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La pénurie de l’emploi et l’obligation qui est faite aux cadres d’aujourd’hui de sélectionner des collaborateurs afin de procéder à leur licenciement engendrent dilemmes et souffrance morales. Cet article propose d’examiner, au sein de deux romans d’entreprise contemporains, deux cas de conscience liés à la nécessité de licencier un subalterne. Potentiel du sinistre de Thomas Coppey (2013) et Cora dans la spirale de Vincent Message (2019) déclinent ces cas de conscience en prenant soin de placer le lecteur du côté de leurs personnages, des cadres intermédiaires du monde assurantiel. Dans le sillage des travaux de Frédérique Leichter-Flack, notamment de Qui vivra qui mourra. Quand on ne peut pas sauver tout le monde (2015), les situations dans lesquelles les auteurs plongent leurs personnages deviennent les supports d’une réflexion éthique. The scarcity of jobs and the obligation of today’s executives to select employees for layoffs create moral dilemmas and suffering. This article proposes to examine two cases of conscience within two contemporary corporate novels related to the necessity of laying off a subordinate. Potentiel du sinistre by Thomas Coppey (Actes Sud, 2013) and Cora dans la spirale by Vincent Message (Seuil, 2019) explore these cases of conscience, taking care to place the reader on the side of their characters, middle managers in the insurance world. Following the work of Frédérique Leichter-Flack, notably Qui vivra qui mourra. Quand on ne peut pas sauver tout le monde (Albin Michel, 2015), the situations in which the authors immerse their characters become the basis for an ethical reflection.

Filmé dans un centre de rééducation pour amputés, La mécanique des corps de Matthieu Chatellier (France, 2016) s’attache à un métier peu représenté au cinéma, celui de prothésiste, médiatisé ici par un regard singulier. Seul et unique technicien du film qu’il est en train de tourner, le réalisateur arpente les couloirs du centre hospitalier «appareillé» de sa caméra, gérant seul l’image et le son. En filmant la pose de prothèses, il entre en relation avec des praticiens et des patients dont la condition résonne avec la sienne. Confrontant analyse de séquences et propos du réalisateur, cet article montre ce que le cinéma direct (ses procédés techniques et cinématographiques) permet de restituer dans la représentation du travail, ainsi que la relation particulière entre le filmeur et le sujet qui s’y découvre. Filmed in a rehabilitation centre for amputees, Matthew Chatellier’s La mécanique des corps (France, 2016) focuses on a rarely represented profession in cinema, that of a prosthetist, mediated here by a unique perspective. As the sole technician of the film he is shooting, the director roams the halls of the hospital equipped with his camera, managing both the image and the sound on his own. By filming the fitting of prosthetics, he enters into a relationship with practitioners and patients whose condition resonates with his own. This article analyses how “direct cinema” (its technical and cinematic processes) can be used to depict work and the particular relationship between the filmmaker and the subject that emerges.

À partir de l’analyse de trois écrits littéraires ouvriers de la première moitié du XXe siècle, cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont les auteur·rice·s ouvrier·ère·s – ici, Marguerite Audoux, René Bonnet et Albert Soulillou – ont mis en mots les lieux du travail. Du petit atelier de couture à la grande usine automobile, en passant par la ville elle-même, où travaillent les charpentiers, les espaces évoqués sont différents les uns des autres, tout comme les moyens d’écriture adoptés par les auteur·rices. Tous.te·s, néanmoins, réalisent, par l’écriture, des gestes singuliers: Audoux constitue l’atelier de couture en refuge féminin; Bonnet inscrit dans la ville de Paris le travail des charpentiers; Soulillou oppose à l’usine un espace onirique dans lequel s’affirme la singularité des travailleur·se·s. Based on an analysis of three literary texts written by workers in the first half of the twentieth century, this article examines how working-class writers – Marguerite Audoux, René Bonnet and Albert Soulillou – wrote about their workplaces. These workplaces range from a small sewing workshop to a large automobile factory to the city itself as a workplace in the case of carpentry work. Despite their differences, the authors all utilise writing to effect a particular type of action involving these workplaces: Audoux transforms the sewing workshop into a place of refuge for women; Bonnet not only writes about the work of carpenters but also integrates their labour into the city of Paris; and Soulillou poetically constructs a dream world through which the workers’ singularities seem to resist the homogenising force of the factory.

S’inscrivant contre la tradition littéraire du roman rustique, Émile Guillaumin propose dans La vie d’un simple une nouvelle voie pour décrire le travail de la terre. Paysan et écrivain, il privilégie l’expérience à l’observation et ses descriptions s’inscrivent dans une réflexion plus générale sur la condition paysanne. L’étude de la genèse du texte révèle en outre des similitudes entre le travail de la terre et le travail de la plume: Guillaumin se forme au métier d’écrivain par un apprentissage méticuleux, commenté avec les termes de l’ouvrage agricole. Against the literary tradition of rustic novels, Émile Guillaumin proposes in The Life of a Simple Man a new way to describe the work of the land. As a farmer and author, he prioritises experience over observation, and his descriptions are part of a broader reflection on the peasant condition. Furthermore, examining the text’s genesis reveals similarities between the work of the soil and the work of the pen: Guillaumin trains himself as a writer through meticulous learning, described with terms borrowed from agricultural work.

Cet article porte sur deux vaudevilles de la première moitié du XIXe siècle: Le Maître de forges (1827) et La Propriété c’est le vol (1848). Il examine la manière dont ces pièces mettent en scène les discours sur l’organisation du travail. Leur représentation caricaturale invite en particulier à interroger le rapport entre pensée politique et public bourgeois au Théâtre du Vaudeville entre la Restauration et la monarchie de Juillet. This article focuses on two vaudevilles from the first half of the nineteenth century: Le Maître de forges (1827) and La Propriété c’est le vol (1848). It examines how these plays stage discourses on the organisation of labour during this period. Their caricatural representation invites an exploration of the relationship between political thought and the bourgeois public at the Théâtre du Vaudeville between the Restoration and the July Monarchy.

À travers l’analyse de deux œuvres de littérature contemporaine française, il s’agit de montrer comment des stratégies de représentation littéraire déterminées permettent de mettre en scène une résorption des conflits inhérents au travail et aux effets de sens dépolitisants que génère la représentation de celui-ci. Dans Le Laminoir (1995) de Jean-Pierre Martin, c’est principalement à travers l’allégorisation de l’usine et de l’ouvrier qu’est opérée cette déconflictualisation du travail. Dans Les Fils conducteurs (2017) de Guillaume Poix, c’est l’esthétisation qui déréalise et dépolitise la représentation des travailleurs et du lieu de travail. Through the analysis of two works of contemporary French literature, this article aims to show how specific strategies of literary representation allow for the staging of a resorption of conflicts inherent to work, as well as the depoliticising effects of its representation. In Le Laminoir (1995) by Jean-Pierre Martin, this depoliticisation of work is mainly achieved through the allegorisation of the factory and the worker. In Les Fils conducteurs (2017) by Guillaume Poix, it is the aestheticisation that derealises and depoliticises the representation of workers and the workplace.

Cette étude éclaire la façon dont le sculpteur suisse André Lasserre (1902-1981) définit les enjeux et les fonctions de son métier. Dès les années 1940, Lasserre formule une pensée de la responsabilité sociale du sculpteur et plus généralement de la morale et du devoir de l’artiste dans la société, héritée des avant-gardes. Une analyse de ses discours et de ses écrits dans leur contexte de formation et de diffusion démontre que son œuvre, formellement plurielle, repose sur la base d’un intérêt marqué pour un art engagé. La définition et les ancrages de cet engagement se transforment au fil des conjonctures auxquelles l’artiste est confronté, de Paris durant le Front Populaire jusqu’à son insertion sur la scène artistique lausannoise dans un contexte de guerre froide, en passant par une longue période d’emprisonnements qui sanctionne notamment ses actes de Résistance pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. This study sheds light on how Swiss sculptor André Lasserre (1902-1981) defined the challenges and functions of his profession. As early as the 1940s, Lasserre developed a concept of the social responsibility of the sculptor and, more broadly, the moral and societal duties of the artist, influenced by avant-garde movements. An analysis of his speeches and writings within their educational and dissemination context demonstrates that his formally diverse body of work is rooted in a strong interest in socially engaged art. The definition and foundations of this engagement evolve through the various circumstances the artist encounters, from Paris during the Popular Front to his integration into the Lausanne art scene in the context of the Cold War, including a long period of imprisonment that resulted from his acts of resistance during the Second World War.

Prenant le contre-pied des discours sur le travail comme mal nécessaire ou instrument d’aliénation, les compagnons du Tour de France cultivent depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle une forme de distinction qui opère de deux façons. D’une part, ils ne parlent qu’avec beaucoup de retenue et de parcimonie de «travail». D’autre part, les valeurs et représentations associées à l’idée de travail passent chez eux principalement par les voies de l’iconographie, de l’autobiographie et du rituel. À partir de l’examen du cas singulier d’un atelier d’écriture contemporain qui force les discours, l’article décrit en premier lieu les formes et raisons du silence ordinaire qui entoure le travail chez les compagnons. Il s’attèle ensuite à présenter les ressorts des manières visuelle, rituelle et littéraire d’exprimer ou de montrer le travail au sein du compagnonnage en France, et s’emploie à en identifier les articulations. Taking an opposing view to discourses that portray work as a necessary evil or a tool of alienation, the Compagnons du Tour de France have cultivated a form of distinction since the end of the eighteenth century that operates in two ways. On the one hand, the compagnons (journeymen) speak only “work” with great restraint and parsimony. On the other hand, the values and representations associated with the idea of work are expressed primarily through iconography, autobiography and ritual. Using a contemporary writing workshop that forces this discourse as a unique case study, the article first describes the forms and reasons for the silence surrounding work among the compagnons. It then presents the mechanisms of visual, ritual and literary ways of expressing or showing work within the compagnonnage in France and seeks to identify their articulations.

L’écriture d’un journal personnel, plus encore que d’autres pratiques autobiographiques, est liée à la façon de penser et d’organiser son travail au quotidien. Elle permet de conjurer la hantise du temps perdu et, à travers un regard réflexif sur les journées écoulées, de corriger l’instabilité d’une existence parfois dispersée ou oisive. Les écrivains qui tiennent un journal tentent souvent de ressaisir et de mettre en place les conditions dans lesquelles ils élaborent leurs recherches et leurs ouvrages. Cet article se penche sur le cas célèbre d’Henri-Frédéric Amiel. Il montre comment cet homme de lettres genevois a recouru à l’écriture diaristique pour tenter de rationaliser, parfois jusqu’à l’obsession, non seulement son travail quotidien, mais son rapport à la vie intellectuelle dans son ensemble. Even more than other autobiographical practices, writing a personal journal or diary is a way of thinking and organising one’s daily work. It allows one to ward off the fear of lost time and, through daily reflection, correct the instability of a sometimes scattered or idle existence. Moreover, writers who keep a diary often try to grasp and establish the conditions in which they develop their research and works. This article focuses on the famous case of Henri-Frédéric Amiel. It shows how this Genevan man of letters resorted to diary writing to try to rationalise, sometimes to the point of obsession, not only his daily work but also his relationship to intellectual life as a whole.

Appraisals can be influenced by cultural beliefs and stereotypes. In line with this, past research has shown that judgments about the emotional expression of a face are influenced by the face's sex, and vice versa that judgments about the sex of a person somewhat depend on the person's facial expression. For example, participants associate anger with male faces, and female faces with happiness or sadness. However, the strength and the bidirectionality of these effects remain debated. Moreover, the interplay of a stimulus' emotion and sex remains mostly unknown in the auditory domain. To investigate these questions, we created a novel stimulus set of 121 avatar faces and 121 human voices (available at https://bit.ly/2JkXrpy) with matched, fine-scale changes along the emotional (happy to angry) and sexual (male to female) dimensions. In a first experiment (N = 76), we found clear evidence for the mutual influence of facial emotion and sex cues on ratings, and moreover for larger implicit (task-irrelevant) effects of stimulus' emotion than of sex. These findings were replicated and extended in two preregistered studies-one laboratory categorization study using the same face stimuli (N = 108; https://osf.io/ve9an), and one online study with vocalizations (N = 72; https://osf.io/vhc9g). Overall, results show that the associations of maleness-anger and femaleness-happiness exist across sensory modalities, and suggest that emotions expressed in the face and voice cannot be entirely disregarded, even when attention is mainly focused on determining stimulus' sex. We discuss the relevance of these findings for cognitive and neural models of face and voice processing.

This Exchanges article profiles the perspectives of Abigail Zita Seshie (Ph.D.) a current postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Community Health & Epidemiology at the University of Saskatchewan (USask), and Reggie Nyamekye, a graduate student in Women’s and Gender Studies at USask on culture, African women, representations, African feminisms, resisting exceptionalisms, with a focus on Ghanaian and Canadian contexts.

Resumen El artículo expone acerca del conjunto de significados y representaciones sociales que se conformaron alrededor de la discusión de los conceptos liberal-conservador para el caso costarricense, durante el ocaso del siglo XIX, y, los primeros años del siglo XX que estuvieron marcados por un ambiente político-electoral y sociocultural convulso y desigual dentro de la sociedad costarricense. Lo anterior, debido a tensiones que surgieron entre liberales y sectores populares conservadores que se encontraban acuerpados por la Iglesia católica. El texto desarrolla en una primera parte, una mirada breve en torno a los orígenes teóricos de ambas nociones y su evolución en el tiempo durante el siglo XIX para el caso costarricense. Posteriormente, se profundiza sobre los alcances de la discusión liberal-conservadora en las postrimerías del siglo XIX y los albores del siglo XX. Abstract The article presents the set of meanings and social representations that were formed around the discussion of the liberal-conservative concepts for the Costa Rican case, during the twilight of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, which were marked by a convulsive and unequal political-electoral and sociocultural environment within Costa Rican society. This was due to tensions that arose between liberals and conservative popular sectors that were supported by the Catholic Church. The first part of the text develops a brief overview of the theoretical origins of both notions and their evolution over time during the 19th century in the Costa Rican case. Subsequently, it delves into the scope of the liberal-conservative discussion in the late nineteenth century and the dawn of the twentieth century.

Critical statistical mechanics and Conformal Field Theory (CFT) are conjecturally connected since the seminal work of Beliavin, Polyakov, and Zamolodchikov [BPZ84a]. Both exhibit exactly solvable structures in two dimensions. A long-standing question [ItTh87] concerns whether there is a direct link between these structures, that is, whether the Virasoro algebra representations of CFT, the distinctive feature of CFT in two dimensions, can be found within lattice models of statistical mechanics. We give a positive answer to this question for the discrete Gaussian free field and for the Ising model, by connecting the structures of discrete complex analysis in the lattice models with the Virasoro symmetry that is expected to describe their scaling limits. This allows for a tight connection of a number of objects from the lattice model world and the field theory one. In particular, our results link the CFT local fields with lattice local fields introduced in [GHP19] and the probabilistic formulation of the lattice model with the continuum correlation functions. Our construction is a decisive step towards establishing the conjectured correspondence between the correlation functions of the CFT fields and those of the lattice local fields. In particular, together with the upcoming [CHI19], our construction will complete the picture initiated in [HoSm13, Hon12, CHI15], where a number of conjectures relating specific Ising lattice fields and CFT correlations were proven., 48 pages, 14 figures

Young children and adults process spatial information differently: the former use their bodies as primary reference, while adults seem capable of using abstract frames. The transition is estimated to occur between the 6th and the 12th year of age. The mechanisms underlying spatial encoding in children and adults are unclear, as well as those underlying the transition. Here, we investigated the role of the subjective straight-ahead (SSA), the body antero-posterior half-plane mental model, in spatial encoding before and after the expected transition. We tested 6–7-year-old and 10–11-year-old children, and adults on a spatial alignment task in virtual reality, searching for differences in performance when targets were placed frontally or sideways. The performance differences were assessed both in a naturalistic baseline condition and in a test condition that discouraged using body-centered coordinates through a head-related visuo-motor conflict. We found no differences in the baseline condition, while all groups showed differences between central and lateral targets (SSA effect) in the visuo-motor conflict condition, and 6–7-year-old children showed the largest effect. These results confirm the expected transition timing; moreover, they suggest that children can abstract from the body using their SSA and that the transition underlies the maturation of a world-centered reference frame.

Mergers and acquisitions transactions allow the intervening parties to create a specific legal regime applicable only to them, which distributes the responsibility for the goods transferred through the sale (whether shares, assets, or a combination of the latter that results in a running business). Within the framework of these legal regimes, an opportunity to reduce risks has been found in the insurance market, through the contracting of insurance policies that cover scenarios of responsibility of the sellers, in the event of falsehood, inaccuracy or non-compliance with the representations and warranties that they grant to buyers, and that result in damages to the latter or to the target company. In this article we address the complexity of this legal figure that even though it is not offered directly in the Peruvian market, it has been gaining strength in the region. Las transacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones permiten a las partes intervinientes crear un régimen jurídico específico, y aplicable solo a ellas, que distribuye la responsabilidad por los bienes materia de compraventa (sean acciones, activos, o una combinación de estos últimos que resulten en un negocio en marcha). En el marco de estos regímenes jurídicos, se ha encontrado en el mercado de seguros una oportunidad para reducir riesgos mediante la contratación de pólizas que cubran escenarios de responsabilidad de los vendedores ante la falsedad, inexactitud o incumplimiento de las declaraciones y garantías que otorguen a los compradores, y que deriven en daños a estos últimos o a la compañía objetivo. En este artículo se aborda la complejidad de esta figura legal que, si bien no se ofrece directamente en el mercado peruano, viene tomando fuerza en la región.

This article examines the cultural construction of the Italian brigand, a prominent figure in the social imagination of 19th century Europe. The main objective is to establish a connection between the cultural representations of the brigands and the romantic discourse on the « mysteries » of the criminal classes. The article aims to analyse the processes of identification, mediatisation, politicisation and criminalisation linked to brigands and the phenomenon of brigandage. The article offers a contribution to the study of the complex mixture of literary production, criminological discourse and political conflict, which seems to be the privileged instrument for defining the changing representations of this social type. Cet article porte sur la construction culturelle du brigand italien, une figure marquante de l’imaginaire social de l’Europe du xixe siècle. Le principal objectif est d’établir un lien entre les représentations culturelles des brigands et le discours romantique sur les « mystères » des classes criminelles. L’article vise notamment à analyser les mécanismes d’identification, médiatisation, politisation et criminalisation liées aux brigands et au phénomène du brigandage. L’article offre ainsi une contribution à l’étude du mélange complexe d’imaginaire littéraire, de discours criminologique et de conflit politique, qui semble être le vecteur privilégié de définition des représentations changeantes de ce type social.

Contemporary racism has been investigated through Classical Antiquity by several scholars since 1960. This paper provides a narrow approach to racism which stresses comparative history in order to select fruitful contexts and analyse both the textual construction and physical destruction of barbarian otherness., Depuis 1960, divers chercheurs ont étudié le racisme contemporain tout au long de l’Antiquité. La présente contribution propose une approche restreinte qui prône la comparaison historique pour sélectionner des contextes productifs et analyser à la fois la construction textuelle et la destruction physique de l’Autre-barbare., Desde 1960, diversos investigadores han estudiado el racismo contemporáneo a través de la Antigüedad. La presente contribución propone un enfoque restringido que aboga por la comparación histórica para seleccionar contextos productivos y analizar tanto la construcción textual como la destrucción física del Otro-bárbaro., Sanz Casasnovas Gabriel. ¿Racismo en la Antigüedad Clásica? Un enfoque restringido. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 48, n°1, 2022. pp. 123-147.

Self-critical perfectionism has been linked to alliance impairments due to patients' distancing attitudes. However, systematic research on therapists' emotional experiencing when working with self-critical patients is scarce. This qualitative study explores how therapists perceive, emotionally experience, and react to self-critical patients' interpersonal dynamics. We studied narrative data from clinical supervisions where psychodynamic psychotherapists discussed self-critical patients (N = 7) within the context of an RCT on Major Depressive Disorder. Consensual Qualitative Research was applied to identify recurrent patterns in the data. As a global impediment to treatment, therapists observed a pattern of nonengagement. Patients' superficial and avoidant way of communicating, hostility or aggressiveness in the alliance, and low or inaccurate treatment expectations emerged as main obstacles to the therapeutic process, evoking negative affect in therapists. More vulnerable aspects of the patient and case formulation emerged as having a mitigating effect on unfavorable therapist reactions. Our findings confirm longstanding clinical and theoretical accounts associating therapeutic work with self-critical patients with negative affect in therapists. Our study suggests that negative responses may be enacted in therapy which can reinforce poor alliance. We discuss the role of supervision in helping therapists to become aware of and manage negative responses, engage in case conceptualization, and advance clinical work.

International audience; Widely heralded as a driver of sustainable development, ecotourism is promoted using images of rural landscapes. But how important are the landscapes themselves in these tourism projects? Based on advertising by tour operators and trekking agencies on their websites and reviews by tourists posted on Tripadvisor®, we have identified the motivations on which landscape resources are based and analyzed the importance of forests and anthropogenic landscapes (formed by agricultural activity in particular) in attracting tourists. This study is based on an analysis of representations of forested landscapes in the Nam Ha National Protected Area, in the mountains of Northern Laos.; L’écotourisme, régulièrement présenté comme un levier du développement durable, se fonde sur la promotion d’images paysagères. Quel est cependant la place des paysages dans ces projets? Nous avons identifié, à partir des discours des agences de trek collectés sur leurs sites web et les avis des touristes déposés sur Tripadvisor, sur quels motifs la ressource paysagère repose, et nous avons analysé la place de la forêt et des paysages anthropiques (façonnés notamment par l’agriculture) dans l’attractivité touristique. Cette réflexion est conduite à partir de l’analyse des représentations paysagères associées aux paysages de montagnes forestières d’une aire protégée du Nord Laos, la Nam Ha National Protected Area.

We formulate and prove a Paley-Wiener theorem for Harish-Chandra modules for a real reductive group. As a corollary we obtain a new and elementary proof of the Helgason conjecture., Comment: Submitted version; with two appendices on the Helgason conjecture and an application

The classical Lagrangian of the Standard Model enjoys the symmetry of the full conformal group if the mass of the Higgs boson is put to zero. This is a hint that conformal symmetry may play a fundamental role in the ultimate theory describing nature. The origin of scales, such as the Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV), may result from the spontaneous breakdown of the conformal symmetry by the dilaton field. In this work, we study whether this classical setup can be implemented in quantum theory and be phenomeno-logically viable by presenting an explicit construction where the exact conformal symmetry can be preserved and is anomaly-free while being spontaneously broken. Not only the Higgs mass but also the genuine quantum scales such as the QCD confinement radius are generated by the dilaton VEV. We also discuss the extension of these ideas to the theories with dynamical gravity and show that the only finite subgroup of the local Weyl transformations which is anomaly-free corresponds to the global scale symmetry. This means that the conformal invariance of the flat space theory is explicitly broken down to the scale symmetry by gravitational effects related to the Weyl anomaly.

25 p. ; In fond memory of Sao Carvalho; The Laplacian on the rotation group is invariant by conjugation. Hence, it maps class functions to class functions. A maximal torus consists of block diagonal matrices whose blocks are planar rotations. Class functions are determined by their values of this maximal torus. Hence, the Laplacian induces a second order operator on the maximal torus called the radial Laplacian. In this paper, we derive the expression of the radial Laplacian. Then, we use it to find the eigenvalues of the Laplacian, using that characters are class functions whose expressions are given by the Weyl character formula. Although this material is familiar to Lie-group experts, we gather it here in a synthetic and accessible way which may be useful to non experts who need to work with these concepts.

This study focuses on the protection of soft-biometric attributes related to the demographic information of individuals that can be extracted from compact representations of face images, called embeddings. We consider a state-ofthe-art technology for soft-biometric privacy enhancement, Incremental Variable Elimination (IVE), and propose MultiIVE, a new method based on IVE to secure multiple softbiometric attributes simultaneously. Several aspects of this technology are investigated, proposing different approaches to effectively identify and discard multiple soft-biometric attributes contained in face embeddings. In particular, we consider a domain transformation using Principle Component Analysis (PCA), and apply IVE in the PCA domain. A complete analysis of the proposed Multi-IVE algorithm is carried out studying the embeddings generated by stateof-the-art face feature extractors, predicting soft-biometric attributes contained within them with multiple machine learning classifiers, and providing a cross-database evaluation. The results obtained show the possibility to simultaneously secure multiple soft-biometric attributes and support the application of embedding domain transformations before addressing the enhancement of soft-biometric privacy.

Concepts in dealing with other cultures and religions have an effect on children and young people via concrete representations. This interaction is to be shown using the example of the concept of missionary education, which dominated until the last century. The immanent hegemonic and asymmetrical thought patterns of this Eurocentric view of the global world can be tracked by means of concrete representations, e.g. images, artefacts and calls to action, to their effects which can be derived from autobiographic descriptions., Konzepte im Umgang mit anderen Kulturen und Religionen wirken über konkrete Repräsentationen auf Kinder und Jugendliche ein. Dieses Zusammenspiel soll exemplarisch am missionspädagogischen Konzept gezeigt werden, das bis ins letzte Jahrhundert hinein dominierte. Die immanenten hegemonialen und asymmetrischen Denkmuster dieser eurozentrischen Sicht auf die globale Welt lassen sich über die konkreten Repräsentationen, z.B. Bilder, Artefakte und Handlungsaufforderungen, bis hin zu den Wirkungen nachverfolgen, die aus autobiografischen Darstellungen erhoben werden., Österr. Religionspädagogisches Forum, 31, 1 p. 185-207

Konzepte im Umgang mit anderen Kulturen und Religionen wirken über konkreteRepräsentationen auf Kinder und Jugendliche ein. Dieses Zusammenspiel sollexemplarisch am missionspädagogischen Konzept gezeigt werden, das bis insletzte Jahrhundert hinein dominierte. Die immanenten hegemonialen und asymmetrischenDenkmuster dieser eurozentrischen Sicht auf die globale Welt lassensich über die konkreten Repräsentationen, z.B. Bilder, Artefakte und Handlungsaufforderungen,bis hin zu den Wirkungen nachverfolgen, die aus autobiografischenDarstellungen erhoben werden. Concepts in dealing with other cultures and religions have an effect on childrenand young people via concrete representations. This interaction is to be shownusing the example of the concept of missionary education, which dominateduntil the last century. The immanent hegemonic and asymmetrical thought patternsof this Eurocentric view of the global world can be tracked by means ofconcrete representations, e.g. images, artefacts and calls to action, to theireffects which can be derived from autobiographic descriptions.

Dans différentes études (Comparons nos langues, Gypsylang, Romtels), nous avons voulu comprendre si les enseignants avaient recours aux langues des élèves pour favoriser l'étayage et les apprentissages. Malgré le fait que les enseignants étaient (in)formés de l'intérêt et des possibilités de travail avec les langues familiales en classe, différentes enquêtes (entretiens, observations participantes) ont pu montrer que cette difficulté à prendre en compte les langues des élèves provenait de représentations spécifiques. La plupart avait trait, à l’image des représentations largement partagées de la société en général (Blanchet 2016), au fait de percevoir les langues des élèves comme n'ayant pas de « qualités » suffisantes (Chiss 2018, Chevalier 2010), donc, en somme, n'ayant pas toutes les caractéristiques d'une langue, pour être utilisée comme une ressource en classe. Cet article mettra donc en lumière ces représentations et évoquera des projets (MALEDIVE, SIRIUS, LISTIAC) qui visent en particulier à travailler ces représentations afin que les langues des élèves soient pleinement considérées comme une ressource utile aux apprentissages. In various studies (Let us compare our languages, Gypsylang, Romtels), we wanted to understand whether teachers used pupils' languages to promote support and learning. Despite the fact that the teachers had been trained in the interest and the possibilities of working with the students’ languages, in class, various data (interviews, participant observations) showed that this difficulty in taking into account the languages of the pupils came from specific teachers’ representations. Most of them had to do with perceiving pupils' languages as having not sufficient "qualities", therefore in short, as not having all the characteristics of a language to be used as a resource in the classroom. This article will therefore highlight these representations and evoke projects (MALEDIVE, SIRIUS, LISTIAC) which aim in particular to work on these representations so that students' languages can fully be considered as a useful resource for learning.

Due to their abstract nature, representation of mathematical concepts through different registers favors their understanding. In the case of ‘‘sequences and regularities’’, it becomes propitious the exploration of different registers of representation in the institution of topics, such as term, order, formation law, and generating expression. Considering these assumptions, a teaching experiment was performed to understand the contribution of multiple representations in the learning of ‘‘sequences and regularities’’ by 3rd-grade students. The study adopted a qualitative methodology and the findings of the study reveal that students initially presented a smaller variety of representations, which increased during the teaching experience. Students showed a greater preference for pictorial representations and made explicit connections between different representations throughout their resolutions. Pictorial representations and tables allowed close and distant generalizations, the determination of the formation law, and the generating expression. The greatest difficulties of the students resulted from the interpretation of the statements of the proposed tasks, which were also evident in the representation (natural language), showing a greater number of incorrect answers. This result shows that some students still have difficulties in justifying their reasoning, either in writing or orally., This work is also funded by CIEd – Research Centre on Education, Institute of Education, University of Minho, projects UIDB/01661/2020 and UIDP/01661/2020, through national funds of FCT/MCTES-PT; by CIEC - Research Center for Child Studies, Institute of Education, University of Minho, projects under the references UIDB/00317/2020 and UIDP/00317/2020; and by National Funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I. P. under the project UIDB/00194/2020.

Intolerance toward Christians in Europe including Slovenia is increasing and experts are not dealing with it sufficiently. The media plays a key role in disseminating information and shaping social representations. The fact that the media, due to the nature of their action, will always be in conflict with the Church, must not be a reason for intolerance. In Slovenia, the media are the central creators of negative opinions about the Church. They are very sophisticated in spreading Christianophobia. The journalists with the most published articles with negative connotations regarding the Church create negative social representations. Negative topics that are most often associated with the Church in the media are sexual abuse, money and politics. An analysis of the connotation and topic of the articles shows that the serious socio-political themes of the Church are neglected in the media. The local media mostly write positively about the Church, as they are aware of specific events, while the national media write about it negatively since they are often distant from specific events and usually evaluate them according to editorial policy criteria, and not according to professional arguments and varied opinions. The location of events covered negatively in articles happen both within and outside Slovenia. Most negative articles do not include photos; however, tabloids usually include them. By reducing the dissemination of negative and discriminatory messages about the Church and raising the ethics of reporting, intolerance towards Christians and other minorities will decrease.

The logistic restructuring of the port world of Valparaíso - historical enclave of the South Pacific maritime trade - has raised social and cultural differences, gaps and obstacles with repercussions on the projections of the city, its inhabitants and the actors of the port world. This article outlines the category of "production of cognitive boundaries" with the purpose of showing the conflict of representations involved in this restructuring process and its relevance to enable a productive dialogue between the different stakeholders. La reconversión logística del mundo portuario de Valparaíso – enclave histórico del comercio marítimo del pacífico sur – ha planteado diferendos, brechas y obstáculos de índole social y cultural que repercuten en las proyecciones de la ciudad, de sus habitantes y de los actores del mundo portuario. El presente artículo esboza la categoría de "producción de límites cognitivos" con el propósito de mostrar el conflicto de representaciones que supone este proceso de reestructuración y su relevancia para posibilitar un dialogo productivo entre las diferentes partes interesadas.

The aim of this article is to explore how the Swedish ideal of ‘progressive fatherhood’ is represented in the context of a photo competition and exhibition organised by the Swedish Embassy in postcolonial Zimbabwe. Drawing on Rose’s (2016) method of visual discourse analysis (VDA), the article examines how Zimbabwean fathers are represented as being progressive through both image and text, and the extent to which these representations could be seen to challenge or ‘mimic’ (Bhabha, 1984) the Swedish ideal of ‘progressive fatherhood’. While some of these representations reproduced certain binaries, they also presented the kind of ambivalent, ‘postfeminist’ relationship with gender equality that has been identified in other contexts. Overall, these representations were found to go beyond colonial mimicry by challenging and extending the Swedish ideal of ‘progressive fatherhood’ beyond the context of the middle-class, nuclear family.

The text discusses the content of the volume: Représenter/transformer. Débats en analyse des activités. Ouvrage coordonné par Jean-Marie Barbier et Marc Durand, Paris 2018. Issues considered: the anthropological; theatricality, metaphorization, carnality, invisibility, silence, gestures and technical objects; levels and styles, analogies and regularities in the service of transformation, entanglement in knowledge and installations. Variants of empowerment. Dans cet essai, nous mettons en évidence des espaces sélectionnés d’activités professionnelles en rapportant de façon analytique le contenu du volume : Représenter/transformer. Débats en analyse des activités. Ouvrage coordonné par Jean-Marie Barbier et Marc Durand. Avec la collaboration de Claude Cohen et de Marie-Laure Vitali, L’Harmattan. Paris 2018. Nous y abordons certains aspects de l’analyse méta-narrative, concernant les six parties du livre, contenant 13 textes sur des relations diverses en rapport avec l’intitulé du livre. Le texte essaie d’utiliser les principales idées des auteurs pour esquisser les problèmes du champ d’activité professionnelle, tout en gardant leur conception (représentation), afin de refléter le plus fidèlement possible les récits rapportés. Ce qui est particulièrement important c’est cet aspect qui met en évidence les catégories constituant un nouvel écran/cadre conceptuel pour une projection faisant apparaître des phénomènes de transformation pratique qui apparaissent à peine dans les perspectives de recherche et de réflexion en action. Le texte de l’essai se termine par les remarques critiques et les postulats de transformation du discours émergeant. Il souligne le caractère international du projet de recherche en question, couronné par cette publication et rassemblant des oeuvres d’auteurs du Brésil, de France, du Canada, de Pologne, de Suisse, du Royaume-Uni et d’Italie. La pédagogie polonaise y est représentée par Ewa Marynowicz-Hetka dans ce texte important du point de vue épistémologique. Le champ de problèmes de l’article, selon la structure des chapitres du livre, comprend les parties suivantes : Vers l’anthropologie de l’action ; la question des invariants et de la régularité ; la théâtralisation, la métaphore et le changement du cours de la vie ; les transformations du travail par rapport au savoir ; le physique en tant que représentation et médium transformateur ; les conséquences de la représentation/transformation dans le contexte de la danse ; les installations comme limites de transformation ; les objets techniques en tant que moyen d’autonomisation ; la question de l’invisibilité et du caractère silencieux de la transformation ; les « gestes techniques » et leur transformation ; passer par les niveaux (styles) des activités professionnelles ; les analogies au service de la transformation ; remarques finales. Tekst omawia zawartość tomu: Représenter/transformer. Débats en analyse des activités, koord. Jean-Marie Barbier, Marc Durand, Paris 2018. Wątki rozważań: antropologiczne; teatralizacja, metaforyzacja, cielesność, niewidzialność, milczenie, gesty i przedmioty techniczne; poziomy i style, analogie i regularności w służbie transformacji, uwikłania w wiedzę i instalacje. Warianty upodmiotowienia.

This article discusses how belonging is negotiated in a context of newly emerging forms of poverty and social exclusion in rural areas. We contend that coping with poverty and social exclusion produces specific ways of being (in the) rural that traverse, blur and renegotiate its dominant meanings and proclaimed specificities. This argument builds on life course history of an Afghan-born refugee, and his relation to the Belgian rural place he calls home. Results show how belonging is related to shifting notions of rurality and urbanity, in which past, present and future come together. Rural place attachments are complicated by the need for urban survival infrastructure and translocal networks in coping strategies. Local social capital increases a sense of belonging, but does not counterweigh the impact of exclusions produced at other levels of society. Conclusions suggest that the negotiations to belong by today's rural Others inform their deliberations of staying or going and the development of translocal strategies and attachments in complicated ways.

La prise de conscience du changement climatique et de la nécessité urgente de changer nos modes de vie sont un défi de taille. La compréhension des mécanismes qui régissent l’évolution de nos représentations collectives est un levier d’action intéressant pour les politiques publiques, en cela qu’il permet de les accompagner et d’améliorer l’efficacité de l’action publique. C’est le postulat qu’a fait la Communauté de communes du Centre de la Martinique (CACEM) en portant une étude socioanthropologique sur les perceptions et mécanismes de compréhension du changement climatique. L’étude apporte des éclairages sur les mécanismes actuels de production des représentations sur le climat en Martinique, et identifie des leviers pour les faire évoluer vers une meilleure prise en compte de la réalité climatique dans les actions de chacun et les décisions collectives.L’enquête menée montre que, si le changement climatique n’est pas remis en cause par les habitants, ses impacts sur l’île restent peu perçus et verbalisés, ce qui freine la construction de représentations sociales du changement climatique. Les concepts grâce auxquels le changement climatique est décrit à l’échelle mondiale sont peu appropriés par une partie de la population, sans qu’un vocabulaire local ne soit pour autant déployé. La prégnance des enjeux sociaux et économiques tend également à éclipser les effets à long terme du changement climatique, parfois dans un contexte de manque de confiance dans les acteurs publics. Cependant, les thématiques environnementales sont une préoccupation majeure des habitants, pour qui la question de la responsabilité (des autorités locales, de l’État, des entreprises, des individus) est centrale.En cela recèlent de puissants leviers pour améliorer la prise de conscience et initier le passage à l’action, tels que la sensibilité à la notion d’autonomie, la responsabilisation individuelle, l’aspiration au collectif et au lien social, l’attachement aux lieux et à l’identité martiniquaise. Awareness of climate change and of the urgent need to change our lifestyles is a major challenge. Understanding the mechanisms that govern the evolution of our collective representations is an interesting lever for action for public policies, in that it makes it possible to support them and improve the effectiveness of public action. This is the postulate made by the Communauté de communes of the Center of Martinique (CACEM), by carrying out a socio-anthropological study on the perceptions and mechanisms of understanding climate change. The study sheds light on the current mechanisms of production of representations on the climate in Martinique, and identifies levers to make them evolve towards a better consideration of the climatic reality in the actions of each and collective decisions.The survey carried out shows that, if the reality of climate change is not questioned by the inhabitants, its impacts on the island remain little perceived and verbalized, which hinders the construction of social representations of climate change. The concepts through which climate change is described on a global scale are not appropriated by part of the population, without a local vocabulary being deployed. The immediate importance of social and economic issues also tends to eclipse the long-term effects of climate change, sometimes in a context of lack of confidence in public authorities. However, environmental issues are a major concern for residents, for whom the question of responsibility (of local authorities, the State, companies, individuals) is central.This conceals powerful levers for improving awareness and initiating the move towards action, such as sensitivity to the notion of autonomy, individual empowerment, aspiration to the collective and to social ties, attachment to places and to the Martinican identity.

La volonté politique des décideurs est identifiée comme un facteur déterminant pour induire des changements écoresponsables dans les villes. Cet article s’intéresse aux décideurs publics que sont les élus municipaux au Québec, de manière à analyser leur contribution potentielle à la transformation des villes en des milieux de vie écoresponsables. Dans un premier temps, nous soulignons le rôle des élus en tant qu’acteurs éco-politiques au Québec, en mettant en évidence leur pouvoir d’action par rapport aux questions socio-écologiques, mais également les compétences à mobiliser et les défis de formation associés. Dans un second temps et de manière plus approfondie, les résultats d’une analyse des représentations et pratiques des formateurs d’élus municipaux permettent de jeter un regard critique sur l’offre de formation en environnement pour les élus. Ces résultats sont issus d’une recherche qualitative basée sur des observations non participantes et des entretiens semi-dirigés. On observe ainsi que les formateurs des élus municipaux intègrent peu entre elles, les dimensions écologiques et sociales des questions environnementales. L’adaptation aux changements climatiques est la principale question socio-écologique qui est abordée par la formation. Les formateurs font peu état du développement des compétences que devrait viser la formation et abordent celle-ci dans un paradigme propre à la transmission de connaissances plutôt que d’en stimuler la co-construction. Enfin, cette exploration critique des représentations des formateurs d’élus municipaux au Québec montre l’importance de poursuivre la recherche en éducation relative à l’environnement auprès des adultes qui ont la fonction d’élus, ainsi que de parfaire leur formation professionnelle, notamment en ce qui a trait au développement de compétences écocitoyennes. The lack of political will is widely stated as a challenge for the socio-ecological transformation of cities. This article examines Quebec’s municipal elected officials as decision makers abled to transform cities into eco-responsible living environments and considers the knowledge and skill sets needed to induce such transformations. This article begins by identifying elected officials as actors within the Quebec political structures and draws attention to their ability to act on socio-ecological issues and highlights learning challenges they face as decision makers. The second part of this article presents the results of an analysis of the representations and practices of professionals involved in training of municipal elected officials to offer a critical appraisal of the socio-ecological issues and related skill sets they consider to be important. These results were drawn from a qualitative research approach based on non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Trainers of municipal officials interviewed present socio-ecological issues in a dualistic manner with a predominant focus on adaptation to climate change. They make little mention of the skills targeted by the training they offer. The training strategies mobilized can be associated to « knowledge transfer » and are influenced by a teaching paradigm. This critical exploration of the representations of trainers that work with local decision makers in Quebec shows the importance of pursuing research in environmental education with adults who are elected officials, as well as improving their professional training, particularly with respect to skills associated to eco-citizenship.

En 2015, les attentats survenus quelques mois plus tôt occasionnent l'annulation des illuminations d'habitude programmées pendant la Fête des Lumières depuis quelques années à Lyon. Cet article s'intéresse à la médiatisation ordinaire sur les réseaux socionumériques à ce moment-là, d'une part pour le caractère inhabituel de cette annulation, permettant l'irruption d'un événement au sein d'un temps ritualisé, d'autre part pour son caractère chargé en histoire. Grâce à une méthodologie hybride entre informatique et sémiotique, nous avons pu analyser en quoi ces photographies permettaient au public de développer un récit de cet événement qui lui est propre. Il s'avère que non pas un, mais trois récits s'imbriquent, dans ces photographies publiées pendant la manifestation : celui d'un événement traditionnel, celui décrivant un spectacle à destination des touristes et enfin, l’hommage aux victimes de l’attentat. In 2015, the attacks occurred a few months earlier cause the cancellation of the usual illuminations scheduled during the Festival of Lights in Lyon for several years. This article focuses on the ordinary media coverage of social networks at that time, on the one hand for the unusual nature of this cancellation, allowing the occurrence of an event within a ritualized time, on the other hand for its historical background. Thanks to a hybrid methodology between computer science and semiotics, we were able to analyze how these photographs allowed the public to develop their own narrative regarding this event. It turns out that not one, but three stories intertwine, in these photographs published during the event: the one describing a traditional event, the one intended for tourists and finally, the tribute to the victims of the attack.

Cette contribution entend analyser les différents récits produits par les acteurs impliqués dans la construction sociale et symbolique du quartier de Thames Town, dans la ville nouvelle de Songjiang, un arrondissement périphérique de Shanghai. Ce quartier résidentiel et touristique, construit entre 2002 et 2006, a fait l’objet de nombreuses analyses et discours du fait des styles architecturaux anglais qui y ont été reproduits. Ainsi, malgré une érection relativement récente, il existe un riche corpus de données historiques qui n’ont pourtant pas ou peu été mobilisées pour analyser les évolutions du quartier et des relations entre les différents acteurs.L’analyse des récits et des représentations produits par le promoteur, les observateurs extérieurs et les usagers permets de révéler les influences réciproques dans les perceptions du quartier et les enjeux qui guident chacune des parties. Plus encore, l’analyse de ces récits et de leur usage permet de montrer que le quartier, au contraire des représentations couramment diffusées d’un espace désancré de la société chinoise, est en réalité intégré dans de multiples histoires et trajectoires. This contribution aims to analyse the different narratives produced by the actors involved in the social and symbolic construction of the neighborhood of Thames Town, in the new city of Songjiang, a peripheral district of Shanghai. Built between 2002 and 2006, this residential and tourist area has been the subject of numerous analyses and discourses due to the English architectural styles that have been reproduced there. In spite of its relatively recent construction, a rich corpus of historical data therefore has not yet been used to analyze changes in the neighborhood and in the relationships between the various actors.The analysis of the narratives and representations produced by developers, outside observers and daily users reveals reciprocal influences in the perceptions of the neighborhood and the issues that guide each of the parties. Moreover, the analysis of these narratives and their use shows that, contrary to the commonly disseminated representations of a disconnected space within Chinese society, in reality, the district is integrated into multiple histories and trajectories.

This work is the result of Master studies initiated in the first semester of 2010 in the Post- Graduate Program in Education at the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, and integrated the studies and researches about State, Policy and Management in education. The title is: Para além das celas de aula: a educação escolar no contexto prisional à luz das representações dos presos da Penitenciária de Uberlândia - Minas Gerais, and the main subject is schooling process in prisons. It was intended to answer two main questions. The first: what happens on the institutional / legal world conception and in daily life school education in prisons? And second, what the prisoners, passive actors of the policies of school education in prisons, has to say critically about their contradictions, limits and possibilities? In this sense, the purpose of this research is to promote a critical analysis of prescribed schooling and instituted the prison context, with emphasis on the study of reality at the Penitentiary of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, through the dialectical analysis of the representations of their prisoners, as well as national and international documentation related to the theme. To do so it, based on qualitative research approach to historical aspects related to prisons in the contemporary world, needed to understand, then the institutional and ideological mechanisms that characterize the structure and functioning of the Brazilian prison system and, within it, their practices formal education in accordance with the principles and guidelines contained in official speeches, international and national levels. In this way, we examine critically the representations of inmates imprisoned in the Penitentiary of Uberlândia, administered by the State of Minas Gerais, in order to contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the contradictions, difficulties, limits and possibilities of education in school prisons as a process of emancipation and social inclusion. In the viewpoint of the prescribed and established education policies, the Brazilian prison system has demonstrated weaknesses and emerging needs, primarily because the school education in prisons reaches a small number of prisoners in Brazil and worldwide, but mainly the possibility of an effective action for education in prisons is now sustained, especially in the personal commitment of teachers, prison guards and technicians involved in the task. A presente dissertação é fruto de investigações em nível de Mestrado iniciadas no primeiro semestre de 2010 no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, inserida na linha de pesquisa Estado, Política e Gestão em Educação. Tem como tema principal a educação escolar nas prisões e intitula-se: Para além das celas de aula: a educação escolar no contexto prisional à luz das representações dos presos da Penitenciária de Uberlândia - Minas Gerais. Pretendeu-se responder duas indagações principais. A primeira: como ocorre no mundo institucional/normativo e na vida cotidiana a educação escolar nas prisões? E a segunda: o que os presos, destinatários das políticas de educação escolar nas prisões, tem a dizer criticamente sobre as suas contradições, limites e possibilidades? Nesse sentido, a finalidade da presente pesquisa é promover uma reflexão crítica acerca da educação escolar prescrita e instituída no contexto prisional, com ênfase no estudo da realidade da Penitenciária de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, por meio da análise dialética das representações dos seus presos, bem como da documentação nacional e internacional relacionada ao tema. Para tanto, baseada na pesquisa qualitativa, abordam-se aspectos históricos relacionados às prisões no mundo contemporâneo, necessários para compreender, em seguida, os mecanismos institucionais e ideológicos que caracterizam a estrutura e o funcionamento do sistema prisional brasileiro e, dentro deste, as suas práticas educacionais formais de acordo com os princípios e as diretrizes presentes nos discursos oficiais, internacional e nacional. À luz desse contexto, analisam-se criticamente as representações de presos reclusos na Penitenciária de Uberlândia, administrada pelo Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, com a finalidade de contribuir com o conhecimento e a compreensão das contradições, dificuldades, limites e possibilidades da educação escolar nas prisões como processo de emancipação e de inclusão social. Considera-se, portanto, que o panorama atual das políticas de educação prescritas e instituídas no sistema prisional brasileiro tem demonstrado fragilidades e necessidades emergentes, fundamentalmente porque a educação escolar nas unidades prisionais atinge um número pequeno de presos no Brasil e no mundo, mas principalmente a possibilidade de uma ação efetiva de educação nas prisões é hoje sustentada, sobretudo, no compromisso pessoal dos educadores, agentes penitenciários e técnicos envolvidos na tarefa. Mestre em Educação

Cet article propose d’étudier la façon dont les bandes musicales utilisées dans les fictions chiliennes de type telenovela de ces dernières années agissent comme un outil de réassignation de genre. Il s’agit ainsi d’analyser les bandes musicales de quatre telenovelas (aussi appelée téléséries) diffusées par les principales chaînes gratuites de la télévision chilienne : Pobre Rico (TVN, 2012), Mamá Mechona (Canal 13, 2014), Pituca sin lucas (Mega, 2014) et Señores Papis (Mega, 2016). En effet, bien que le format ait connu de grandes évolutions dans la construction des trames et la complexité des personnages, ces derniers rompant de plus en plus avec les stéréotypes genrés, on remarque en discutant les choix musicaux qu’il s’agit plus d’une nouvelle mise en œuvre de l’assignation de genre que d’un amenuisement de celle-ci. Pour cela, nous reviendrons sur le rôle de la bande musicale dans la telenovela chilienne contemporaine et nous nous intéresserons à la fois aux interprètes et aux paroles de cette dernière. This article aims to study the way soundtracks are used in Chilean fictional series such as telenovela type fictions over the past few years. More specifically it addresses the question of music as a way of re-assigning gender roles in this context. The purpose will be to analyze the soundtracks of four telenovelas (called also teleseries) broadcasted on the main free TV channels in Chile: Pobre Rico (TVN, 2012), Mamá Mechona (Canal 13, 2014), Pituca sin lucas (Mega, 2014) and Señores Papis (Mega, 2016). The format has known, indeed, major changes in the plot structure, and the characters have been written with higher degree of complexity and distanced from gender stereotypes. However, by discussing the musical choices we notice that it is more about a new implementation of the gender assignment than diminishing it. To do so, we will analyze the function of soundtracks in contemporary Chilean telenovela with a special focus on both the performers and the lyrics.

Alma Karlin (1889–1950), a round-the-world traveller, intellectual, and writer from Celje, Slovenia, arrived in Japan and lived in Tokyo in the early 1920s, an era which historians consider to be an interim period between the initial expansion of the Japanese Empire to mainland Asia and its end in 1945. The writer’s fascination with the land can be inferred, among other things, from a 35-page description of Japan and the Japanese in her most famous book, Einsame Weltreise. Die Tragödie einer Frau (The Odyssey of a Lonely Woman), and passages in Reiseskizzen (Travel Sketches), an earlier work. The article aims to place these travel accounts in the historical and ideological contexts of their time while highlighting some similarities and differences between the representations of the land and its people by Karlin and those by Isabella Bird (1831–1904). Although Karlin makes no explicit reference to the famous British traveller in her writing on Japan, the article demonstrates that she must have known about Bird’s book Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. It is, above all, her decision to introduce her (German) readers to topoi that were typical of Victorian women’s travel writing which suggests that Karlin partly based her image of Japan, if not even the itinerary of her journey there, on Bird’s bestselling work. Nevertheless, Karlin does not seem to have conformed to the then dominant orientalist discourses on Japan, her representations generally showing none of the Western arrogance that was so typical of her fellow travellers of both sexes. Celjska svetovna popotnica, intelektualka in pisateljica Alma Karlin (1889–1950) je japonsko otočje obiskala in v Tokiu prebivala v zgodnjih dvajsetih letih 20. stoletja, ki v zgodovinopisju veljajo za vmesno obdobje med začetkom širjenja japonskega imperija na azijsko celino in njegovim neslavnim koncem leta 1945. Pisateljičino fascinacijo nad deželo je mogoče razbrati tudi iz približno 35 strani dolgega opisa Japonske in Japoncev v njenem najbolj znanem delu Einsame Weltreise. Die Tragödie einer Frau (Samotno potovanje v daljne dežele: tragedija ženske) ter iz odlomkov iz predhodno objavljenih podlistkov z naslovom Reiseskizzen (Popotne skice). Avtor te opise postavi v zgodovinski in ideološki kontekst časa njihovega nastanka, hkrati pa opozori na nekaj vzporednic in nasprotij med reprezentacijami dežele ter njenih prebivalcev izpod peresa Alme Karlin in tistimi slovite britanske popotnice Isabelle Bird (1831–1904). Čeprav v japonskem delu svojega potopisa tega eksplicitno ne omenja, prispevek dokazuje, da je Alma Karlin nedvomno poznala knjižno uspešnico Isabelle Bird Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. Posledično lahko upravičeno sklepamo, da si je svoje podobe Japonske, mogoče celo itinerarij, ustvarila tudi na podlagi tega dela, kar je po avtorjevem mnenju najbolj razvidno iz izbire (klasičnih) tem ženskih potopisov iz viktorijanskega obdobja, ki jih je želela približati svojemu (nemškemu) bralstvu. Kljub temu se zdi, da se Alma Karlin ni podredila tedanjim orientalističnim diskurzom o Japonski, saj v njenih reprezentacijah praviloma ni mogoče zaznati tipične zahodnjaške oholosti, tako značilne za njene popotniške pendante obeh spolov.

In the Middle Age, monsters and demons occupied a prominent place in the European social imaginary, representing the different, the grotesque and often the evil. Many attest to their existence on the real plane, as characters of flesh and blood, reporting physical, psychic and even moral characteristics and that came to us through documents of the most diverse typologies. Currently, we observe such characters as the result of a period in which society was moved by a social structure to which it instilled such images. In any case, the concept of monster as well as demon is very broad undergoing changes depending on each epoch and locality. In view of the above, the objective of this work is an analysis of the representation (CHARTIER, 1990) of the devil and what the men and women of the Iberian Middle Age considered monstrous, from the image made of the Jews, making use of the literature of the period, noddedly the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM) of D. Alfonso X the Wise, King of Castile and Leon. For this, we will analyze two songs, that is: CSM no. 47, which deals with the representation of the devil in literature and consequently in the medieval imaginary and CSM no. 4, which considers jews as monsters, due to their actions and differences in relation to religiosity., Na Idade Média, os monstros e demônios ocuparam um lugar de destaque no imaginário social europeu, representando o diferente, o grotesco e, muitas vezes, o maligno. Muitos testemunhos atestavam a sua existência no plano real, como personagens de carne e osso, relatando características físicas, psíquicas e até morais. Esses testemunhos chegaram até nós por meio de documentos das mais diversas tipologias. Atualmente, observamos tais personagens como fruto de um período no qual a sociedade era movida por uma estrutura social que abarcava os monstros e demônios. O conceito de monstro, bem como de demônio, é bem amplo, sofrendo alterações a depender de cada época e localidade. Diante do exposto, com base no conceito de representações de Roger Chartier, o objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise de imagens e discursos sobre o diabo e sobre o que os homens e mulheres da Idade Média Ibérica consideravam como monstruoso, a partir da imagem dos judeus. Como fonte serão utilizadas duas Cantigas de Santa Maria, atribuídas a D. Alfonso X, o Sábio, Rei de Castela e Leão. Serão analisadas duas cantigas: a CSM n. 47, como exemplo da representação do diabo na literatura e, consequentemente, no imaginário medieval, e a CSM n. 4, que assimila o personagem judeu à ideia de monstros, devido às suas ações e diferenças no tocante à religiosidade.

Religious tourism is a very important sector in the sphere of cultural tourism and can be an authentic engine of development, especially for rural areas, which are the subject of various policies implemented at a regional and national level within specific European programmes aimed at improving territorial cohesion and increasing social and economic development. While it is true that the most iconic sanctuaries are the main attraction, it is equally true that if adequately exploited, minor religious sites can also represent a potential resource capable of attracting new and more consistent flows of visitors. The paths of faith could be a possible answer to these development needs given that, as established by the European Council, they are a useful instrument for increasing the competitiveness and the development of the traversed areas, also strengthening their identity. In Sardinia, an attempt in this direction can be identified in the actions implemented by the Region through the establishment of the Excursion Network of Sardinia, which has recognised the importance of the “itineraries” as a tool for seasonal adjustment and sustainable development: the setting up of a Regional Cadastre for Paths and Horse trails and an organised network, such as the Sardinia Trekking Portal, to be implemented with religious itineraries, can thus be interpreted as a marketing action aimed at promoting the paths and trails.

Research in young children’s ideas, representations, and pre-conceptions about the natural and technical world has a long history. Most of the studies in the field have used individual, semi-structured interviews as a methodological technique to generate and collect empirical data. However, less is known about how tracing procedures can come in line and be incorporated into everyday educational reality in early childhood settings in a way that reflects young children’s interests and needs. The present study uses dramatic play to trace young children’s thinking in science and advance their science learning experiences. The study focuses on a science concept young children are familiar with in everyday life though has not been thoroughly studied in the literature yet: thermal insulation. Empirical data from 6 preschoolers in Greece are presented. Qualitative data were collected through recordings of children’s dialogues, children’s drawings, field notes from the early childhood teachers, and photographs. The findings revealed that during their dramatic play children a) developed basic argumentation to express their thinking about the phenomenon; b) related the phenomenon with the thermal condition and changes in temperature; c) identified materials and objects with insulating properties and distinguish them from others with non-insulating properties, and d) came to the conclusion that the use of amplified insulation materials can lead to better insulation results. The outcomes of the study add to the research methodology in early childhood science education and inform practice providing a pedagogical framework that balances between play-based pedagogies and advanced learning outcomes in science for young learners.

Background/Objective. This study aims to investigate how complex visuospatial neglect behavioural phenotypes predict long-term outcomes, both in terms of neglect recovery and broader functional outcomes after 6 months post-stroke. Methods. This study presents a secondary cohort study of acute and 6-month follow-up data from 400 stroke survivors who completed the Oxford Cognitive Screen's Cancellation Task. At follow-up, patients also completed the Stroke Impact Scale questionnaire. These data were analysed to identify whether any specific combination of neglect symptoms is more likely to result in long-lasting neglect or higher levels of functional impairment, therefore warranting more targeted rehabilitation. Results. Overall, 98/142 (69%) neglect cases recovered by follow-up, and there was no significant difference in the persistence of egocentric/allocentric (X2 [1] = .66 and P = .418) or left/right neglect (X2 [2] = .781 and P = .677). Egocentric neglect was found to follow a proportional recovery pattern with all patients demonstrating a similar level of improvement over time. Conversely, allocentric neglect followed a non-proportional recovery pattern with chronic neglect patients exhibiting a slower rate of improvement than those who recovered. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the initial severity of acute allocentric, but not egocentric, neglect impairment acted as a significant predictor of poor long-term functional outcomes (F [9,300] = 4.742, P < .001 and adjusted R2 = .098). Conclusions. Our findings call for systematic neuropsychological assessment of both egocentric and allocentric neglect following stroke, as the occurrence and severity of these conditions may help predict recovery outcomes over and above stroke severity alone. ispartof: NEUROREHABILITATION AND NEURAL REPAIR vol:35 issue:9 pages:823-835 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Some of the most impressive functional specializations in the human brain are found in the occipitotemporal cortex (OTC), where several areas exhibit selectivity for a small number of visual categories, such as faces and bodies, and spatially cluster based on stimulus animacy. Previous studies suggest this animacy organization reflects the representation of an intuitive taxonomic hierarchy, distinct from the presence of face- and body-selective areas in OTC. Using human functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the independent contribution of these two factors-the face-body division and taxonomic hierarchy-in accounting for the animacy organization of OTC and whether they might also be reflected in the architecture of several deep neural networks that have not been explicitly trained to differentiate taxonomic relations. We found that graded visual selectivity, based on animal resemblance to human faces and bodies, masquerades as an apparent animacy continuum, which suggests that taxonomy is not a separate factor underlying the organization of the ventral visual pathway.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Portions of the visual cortex are specialized to determine whether types of objects are animate in the sense of being capable of self-movement. Two factors have been proposed as accounting for this animacy organization: representations of faces and bodies and an intuitive taxonomic continuum of humans and animals. We performed an experiment to assess the independent contribution of both of these factors. We found that graded visual representations, based on animal resemblance to human faces and bodies, masquerade as an apparent animacy continuum, suggesting that taxonomy is not a separate factor underlying the organization of areas in the visual cortex. ispartof: JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE vol:41 issue:33 pages:7103-7119 ispartof: location:United States status: published

With its context-independent rules valid in any setting, mathematics is considered to be the champion of abstraction, and for a long time human mathematical reasoning was thought to follow nothing but the laws of logic. However, the idea that mathematics is grounded in nature has gained traction over the past decades, and the context-independency of mathematical reasoning has come to be questioned. The thesis we defend concerns the role played by general, non-mathematical knowledge on individuals' understanding of numerical situations. We propose that what we count has a crucial impact on how we count, in the sense that human's representation of numerical information is dependent on the semantic context in which it is embedded. More specifically, we argue that general, non-mathematical knowledge about the entities described in a mathematical word problem can shape its interpretation and foster one of two representations: either a cardinal encoding, or an ordinal encoding. After introducing a new framework of arithmetic word problem solving accounting for the interactions between mathematical knowledge and world knowledge in the encoding, recoding and solving of arithmetic word problems, we present a series of 16 experiments assessing how world knowledge about specific quantities can promote one of two problem representations. Using isomorphic arithmetic word problems involving either cardinal quantities (weights, prices, collections) or ordinal quantities (durations, heights, number of floors), we investigate the pervasiveness of the cardinal-ordinal distinction in a wide range of activities, including problem categorization, problem comparison, algorithm selection, problem solvability assessment, problem recall, sentence recognition, drawing production and transfer of strategies. We gather data using behavioral measures (success rates, algorithm use, response times) as well as eye tracking (fixation times, saccades, pupil dilation), to show that the difference between problems meant to foster either a cardinal or an ordinal encoding has a far-reaching influence on participants from diverse populations (N = 2180), ranging from 2nd graders and 5th graders to lay adults, expert mathematicians and math teachers. We discuss the general educational implications of these effects of semantic (in)congruence, and we propose new directions for future research on this crucial issue. We conclude that these findings illustrate the extent to which human reasoning is constrained by the content on which it operates, even in domains where abstraction is praised and trained., Parce qu'elles manipulent des objets fondamentalement abstraits, les lois mathématiques ont une validité indépendante du contexte dans lequel elles s'appliquent. Autrement dit, 2 + 2 font 4, que l'on compte des pommes, des schtroumpfs, ou des années-lumière. Par extension, il a longtemps été considéré qu'il en était de même pour la pensée mathématique chez l'humain, perçue comme objective et indépendante des contenus sur lesquels elle s'exerce. Pourtant, un nombre grandissant de travaux s'accordent à dire que la logicité n'est pas seule à gouverner la pensée humaine, que le contexte dans lequel il se trouve influence ses raisonnements, et que la pensée mathématique est fondamentalement incarnée. Ainsi, notre thèse est que les connaissances générales des individus influencent considérablement leurs représentations des situations numériques. En particulier, nous faisons l'hypothèse que les savoirs non-mathématiques des individus au sujet des entités décrites dans un problème peuvent façonner leur représentation de la situation, les poussant à en réaliser un encodage soit cardinal, soit ordinal. Nous commençons par présenter un modèle conceptuel visant à décrire les interactions entre la sémantique du monde et la sémantique mathématique évoquées à la lecture d'un problème arithmétique à énoncé verbal. Nous faisons la prédiction que les connaissances générales sur le monde influent sur l'encodage, le recodage et la résolution des problèmes arithmétiques à énoncés verbaux, notamment en induisant des représentations soit cardinales, soit ordinales. Nous évaluons cette hypothèse grâce à 16 expériences fondées sur l'étude d'énoncés isomorphes implémentés avec certaines entités censées susciter un encodage cardinal (poids, prix, collections d'éléments) ou ordinal (durées, hauteurs, nombre d'étages). Nous montrons la robustesse de ces effets au travers d'une variété de tâches, qu'il s'agisse de classification, comparaison, résolution, production graphique, jugement de solubilité, évaluation de solution, reconnaissance, transfert et rappel de problèmes. La prévalence des effets observés est déterminée par des indices comportementaux (performances, temps de réponse, sélection de stratégies) et physiologiques (oculométrie et pupillométrie), collectés auprès d'enfants du CE1 au CM2, ainsi que d'adultes tout venants, d'enseignants en mathématiques et d'experts mathématiciens. Les riches enjeux éducatifs portés par ces questions sont discutés de même que les perspectives ouvertes par la prise en compte des effets de congruence sémantique. Nous concluons sur les contraintes que les contenus opèrent sur le raisonnement.

This project holds materials for the paper Purg, N., Starc, M., Ozimič, A. S., Kraljič, A., Matkovič, A., and Repovš, G. (2022). Neural evidence for different types of position coding strategies in spatial working memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16:821545. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.821545

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Cette recherche vise à identifier et à analyser les représentations liées aux processus organisationnels de l\'enseignement public dans les zones rurales primaires de Minas Gerais, dans la période de 1899 à 1911. La politique publique pour l\'instruction des enfants de Minas Gerais dans le milleu rural dans la fin du Xxe siècle et debut du XIX e siècle répondu aux demandes des intérêts des législateurs et des administrations publiques. Compte tenu de cette situation, que était l\'espace consacréaux politiques de l\'éducation en milieu rural de l\'organisation scolaire en période de recherché? Les représentations culturelles dans ces processus de l\'enseignement primaire dans Minas Gerais étaient diversifiées et se sont constitués en un mouvement dynamique. Ces pratiques se retrouvent représentés par des modèles d\'écoles, les pratiques pédagogiques, les conditions matérielles de l\'enseignement, conception d enfance, programme scolaire infrastructures des écoles et d\'autres . Ainsi, quelles sont les représentations et les pratiques éducatives liées aux processus de l\'enseignement primaire dans les zones rurales ont été exprimées dans les documents étudiés? Si les zones rurales a été la force motrice du développement économique de Minas Gerais, ce qui expliquerait la défense d\'un programme pour le course rural fortment reduite par rapport aux zones urbaines? Dans la condition des administrateurs publics, les présidents voulût d énoncer la précarité de l\'enseignement public primaire en Minas Gerais? En termes de méthodologie utilisés comme sources historiques Messages officiels des présidents de l\'Etat de Minas Gerais, et des statistiques scolaires démographiques de l\'Institut brésilien de géographie et de statistique (IBGE); lois relatives à l\'enseignement primaire public, les rapports d\'inspection et les modalités de visites. Nous avons recherchés termes de nominatiosn, désignations et de l absortion des enseignants. Nous utilisons les journaux, la correspondance et des photographies. Nous avons constaté que les salles de classe de l\'enseignement public primaire dans les zones rurales de Minas Gerais étaient pauvres et, de plus, il y n avait pas un projet politique pour part des élites et / ou administrateurs qui accueilleraint aux besoins des petits agriculteurs. La plupart des investissements publics dans l\'éducation avait pour but d\'écoles dans les zones urbaines. Notre analyse a montré que l\'absence de priorités pour faciliter l\'enseignement public primaire rurale. État et législateurs avec le dédain conséquente pour les écoles primaires rurales a conduit à de graves conséquen ces pour l\'universalisation de l\'école. Essa pesquisa objetivou identificar e analisar representações vinculadas aos processos de organização da instrução pública primária em áreas rurais de Minas Gerais, no período de 1899 a 1911. As políticas públicas para a instrução das crianças mineiras no meio rural em fins do século XIX e início do XX atendiam as demandas de interesses dos legisladores e das administrações públicas. Diante desse quadro, qual era o espaço destinado ao ensino rural nas políticas de organização da escola mineira no período pesquisado? As representações culturais presentes em processos de instrução primária em Minas Gerais foram diversas e se constituíram em um movimento dinâmico. Essas práticas encontraram-se representadas por modelos de escolas, práticas docentes, condições materiais de trabalho docente, concepção de infância, currículo escolar, infraestrutura das escolas entre outros. Assim, quais representações e quais práticas educativas relacionadas aos processos de instrução primária no meio rural foram expressas nos documentos pesquisados? Se o meio rural era a mola propulsora para o desenvolvimento econômico de Minas Gerais, quais motivos explicariam a defesa de um currículo para o curso rural bastante reduzido em relação ao urbano? Na condição de administradores públicos, o que pretendiam os Presidentes ao denunciarem a precariedade da instrução pública primária em Minas? Em termos metodológicos utilizamos como fontes históricas oficiais as Mensagens dos Presidentes de Estado de Minas Gerais, dados estatísticos demográficos e escolares do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas (IBGE); leis referentes à instrução pública primária; relatórios de inspeção e termos de visitas. Pesquisamos termos de nomeações, designações e remoções de professores. Recorremos a jornais, correspondências e fotografias. Constatamos que as salas de aula de instrução pública primária rural em Minas Gerais eram precárias e, além disso, não havia um projeto político por parte das elites e/ou dos administradores que acolhesse as necessidades dos rurícolas. A maior parte dos investimentos públicos para a educação era destinada às escolas de áreas urbanas. Nossas análises evidenciaram ausências de prioridades quanto aos auxílios do ensino público primário rural. Estadistas e legisladores com o consequente desprezo pelas escolas primárias rurais ocasionaram graves consequências para a universalização da escola. Doutor em Educação

Avec la COVID-19, faute de pouvoir mener des ethnographies classiques, les enquêtes réalisées via l’internet, le téléphone ou les réseaux sociaux ont participé à exclure de la production des connaissances un large pan de la population africaine qui souffre de la fracture numérique et/ou d’analphabétisme. Le présent article comble ce vide en analysant les discours populaires sur l’épidémie via les radios émettant en langues nationales en Guinée et au travers de données ethnographiques recueillies dans les régions de Conakry, Mamou et Forécariah par des chercheurs guinéens et français auprès d’agents de santé et de la population, de mars 2020 à décembre 2021. Les discours populaires ont été recueillis en français, sosoxui (Basse-Côte), pulaar (Moyenne Guinée), kissiye et kpɛlɛɛwoo (région forestière), et maninkakan (Haute-Guinée). Ils mettent en avant une crainte initiale de la contamination puis une altérisation et un discrédit de la maladie, témoignant d’un désengagement cognitif et pratique des Guinéens face à la COVID-19 au cours de l’épidémie. La diffusion massive d’informations sur la COVID-19 a conduit la population à d’abord s’approprier les mesures de protection contre l'épidémie, le souvenir d'Ebola jouant un rôle majeur. Mais, lorsque le temps épidémique s’est confondu avec le processus électoral controversé de 2020, la portée politique de la réponse et le nombre réduit de cas enregistrés ont mené à une résistance populaire croissante contre les mesures de restriction (confinement, port du masque). Le virus est apparu comme exogène et ne concernant que les élites nationales et les populations des pays du Nord. L’imaginaire de l’épidémie, alimenté par le traumatisme d’Ebola, s’est nourri du registre de la coercition : désormais « épidémie tournevis », la COVID-19 en Guinée apparaît pour la majorité silencieuse de la population comme la reproduction du rapport inégal qui la lie à ses élites, comme la Guinée au reste du monde. If COVID-19 epidemics confirmed social sciences’ interest for the study of social media (Lee Hugues et Pale, 2009) and infodemic (Vosoughi et alii, 2018) in epidemic contexts, it also excluded a large part of the population still important in Africa from the production of knowledge: those who cannot access internet because of lack of connection and/or illiteracy. This paper fills this gap by analyzing local representations of COVID-19, drawing on the longitudinal study of radiophonic discourses in national languages and face-to-face ethnography led by anthropologists among the population. It examines how COVID-19 was appropriated and interpreted by Guinean population through the mobilization of epidemic, political and historic local experiences. It also considers how the evolution of local representations of the pandemics, over time and over political and economic perturbations, illustrates a progressive cognitive and practical lack of public interest in the virus. To do so, radio shows in national languages including participation from the public on COVID-19 topic were systematically recorded, transcribed and translated in French from March to August 2021. National languages included sosoxui for Basse-Côte, pulaar for Moyenne Guinée, kissiye and kpɛlɛɛwoo for the Forest region, and maninkakan for Haute-Guinée. Long-term participant observation and face-to-face interviews were led in the cities of Conakry and Mamou, and in the rural areas of Forécariah from May 2020 to December 2021 among health professionals and general population. These data were analysed thematically and chronologically to examine how the epidemics was discussed and the restriction measures commented by the population through time. From March to May 2020, the massive diffusion of information about COVID-19, both at international and national level, led the Guinean to take ownership of the protection measures against the epidemic – the traumatic memory of Ebola playing a major role. However, as the epidemic event merged with the 2020 controversial electoral process, local populations began to question the relevance of the epidemic management policies and restriction measures. The reduced number of positive cases led to a trivialization of COVID-19 and to a rising popular resistance against restriction measures such as confinement and wearing a mask. The virus appeared exogenous and concerning only national elites and populations of Northern countries. The representation of the epidemic, first powered by the trauma of Ebola, rapidly turned to the register of coercion: now called the “Screwdriver epidemic”, COVID-19 in Guinea appears for the local populations as the reproduction of the unequal relation binding them to their elites, as Guinea is bound to the rest of the world.

Straipsnyje analizuojama reprezentacijos samprata, suformuluojama reprezentacinės aikštės sąvoka, teigiama, kad šios aikštės pagal reprezentacinį pobūdį gali būti dviejų tipų: pritaikytos valstybiniams ritualams, masiniam valstybinių švenčių minėjimui (didelės, turinčios daug atviros erdvės); žyminčios socialinę tapatybę (su nedidele atvira erdve, paminklu). Aikštė gali būti abiejų tipų. Aikštės hierarchinis statusas suprantamas kaip svarbesnė padėtis kitų aikščių atžvilgiu. Pažymima, kad aikštės yra pagrindinis erdvinis įrankis, leidžiantis kurti sąsajas tarp skirtingų miesto struktūrų. Nors aikščių architektūrai būdinga nuolatinė kaita, transformacijos, tačiau genius loci išlieka. Aptariama miesto, kaip teksto, idėja, pažymima aplinkos estetikos svarba reprezentacijai, atkreipiamas dėmesys į galimas aikščių rekonstravimo tendencijas, atsisakant ideologinių monumentų, teikiant pirmenybę ne vienybei ideologiniu-politiniu pagrindu, o socialinio artumo, bendradarbiavimo ir saviraiškos galimybei. The article analyses the concept of representation, formulates the notion of a representative square, and argues that these squares, according to their representational nature, can be of two types: the ones adapted for state ceremonies, mass commemoration of national holidays (large, with a lot of open space); the ones marking social identity (with a small open space, a monument). A square can be of both types. The hierarchical status of a square is understood as a more important position in relation to other squares. It is noted that squares are a key spatial tool for creating links between different urban structures. Although the architecture of squares is characterised by constant change and transformation, the genius loci remains. The idea of the city as a text is discussed, the importance of the aesthetics of the environment for representation is pointed out, and attention is drawn to possible trends in the reconstruction of squares, abandoning ideological monuments in favour of the possibility of social proximity, cooperation and self-expression, rather than unity on an ideological-political basis.

Resumo Os jornais paulistanos publicados no período do IV Centenário da Fundação da Cidade, com artigos, poesias, iconografias e propagandas, permitem apreender a culminação de processos de longa duração de construção, transformação e apropriação de imaginários criados desde a América portuguesa, tendo como elementos centrais as relações entre colonos (e seus descendentes), grupos indígenas e o território. A bravura e heroísmo dos “sertanistas”, a nobreza dos “paulistas” e a disciplina e regramento dos “agricultores” são lastros tomados por historiadores e elites paulistas no século XX, em busca de representações adequadas à centralidade que o estado adquirira no panorama econômico e político nacional, cristalizando a obliteração dos ameríndios, que passam de aliados e até familiares indispensáveis para incômodos coadjuvantes de um passado esgotado. Abstract São Paulo’s newspapers from the quadricentennial of the city’s foundation, containing papers, poetry, iconographies, and advertising, allows one to apprehend the culmination of a long-term process of development, transformation, and appropriation of the imagery created since the Portuguese America, founded on the relations between settlers, indigenous groups, and the territory. The bravery and heroism of “sertanistas”, the nobility of “paulistas”, and the discipline of the “agricultores” (farmers) are the basis for the suitable representations created by historians and São Paulo’s elite in the 20th century, parallel to the state’s newly acquired political and economic centrality, consolidating the obliteration of the indigenous population, that go from indispensable allies and even relatives to troublesome second-class citizens from an exhausted past.