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This poster is presented in tandem with the Sensitive Data IG session at RDA18 (which shares the same name). In previous meetings, the Sensitive Data IG has scoped the interest and needs of the RDA community. At this meeting, we focus on specific challenges and opportunities associated with working with Sensitive Data. This poster explores one of these - how do we understand sensitive data definitions in different regions and disciplines, and how might we develop a shared language around sensitive data. For example, developing an understanding of different community agreed vocabularies and how these relate to each other. This poster will consist of three sections. First, case studies of different types of sensitive data will be presented. These will include, for example, case studies from the humanities, medicine, and military cases. Second, different classification systems for the level of sensitive data will be shown. This will explore, for example, what constitutes a high level of sensitive data in one classification system compared to another. Third, examples of how sensitive data is managed across different regions will be given. For example, what protocols govern the use of sensitive data in the Australian context compared to the European context? By presenting these examples, this poster aims to promote wider discussion on how sensitive data is currently defined. Further, it aims to draw out how context can impact whether data is considered sensitive. In doing so, it takes steps towards developing a common language for discussing sensitive data classifications and levels across contexts/disciplines/localities. This poster compliments the RDA Sensitive Data IG session. It is developed by the Sensitive Data IG co-chairs and is an opportunity for us to convey our ideas and seek input from the community in a different forum. More information and contact details for the Sensitive Data IG available at https://www.rd-alliance.org/groups/sensitive-data-interest-group, POSTER LEAD: Romain David (European Research Infrastructure on Highly Pathogenic Agents [ERINHA], 0000-0003-4073-7456) CO-AUTHORS (in alphabetical order): Dharma Akmon (University of Michigan, 0000-0002-1359-0586); Nichola Burton (Australian Research Data Commons, 0000-0003-4470-4846); Sarah C. Davidson (Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, The Ohio State University, 0000-0002-2766-9201); Steven McEachern (Australian Data Archive, 0000-0001-7848-4912); Kristan Kang (Australian Research Data Commons,0000-0002-2057-1033); Aleksandra Michalewicz (University of Melbourne, 0000-0002-7328-2470); Priyanka Pillai (University of Melbourne, 0000-0002-3768-8895); Herv�� Raoul (ERINHA), Audrey Richard (ERINHA); Kristal Spreadborough (University of Melbourne, 0000-0002-7022-3213); Diana Stepanyan (ERINHA); Frankie Stevens (Australia's Academic and Research Network, 0000-0002-2556-473X). Presented at Research Data Alliance 18th Plenary - remotely, November 2021.

In his article The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics, James H. Moor distinguishes two lines of argument for those who wish to draw a “bright line” between full ethical agents, such as human beings, and “weaker” ethical agents, such as machines whose actions have significant moral ramifications. The first line of argument is that only full ethical agents are agents at all. The second is that no machine could have the presumed features necessary for ethical agency. This paper shows why Moor is mistaken in his refutation of the first line of argument; it also makes a positive case that “weaker” ethical agents are not agents at all. This positive case, however, allows Moor’s rejection of the second line of argument to stand: allowing that there could be moral machines, but that these machines would have to be full moral agents and not merely something that models moral behavior or can be used in morally charged ways.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spreading depression (SD) is a local, temporary disruption of cellular ionic homeostasis that propagates slowly across the cerebral cortex and other neural tissues such as the retina. Spreading depolarization associated with SD occurs in different types of stroke, and this phenomenon correlates also with the initiation of classical migraine aura. The aim of this study was to investigate how NMDA receptor antagonists with different subtype selectivity alter SD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Immunoblotting was applied to the chick retina for NMDA receptor subunit protein analysis, and an efficient in vitro chick retinal model used with SD imaging for NMDA receptor pharmacology. KEY RESULTS The prominent NMDA receptor subtypes GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B were found highly expressed in the chick retina. Nanomolar concentrations of NVP-AAM077 (GluN2A-preferring receptor antagonist) markedly suppressed high K+-induced SD; that is, ∼30 times more effectively than MK801. At sub-micromolar concentrations, Ro 25-6981 (GluN2B-preferring receptor antagonist) produced a moderate SD inhibition, whereas CP-101,606 (also GluN2B-preferring receptor antagonist) and UBP141 (GluN2C/2D-preferring receptor antagonist) had no effect. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The expression of major NMDA receptor subtypes, GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B in the chick retina makes them pertinent targets for pharmacological inhibition of SD. The high efficacy of NVP-AAM077 on SD inhibition suggests a critical role of GluN2A-containing receptors in SD genesis. Such high anti-SD potency suggests that NVP-AAM077, and other GluN2A-selective drug-like candidates, could be potential anti-migraine agents.

Spreading depression (SD) is a local, temporary disruption of cellular ionic homeostasis that propagates slowly across the cerebral cortex and other neural tissues such as the retina. Spreading depolarization associated with SD occurs in different types of stroke, and this phenomenon correlates also with the initiation of classical migraine aura. The aim of this study was to investigate how NMDA receptor antagonists with different subtype selectivity alter SD.Immunoblotting was applied to the chick retina for NMDA receptor subunit protein analysis, and an efficient in vitro chick retinal model used with SD imaging for NMDA receptor pharmacology.The prominent NMDA receptor subtypes GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B were found highly expressed in the chick retina. Nanomolar concentrations of NVP-AAM077 (GluN2A-preferring receptor antagonist) markedly suppressed high K(+) -induced SD; that is, ∼30 times more effectively than MK801. At sub-micromolar concentrations, Ro 25-6981 (GluN2B-preferring receptor antagonist) produced a moderate SD inhibition, whereas CP-101,606 (also GluN2B-preferring receptor antagonist) and UBP141 (GluN2C/2D-preferring receptor antagonist) had no effect.The expression of major NMDA receptor subtypes, GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B in the chick retina makes them pertinent targets for pharmacological inhibition of SD. The high efficacy of NVP-AAM077 on SD inhibition suggests a critical role of GluN2A-containing receptors in SD genesis. Such high anti-SD potency suggests that NVP-AAM077, and other GluN2A-selective drug-like candidates, could be potential anti-migraine agents.

Analytical solutions for charge transport in inhomogeneous MOS transmission lines are obtained. The line is assumed to have an initial exponential doping profile. An exact solution is obtained for the case of a constant charge being injected into the structure. An approximate solution is obtained for the case of a fixed voltage being applied at one end of the structure.

The expansion of a magnetized, uniform quasineutral plasma into a vacuum is solved in a Lagrangian representation. For one initial condition, the solution is in terms of an integral originally derived by Anderson, Bonnedal and Lisak who treated the same problem. Another solution is found which conserves the total number of particles in the system.

One-dimensional motion of an initially cold, uniform-density plasma is considered when the electron are locally heated by an external source of energy. The energy in the electrons is coupled to the ions by an ion-electron energy exchange term. Electron thermal conduction is taken to be the dominant transport mechanism. The fluid plasma equations that describe this process in one-dimensional Lagrange co-ordinates admit a self-similar reduction to ordinary differential equations for arbitrary geometrical symmetry. The plasma implosion structure is determined by study of the critical points and singular points of these (six) ordinary differential equations. Self-similar profiles show a sharp shock that is isothermal in electron temperature; proceeded by a supersonic thermal wave, and followed by a nearly isothermal plasma flow.

Using a one‐dimensional unipolar ion conduction model of the type originally studied by Many and Rakavy, the transient behavior of the electric field and space‐charge distribution is studied in planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometries. A general solution in Lagrangian mass variables is obtained. We are able to recover the recent results of Hensen in planar geometry.

For a class of initial conditions, the Cauchy problem is studied for electrostatic fluid equations that describe expansion of a cloud of ions in one dimension. The fluid motion which results is a type of free streaming of charged particles in a self‐consistent electrostatic field. The exact solution obtained in planar geometry is compared with self‐similar solutions and with previous investigations.

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Using the infinitesimal tranformation of Lie theory, the invariants of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation ψxx + iψt + K|ψ|2ψ = 0 are studied. The permissible groups are constructed and the associated group invariants (similar variables) are obtained.

We show that the set of coupled nonlinear diffusion equations nt =μnxx−d [(n/s)sx]x and st =Dsxx−AnsB admits a self‐similar solution. These equations have been used in biology to model the migration of bacteria into a substrate. An asymptotic solution in the limit of large η≡x/(4xt)1/2 is obtained.

Introduction This thesis deals with the behavioural and psychological changes in dementia in relation to caregiver functioning. Behavioural and psychological problems occur frequently during all stages of the dementia process, and include a heterogeneous range of behaviours, such as depression, apathy, agitation, aggression, psychosis, hallucinations, and restlessness. The majority of the dementia patients are cared for at home by a family member, mostly spouses or children. Caring for a demented person with problem behaviours is very demanding for family caregivers and has profound consequences. Furthermore, caregivers differ in their competence to adequately manage patient problems, and may even worsen problem behaviours. The topic of this thesis is the two-way interaction between patient behaviour and caregiver functioning, of which both sides are dealt with separately. Thus the two main questions addressed in this thesis are: 1. What is the impact of behavioural problems in dementia patients on the family caregiver? 2. What is the impact of family caregivers on patient problem behaviours in dementia? To examine the interaction between patient behaviour and caregiver functioning, we performed a longitudinal study into the course and risk factors of behavioural problems in dementia, entitled the Maastricht Study of Behaviour in Dementia (MAASBED). A description of MAASBED is provided in chapter 2 of this thesis. In chapter 3 we tried to identify distinct behavioural syndromes, using the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The three subsyndromes that were found (hyperactivity, mood/apathy, and psychosis) formed the basis of further analyses described in this thesis. The impact of patient behaviour on caregiver functioning The first aim of this study was to assess the negative impact of patient behavioural problems on various aspects of caregiver functioning, as addressed in chapter 4, 5, 6, and 7. Results show that patient behavioural problems are the most distressing to caregivers, as indicated by subjective as well as objective measures. Furthermore, caregiver distress appeared to have profound consequences, as it increased the risk of patient institutionalization. In addition, it was found in chapter 4 that high levels of patient behavioural problems led to a higher caregiver cortisol awakening response, an objective indicator of stress (Pruessner et al. 1997), mediated through stress appraisal. The observed elevation of 165 cortisol levels is an important finding, because it could increase caregivers’ susceptibility to physical health problems, as chronic exposure to stress hormones increases disease vulnerability (Bauer et al. 2000). These findings provide evidence for a physiological stress response in caregivers, in addition to subjective measures. A further examination described in chapter 5 and 6 indicated that specific symptoms have specific effects on family caregivers, with patient apathy being one of the most important symptoms in this regard. Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients as well as caregivers of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) patients reported that patient symptoms of depression and apathy were most distressing to them (chapter 6). In addition, disinhibition was severely distressing in FTD caregivers, whereas anxiety was typically distressing in AD caregivers. FTD caregivers were overall more distressed by the behaviour of their partner than AD caregivers. Thus, individual behavioural symptoms in dementia patients have a differential impact on their caregivers, with mood disturbance and apathy having overall the greatest impact. But, besides these similarities also differences exist between specific diagnostic groups, with behaviour related distress being most prominent in FTD caregivers. Furthermore, patient apathy was the most important symptom that adversely affected the quality of the spousal relationship, by causing a loss of essential relationship elements, such as joint activities, shared experiences, and verbal communication. Results indicated that caregivers better cope with excessive patient behaviour that disrupts interaction, than they are with a decrease in interaction because of diminished conversation or disinterest on the part of the patient. High levels of caregiver distress appeared to have profound consequences for patient and caregiver. The study described in chapter 7 showed that caregiver distress related to patient behaviour was a significant predictor of nursing home placement, while patient behaviour in itself was not. These results stress the importance of distinguishing objective burden (in terms of behavioural problems) from the resulting subjective distress in the caregiver, when estimating the risk for institutionalization. In addition, kinship has to be taken into account in this regard, because daughters institutionalized the patient sooner than spousal caregivers. The impact of caregiver factors on patient behaviour Besides the finding that patient behaviour has profound consequences for family caregivers, they are, vice verse, likely to play a role in the emergence of patient behavioural problems. The impact of several aspects of caregiver functioning on patient behaviour was addressed in the second part of this thesis (chapter 8, 9, 10, and 11). Results from these studies suggest that caregiver competencies and abilities to provide adequate care may affect hyperactive behaviour in the patient. No evidence was found that patient mood/apathy or psychosis was influenced by caregiver functioning. First, differences in caregiver management styles were examined in chapter 8, which resulted in the identification of the following three strategies, on the basis of analysis of verbatim reports of in-depth interviews in caregivers: (1) caregivers using a ‘nurturing’ strategy felt that they were taking care of a child, no longer regarded the patient as equal, and focused on personal care tasks or protection of the patient; (2) a ‘supporting’ strategy was characterized by adaptation to the patient’s level of functioning, supervising the patient, and stimulating his or her abilities; (3) and a ‘non-adapting’ strategy was characterized by a lack of understanding of the problems, and irritation or impatience towards the patient. We found that caregiver characteristics such as sex, education, and personality were important determinants of management strategies. Furthermore, possible consequences of these management styles were examined. We found that non-adapting caregivers were most likely to encounter patient hyperactivity symptoms during the course of the dementia and felt least competent compared to nurturers and supporters, whereas supporters reported the lowest levels of patient hyperactivity and felt most competent as a caregiver. These findings resulted in the identification of the most vulnerable patient-caregiver group, characterized by a non-adapting caregiver strategy, feelings of low caregiver competence, and high levels of patient hyperactivity. It is most likely that there exists a mutual negative interaction in these vulnerable couples, with both patient and caregiver reacting with irritation and anger towards each other, resulting in an exacerbation of patient hyperactivity. This is further supported by the finding in chapter 9 that highly critical/over-involved caregivers, as indicated by a measure of expressed emotion (EE), also reported higher levels of patient hyperactivity and lower feelings of competence. In addition, vulnerability may be increased by suboptimal cognitive functioning in caregivers. The continuously changing and demanding care situation requires optimal cognitive functioning in caregivers. Spousal caregivers of dementia patients are usual of the same age as the patient and therefore at risk for age-related cognitive decline (Jolles 1986), which may affect their ability to provide adequate care. Examination of caregiver cognitive functioning and possible consequences for patient behaviour in chapter 10 showed that suboptimal memory performance in caregivers was related to an increase in patient hyperactivity symptoms. This finding is in line with the results described in chapter 167 8 and 9, that caregiver functioning is associated with patient hyperactivity. The fact that suboptimal cognitive functioning predicted an increase in patient hyperactivity supports the notion that caregiver functioning plays a role in the etiology of patient behaviour. But again, considering the fact that there is a reciprocal interaction between patient and caregiver it seems most plausible that there exists a mutual relationship between patient problem behaviours and caregiver functioning. The results from the current study imply that caregivers with a non-adaptive strategy, high levels of expressed emotion, or sub-optimal cognitive functioning may not be able to counterbalance the lowered competence in the dementia patient, whereas supporting caregivers are most competent to adapt to the needs of the patient and create a safe environment. Further evidence for the impact of caregiver functioning on patient behaviour is provided by caregiver intervention studies. A review of caregiver intervention studies in chapter 11, including behavioural management training, psycho-education, and social support groups, suggested that patient problem behaviours can be improved by teaching caregivers adequate management skills. This underlines the importance of the MAASBED results, as the identification of vulnerable patient-caregiver couples can be used as a starting point for caregiver interventions to improve caregiver skills and subsequently reduce patient problem behaviour. Discussion and conclusion Methodology, findings and their relevance are discussed in chapter 12. Methodological issues included the sample selection, assessment of behavioural symptoms, loss to follow-up, causality, combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, and the confounding influence of medication use. Patient problem behaviours have negative consequences for caregiver functioning, with patient apathy being the most important symptom in this regard. Several explanations for the contribution of apathy to caregiver burden are discussed. The impact of apathy is an important finding, as clinical practice and intervention research have under-recognized the importance of apathy so far. Furthermore, the differential effects of specific patient behaviours stress the importance of focusing beyond BPSD on individual symptoms or syndromes. As caregiver functioning is, vice verse, likely to play a role in the emergence of patient behavioural problems, the importance of an interactive model of patient problem behaviours was set forth. Vulnerable patient-caregiver systems were found, characterized by suboptimal caregiver functioning, diminished feelings of caregiver competence, poor interpersonal interaction, and higher levels of patient hyperactivity. The identification of vulnerable client systems may provide a useful starting point for the development of more specific interventions. Overall, these findings illustrate that behavioural changes are a prominent aspect of dementia, and therefore should be considered as an intrinsic part of the disease. A behavioural approach to dementia, with emphasis on an interactive model of patient behaviour, will provide most opportunities for successful interventions to increase the quality of life of both patient and caregiver.

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