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A novel Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) method is presented to investigate the interface between a solid surface and a surrounding liquid. The introduced measurement system allows to observe and quantify adsorption at the solid–liquid interface and the formation of the electrochemical double layer (EDL). BaCl2 as a bicomponent electrolyte and a Si3N4 membrane surface are chosen as a model system to prove the capabilities of the setup. The results of these RBS measurements are combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to validate the findings for the solid–liquid interface under study. Complementary results and discrepancies regarding the formation of the EDL are discussed. Author keywords: electrochemical double layer, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, silicon nitride

Biomass plays an important role in meeting the increasing global energy demand. Naturally grown grass and tree leaves are abundant and provide an inexpensive source of biomass. The handling and transportation of collected leaves and harvested grass are difficult because they are loose and have inconsistent structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical and thermal characteristics of briquettes produced from grass and three leaves. In this research, grass and tree leaves were dried, chopped, mixed with binder, and briquetted under pressures of 3, 5, and 6 tons/cm2, followed by carbonization at 600 °C for an hour to investigate their mechanical and thermal properties. The effects of compaction/briquetting loads on density, durability, and ignition temperature were analyzed for both non-carbonized and carbonized grass and leaf briquettes. The average densities obtained under 3, 5, and 6 tons/cm2 compaction loads were 919.8, 934.9, and 945.5 kg/m3 for grass briquettes, and 1102.7, 1117.0, and 1123.0 kg/m3 for leaf briquettes, respectively. Ignition temperature tests showed that the average ignition temperatures were 259.0, 272.3 and 277.7 °C for grass briquettes and 252.0, 266.7 and 273.7 °C for leaf briquettes. In the case of carbonized briquettes, the average ignition temperatures were slightly increased due to the lack of gas and liquid compounds after carbonization. Based on the analysis of compression tests obtained under 3, 5, and 6 tons/cm2, residual strengths were 16.2, 16.8, and 19.2 MPa for grass briquettes, and 13.7, 18.6, and 20.0 MPa for leaf briquettes, respectively. Test results indicated that both grass and tree leaves provided excellent mechanical and thermal properties, which can be used in a number of different industrial applications.

As per the report of environmental protection agency the percentage of waste material thrown on the landfills increases year by year. Because of these pollutions increases as these waste material emits the methane gas and other harmful gases. These gases go into air as we inhale it goes to human body and it create pollution in environment. These gases are the alarm to the global warming because of this it starts heating the planet. Nowaday we are realizing that in summer season temperature increases year by year. The best option to done with the waste as we throwing on landfills is to do composting. Composting means put a waste in close unit and let the microorganism breakdown to make humus like product. This product can be used as a fertilizer for plants and soils. In this system with the help of Arduino, temperature sensor, gas sensor, humidity and moisture sensor compost will be monitored. According to reading of these parameters controlling actions are to be taken. If the moisture or temperature goes below the level, then it will automatically open the water pipe and air pipe. It closed after moisture level reaches to some predefined value. We can monitor all these parameters remotely with the help internet.

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During normal pregnancy there is an increase in the maternal blood volume leading to portal hypertension with some changes in liver functions. However, in an apparently healthy woman without known liver cirrhosis or other advanced liver disease, severe oesophageal varices with along with repeated variceal bleeding during pregnancy is rare. In this paper we described a case of severe oesophageal variceal bleeding in a young woman without having any pre-existing liver pathology. Due to repeated pregnancy with short intervel bleeding the patient developed severe anaemia. Packed cell transfusion was done repeatedly and oesophageal variceal ligation (EVL) was done three times. In spite of these measures variceal bleeding continued and patient's condition was deteriorating progressively; so caesarean section was at 33rd week of gestation and a preterm but healthy baby was delivered. The puerperium was uneventful with no haematemesis and there was gradual improvement of the condition. A brief review of the literature on pregnancy with oesophageal varices is also presented.