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Physical modeling studies have endeavored to quantify the influence of plant biophysical parameters and hydrodynamics on wave-vegetation interactions and coastal protection. The accuracy with which such studies have characterized stem motion is limited by the predominant use of plant surrogates, and the few saltmarsh species considered in live vegetation studies. To address this, prototype-scale experiments were conducted in the outdoor Large Wave Canal of the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, in collaboration with the University of Ottawa and the National Research Council Canada, allowing novel characterization of live vegetation deformation under wave action. Two saltmarsh species were investigated (Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens) under various irregular wave conditions (0.03 m< Hs Ts ≈ 2.5, 10 s). Stem deformation was characterized using submerged cameras and bending angle tracking, coupled with wave height and velocity measurements. Significant differences in stem flexibility were observed between species, with S. alterniflora exhibiting more rigid stems (EIalterniflora=0.051 Nm2) than S. patens (EIpatens=0.0015 Nm2; t-test; p

En la línea de las recientes investigaciones desarrolladas sobre las instituciones monacales en España, este trabajo pretende reconstruir el origen y aplicación de los flujos de efectivo que genera la actividad económica del Monasterio de Santa María la Real de Oseira (Ourense, España) a lo largo del siglo XVII, a partir de las anotaciones de carácter monetario que figuran en el libro de estados de esta abadía. La información periódica que proporciona esta serie documental describe la composición y cuantía del Arca de la Comunidad, lo que permite extraer conclusiones no sólo de la liquidez que generan estas instituciones religiosas, sino también de las diferentes monedas utilizadas por los monjes para paliar las frecuentes alteraciones coactivas de su valor que asolaron la economía castellana en esta centuria. Así, en este trabajo, se realiza un análisis de la evolución del alcance de moneda y de su preceptivo desglose en efectivo disponible, expresado en la moneda corriente de uso interno, y efectivo depositado en concepto de la Media Anata, valorado y expresado en la moneda en que debía efectuarse el pago de este tributo a Roma, completando una visión histórica de la situación económica de este monasterio desde la perspectiva financiera que se deriva de sus flujos de efectivo.Este artículo concluye con algunas reflexiones y un resumen de los resultados. Estos resultados nos muestran la idoneidad de la información financiera que suministra el libro de estados en función de los objetivos que presentaba el acto al que iba destinado -Capítulo General- y las decisiones que en él se tomaban. Así, el estudio prueba la vinculación entre el libro de estados y las obligaciones contributivas de la Congregación, facilitando la función de control sobre la gestión de la Media Anata en las abadías y la asignación de los repartimentos.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Folgen der COVID-19-Pandemie haben verschiedene Personengruppen vor große Herausforderungen gestellt; eine dieser Gruppen sind pflegende Angehörige. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, welche Veränderungen die Pandemie für pflegende Angehörige mit sich gebracht hat und in welchem Ausmaß sich Lebensqualität und Pflegebelastung subgruppenspezifisch verändert haben. Methode Die Datenerhebung erfolgte im Sommer 2020 in einer Querschnittsstudie mit pflegenden Angehörigen im erwerbsfähigen Alter (N = 1143). Neben soziodemografischen Daten wurden Angaben zu Versorgungssituation, Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Beruf sowie Belastung und Lebensqualität in einer Onlinebefragung erhoben. Versorgungssituation und Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Beruf wurden deskriptiv analysiert. Für die Analysen der Veränderung der Lebensqualität und der Belastung wurden logistische Regressionsmodelle verwendet. Ergebnisse Die Versorgungssituation hat sich für viele Befragte (54,7 %) während der Pandemie geändert und ist zeitlich aufwendiger geworden. Für 70,8 % ist die Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Beruf schwieriger geworden. Mit dem Pandemiemanagement der eigenen Arbeitgeber:innen zeigt sich die Mehrheit zufrieden (65,9 %). Die Lebensqualität hat ab- und die Belastung zugenommen, besonders deutlich für jüngere Pflegende, Frauen und Pflegende von Personen mit hohem Pflegebedarf. Diskussion Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich die Lebenssituationen pflegender Angehöriger während der COVID-19-Pandemie verschlechtert haben. Entscheidungsträger:innen sollten dies anerkennen und besonders betroffene Subgruppen pflegender Angehöriger unterstützen. Zukünftig ist es wichtig, die informelle häusliche Pflege ebenso wie Versorgungssettings der professionellen (Langzeit‑)Pflege in gesundheits- und sozialpolitische Pandemiekonzepte einzubeziehen.

To investigate the characteristics of vibration-induced shear resistance reduction (ViSRR) in granular soils, laboratory tests were performed using a modified triaxial apparatus. Monotonic loading and vibration with controlled frequency and acceleration amplitude were superimposed to soil specimens under drained conditions. Tests were conducted for dry and saturated specimens at relative densities of Dr = 35% and 70%. The tests revealed that superimposed vibration causes a reduction of shear resistance in addition to an additional volume change of the specimen. After the termination of vibration, the shear resistance was found to be recovered as the monotonic shearing continued. It was confirmed that the shear resistance reduction was not caused by vibration-induced variation of excess pore pressure in the specimen. For high-frequency vibration with frequency varying between 60 and 120 Hz, the relative shear resistance loss tended to increase linearly with the peak acceleration. Based on the test results, the concept of “vibro-critical state” is proposed to describe the ViSRR of granular soil subjected to monotonic shear and vibration simultaneously.

An objective burn scar assessment is essential to informed therapeutic decision-making and to monitor scar development over time. However, widely employed scar rating scales show poor inter-rater reliability. For this study we developed a standardized measurement protocol for the Cutometer© applicable for objective burn scar assessment in everyday clinical practice. We developed a measurement protocol for the Cutometer© MPA 580 including a scar site relocation technique based on anatomical landmarks. The protocol emerged through several steps: Identifying key factors for valid and reliable measurements, preliminary testing, specification of technical details, refining the protocol and final testing. Consecutively, the protocol was validated for inter-rater reliability by assessing 34 burn scars in 17 patients by four clinicians and computing an Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Parameter R0, representing scar pliability, was identified as the best suited output parameter yielding excellent inter-rater reliability for average measures (ICC 0.92 [95% CI 0.86; 0.96]) and acceptable reliability for single measures (ICC: 0.74 [0.61; 0.84]). The pressure applied on the measuring probe was identified as an influential confounding factor for reliable measurements. Rater gender did not influence reliability of measurements. The introduced standardized measurement protocol for the Cutometer© MPA 580 enables an objective and reliable burn scar assessment for clinical as well as research purposes.

The ‘shear-transformation zone’ (STZ), which may be referred to as a weak domain in granular material, is the main source of plastic deformations in non-cohesive soils such as sand or gravel. To theoretically investigate the vibration-induced shear resistance reduction (ViSRR) of granular materials, in this paper an extended STZ model is proposed that considers the coupling effect between vibration and quasi-static loadings. The framework of the model consists of three components: (a) the motion of STZs including the transition, creation and destruction of STZs; (b) the relation between the motion of small-scale STZs and the observable, macroscopic plastic strain; and (c) the evolution law of a ‘configurational temperature’ that reflects the energy that drives the motion of STZs. The conventional STZ model developed for amorphous materials is enhanced to accommodate both volumetric and shear deformations in the spatial stress state. Specifically, in addition to considering plastic shear strains induced by the change in STZ orientation as the result of the transition, as in conventional STZ models, the extended STZ model correlates plastic volumetric strains with the change in STZ amount resulted from creation and destruction.

The first goal of this study was to develop reliable three-dimensional definitions of alignment for the ankle, subtalar, and hindfoot joints. These alignments are based on three-dimensional morphological features derived from renderings of the bones obtained from weightbearing computer tomography. The second goal was to establish a database quantifying the alignment of the ankle, subtalar, and hindfoot joints in a healthy population during weightbearing bilateral standing. This level 1 study was performed on 95 normal subjects in which random subjects were recruited into a control group. Weightbearing computed tomography scans of the leg were collected in neutral, bilateral, standing posture. In 30 of the subjects, both the left and right leg was scanned. Six alignment parameters for each joint were calculated from morphological measurements conducted on three-dimensional renderings of the bones. Intra- and intertester reliability was assessed from repeated measurements by several testers. Analysis of variance statistics of the alignment parameters showed no statistical differences due to age, gender, or foot side. Intraclass correlation coefficient analysis showed excellent inter- and intratester reliability. It was concluded that the alignment process is comprehensive and reliable. Therefore, without classification by gender or age, it may be used as a foundation for quantifying abnormal alignment associated with various ankle deformities. Clinical significance: The alignment methodology and control database may be used to diagnose ankle, subtalar, and hindfoot misalignment. It can also serve as basis for surgical planning designed to restore normal alignment in various hindfoot pathologies, such as ankle realignment in total ankle replacement.

In this work, the effect of CuPtB ordering on the optoelectronic properties of Ga0.5In0.5P is studied by combining in situ transmission electron microscopy measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. GaInP layers were grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy with a CuPtB single-variant-induced ordering due to the intentional misorientation of the Ge(001) substrate. Moreover, the degree of order was controlled using Sb as the surfactant without changing other growth parameters. The presence of antiphase ordered domain boundaries (APDBs) between the ordered domains is studied as a function of the order parameter. The in situ electrical measurements on a set of samples with controlled degree of order evidence a clear anisotropic electrical conductivity at the nanoscale between the [110] and [1-10] orientations, which is discussed in terms of the presence of APDBs as a function of the degree of order. Additionally, DFT calculations allow to determine the differences in the optoelectronic properties of the compound with and without ordering through the determination of the dielectric function. Finally, the anisotropy of the electrical conductivity for the ordered case is also discussed in terms of the effective mass calculated from the band structure on specific k-paths. By comparing the experimental measurements and the theoretical calculations, two factors have been presented as the main contributors of the electric conductivity anisotropy of CuPtB-type ordered GaInP thin films: antiphase boundaries that separate domains with uniform order (APDBs) and the anisotropy of the effective mass due to the alternating of In/Ga rich planes.

How do pregnancy and childbirth affect engagement in politics and society? Our data from a large-scale citizen panel record political engagement before, during, and after pregnancy for (future) mothers and fathers. We find that women demobilize from politics and societal issues during pregnancy. This disengagement is strongest for indicators of political participation and seeking of political news. Our analysis also shows that gender gaps in political engagement are not only strengthened but also partly created in the earliest stages of parenthood. Although the effects are relatively minor, they are robust to various analysis techniques. Some effects also last until the child grows older. Pregnancy and childbirth rarely lead to political mobilization, and when they do, they concern child-related activities, such as attempts to change daycare providers, but only at later stages of early parenthood.

The COVID-19 pandemic offers a critical opportunity to assess the extent to which Canadians can be considered reliable defenders of democratic norms and institutions. In the face of such a serious threat to their physical and economic well-being, how willing are Canadians to condone the loosening of restraints on the power of the executive? This article addresses this question by drawing on the terror management and threat literatures. Combining a cross-sectional regression analysis with a vignette experiment and a candidate-choice conjoint experiment, it tests two hypotheses: that people experiencing debilitating anxiety about COVID-19 are more likely to favour weakening checks on the executive and that people will be willing to trade off legislative checks for the sake of their preferred lockdown policy. Both hypotheses are confirmed. In the face of an unprecedented health crisis, COVID-related anxiety and a desire for protective policies may trump respect for democratic norms.

The ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layer is a thin and dense metallic ion layer that occasionally appears at altitudes between 95 and 125 km. The layer-forming process is controlled by the vertical wind shear that is closely linked to the atmospheric tides forced by solar radiation. The diurnal, semidiurnal, terdiurnal and quarterdiurnal variations in the Es layer occurrence rate have been revealed by observations. However, how the gravity wave affects the Es layer has not been well revealed. Using the 1-D Es layer model driven by neutral winds from the HIAMCM model (High Altitude Mechanistic general Circulation Model), this work simulated the physical process of the Es layer evolution modulated by gravity waves. The results show the short-period metallic ion density disturbance (1.5-3h) caused by gravity waves. The sporadic E layer can be destroyed or enhanced by gravity waves.

So-called platform magnetometers, mounted on a variety of non-dedicated satellites in Low-Earth orbit, are promising instruments to increase the spatiotemporal coverage of space-based measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field. However, these instruments often need to be calibrated to ensure a scientific accuracy and usability of the data they collect. To do this, it is important to gather information about the satellite to correct artificial disturbances caused by other payload systems as well as other influencing properties. In the past, we demonstrated that a Machine Learning-based calibration achieves competitive results. By using machine learning techniques, the magnetometer signal can be adapted to account for artificial disturbances and the proposed non-linear regression method can automatically identify relevant features and their crosstalk, enabling the use of a wider range of inputs. This reduces the analytical work required for the calibration of platform magnetometers, resulting in faster, more precise, and easily accessible magnetic datasets from non-dedicated missions. The calibrated datasets are made publicly available.In this work, we propose an extension for the known approach by incorporating the physical Biot-Savart formula into a neural network, which results in a physics-informed neural network. This improves the modeling and correction of the impact of current-induced artificial magnetic fields on the satellite and its magnetic measurements. In addition, the Average Magnetic field and Polar current System (AMPS) model is combined with the CHAOS-7 model, improving the reference model of the calibration, especially for the polar regions. This extended approach is applied to the GOCE and GRACE-FO satellite missions and their respective measurements. In the future, the underlying software shall be published and applied to a wider variety of satellites to improve the accuracy of their platform magnetometer measurements. By making this tool publicly available, we hope to enable other satellite operators to calibrate their instruments, improve the quality of their data, and make additional data available to the scientific community.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on mission GRACE-FO are gravity satellites jointly developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and German Aerospace Center (DLR), which are composed of two satellites. Such tandem satellite missions provide us with a good opportunity to evaluate the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) derived from their onboard global positioning system (GPS) receivers. In addition, the K-band ranging system (KBR) between two satellites provides also the in-situ electron density (Ne) at the satellite orbits, which can help further to evaluate the reliability of TEC. By combing the observations from GRACE and GRACE-FO, 20 years of data (from 2002 to 2022) have been accumulated to analyze the solar cycle dependence of TEC and Ne at the topside ionosphere. Our results show that the TEC from the tandem satellites is generally the same, but slight differences can still be found, showing solar cycle and local time dependences. In addition, we found that the TEC differences between the tandem satellites of GRACE are somehow smaller than that of GRACE-FO, and the consistency between the TEC and inter-satellite electron density results of GRACE is also better.

The impact of strong and weak stratospheric polar vortices on geomagnetic semidiurnal solar and lunar tides is investigated during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winters using ground-based magnetic field observations at the Huancayo (12.05° S, 284.67° E; magnetic latitude: 0.6° S) equatorial observatory. We analyze the periods between December 15 and March 1 for 34 NH winters between 1980 and 2020 and find that the response of semidiurnal solar and lunar tides as seen in geomagnetic field depends on the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. During weak polar vortex events, geomagnetic semidiurnal solar and lunar tidal amplitudes show an average enhancement by ~ 25% and ~ 50%, respectively, which is consistent with the known results during sudden stratospheric warmings. When the stratospheric polar vortex is strong, geomagnetic semidiurnal solar and lunar tidal amplitudes decline on an average by ~ 15% and ~ 25%, respectively, during weak polar vortex events. Our results also reveal that the response of the geomagnetic semidiurnal solar tidal variations to strong and weak polar vortex conditions is delayed by approximately 10 days while the response of geomagnetic semidiurnal lunar tidal variations do not show a time delay. These results provide observational evidence that along with weak polar vortices in the Northern Hemisphere, the strong stratospheric polar vortices also have pronounced effects on the equatorial ionosphere. Graphical Abstract

Version 5 (v05) of the thermospheric wind data from the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument on the Ionospheric CONnections (ICON) mission has been recently released, which largely avoids local-time dependent artificial baseline drifts that are found in previous versions of the ICON/MIGHTI wind data. This paper describes monthly climatologies of zonal-mean winds and tides based on the v05 ICON/MIGHTI data under geomagnetically quiet conditions (Hp30 < 3o) during April 2020-March 2022. Green-line winds in the lower thermosphere (90-110 km) and red-line winds in the middle thermosphere (200-300 km) are analyzed, as these data cover both daytime and nighttime. The altitude and latitude structures of zonal-mean winds and tides are presented for each month, and the results are compared with the widely-used empirical model, Horizontal Wind Model 2014 (HWM14). The v05 wind retrieval algorithm does not involve HWM14. The ICON/MIGHTI and HWM14 results are in general agreement, providing a validation of the v05 ICON/MIGHTI data. The agreement is especially good for the zonal-mean winds. The tidal amplitudes in HWM14 are often too small compared with those from ICON/MIGHTI as well as previous studies. A more accurate description of tides in the thermosphere is key to the future improvement of HWM.

This article introduces White identity as an understudied concept in Canadian politics and compares how White settlers’ ingroup attachments and their outgroup attitudes—specifically, White settlers’ anti-Indigenous attitudes—shape Canadian politics. We find that White identity is associated with greater support for government spending on policies that disproportionately benefit White Canadians, such as pensions, whereas Indigenous resentment is associated with greater opposition toward government spending on policies that are often perceived as disproportionately benefiting Indigenous peoples, such as welfare. In Canada outside Quebec, both White identity and anti-Indigenous attitudes are associated with voting Conservative. In Quebec, White identity mobilizes support for the Bloc Québécois, while White settlers’ negative attitudes toward Indigenous peoples are not associated with vote choice.

Wampum, war, and war clubs have been linked inextricably among Iroquoian speakers for more than two centuries. The following contribution will explain its use based on some of the earliest existing war clubs in Paris collections. Thereby wampum was of necessity to close successfully the gaps of the deceased relatives, and through adoption of captives, Native Nations counteracted a decline in their population. The needed belts painted in red did not survive; instead their images did, because they served to identify warriors as leaders publicly. Neglected since the French Revolution, war clubs from the Ancient Regime are not only of extraordinary quality. They offer a unique opportunity to look back in time and function as witnesses to past practices, as a medium of non-verbal communication, which has long been gone, correlating with the loss of Native American autonomy. Pendant plus de deux cents ans, les colliers de wampum ont entretenu des relations étroites avec la guerre et les casse-têtes chez les Iroquoiens. Ce texte se propose d’en expliquer la fonction à partir de l’étude de quelques-uns des plus anciens casse-têtes connus à ce jour appartenant à des collections parisiennes. Les wampums étaient nécessaires pour compenser la perte d’un proche. En adoptant leurs prisonniers, les Premières Nations parvinrent à lutter contre la baisse démographique dans leurs rangs. Les colliers de wampum teintés de rouge ont disparu mais leur souvenir est resté, car ils identifiaient publiquement les chefs de guerre. Tombés en désuétude après la Révolution française, les casse-têtes collectionnés sous l’Ancien Régime, extrêmement bien conservés, offrent une occasion unique de se pencher sur le passé. Ils sont le témoin de pratiques de communication non verbale révolues dont la disparition coïncide avec la perte d’autonomie des Premières Nations.

Anthropologue et muséologue de formation, Nicole O’Bomsawin est originaire d’Odanak, et membre de la Première Nation des Abénakis. Entre 1986 et 2006, elle a dirigé le Musée des Abénakis, première institution muséale autochtone du Québec fondée en 1965. Aujourd’hui enseignante d’anthropologie à l’institut Kiuna et collaboratrice de l’Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS) au Québec, elle œuvre notamment à l’établissement de nouvelles stratégies pour la promotion d’une collaboration plus étroite entre les institutions publiques et de recherche et les communautés autochtones. Elle est aussi engagée auprès de l’organisme Kapakan, qui encourage le travail avec les aînés et coordonne de nombreux évènements et rencontres intergénérationnels. Également conteuse, Nicole O’Bomsawin participe à des festivals de contes pour faire connaître l’imaginaire des Premières Nations. Son travail pionnier au musée d’Odanak et son engagement pour la préservation de la tradition orale et la transmission des savoirs autochtones en font l’une des figures de proue de la muséologie et de la culture autochtones au Québec.

Pendant plus de deux cents ans, les colliers de wampum ont entretenu des relations étroites avec la guerre et les casse-têtes chez les Iroquoiens. Ce texte se propose d’en expliquer la fonction à partir de l’étude de quelques-uns des plus anciens casse-têtes connus à ce jour appartenant à des collections parisiennes. Les wampums étaient nécessaires pour compenser la perte d’un proche. En adoptant leurs prisonniers, les Premières Nations parvinrent à lutter contre la baisse démographique dans leurs rangs. Les colliers de wampum teintés de rouge ont disparu mais leur souvenir est resté, car ils identifiaient publiquement les chefs de guerre. Tombés en désuétude après la Révolution française, les casse-têtes collectionnés sous l’Ancien Régime, extrêmement bien conservés, offrent une occasion unique de se pencher sur le passé. Ils sont le témoin de pratiques de communication non verbale révolues dont la disparition coïncide avec la perte d’autonomie des Premières Nations. Wampum, war, and war clubs have been linked inextricably among Iroquoian speakers for more than two centuries. The following contribution will explain its use based on some of the earliest existing war clubs in Paris collections. Thereby wampum was of necessity to close successfully the gaps of the deceased relatives, and through adoption of captives, Native Nations counteracted a decline in their population. The needed belts painted in red did not survive; instead their images did, because they served to identify warriors as leaders publicly. Neglected since the French Revolution, war clubs from the Old Regime are not only of extraordinary quality. They offer a unique opportunity to look back in time and function as witnesses to past practices, as a medium of non-verbal communication, which has long been gone, correlating with the loss of Native American autonomy.

Photovoltaic laser power converters (PVLPCs) are the core element of power-by-light (PBL) systems, which are basically made up of a power laser, an optical fiber, and a PVLPC. PBL allows the safe transfer of power in situations where the direct use of electrical energy to power electronic equipment is either not possible or not recommendable. The first PBL system was built in 1978, but it has been only recently when PBL systems are having an outburst with continuous efficiency improvements, creation of start-ups, big companies entering the business, and increasing number of scientific publications and specialized technical conferences. This review begins with an overview of the functionalities of PBL systems and the critical requirements imposed to PVLPCs. Afterward, a brief outlook on the history of PVLPCs is presented. A detailed comparison among the different typologies of PVLPCs in terms of efficiency, delivered power, voltage, temperature effects, and manufacturability is carried out, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages depending on the application. We also point out the main aspects limiting the efficiency of PVLPCs and possible ways to circumvent them. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of PVLPCs together with the possible routes to a steady deployment of PBL systems to serve a considerable number of applications in our daily life.

Bioaerosols are particles originating from biological sources. Of these, primary bioaerosol particles (PBAP) are those directly emitted as entities, in parts or as agglomerates of particles such as bacteria, spores or pollen. In the atmosphere, PBAP are important players by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles (INP). Their relevance for cloud formation is especially important over pristine marine environments, where PBAP are emitted within sea spray aerosol (SSA) and are expected to contribute significantly to the abundance of INP. However, the emissions and sources of PBAP over oceans remain poorly understood.Within this work, we performed a controlled sea spray experiment in the Baltic Sea using a novel single-particle fluorescence and scattering instrument, the Multiparameter Bioaerosol Spectrometer (MBS), in combination with bacterial analysis of aerosol and sea water communities. Using this setup, we successfully identified large PBAP (D > 0.8 µm) within SSA and estimated their emissions to be 1 s-1m-2. Moreover, 1 out of every 104 particles (D > 0.8 µm) was classified as PBAP. The morphology of large fluorescent SSA showed a clear transition during the campaign. This change was most likely linked to changes in the seawater biogeochemical properties observed during the ship campaign. This change was also observed in changes of the bacterial population of the aerosol and seawater, as determined by the 16s rRNA analysis. The bacterial populations were significantly distinct from each other, implying a selective transfer of certain species from seawater to the atmosphere.Our results will help to better constrain the emission of PBAP from marine sources to the atmosphere and will help to understand how biogeochemical processes within the sea water can influence particle properties of SSA (e.g. particle morphology).The content of this work is currently in review at Environmental Science and Technology (ES&T).

An increase in the operation speed of high-speed trains often leads to an increase in the loading frequency on subgrade soil. Hence, the long-term dynamic behavior of the subgrade and the service performance of high-speed tracks are affected. To determine the stress–strain characteristics of granular soil under high-frequency loading, a triaxial test setup was modified to investigate the effects of loading acceleration and duration, water content, vibration frequency, cell pressure, and initial soil density. The experimental results indicate that there are reductions in axial stress and volumetric strain during high-frequency loading. The reduction in axial stress is as high as 40%, and that of volumetric strain, which is permanent, could approach 0.1%. The stress reduction, strain compression, and excess pore pressure are found to vary linearly with vibration acceleration when a/g > 0.02, where a is vertical vibration acceleration and g is gravitational acceleration. The reduction in strength and strains are found to depend on the loading acceleration and effective cell pressure, but independent of the loading duration, water content, frequency, and initial density. A threshold acceleration a = 0.02g is observed, below which the changes in the shear strength and volumetric strain induced by vibration are negligible. At high vibration acceleration, the strain amplitude could increase, eventually leading to a collapse of the specimen.

Background Peripheral nerve injuries are severe conditions with potential lifelong impairment, which is especially meaningful for the pediatric population. Knowledge on prevalence, injury mechanisms and concomitant injuries is, therefore, of utmost importance to increase clinician awareness and enable early diagnosis and treatment. As current literature on pediatric nerve lesions and concomitant injuries is scarce, we aimed to analyze all details of our patient population. Methods A total of 110 667 patients treated at our level 1 trauma center from 2012 to 2021 were evaluated for pediatric peripheral nerve injuries, causes, concomitant injuries and assessed for lesion classification (in continuity, partial lesion, dissection) and further relevant intraoperative findings. Results We found 5026 patients of all ages with peripheral nerve lesions, whereof 288 were pediatric, resulting in a prevalence of 5.7% of pediatric patients with nerve injuries. Mean age was 12.4 ± 4.6 years. Most common lesions were digital nerves (48.2%), followed by median (14.9%), ulnar (14.6%), radial (8.8%), peroneal nerve (5.2%) and brachial plexus injuries (2.1%). Of all pediatric nerve injuries, 3.8% were iatrogenic, only 30.2% had preserved continuity and 47.3% a concomitant vessel injury. Fractures were accompanied in 22.6%. Discussion We observed that a large proportion of injures had complete transections, often accompanied by concomitant vessel injuries especially in distally located injuries, highlighting the importance of early surgical exploration. Radial, ulnar and lower extremity nerve injuries were often associated with fractures. Early surgical nerve repair is key to improve motor and sensory outcomes. Knowledge on mechanisms and concomitant injuries facilitates timely diagnosis and treatment, thereby potentially preventing lifelong impairment.

In plants, jasmonate signaling regulates a wide range of processes from growth and development to defense responses and thermotolerance. Jasmonates, such as jasmonic acid (JA), (+)-7

La rendición de cuentas por los monasterios de las distintas órdenes religiosas constituye uno de los aspectos relevantes de la contabilidad monástica, por cuanto el análisis de los sistemas contables desarrollados por estas instituciones, a lo largo de su dilatada historia, pone de manifiesto una clara correlación entre las exigencias informativas inherentes a los mismos y el objetivo de control por parte de un órgano de gobierno de carácter superior. En este trabajo se analiza el alcance y evolución de la normativa relativa a la supervisión y control de las cuentas en la Congregación del Cister de Castilla a lo largo del periodo cronológico que marca el final del Antiguo Régimen. Para ello se han examinado, por un lado, documentos históricos que contienen y aplican dicha normativa: las Definiciones Cistercienses de la Sagrada Congregación de San Bernardo y Observancia de Castilla, y, por otro, una serie documental correspondiente al Libro de Es tados de una de sus instituciones, el Monasterio de Santa Mª de Oseira, que abarca el periodo temporal 1614-1832. El análisis de la citada normativa muestra la existencia de un marco regulador para la rendición de cuentas basado en figuras afines a la propia teneduría de libros: el control interno contable y la revisión y verificación externa de las cuentas, poniéndose de manifiesto la importancia que esta orden monástica otorgaba al desarrollo de unos instrumentos de control que le permitían evaluar la administración del patrimonio monacal. Asimismo, el estudio de la serie contable en la que se desarrolla e interpreta este cuerpo de normas a lo largo del tiempo, muestra una constante evolución de las mismas orientada a incrementar, clarificar y homogeneizar la información contenida en el libro de estados, constituyendo un interesante proceso de normalización de la información contable, vinculado al ejercicio de la función unificadora y controladora ejercida por el órgano superior de gobierno de esta Congregación.

IntroductionWe investigated whether initial risk classes and heterogeneous trajectories of self-compassion over the course of the pandemic may impact well-being outcomes 1 year into the pandemic.MethodsA large, representative sample of Canadians (N = 3,613; 50.6% women) was sampled longitudinally over 11 waves (April 2020–April 2021), using a rolling cross-sectional survey design. Analyses were conducted in three steps: (1) latent class analysis to identify heterogeneity in risk factors (sociodemographic, cognitive-personality, health-related) early in the pandemic, (2) latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to identify longitudinal self-compassion trajectories, and (3) GLM to examine effects of risk factor classes and self-compassion trajectories, as well as their interaction, on later well-being (mental health, perceived control, life satisfaction).Results and DiscussionFour risk factor classes emerged, with 50.9% of participants experiencing low risk, 14.3% experiencing multiple risks, 20.8% experiencing Cognitive-Personality and Health risks, and 14.0% experiencing sociodemographic and Cognitive-Personality risks. Four self-compassion trajectories also emerged, with 47.7% of participants experiencing moderate-high self-compassion that decreased then stabilized, 32.0% experiencing moderate self-compassion that decreased then stabilized, 17.3% experiencing high and stable self-compassion across time, and 3.0% experiencing low and decreasing self-compassion. Comparisons of well-being outcomes 1 year post-pandemic indicated that higher levels of self-compassion over time may protect against the impact of initial risk on well-being outcomes. Further work is still needed on heterogeneity in experiences of risk and protective factors during stressful life events.

The depletion of plasma in the nighttime F region ionosphere is called the mid-latitude ionospheric trough (MIT). The objective of this study is to identify and describe the mid-latitude ionospheric trough by using new satellite data and expanding our understanding of the MIT phenomenon.To evaluate the MIT, we used electron density in-situ data derived from GRACE satellite K-Band Ranging system (KBR) measurements. The trough was examined using data collected between 2002 and 2015, including high and low solar activity periods. We analyze the characteristics of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough (MIT) in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The MIT is characterized by its trough’s minimum position, width, depth, and probability. We investigated how MIT parameters were affected by the magnetic local time, geographic distribution, seasons, and solar and geomagnetic activity conditions, including solar wind plasma speed, interplanetary magnetic field components, and high-resolution geomagnetic indices SYM-H and Hp30.In this study, we demonstrate the elliptical distribution of the mean location of the trough minimum over three seasons for the Northern and Southern hemispheres and the MIT parameter dependency on high-resolution geomagnetic indices. Our findings confirm and extend earlier research on MIT.The obtained dependencies related to MIT climatology and occurrence probability can be used to validate existing MIT models and create new MIT models since it has not yet been represented in commonly used 3D electron density models, such as IRI, NeQuick,NEDM2020, etc. The integration of an MIT model may improve the performance of the 3D electron density models.&nbsp, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-trr-10.1177_03611981231166680 for Updated Zone of Intrusion Envelopes in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware Impact Conditions by Cody Stolle, Jennifer Rasmussen, Luis Rodriguez, Ron Faller, Chen Fang, Robert Bielenberg and Nathan Dowler in Transportation Research Record

Hardware-Aware Neural Architecture Search (HA-NAS) is an attractive approach for discovering network architectures that balance task accuracy and deployment efficiency. In an iterative search algorithm, inference time is typically determined at every step by directly profiling architectures on hardware. This imposes limitations on the scalability of search processes because access to specialized devices for profiling is required. As such, the ability to assess inference time without hardware access is an important aspect to enable deep learning on resource-constrained embedded devices. Previous work estimates inference time by summing individual contributions of the architecture’s parts. In this work, we propose using block-level inference time estimators to find the network-level inference time. Individual estimators are trained on collected datasets of independently sampled and profiled architecture block instances. Our experiments on isolated blocks commonly found in classification architectures show that gradient boosted decision trees serve as an accurate surrogate for inference time. More specifically, their Spearman correlation coefficient exceeds 0.98 on all tested platforms. When such blocks are connected in sequence, the sum of all block estimations correlates with the measured network inference time, having Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.71 on evaluated CPUs and an accelerator platform. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of our Surrogate Model (SM) methodology in its intended HA-NAS context. To this end, we evaluate and compare two HA-NAS processes: one that relies on profiling via hardware-in-the-loop and one that leverages block-level surrogate models. We find that both processes yield similar Pareto-optimal architectures. This shows that our method facilitates a similar task-performance outcome without relying on hardware access for profiling during architecture search.

Spherical harmonic analysis was performed on the geomagnetic Solar-quiet (Sq) variations observed at approximately 120 ground-based magnetometer stations in the mid- to low-latitude regions. The global equivalent ionospheric current system was estimated at each UT hour during 1-31 May 2020. During this period, geomagnetic activity was particularly low, and the hourly geomagnetic activity index Hpo did not exceed 4. The global Sq current intensity and pattern exhibit hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and longitudinal variability. The spatio-temporal variability of the Sq current system is complex. Fourier-wavelet transform is performed on the Sq current intensity at 31˚N and 33˚S magnetic latitudes to examine the tidal wave composition. We also evaluate the temporal variability of eastward- and westward-propagating wave components with different zonal wavenumbers (s=1, 2, 3). The spectral analysis results show that the migrating (or Sun-synchronous) diurnal tidal wave component dominates considerably in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres but their day-to-day variations are not correlated. This observation indicates that the day-to-day variability of the migrating diurnal tide in Sq currents is dominated by local wind-dynamo effects, rather than by a global process such as the solar radiation effect on the ionospheric conductivity., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Die Wahl eines Berufes ist ein lebenslanger komplexer Prozess und Ergebnis von familiärer Sozialisation, Lebenslage und Bildungsprozessen. Im Primar- und Elementarbereich ist Berufsorientierung ein nachrangiges Thema. In den Bildungs-, Erziehungs- und Orientierungsplänen der Bundesländer finden sich jedoch Hinweise und Beispiele für die pädagogische Arbeit zum Thema Berufe. Mit ihrem ganzheitlichen Förderauftrag und der lebensweltbezogenen Arbeit sind Kindertageseinrichtungen geeignete Orte für frühkindliche Bildungsprozesse und Ansatzpunkt für erste Auseinandersetzungen mit Berufen. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Projektes "Kleine Meister", einem Projekt zur Berufsfrühorientierung, präsentiert. Die Ergebnisse der Evaluation zeigen, dass Vorschulkinder durch die pädagogische Arbeit ihr Wissen zu den Berufen im Projektzeitraum signifikant verbessern konnten. Damit zeigt sich, dass der Elementarbereich einen wirksamen Beitrag zur Berufsorientierung leisten kann. Career choices are a life-long complex process and the result of family socialization, life circumstances and educational processes. In Germany, formal and informal courses, who address occupational orientation, in general do not start before secondary school I. In elementary and primary school, occupational orientation is a minor topic. Curricula in early education of the German federal states include various references to occupation and illustrate in examples how occupations can be addressed with children. Educational projects in early education are appropriate to deal with this topic due to its holistic approach. This paper presents results from the evaluation of the project "Little Craftsman", a project to address occupational orientation in early years. Results indicate that occupation related knowledge increased significantly as result of the intervention project. This study indicates that elementary education can contribute substantial to occupational orientation in early years.

Following public debates on the topic of trust in Quebec, this article examines the alleged social capital differential between Quebec and the rest of Canada. The literature has found lower levels of generalized trust in Quebec, but explanations offered are diverse and conjectural, with historical, sociological and political factors all in contention. We test contextual and compositional influences, including cohort differences, language and linguistic ability, religion, ethnicity, and neighbourhood-level measures of diversity, using pooled cross-sectional data from the Canadian General Social Survey (2003, 2008 and 2013) linked with precise measures of neighbourhood-level ethnic and linguistic diversity drawn from the Canadian census. We identify those Quebecers who have low levels of trust and those who more closely resemble their counterparts in the rest of Canada. We find that individual linguistic ability and linguistic heterogeneity of the neighbourhood are important correlates of trust and that among francophone populations, social distrust is found most in unilingual homogenous communities.

Assessing the risk of tsunami-driven debris has increasingly been recognized as an important design consideration. The recent ASCE/SEI7-16 standard Chapter 6 requires all the areas included within a 22.5° spreading angle from the debris source to consider the debris impact. However, it would be more reasonable to estimate the risks using numerical simulation models. Although a number of simulation models to predict tsunami debris transport have been proposed individually, comparative studies for these simulation models have rarely been conducted. Thus, in the present study, an inter-model comparison for tsunami debris simulation model was performed as a part of the virtual Tsunami Hackathon held in Japan from September 1 to 3 in 2020. The blind benchmarking experiment, which recorded the transport of three container models under a tsunami-like bore, was conducted to generate a unique dataset. Then, four different numerical models were applied to reproduce the experiments. Simulated results demonstrated considerable differences among the simulation models. Essentially, the importance of accurate modelling of a flow field, especially a tsunami front, was confirmed to be important in simulating debris motion. Parametric studies performed in each model and comparisons between different models also confirmed that a drag coefficient and inertia coefficient would influence the simulated debris trajectory and velocity. It was also shown that two-way coupled modelling to express the interaction between debris and a tsunami is important to accurately model the debris motion.