBC values were obtained with Cu-NPs. Time-kill kinetics using Cu-NPs showed a significant decrease in all tested species within 4 h and reached 100% in 2 h for C. acnes.In this study, in relation to health care-associated infections, endodontic strains of each species isolated at least in one patient were polyclonal. In Pseudomonas spp., at least one clone was shared between patients. E. faecalis and C. acnes strains were susceptible to low Cu-NP concentrations, while Pseudomonas spp. strains were resistant.Assessing and keeping track of the susceptibility of clinical strains to antimicrobial compounds is important for the clinical outcome. Based on our results, Cu-NPs could be an alternative for endodontic treatment, in order to avoid selection of resistant strains.

Negative attitudes mean a barrier for People with Disability (PwD), but attitudes towards Deaf people are structurally different from the rest of the PwD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factorial structure and internal reliability of the Attitudes towards Deafness Scale (ADS) applied in health professionals from Concepcion, Chile. The ADS was translated to Spanish and back-translated to English, then reviewed by public health experts, and a pilot application was carried out to 15 health professional to make final modifications. The Chilean ADS version was applied to 182 health professional from primary care centers and academics working in health schools. Reliability analysis with estimation of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and exploratory factor analysis were made. The data presented adequate values to perform exploratory factor analysis (KMO=0.73; Bartlett’s sphericity test p

Objetivo Identificar el compromiso paterno y la relación con sus conductas promotoras de salud.Metodo Estudio correlacional en 160 padres, pertenecientes a dos Centros de Salud Familiar, quienes respondieron las escalas de compromiso paterno y estilos de vida II, además de preguntas biosociodemográficas.Resultados El 78,1% de los padres presentan en promedio un alto compromiso paterno. Las variables que influencian positivamente el compromiso paterno, son las conductas promotoras en salud, la participación de éste en el parto y en los controles de salud de su hijo. La edad evidenció influencia negativa sobre el compromiso paterno. Correlaciones más altas de compromiso paterno, se observaron con las dimensiones de crecimiento espiritual y relaciones interpersonales, y más baja con la dimensión de actividad física. El compromiso paterno se mostró mayormente a través de actividades hacia sus hijos tales como alimentarlos, vestirlos y jugar.Conclusión Los padres participan más activamente en la crianza de sus hijos y como implícitamente son modelos de salud para éstos, se afirma la necesidad de crear y/o mantener estrategias para propiciar conductas promotoras de salud en los padres por parte de los profesionales de salud, puesto que influencian favorablemente el compromiso paterno.

Indexación: Scopus. Background. Oral health plays a crucial role in general health, quality of life and well-being of pregnant women and their newborns. In Chile, pregnant women have dental care guaranteed by law. However, due to the lack of previous epidemiological studies on the benefits of this guarantee, it is necessary to describe this situation and evaluate the need to change the methods of providing dental services. Objectives. The objective of this study was to describe the pattern of providing dental benefits resulting from the Explicit Health Guarantee – Integral Oral Health in Pregnant Women (GES-SOIE) program to pregnant women attending the Juan Soto Fernández Family Health Center, Concepción, Chile, in 2014–2015. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study of the electronic dental records of patients admitted to GES-SOIE was conducted. The variables studied were sociodemographic data, dental chair hours, non-attendance, treatment completion, and the type of referral to secondary healthcare (SHC). Results. Of 233 pregnant women, 65.2% were registered for non-attendance, 21.2% required referral to SHC and 76.4% completed their treatment. When performing logistic regression, it was found that for each non-attendance the chance of not completing the treatment increased 1.4 times. Conclusions. The level of non-attendance and opting out of the treatment in pregnant women is high, which hinders the proper functioning and effectiveness of GES-SOIE. © 2018 by Wroclaw Medical University and Polish Dental Society. http://www.dmp.umed.wroc.pl/en/article/2018/55/2/179/

Objective To report the adaptation and cultural validation of the Oral Health Literacy Instrument (OHLI) for the adult Chilean population attending public and university health services. Study design The original OHLI in English was translated to Spanish and back-translated, then a preliminary version was obtained following review by four experts. A pilot study was carried out in 30 patients, who were asked to assess their understanding of the questionnaire. The following variables were included: sociodemographic factors (sex, age, average monthly income, education and marital status); oral health (history of caries, periodontal disease and oral hygiene); oral health-related quality of life; health literacy; oral health literacy; and psychometric properties (internal consistency, temporal stability, convergent validity and predictive validity). Clinical examination and questionnaire administration were carried out at the public health centres where the participants were receiving treatment. Results A total of 482 persons participated in the study. The internal consistency was high; Cronbach's alpha values were 0.864 for the first section, 0.739 for the second section and 0.887 for the entire instrument. The temporal stability was good, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was >0.6. Regarding convergent validity, the correlation of Chilean version of OHLI (OHLI-cl) with health literacy was positively moderate to strong (r > 0.5 and ρ > 0.5) and statistically significant (P < 0.01). Regarding predictive validity, the correlation of OHLI with oral health damage was negatively weak to moderate (r < −0.2 and ρ < −0.2) and statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion The OHLI-cl demonstrates adequate psychometric properties for measuring the oral health literacy in Chilean populations attending public and university health services.

There are various instruments to measure attitudes toward persons with disabilities (PwD). The Multidimensional Attitudes Scale (MAS) toward PwD is a three-dimension scale with good psychometric properties; the Spanish version has been validated with a four-factor structure. Aim: To examine the factor structure of a cross-cultural adapted version of the Spanish MAS towards deaf persons in a sample of Chilean dental students. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved five Chilean public health experts that reviewed the scale for obtaining a preliminary version of a 30-item modified MAS towards deaf persons; a pilot with 15 dental students was performed, and a final sample composed of 311 students was included. For the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), maximum likelihood estimation (ML) for determining the number of factors and parallel analysis (PA) was used, with Oblimin for the rotation method. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess reliability. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI), goodness of fit index (GFI), Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI-NNF) and root mean square of residuals (RMSR) were used to assess model fit. Results: All items had a normal distribution with the exception of items 7 and 10. The four-factor structure without item 10 in this EFA presented an adequate Cronbach’s alpha (>0.83), suggesting acceptable reliability. RMSEA, TLI-NNFI, RMSR, GFI and CFI indices suggested a good fit of the model and were consistent with the literature. Conclusion: The Spanish modified version of the MAS towards deaf persons has a four-factor structure, which in consistent with a previous version of the MAS.

Este trabajo desarrolla el diseño y la implementación de Unidades Didácticas Integradas (UDI) en el marco de la educación superior siguiendo el enfoque AICLE (Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lenguas Extranjeras). El diseño y la implementación de una metodología conjunta ha permitido poner en práctica dichas UDI durante el curso 2015/2016 en diferentes ámbitos de contenido. Ello ha ofrecido datos relevantes sobre el nivel de lengua y contenidos que el alumnado ha adquirido. La integración de diferentes áreas en las dos ramas de conocimiento (Ciencias Sociales e Ingeniería) ha constituido un marco interesante y especialmente adecuado para la puesta en práctica de estas UDI en el marco de la Educación Superior Europea. This paper addresses the design and implementation of Integrated Didactic Units (IDUs) within Higher Education following the CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) approach. The design of a joint methodology for different content areas has allowed the teaching staff herein to implement different IDUs along the 2015/2016 academic year. The data collected on initial and final language level and contents from the joint and complementary work of two different content areas (Social Sciences and Engineering) has offered an interesting working framework which we consider suitable for an EHEA teaching innovation after the analysis and discussion of our results.

La autoeficacia se define como la capacidad de controlar, planificar y ejecutar efectivamente conductas necesarias para poder dominar una situación. En el contexto de las personas mayores se vincula con la capacidad de ser partícipes en la resolución de diversas situaciones en su vida cotidiana, permitiendo planificar el cómo hacer frente a estas adversidades. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la efectividad de un plan educativo basado en la actividad física y su asociación con en el nivel de autoeficacia percibida por las personas mayores. Estudio de tipo preexperimental, preprueba/posprueba con un solo grupo, analítico, correlacional. Con una totalidad de 40 participantes pertenecientes a la agrupación de personas mayores “Los Laureles”. Para evaluar el nivel de autoeficacia se utilizó la Escala de Autoeficacia General, que se encuentra validada en Chile, con mediciones pre y post intervención de este plan educativo que contempló 30 sesiones eductivas y de actividad física impartidas durante tres meses. Se obtuvo como resultado que luego del plan educativo aplicado el nivel medio de autoeficacia tuvo un aumento de 7 puntos. Con esto se patenta la efectividad de actividades promotoras de la salud como una estrategia para mantener y fortalecer la funcionalidad, tanto física como cognitiva en las personas mayores.

Nuestro proyecto se centró en familiarizar a estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación (UCO) con uno de los ámbitos esenciales del que será su entorno laboral, las bibliotecas de los Centros de Educación Infantil y Primaria (CEIP) cordobeses. La idea era ponerlos en contacto, e iniciarlos, en sus protocolos de funcionamiento y sus múltiples posibilidades como incentivo de animación a la lectura. Como futuros profesionales de la educación, los estudiantes deben concienciarse de la importancia que posee la lectura en la formación del alumnado, así como reconocer las herramientas y estrategias para acercársela de un modo eficaz. Antes y después de la visita, núcleo de nuestra propuesta, se realizaron actividades complementarias: previamente se introdujo en clase un módulo teórico-práctico destinado a poner en contacto a los estudiantes con los presupuestos teóricos, y ejemplos reales, de proyectos de fomento de la lectura realizados desde las bibliotecas de los CEIP y desde otras instituciones educativas. Tras la visita, realizaron un trabajo en el que reflexionaron sobre la lectura como pilar fundamental básico de la formación académica y dieron sus impresiones y valoraciones sobre los distintos proyectos presentados en el centro visitado. Our project focused on students of the School for Educational Science (UCO). The aim is to get students acquainted with one of the main areas of their future work environment, i.e. the libraries in the Children School Centers and Primary Education Centers (CEIP) in Córdoba. The main objective was to put students in contact and provide initial steps in the CEIP environment, while using these centers as a tool to encourage reading. In their ability as future education professionals, our students must understand the key importance of reading in training processes, and get to know the tools and strategies instrumental to an effective educational approach. Before and after the visits, some supplementary activities were included. Before the visit, a theoretical-practical module was included in the lessons, so that the students would get used to the theoretical assumptions involved. In addition, realistic case studies were discussed, describing reading promotion projects previously organized in CEIP libraries and other educational institutions. Following the visit, the students were invited to write a report dealing with the role of reading as a basic pillar in academic careers, and to comment on the different projects presented in the center hosting the visit.

To identify the association of paternal commitment and health-promoting behaviors.Correlational and predictive study in 160 parents attended in two Family Health Centers, who responded to the scales of paternal involvement and lifestyles II, as well as biosociodemographic questions.On average, 78.1% of the fathers were highly committed. The variables that positively influence paternal commitment are health-promoting behaviors, and their participation in childbirth and routine checkups of their children. Age had a negative influence on paternal commitment. Higher correlations of paternal commitment were observed in the dimensions spiritual growth and interpersonal relationships, while it was lower in the physical activity dimension. Father's commitment was mostly evident in activities done together with their children such as feeding, dressing and playing.Fathers participate more actively in the upbringing of their children. Considering that they are implicitly health role models for children, there is a clear need to create and/or maintain strategies to encourage health-promoting behaviors in fathers by health professionals, since they favorably influence paternal commitment.Identificar el compromiso paterno y la relación con sus conductas promotoras de salud.Estudio correlacional en 160 padres, pertenecientes a dos Centros de Salud Familiar, quienes respondieron las escalas de compromiso paterno y estilos de vida II, además de preguntas biosociodemográficas.El 78,1% de los padres presentan en promedio un alto compromiso paterno. Las variables que influencian positivamente el compromiso paterno, son las conductas promotoras en salud, la participación de éste en el parto y en los controles de salud de su hijo. La edad evidenció influencia negativa sobre el compromiso paterno. Correlaciones más altas de compromiso paterno, se observaron con las dimensiones de crecimiento espiritual y relaciones interpersonales, y más baja con la dimensión de actividad física. El compromiso paterno se mostró mayormente a través de actividades hacia sus hijos tales como alimentarlos, vestirlos y jugar.Los padres participan más activamente en la crianza de sus hijos y como implícitamente son modelos de salud para éstos, se afirma la necesidad de crear y/o mantener estrategias para propiciar conductas promotoras de salud en los padres por parte de los profesionales de salud, puesto que influencian favorablemente el compromiso paterno.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the social determinants of health and the quality of life of women with various types of cancer aged 60 and over. Methodology: Quantitative, transversal study, with descriptive - correlational approach. The QLQ-C30 quality of life scale and sociodemographic data sheet were applied to 70 women aged 60 years and over diagnosed with cancer, from a public hospital, Concepcion province, Biobio region, Chile. Result: The average age of the women was 69.9 years (SD = 6.8), the predominant cancer was the breast, more than 50% of them were with chemotherapy and 72% in the advanced stage of the cancer (III -IV). The quality of life in the scales of physical, role, emotional, cognitive and social functioning, obtained values ​​over 63/100 points and in the overall health over 65/100 points; the symptoms of pain and fatigue obtained high scores compared with others. There was a statistically significant relationship with 2 Structural Social Determinants (education and occupation), and with 3 Intermediaries (tenure and housing status, and income satisfaction). Conclusion: The scores on the quality of life scale indicate a trend towards a good quality of life. However, it is negatively impacted by education, occupation, housing status and satisfaction with income received. It is necessary to focus on these social determinants in the assessment and care of elderly women with cancer, to propose interdisciplinary strategies that effectively improve their well-being and quality of life.

To adapt and validate the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD-30) for the Chilean population.REALD-30 was translated to Spanish, piloted, and revised by experts. Demographics, oral health status, oral health-related quality of life, and health literacy were analyzed. Summary measures, internal consistency, reliability, and convergent and predictive validity were calculated.Cronbach's alpha was 0.876, intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.789 for reliability, Pearson´s and Spearman´s correlations were ≥0.693 for convergent validity, and= *-0.138 for predictive validity.REALD-30 is a valid and reliable instrument to measure oral health literacy in the Chilean population.

Introduction Oral health education/promotion interventions have been identified as cost-efficient tools to improve the oral health of the population. These interventions are regularly made in contexts where the target population is captive, for example, in health centres. In Chile, there are no oral health interventions delivered at home. Methods and analysis This community trial covers two disadvantaged urban areas in the province of Concepcion. Both sectors have public preschool education coverage with a traditional programme (TP) to promote oral health. The intervention will comprise four to six visits by dental hygienists trained in the delivery of a standardised oral health promotion programme using motivational interviewing (MI) at home. The experimental group will receive TP and MI, while the control group will receive only TP. If a positive and significant effect of MI is found, this will be administered to the control group. For a 50% reduction in the incidence of caries, a sample size of 120 preschoolers per group is estimated. Data will be gathered on demographic and socioeconomic variables; oral health outcomes using WHO oral health indicators (the prevalence and severity of caries, periodontal disease, dentofacial anomalies and oral hygiene); the oral health literacy of caregivers, measured by the Rapid Estimation of Adult Literacy in Dentistry and the Oral Health Literacy Instrument, both validated for the Chilean population. Assessments will take place at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. Ethics and dissemination The university bioethics committee approved this study (EI/21/2014). We will submit the trial’s results for presentation at international scientific meetings and to peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number ACTRN12615000450516.

ResumenIntroducciónEl estudio de la enfermedad periodontal (EP) ha presentado resultados imprecisos y heterogéneos debido a diversos factores, entre ellos, los métodos usados en la medición, las diferencias en el momento de definir el grado de afectación y los valores desde los cuales se consideraría que un paciente presenta EP. Existen múltiples índices periodontales utilizados frecuentemente en estudios epidemiológicos, cada uno con sus criterios y protocolos de medición.ObjetivoDeterminar la concordancia del valor de la prevalencia de la EP dada por algunos índices periodontales utilizados.Material y métodoSe realizó un estudio observacional transversal descriptivo en una población de 58 pacientes adultos de 35-44 años pertenecientes al CESFAM Lorenzo Arenas, Concepción, en el año 2013. Los examinadores fueron calibrados. Se realizó un examen con registro de boca completa midiendo 6 sitios por diente, con exclusión de los terceros molares, para medir pérdida de inserción clínica, profundidad de sondaje y hemorragia al sondaje. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el programa estadístico EPIDAT 3.0.ResultadosSe determinaron unos valores de prevalencia de EP muy distintos entre los indicadores evaluados, obteniéndose una variación de incluso 31 puntos en una escala porcentual. El análisis de la concordancia de los índices periodontales con el indicador CDC/AAP mostró que tanto ICEP, como CPI y CPITN lograron un buen valor kappa.ConclusiónA pesar de la gran diversidad de los índices con respecto a su formulación, se observó cierta concordancia entre algunos de ellos.AbstractIntroductionThe study of periodontal disease (PD) has shown inaccurate and heterogeneous results due to various factors, among them: most used methods to measure the illness, differences at the time of deciding the level in which it affects patients and the values from which a patient would be considered to suffer from PD. There are numerous periodontal indexes frequently used in epidemiological studies, each one with different criteria and measurement protocols.ObjectiveTo establish the agreement in PD prevalence value given by some periodontal indexes used.Material and methodA descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 58 adult patients between 35-44 years old belonging to Lorenzo Arenas Primary Health Care Center in Concepcion during the year 2013. All examiners who participated in the study were calibrated. A full mouth registration exam was carried out, measuring 6 places per tooth, not including the third molars, in order to measure the clinical attachment loss, probing depth, and bleeding on probing. The results were analyzed using EPIDAT 3.0 statistical program.ResultsVery different PD prevalence values were obtained using the measured indicators, having a variation of up to 31 points in a percentage scale. The analysis of the agreement in periodontal indexes with the CDC/AAP indicator showed ICEP, CPI and CPITN scored a good kappa value.ConclusionDespite the great diversity of the indices with respect to their formulation, some correlation between them was observed.

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la intensidad del dolor en los recien nacidos frente a procedimientos de enfermeria, que les fueron realizados con ocasion de los cuidados y tratamiento. Se sustento desde la vision humanista del cuidado de Jean Watson. Metodologia: Estudio descriptivo-correlacional, de corte transversal, cuya poblacion estuvo constituida por recien nacidos hospitalizados en la Unidad de Neonatologia del Hospital Clinico Herminda Martin de Chillan, en el periodo de junio a septiembre del ano 2015. Para Valorar el dolor se aplico la escala de valoracion del dolor de Susan Givens Bell y un cuestionario semiestructurado de variables sociodemograficas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 52 Recien Nacidos en un porcentaje igual de hombres y mujeres El mayor numero de procedimientos realizados fueron instalacion de sonda orogastrica, puncion venosa y arterial, siendo esta ultima la causante de dolor moderado en el R.N. El nivel de dolor presentado por la muestra, fue en un 42,3% dolor intenso, el 23,1% dolor moderado y en un 34,6 % no presento dolor. El Instrumento presento una confiabilidad con un alfa de Crombach de 0,802. Conclusiones: Los prematuros menores de 37 semanas sintieron mayor dolor que los RN de termino.El peso de nacimiento se observo que a mayor peso mayor es el dolor. El APGAR de nacimiento en el estudio se observo que hay una relacion directa, pero debil, que a mayor APGAR al nacer, mayor es dolor. EnglishABSTRACT: This study was aimed to assess the intensity of pain in newborns against nursing treatments, which were performed during care and treatment. This was sustained from the humanist view of Jean Watson. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study, whose population consisted of newborns hospitalized at the Neonatology Unit of the Herminda Martin Clinical Hospital of Chillan, Chile, in the period between June and September, 2015. In order to assess pain, Susan Givens Bell Assessment Scale was applied, as well as a semi-structured Questionnaire of sociodemographic variables. Results: The sample consisted of 52 newborns in an equal percentage of men and women. The greatest number of procedures was the nasogastric tube insetion, venipuncture and arterial puncture, being the latter the cause of moderate pain in newborns. The level of pain presented by the sample was 42.3% intense pain, 23.1% moderate pain and in 34.6% no pain was presented. The instrument presented reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.802. Conclusions: Premature infants under 37 weeks felt greater pain than full-term newborns. Regarding Barth weight, it was observed that the greater the weight, the grater the pain. Birth APGAR in the study indicated that there is a direct but weak relation and the higher APGAR at birth, the greater the pain.

A prospective, controlled, and randomized clinical study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the influence of somatostatin in the evolution of acute pancreatitis. One hundred patients were randomly divided into two groups, a control group (n = 50 patients) and a somatostatin group (n = 50 patients to whom a dosage of 250 micrograms/h was administered for 48 h following a bolus of 250 micrograms at the beginning of therapy). The two groups were homogeneous in age, sex, etiology, and severity of clinical picture (on admission). The following parameters were compared in the two groups: 1. Evolution of the Computerized Axial Tomography (CT) findings on admission and after 48 h; 2. Length of hospital stay; 3. Need for surgery; and 4. Mortality. The results from the CT scans showed a significant statistical difference in favor of somatostatin regarding the evolution of pancreatic lesions and length of stay in the hospital. Another study using a larger sample would be required in order to evaluate the rest of the parameters.