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A new subspecies of Papasula booby is described from fossil remains collected in the Mascarene Islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, southwestern Indian Ocean. The Mascarene Booby Papasula abbotti nelsoni ssp. nov., larger than nominate Abbott’s Booby P. a. abbotti from Christmas Island, northeast Indian Ocean, was approximately the same size as the extinct Hiva Oa Booby P. a. costelloi from the Marquesas in the Eastern Pacific. Mentioned in early accounts of Mauritius in 1668 and in 1725–26 and 1761 on Rodrigues, the Mascarene booby became extinct by the end of the 18th century. Members of another isolated but now extirpated population of Papasula abbotti from Assumption Island in the Seychelles Archipelago, the island from which the type specimen was collected, are identical to extant Christmas Island birds in size and colouration and discussed in detail herein.

†Hiva Oa Booby Papasula abbotti costelloi Steadman et al., 1988 Papasula abbotti costelloi Steadman, Schubel & Pahlavan, 1988, p.490. Holotype: Left tibiotarsus BPBM 167105 u/s Measurements: See Steadman et al. 1988. Type Locality: Hanamiai Site, Tahuata, Marquesas Islands, South Pacific. Distribution: Tahuata and Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, South Pacific., Published as part of Hume, Julian P., 2023, A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island, pp. 507-536 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on page 518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7863382, {"references":["Steadman, D. W., Schubel, S. E. & Pahlavan, D. (1988) A new subspecies and new records of Papasula abbotti (Aves: Sulidae) from archaeological sites in the tropical Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 487 - 495."]}

Genus Papasula Olson and Warheit, 1988 Papasula abbotti Olson & Warheit, 1988, p. 10 Type (by monotypy) Osteological diagnosis and comparison. The following osteological characters in combination characterize the genus Papasula. The fossil specimens are much larger than those of species in most other marine bird genera occurring in the Mascarenes, including those in Oceanitidae, Phaethontidae, Laridae, Stercorariidae, and in all Procellariidae except Macronectes giganteus. Papasula abbotti is smaller than M. giganteus and all species of Diomedeidae. It differs from similar-sized Fregata ariel and F. minor as follows. Coracoid: smaller, more gracile, and processus lateralis much less extensive. Sternum: larger; in lateral view, sulcus articularis coracoideus bordered with a much larger labrum interna and tuberculum labri externa; in dorsal view, foramina pneumatici larger, much more extensive. Humerus: more gracile, much thinner in the shaft and particularly lacks a sharply angular crista deltopectoralis. Ulna: much smaller; cotyla dorsalis larger and directed distad; impressio brachialis much more excavated; papillae remigales much less pronounced. Tarsometatarsus: most notably by much larger size, extremely reduced in length and width in Fregata, and sulcus extensorius much more deeply excavated. The Papasula material described herein is further assigned to Sulidae by the characters identified in Olson & Warheit (1988), Steadman et al. (1988), and van Tets et al. (1988), who also mentioned diagnostic characters of the cranial and other parts of the postcranial skeleton not discussed here. Coracoid (Fig. 2; table 1) In Papasula, on dorsal surface, facies articularis humeralis rotated ventrolaterad, with processus procoracoideus directed sharply proximally; cotyla scapulae small; sulcus m. supracoracoidei large and oval, with numerous foramina pneumatici; shaft wide and deep; facies articularis sternalis deep and bordered proximally by a large crista; angulus medialis long projecting proximomedially; processus lateralis strongly square-shaped with prominent distally directed angulus lateralis; labrum externum with a large, pointed process directed dorsally and a distinct proximal edge extending to distal corner of angulus lateralis; in ventral aspect, crista acrocoracoidea to impressio bicipitalis flat, not concave; in medial aspect, facies articularis clavicularis enlarged and convex, directed proximodorsally, with no crista on facies articularis clavicularis; in lateral aspect, facies articularis humeralis large and wide with proximal extension; impressio lig. acrocoracohumeralis broad and deeply excavated; impressio m. sternocoracoidei bordered by a sharp crista dorsally, extending to midline of shaft and creating a deeper, larger proximodorsal surface area. Coracoids in Masked Booby Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831 and Red-footed Booby Sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766), in dorsal aspect, overall longer, less robust; processus procoracoideus more pointed, less triangular laterally (extending less laterad in S. sula); sulcus m. supracoracoidei smaller, with smaller and fewer foramina pneumatici; shaft narrower lateromedially and shallower dorsoventrally; facies articularis sternalis deep bordered proximally by a more extensive crista (shorter proximodistally in S. sula); angulus medialis shorter projecting more medially; impressio m. sternocoracoidei less extensive proximally; processus lateralis strongly square-shaped without proximally directed margo caudolateralis (more angular with proximally directed margo caudolateralis in S. sula) and prominent distally directed angulus lateralis; proximally and distally directed corners; pointed process on labrum externum extremely reduced or absent, with a distinct proximal edge extending to distal corner of angulus lateralis; in ventral aspect, crista acrocoracoidea to impressio bicipitalis angled; in medial aspect, facies articularis clavicularis less swollen, not convex and not directed proximodorsally, with a crista on facies articularis clavicularis; angulus medialis deflected to ventral surface due to deeper facies articularis sternalis; in lateral aspect, facies articularis humeralis smaller, narrower, extending less proximally; impressio lig. acrocoracohumeralis laterally compressed and deeper; sharp crista bordering impressio m. sternocoracoidei much shorter, extending to lateral edge of facies articularis sternalis only, and creating a shallower, smaller surface area that extends less proximally. Coracoids in Northern Gannet Morus bassanus (Linnaeus, 1758), much larger, especially proximally and distally, but shaft proportionally narrower lateromedially and shallower dorsoventrally; in dorsal aspect, sulcus m. supracoracoidei larger, but with proportionately smaller foramina pneumatici; facies articularis sternalis deeper, more extensive laterally, and proximally bordered crista more extensive; angulus medialis rounded; processus lateralis strongly square-shaped without proximally directed margo caudolateralis and prominent distally directed angulus lateralis; pointed crista on labrum externum extremely reduced or absent, with a distinct proximal edge extending to distal corner of angulus lateralis; in ventral aspect, crista acrocoracoidea to impressio bicipitalis angled; in medial aspect, facies articularis clavicularis less swollen and not convex, with a crista on facies articularis clavicularis; angulus medialis strongly deflected to ventral surface due to deeper facies articularis sternalis; in lateral aspect, facies articularis humeralis much larger, more square-shaped proximally; impressio lig. acrocoracohumeralis laterally compressed and shallower; sharp crista bordering impressio m. sternocoracoidei dorsally much shorter, extending to lateral edge of facies articularis sternalis only, creating a shallower, smaller surface area that extends less proximally. Sternum (Fig. 3; table 1) Sternum in Papasula, in lateral aspect, rostrum sterni lacks projecting spina interna or spina externa; crista lateralis carinae projects sharply craniad; sulcus articularis coracoideus wide and deep, bordered with a large, oval-shaped labrum interna and a much smaller tuberculum labri externa, less than 50% of the length; in visceral aspect, processus craniolateralis reduced and directed medially dorsally, with tuberculum labri externa extending further laterad than labrum interna; two large, cranial-placed foramen pneumatici present, with a row of smaller foramina that follow each side of the sulcus medianus sterni; in cranial view, sulcus articularis coracoideus compressed midpoint on the rostrum sterni, with the dorsal surface running directly without obstruction to the cranial visceral surface. Sternum in Sula dactylatra and Sula sula, overall smaller, narrower; in lateral aspect, sulcus articularis coracoideus shallower and narrower, with labrum interna kidney-shaped and tuberculum labri externa narrower but almost the same length (oval-shaped and tuberculum labri externa much smaller, less than 40% of the length in S. sula); in visceral aspect, two foramen pneumatici absent with fewer and smaller foramina following sulcus medianus sterni; in cranial view, sulcus articularis coracoideus more deeply compressed midpoint on rostrum sterni forming a ridge between it and cranial visceral surface. Sternum in Morus bassanus, slightly narrower; in lateral aspect, sulcus articularis coracoideus deeper, with labrum interna oval-shaped, tuberculum labri externa absent; in visceral aspect, two foramen pneumatici absent but with more numerous, large foramina concentrated cranially and not following sulcus medianus sterni; in cranial view, cranial end deeper; sulcus articularis coracoideus more deeply compressed midpoint on rostrum sterni forming a ridge between it and cranial visceral surface. Humerus (Figs. 4, 5; table 2) Humerus in Papasula, long and gracile, almost equal in total length to ulna, with reduced proximal and distal ends; on caudal surface, shaft laterally compressed especially from midshaft to fossa m. brachialis; caput humeri bulbous with a small indentation set slightly ventrad from the midline; incisura capitis rounded, shallow and not reaching proximal edge of margo caudalis; tuberculum ventrale large and prominent connecting to a shortened crus dorsale fossa that terminates with the dorsal edge of incisura capitis; large, open fossa pneumotricipitalis with two foramina pneumatici, medial foramen much larger than lateral; crista deltopectoralis compressed dorsoventrally; crista bicipitalis straight without concavity terminating abruptly with shaft distally; sulcus humerotricipitalis narrow and deeply incised and cutting distinctly ventrodorsally; sulcus scapulotricipitalis narrow and deeply incised cutting proximodistally; fossa olecrani deeply situated; epicondylus ventralis long and narrow, projecting distad to level of condyles; in cranial aspect, sulcus lig. transversus deeply incised, undercutting the caput humeri dorsally; crista bicipitalis bulbous and rugose distally, with a pronounced sulcus n. coracobrachialis that creates a crista between it and impressio coracobrachialis that extends distally beyond crista deltopectoralis; shallow impressio coracobrachialis; crista deltopectoralis terminates distally with a raised rugose crista; fossa m. brachialis deeply incised and directed proximodorsally; two foramina pneumatici situated directly above condylus dorsalis; epicondylus dorsalis indistinct; tuberculum supracondylare ventrale prominent and deflected dorsally and slightly overhangs fossa m. brachialis. Humerus in Sula dactylatra and S. sula, smaller, distal end comparatively larger; shaft more compressed mediolaterally; on caudal surface, caput humeri larger, more bulbous and base almost connects with margo caudalis distally; pneumatic foramen smaller, situated further proximally (substantially reduced or absent in S. sula); margo caudalis wider, lacking sharp crista; crista bicipitalis with clearly defined, angular contact with shaft; tuberculum ventrale directed more ventrad (more caudad in S. sula); sulcus humerotricipitalis shallower; epicondylus ventralis situated more proximally; in cranial aspect, sulcus lig. transversus deeper (narrower, extending past base of caput humeri in S. sula); crista bicipitalis more bulbous; fossa m. brachialis less extensive proximally and shallower; processus flexorius narrower, on same plane as condylus ventralis and condylus dorsalis. Humerus in Morus bassanus, overall more robust, especially on proximal and distal ends; on caudal surface, caput humeri smaller, less bulbous; tuberculum ventrale longer, directed more proximally; fossa pneumotricipitalis extremely shallow; crista bicipitalis shorter, less expansive, with slight angular contact with shaft; shaft more compressed mediolaterally; sulcus humerotricipitalis shallower; in cranial aspect, fossa m.brachialis much shallower; sulcus lig. transversus much shallower; crista bicipitalis flatter, less bulbous; fossa m. brachialis shallower, extends less proximally; processus flexorius narrower, on same plane as condylus ventralis and condylus dorsalis. Ulna (Fig. 6; table 3) In Papasula, shaft long and gracile with proximal and distal ends caudocranially compressed; in dorsal aspect, olecranon prominent and deflected slightly craniad; cotyla dorsalis weakly excavated with indistinct crista intercotylaris; incisura radialis deeply excavated with large foramen pneumaticum, and extends proximally well beyond cotyla dorsalis; impressio scapulotricipitalis shallow; 19 papillae remigales dorsalis present; incisura tendinosus prominent, especially distally, where it forms a deep sulcus, and extends proximally to top of tuberculum carpale; tuberculum carpale with large pneumatic foramen; in ventral aspect, impressio brachialis shallow and non-pneumatic, with a pronounced crista defining it for its entire length; narrow tuberculum lig. collateralis ventrale extending distally 1/3 the length of impressio brachialis; 19 papillae remigales ventralis present; condylus dorsalis ulnaris long and narrow with pronounced proximal extension; foramen pneumaticum between tuberculum carpale and condylus ventralis ulnaris adjoining sulcus intercondylaris; a second foramen pneumaticum situated craniad on tuberculum carpale; in caudal aspect, condylus ventralis ulnaris sharply hooked and directed craniad. In S. dactylatra and S. sula, much shorter, comparatively straighter, distal end more reduced; condylus ventralis ulnaris narrower; in ventral aspect, pneumatic foramen between condylus ventralis ulnaris and tuberculum carpale minute or absent; in lateral view, condylus dorsalis ulnaris extends further proximally; in dorsal aspect, tuberculum carpale shorter, extending less medially. In Morus bassanus shorter, more robust, especially the proximal and distal ends; in dorsal aspect, pneumatic foramen in incisura radialis and between condylus ventralis ulnaris and tuberculum carpale; in ventral aspect, impressio brachialis smaller, less extensive; pneumatic foramen proximal to sulcus intercondylaris minute or absent on tuberculum carpale; in lateral aspect, condylus dorsalis ulnaris less extensive proximally; in dorsal aspect, tuberculum carpale shorter, extending less medially. Tarsometatarsus (Fig. 7; table 4) Tarsometatarsus in Papasula, in dorsal aspect, broad, with lateral side of shaft straight in contrast with a concave medial side; eminentia intercotylaris small, pointed and not adjoining lateral edge of shallow cotyla lateralis; cotyla medialis with a small laterally situated crista; sulcus extensorius deeply excavated, extending down shaft to a deeply set foramen vasculare distale; lateral edge thin when viewed dorsoplantarly; two foramina vascularia proximalia, with lateral foramen smaller than medial foramen and situated further proximally; both foramina small and open directly onto plantar side; incisura intertrochlearis medialis much narrower than incisura intertrochlearis lateralis; medial sulcus of trochlea metatarsi III shallow; short, shallow sulcus running proximally from incisura intertrochlearis medialis and terminating at proximal edge of foramen vasculare distale; crista from trochlea metatarsi II to fossa metatarsi I large; trochlea metatarsi II extends further distally than trochlea metatarsi III; in plantar aspect, fossa parahypotarsalis medialis deep, angular and non-pneumatic; crista medianoplantaris prominent, long, running from crista medialis hypotarsi to lateral edge of trochlea metatarsi IV; foramen vasculare distale small; medial sulcus absent on trochlea metatarsi IV; distal surface of shaft and fossa supratrochlearis plantaris rugose; in lateral aspect, proximal margin of trochlea metatarsi IV joins the shaft almost perpendicularly; trochlea metatarsi III protrudes dorsally from plane of shaft; on proximal end, cotyla lateralis smaller than cotyla medialis and divided by a prominent eminentia intercotylaris; crista lateralis hypotarsi and crista medialis hypotarsi separated by a single crista intermedia hypotarsus; crista medialis hypotarsi large and hook-shaped, producing a large sulcus hypotarsus. Tarsometatarsus in Sula dactylatra, S. sula and Morus bassanus, overall, much narrower and less expanded distally, much longer in M. bassanus; shaft curved more medially, less straight; trochleae less widely spaced; incisura intertrochlearis lateralis much narrower; facies dorsalis less deeply set; three foramina vascularia proximalia present; origin of trochlea metatarsi II situated less proximally, not extending past trochlea metatarsi III; in plantar aspect, sulcus flexorius less rugose; crista plantaris mediana less distinct, shorter, situated less laterad on shaft; foramen vasculare distale smaller and circular, situated less proximally; in plantar aspect, sulcus flexorius less rugose; foramen vasculare distale much larger; cotyla medialis larger than cotyla lateralis; on proximal end, crista lateralis hypotarsi and crista medialis hypotarsi connected to a single crista intermedia hypotarsus; crista medialis hypotarsi square-shaped with large, enclosed sulcus hypotarsus. Hypotarsus Hypotarsus in Papasula, in proximal aspect, sulcus for musculus fibularis longus (fbl) shallow; canal for musculus flexor hallucis longus (fhl) open; canal for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus (fdl) with an open connection to sulcus for musculus flexor perforans et perforatus (fpp2) and to sulcus for musculus flexor perforatus (fp2). The above-mentioned numerals relate to the number of the trochleae metatarsorum supplied by the tendon. Interestingly, the configuration of the hypotarsus in Papasula is monosulcate; therefore, an apomorphy, as it is bisulcate in Sula and Morus. Hypotarsus in S. dactylatra and S. sula, in proximal aspect, sulcus for musculus fibularis longus (fbl) deeply excavated; canal for musculus flexor hallucis longus (fhl) and canal for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus (fdl) closed, the latter being extremely large; sulcus for musculus flexor perforans et perforatus (fpp2) and sulcus for musculus flexor perforatus (fp2) connected and deeply excavated. Hypotarsus in M. bassanus, in proximal aspect, sulcus for musculus fibularis longus (fbl) shallow; canal for musculus flexor hallucis longus (fhl) and canal for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus (fdl) closed, the latter being small; sulcus for musculus flexor perforans et perforatus (fpp2) and sulcus for musculus flexor perforatus (fp2) connected, but extremely shallow., Published as part of Hume, Julian P., 2023, A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island, pp. 507-536 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 510-518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7863382, {"references":["Olson, S. L. & Warheit, K. L. (1988) A new genus for Sula abbotti. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 108, 9 - 12.","Steadman, D. W., Schubel, S. E. & Pahlavan, D. (1988) A new subspecies and new records of Papasula abbotti (Aves: Sulidae) from archaeological sites in the tropical Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 487 - 495.","van Tets, G. F., Meredith, C. W., Fullagar, P. J. & Davidson, P. M. (1988) Osteological differences between Sula and Morus, and a description of an extinct new species of Sula from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, Tasman Sea. Notornis, 35, 35 - 57.","Lesson, R. P. (1831) Traitei d'ornithologie. Livre 8. F. G. Levrault, Paris, 659 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1766) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. 12 th Edition. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm. [unknown pagination] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 68927","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. 12 th Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. [unknown pagination]"]}

†Mascarene Booby Papasula abbotti nelsoni ssp. nov. Sula piscator Milne-Edwards, 1873, p.22, pl. 11, figs. 5, 5a, 5b, 5c. Sula capensis Milne-Edwards, 1875, p.8. Gannet E. Newton & Gadow, 1893, p.282. Sula abbotti Nelson, 1974, p.368; Bourne, 1976, p.119; Cheke, 1987, p.31. Sula (Papasula) abbotti Cheke, 2001, p.73. Papasula abbotti, Cheke & Hume, 2008, p.47; Hume, 2013, p.216. Papasula sp., Hume, 2017, p.84. Holotype: Left humerus UMZC 262.AA (Figs. 4b, 5b) Measurements: (see Table 2). Type Locality: Mare aux Songes, southeast Mauritius (20826051, 200 S; 57841023, 500 E) Distribution: Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands. Etymology: Named after British ornithologist Joseph Bryan Nelson (14 March 1932 – 29 June 2015), who first recognised the presence of a Papasula booby on the Mascarenes, and whose ground-breaking studies on sulids and especially Papasula abbotti are still relevant today. Paratype: Left ulna UMZC 262.AA (almost certainly associated with Holotype), Mare aux Songes, southeast Mauritius (Figs. 6c, 6f). Referred fossil material: All collected from unspecified caves on the Plaine Corail, Rodrigues: coracoid NHMUK PV A9076 (Ld) (Fig. 2); cranial fragment of sternum NHMUK PV A9076 (Fig. 3); humerus (Lp) NHMUK PV A9049 (Figs. 4a, 5a); ulna MNHN 6574 (Rd); NHMUK PV A9076 (Rd) (Fig. 6); tarsometatarsus UMZC 995 (R) (Figs. 7b, 7c). Diagnosis: As for genus. Chronology: No dates are available from bird remains from the 19th century Mare aux Songes (MAS) collections (Basin 0), but 14C dates exist for MAS fossil remains of endemic giant tortoises Cylindraspis ssp., which became extinct c.1730, that were excavated from the same horizon as the Mascarene booby elements (Hume et al. 2021). The dates range from ca. 1260 to 1830 YBP (Burleigh & Arnold 1986). On Rodrigues, a partial humerus of the endemic owl Otus murivorus (Milne-Edwards, 1873), collected from 60–75 cm below surface in Caverne Dora on the Plain Corail, produced a radiocarbon age of 2850 ± 30 with a calibrated age range of 3060–2870 YBP (Burney et al. 2015). This suggests very low sedimentation rates in the late Holocene (Hume 2013; Burney et al. 2015). Although the precise cave from which P. a. nelsoni was collected is unknown, many of the caves on the Plaine Corail have depositional environments similar to that of Caverne Dora (Hume 2005, 2013). Description and comparison: Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. differs from Papasula a. abbotti in being larger in all known elements (Appendix 1, Tables 1-4) and by the following diagnostic characters: Coracoid (Fig. 2b; table 1). In mediodorsal view, the proximal end is missing the tuberculum brachiale and facies articularis clavicularis, and sternally is missing the processus lateralis from the lateral point of labrum internum to margo caudolateralis on distal end. Nevertheless, it differs from P. a. abbotti on the dorsal surface by, impressio lig. acrocoracohumeralis broader and deeper; process on labrum externum larger, more prominent, with extension to distal corner of angulus lateralis more deeply excavated; in ventral aspect, facies articularis sternalis deeper, extending further laterad; in lateral aspect, facies articularis humeralis larger and wider extending further proximally. Sternum (Fig. 3; table 1). Only a small cranial fragment is preserved that includes two pairs of cranial foramina pneumatici and a single row (right side) of foramina pneumatici that follow the sulcus medianus sterni; it is missing the entire carina sterni and posterior part to processus craniolateralis including all processus costales. Differs from P. a. abbotti by, in dorsal aspect, tuberculum labri externa with more pronounced ridge on lateral edge; in lateral aspect, labrum interna and tuberculum labri externa larger, with sulcus articularis coracoideus deeper, creating a more pronounced undercutting of labrum interna; in ventral aspect, two cranial foramina pneumatici larger. Humerus (Figs. 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b; table 2). Holotype (UMZC 262.AA), collected on Mauritius, is complete with no erosional damage, whereas the Rodrigues specimen (NHMUK PV A9049) lacks around 66% of the distal end and much of the crista deltopectoralis. Differs from Papasula a. abbotti by, on caudal surface, tuberculum dorsale larger, more oval, and more rugose on distal surface; tuberculum ventrale larger and more robust, projecting more caudad and extending further mediocaudad; caput humeri more bulbous; incisura capitis more deeply excavated; margo caudalis more clearly defined proximally where it connects laterad to base of tuberculum ventrale; crus ventrale fossa more prominent proximally, especially at base of tuberculum ventrale; crista bicipitalis more convex without rightangled connection to shaft distally; fossa pneumotricipitalis larger, more deeply excavated with medial foramen pneumaticum much larger; sulcus humerotricipitalis more deeply incised, terminating in a sharp angle proximally; sulcus scapulotricipitalis more deeply incised, extending further proximally well beyond proximal level of sulcus humerotricipitalis; processus flexorius blunt, rounded distally, not angular; on cranial surface, sulcus lig. transversus deeply excavated medially, shallower laterally; crista bicipitalis more bulbous, without small distal crista; fossa m. brachialis more excavated; fossa olecrani larger; processus flexorius smaller, directed less medially. Ulna (Figs. 6c, 6f; table 3). Paratype (UMZC 262.AA), collected on Mauritius with holotype, is complete with no erosional damage, whereas the Rodrigues specimen (NHMUK PV A9076)is missing around 85% of the proximal end. Differs from P. a. abbotti in being longer, overall more robust; shaft less straight, more curved craniocaudally; in dorsal aspect, distal end more expanded; proximal pneumatic foramen larger; in ventral aspect, impressio brachialis more deeply excavated proximally; papillae remigales ventralis more prominent; sulcus intercondylaris deeper; foramen pneumaticum situated above sulcus intercondylaris and undercutting condylus dorsalis larger; presence of second foramen pneumaticum situated proximally on tuberculum carpale (absent in P. a. abbotti); depressio radialis more deeply excavated; in cranial aspect, cotyla ventralis narrower, more pointed; pneumatic foramen between condylus ventralis ulnaris and tuberculum carpale larger. Tarsometatarsus (Figs. 7b, 7c; table 4). Specimen missing crista medialis hypotarsi and plantar surface of trochlea metatarsi II and IV. Differs from P. a. abbotti by, in dorsal aspect, sulcus extensorius deeper proximally; incisura intertrochlearis lateralis and incisura intertrochlearis medialis slightly wider; tuberositas m. tibialis cranialis more marked, extending beyond proximal tip of lateral foramina vascularia proximalia; in plantar aspect, crista plantares lateralis more pronounced and lacking small foramen pneumaticum distal to crista lateralis hypotarsi; foramen vasculare distale much larger; wider and deeper sulcus on trochlea metatarsi III;medial surface of trochlea metatarsi IV more excavated, creating a pronounced crista extending proximal to crista plantares medialis; on proximal end, larger, otherwise similar to P. a. abbotti. The specimen figured (Fig. 8) in Milne-Edwards (1873) is the same specimen, but since that drawing’s execution, further damaged has occurred. For example, the crista medialis hypotarsi is now missing. Differs from P. a. costelloi by, in dorsal aspect, trochlea metatarsi II extends less distally; trochlea metatarsi III with shallower sulcus on dorsal surface; foramen vasculare distale smaller and situated more proximad; in plantar aspect, crista plantares lateralis more pronounced; foramen vasculare distale larger; fossa supratrochlearis more deeply excavated, especially where it connects to foramen vasculare distale medially. Hypotarsus Larger, otherwise similar to P. a. abbotti., Published as part of Hume, Julian P., 2023, A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island, pp. 507-536 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 518-521, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7863382, {"references":["Milne-Edwards, A. (1873) Recherches sur la faune ornithologique ancienne des i les Mascareignes. Annales des Science Naturelles - Zoologie et Paleontologie, S 5, 19 (3), 1 - 31.","Milne-Edwards, A. (1875) Nouveaux documents sur l'epoque de la disparition de la faune ancienne de l'le Rodrigue. Annals des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Paleontologie, S 6 (2), 1 - 20.","Newton, E. & Gadow, H. (1893) On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr Theodore Sauzier. Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 13, 281 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1893. tb 00001. x","Nelson, J. B. (1974) The distribution of Abbott's booby Sula abbotti. Ibis, 116, 368 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 1974. tb 00134. x","Bourne, W. R. P. (1976) On subfossil bones of Abbott's booby Sula abbotti from the Mascarene Islands, with a note on the proportions and distribution of the Sulidae. Ibis, 118, 119 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 1976. tb 02018. x","Cheke, A. S. (1987) An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. In: Diamond, A. W. (Ed.), Studies of Mascarene Island Birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 5 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / CBO 9780511735769.003","Cheke, A. S. (2001) Booby Sula colonies in the Mascarene area (Indian Ocean): extinctions, myths and colour morphs. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 121, 71 - 80.","Cheke, A. S. & Hume, J. P. (2008) Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Reunion & Rodrigues. T. & A. D. Poyser, London, 464 pp. [Reprinted 2011, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 6544 - 4]","Hume, J. P. (2013) A synopsis of the pre-human avifauna of the Mascarene Islands. In: Gohlich, U. B. & Kroh, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8 th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, pp. 195 - 237.","Hume, J. P. (2017) Extinct Birds. 2 nd Edition. Helm, London, 608 pp.","Hume, J. P., Griffiths, O., Andre, A. A., Meunier, A. & Bour, R. (2021) Discovery of the first Mascarene giant tortoise nesting site on Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean (Testudinidae: Cylindraspis). Herpetology Notes, 14, 103 - 116.","Burleigh, R. & Arnold, E. N. (1986) Age and dietary differences of recently extinct Indian Ocean tortoises (Geochelone s. lat.) revealed by carbon isotope analysis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London B, 227, 137 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1986.0014","Burney, D. A., Hume, J. P., Middleton, G. J., Steel, L., Burney, L. P. & Porch, N. (2015) Stratigraphy and chronology of karst features on Rodrigues Island, Southwestern Indian Ocean. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 77 (1), 37 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.4311 / 2013 PA 0132","Hume, J. P. (2005) Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates. Monografies de la Societat d'Historia Natural de les Balears, 12, 129 - 144."]}

Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width and mass were examined in the Australian anchovy Engraulis australis (White, 1790) recovered from the food of Gannet examined from colonies at islands of Horuhoru Rock and Mahuki Islands in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. The relationships between otolith length- fish total length (TL), otolith-weight-TL, and otolith-width-TL were investigated by means of non-linear regression models (TL = 0.54 OL 16.86, TL = 4.39 OW 7.61 and TL = 26.19 OWe 2.2). This study characterizes the first reference available on the relationship of fish size and otolith size and weight for E. australis obtained from bird’s food in the Pacific Ocean region

Dean, W. Richard J., Åhlander, Erik, Johansson, Ulf S. (2022): Avian type localities and the type specimens collected by Johan August Wahlberg in southern Africa. Zootaxa 5134 (4): 521-560, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5134.4.3

Graculus neglectus Wahlberg, 1855: 214. VERBATIM TYPE LOCALITY: “ Ad insulas orae occidentalis Africae meridionalis, ut Possession, Halifax, Ichaboe & c. sat frequens. ” CURRENT STATUS: Phalacrocorax neglectus (Wahlberg, 1855/1856?); Phalacrocoracidae (Dickinson & Remsen 2013: 197). TYPE MATERIAL: From Wahlberg’s original description (1855: 214) it is obvious that he had several specimens (“ sat frequens ”) of both sexes and at different ages for study. AccordingtoSundevall’sacquisitioncatalogueseven specimenswerereceivedin1857 from South Africa after Wahlberg’s death. Gyldenstolpe (1926: 96) referred to NRM 569893 [11817] as “type”, here treated as a lectotype designation of this male collected 11 April 1854 on Ichaboe Island. The six paralectotypes are: NRM 90101844 [11815], a male collected 11 April 1854 on Ichaboe Island; NRM 536788 [11818], a mount of a juvenile male collected 11 April 1854 on Ichaboe Island; NRM 90101846 [11819], a juvenile female collected 4 Apr 1854 on Penguin Island; NRM 90200198 [11820], a juvenile female collected 4 Apr 1854 on Penguin Island; NRM 554496 [11821], a pullus collected 11 Apr 1854 on Ichaboe Island; and UMB 9678 [11816], a male, data unknown, sent on exchange to Bremen in 1858. VERIFIED TYPE LOCALITY: Ichaboe Island, Namibia. COMMENTS: Locality and date appear to be correct., Published as part of Dean, W. Richard J., Åhlander, Erik & Johansson, Ulf S., 2022, Avian type localities and the type specimens collected by Johan August Wahlberg in southern Africa, pp. 521-560 in Zootaxa 5134 (4) on pages 527-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6541737, {"references":["Dickinson, E. C. & Remsen, J. V. (2013) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4 th Edition. Vol. 1. Non-passerines. Aves Press, Eastbourne, 461 pp.","Gyldenstolpe, N. (1926) Types of birds in the Royal Natural History Museum in Stockholm. Arkiv f or Zoologi, 19, 1 - 116."]}

We describe a new specimen attributed toMacranhinga ranzii, a taxon whose holotype is a left femur, being collected from rocks in the Solimoes formation, Southwestern Amazon. The new material is an...

Anhinga rufa (Daudin, 1802) LITERATURE. — Green & Sayer (1979); Holyoak & Seddon (1989); Dowsett (1993); Borrow & Demey (2001, 2014); Portier (2002c); Balanca et al. (2007); Sinclair & Ryan (2010); Dowsett et al. (2013). FIELD DATA. — eBird; GBIF. STATUS. — Resident., Published as part of Boano, Giovanni, Belemsobgo, Urbain, Silvano, Fabrizio, Hema, Emmanuel M., Belemsobgo, Aristide, Dimobe, Kangbéni & Pavia, Marco, 2022, An annotated checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso, pp. 27-107 in Zoosystema 44 (2) on page 47, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5999691, {"references":["GREEN A. A. & SAYER J. A. 1979. - The birds of Pendjari and Arly National Parks (Benin and Upper Volta). Malimbus 1: 14 - 28.","HOLYOAK D. T. & SEDDON M. B. 1989. - Distributional notes on the birds of Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the British ornithologists' Club 109: 205 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.25226 / bboc. v 139 i 2.2019. a 7","DOWSETT R. J. 1993. - Afrotropical avifaunas: annotated country checklists, in DOWSETT R. J. & DOWSETT- LEMAIRE F. (eds). A Contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds Tauraco Research Report 5, Tauraco Press, Liege: 1 - 322.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2001. - Birds of Western Africa. Christopher Helm, London, 832 p.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2014. - Field Guide of the Birds of Western Africa. II edition. Christopher Helm, London, 592 p.","PORTIER B. 2002 c. - Liste de l'avifaune du Ranch de Gibier de Nazinga. http: // environnement. wallonie. be / projet _ nazinga / PDF / Liste _ oiseaux _ Nazinga. pdf.","BALANCA G., CORNELIS D. & WILSON R. 2007. - Les oiseaux du complexe WAP. ECOPAS. Cirad, Montpellier.","SINCLAIR I. & RYAN P. 2010. - Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. II edition. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 768 p.","DOWSETT R. J., ATKINSON P. W. & CADDICK J. A. 2013. - Checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso: 1 - 12. https: // www. africanbirdclub. org / [accessed 14 October 2013]."]}

Boano, Giovanni, Belemsobgo, Urbain, Silvano, Fabrizio, Hema, Emmanuel M., Belemsobgo, Aristide, Dimobe, Kangbéni, Pavia, Marco (2022): An annotated checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso. Zoosystema 44 (2): 27-107, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a2

Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) LITERATURE. — Dowsett (1993); Weesie (1996); Balanca et al. (2007); Dowsett et al. (2013). STATUS. — Excluded. REMARK. — No confirmed records., Published as part of Boano, Giovanni, Belemsobgo, Urbain, Silvano, Fabrizio, Hema, Emmanuel M., Belemsobgo, Aristide, Dimobe, Kangbéni & Pavia, Marco, 2022, An annotated checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso, pp. 27-107 in Zoosystema 44 (2) on page 47, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5999691, {"references":["DOWSETT R. J. 1993. - Afrotropical avifaunas: annotated country checklists, in DOWSETT R. J. & DOWSETT- LEMAIRE F. (eds). A Contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds Tauraco Research Report 5, Tauraco Press, Liege: 1 - 322.","WEESIE P. D. M. 1996. - Les oiseaux du Sahel Burkinabe: peuplements d'hiver, capacite de charge des sites. Alauda 64: 307 - 332.","BALANCA G., CORNELIS D. & WILSON R. 2007. - Les oiseaux du complexe WAP. ECOPAS. Cirad, Montpellier.","DOWSETT R. J., ATKINSON P. W. & CADDICK J. A. 2013. - Checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso: 1 - 12. https: // www. africanbirdclub. org / [accessed 14 October 2013]."]}

Microcarbo africanus africanus (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) LITERATURE. — Green & Sayer (1979); Holyoak & Seddon (1989); Thonnérieux et al. (1989); Dowsett (1993); Weesie (1996); Balanca & de Visscher (1997); Mauvais (1998); Borrow & Demey (2001, 2014); Portier (2002b, c); Portier et al. (2002); Balanca et al. (2007); Sinclair & Ryan (2010); Pavia et al. (2012); Dowsett et al. (2013); van den Bergh (2016). MUSEUM MATERIAL. — SMF 13432, 13433. FIELD DATA. — GBIF; WABD. STATUS. — Resident., Published as part of Boano, Giovanni, Belemsobgo, Urbain, Silvano, Fabrizio, Hema, Emmanuel M., Belemsobgo, Aristide, Dimobe, Kangbéni & Pavia, Marco, 2022, An annotated checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso, pp. 27-107 in Zoosystema 44 (2) on page 47, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5999691, {"references":["GREEN A. A. & SAYER J. A. 1979. - The birds of Pendjari and Arly National Parks (Benin and Upper Volta). Malimbus 1: 14 - 28.","HOLYOAK D. T. & SEDDON M. B. 1989. - Distributional notes on the birds of Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the British ornithologists' Club 109: 205 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.25226 / bboc. v 139 i 2.2019. a 7","THONNERIEUX Y., WALSH J. F. & BORTOLI L. 1989. - L'avifaune de la ville de Ouagadougou et ses environs (Burkina Faso). Malimbus 11: 7 - 39.","DOWSETT R. J. 1993. - Afrotropical avifaunas: annotated country checklists, in DOWSETT R. J. & DOWSETT- LEMAIRE F. (eds). A Contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds Tauraco Research Report 5, Tauraco Press, Liege: 1 - 322.","WEESIE P. D. M. 1996. - Les oiseaux du Sahel Burkinabe: peuplements d'hiver, capacite de charge des sites. Alauda 64: 307 - 332.","BALANCA G. & DE VISSCHER M. - N. 1997. - Composition et evolution saisonniere d'un peuplement d'oiseaux au nord du Burkina Faso (Nord-Yatenga). Malimbus 19: 68 - 94.","MAUVAIS G. 1998. - Recensement des especes d'oiseaux de Bois de Boulogne a Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) en saison de pluie. Alauda 66: 324 - 328.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2001. - Birds of Western Africa. Christopher Helm, London, 832 p.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2014. - Field Guide of the Birds of Western Africa. II edition. Christopher Helm, London, 592 p.","PORTIER B. 2002 b. - Inventaire annuel des oiseaux d'eau au Ranch de Gibier de Nazinga (BF): Methodologie, analyse des resultats 2001 et 2002 et recommandations. Bureau Wallonie-Bruxelles- APEFE, Ouagadougou.","PORTIER B., LUNGREN C. & OUEDA G. H. 2002. - Birding in Burkina Faso, more than just birdwatching. Dutch Birding 24: 127 - 141.","BALANCA G., CORNELIS D. & WILSON R. 2007. - Les oiseaux du complexe WAP. ECOPAS. Cirad, Montpellier.","SINCLAIR I. & RYAN P. 2010. - Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. II edition. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 768 p.","PAVIA M., BOANO G., SILVANO F. & MAMADOU K. 2012. - New bird records from southwestern Burkina Faso. Malimbus 34: 57 - 81.","DOWSETT R. J., ATKINSON P. W. & CADDICK J. A. 2013. - Checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso: 1 - 12. https: // www. africanbirdclub. org / [accessed 14 October 2013].","VAN DEN BERGH M. O. L. 2016. - Bridging the gap between bird conservation and sustainable development. PhD Thesis, University of Leiden, Netherlands, 222 p."]}

Objective: The abundance of Phalacrocoraxbrasilianus (Neotropic cormorant) was determined for the two climatic seasons of the year in the lagoon complex of San Marcos, Sucre, Colombia. Reproductive aspects are also discussed and the patterns of utilization that this species has for the work zone are determined. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study area was the lagoon complex of San Marcos, Sucre, Colombia. We worked with two populations of P.brasilianus “Neotropic Cormorant” during the two semesters of 2016. The population registers were carried out through the method of constant observation for pre-established periods of time and fixed point of counting. The determination of the use patterns was worked through semi-structured surveys. Analysis of variance and significance test was applied to the population variables. Findings: The human consumption of this bird species begins to be evident in the study area; it is established that it is a resident population that has a significant reproduction during the first semesters of the year. The possible changes in density that can be observed during the two-semester of the year, are associated with the food supply, since the annual period. JanuaryJune is dry and the lagoons lose most of their coverage, which increases the concentration of fish, which is very important for this species. Application: The knowledge of the population variations through the annual period of a species offers valuable data that are important to advance in situ conservation programs, as well as to know the trend of use and the environmental or human stresses to which the species is subject. Keywords: Caribbean, Colombia, Density, Interior wetlands, Neotropical Cormorant, Usage patterns

Capturing breeding adults of colonially nesting species can entail risks of nest failure and even colony abandonment, especially in species that react strongly to human disturbance. A low-disturbance technique for capturing specific adult Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) at a ground-nesting colony was developed to reduce these risks and is described here. Nesting habitat enhancement was used to attract Doublecrested Cormorants to nest adjacent to above-ground tunnels constructed so that researchers could capture birds by hand. Using this technique, Double-crested Cormorants (n = 87) were captured during the incubation and chick-rearing stages of the nesting cycle. Unlike alternative capture techniques, this approach allowed targeting of specific individuals for capture and recapture, minimized local disturbance, and eliminated colony-wide disturbances. The tunnel-based system presented here could be adapted to capture adults or to access the nest contents of other ground-nesting...

International audience; We provide an up-to-date catalogue of the Coccomorpha Rubsaamen, 1899 of New Caledonia based on studies of collected and curated specimens and on the literature. One hundred and eighteen species (118) in ten families have been recorded to date, in 70 genera. Five of the genera (7.2%) are endemic, belonging to Asterolecaniidae Berlese, 1898 (Oacoccus Williams, 2007), Eriococcidae Cockerell, 1899 (Chazeauana Matile-Ferrero, 1988, Choneochiton Hodgson, 2014) and Monophlebidae Maskell, 1880 (Insulococcus Bhatti, 1991, Tessarobelus Montrouzier, 1864). Twenty-nine (29) species are endemic to New Caledonia, giving a rate of endemism of 24.6%. Most of the species are apparently human-assisted introductions. We provide here first records from New Caledonia for ten (10) species: Aulacaspis rosarum Borchsenius, 1858; Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell, 1891); Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche, 1833); Fiorinia phantasma (Cockerell & Robinson, 1915); Labidaspis myersi Green, 1929; Palmicultor browni (Williams, 1960); Poliaspoides formosana (Takahashi, 1930); Pseudococcus gilbertensis Beardsley, 1966; Pseudococcus orchidicola Takahashi, 1939 and Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton, 1946). Despite two introduction attempts for the biological control of weedy cactus, Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles, 1942) is still considered absent from New Caledonia. Literature records of five species are shown to be erroneous: Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck, 1801); Dysmicoccus cocotis (Maskell, 1890); Lindingaspis buxtoni (Laing, 1927); Nipaecoccus filamentosus (Cockerell, 1893) and Clavaspis herculeana (Cockerell & Hadden, in Doane & Hadden, 1909), which are therefore considered absent from New Caledonia.

During the Neogene of South America, Anhingidae was represented by several species, mainly with greater sizes than the extant members. In the present contribution, body mass and locomotor habits of Anhinga minuta, the smallest known darter, were inferred. Body mass was estimated using two methods, one with measures of a tibiotarsus (the holotype) and the other, with measurements of a humerus; locomotor habits were inferred through muscular reconstructions and wing parameters (wing span, wing area and wing loading). Estimates of wing span and wing area were based on the length of humerus, assuming a condition of isometry with respect to Anhinga anhinga; wing loading was obtained through a relation formula between wing area and body mass. The results obtained indicate a body mass of about 729 g, a wing span of 0.958 m, a wing area of 0.117 m2 and a corresponding wing loading of 61 N/m2. These values and also the proximal insertion of the musculus pectoralis are consistent with those of a soaring bir...

Phalacrocoracidae [Leucocarbo bransfieldensis] (VAG):occurs in the Antarctic Peninsula and on South Shetland Islands (Orta, 1992b). In Brazil, its only record is of a band found in BA that belonged to an individual banded on the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica (Lima et al., 2001b)., Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 37, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/5234679, {"references":["Orta, J. 1992 b. Family Phalacrocoracidae. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (Eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. p. 326 - 353.","Lima, P. C.; Grantsau, R.; Lima, R. C. F. R. & Santos, S. S. 2001 b. Notas sobre os registros brasileiros de Calonectris edwardsii (Oustalet, 1883) e Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Moquin-Tandon, 1841) e primeiro registro de Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis Murphy, 1936 para o Brasil. Ararajuba, 10 (2): 261 - 277."]}

Sulidae Morus capensis (VAG): breeds on the coast of southern Africa and in Namibia. It overwinters along the African coast west to the Gulf of Guinea,in eastern Mozambique, and exceptionally as far as Kenya. Most adult individuals remain in the waters close to the colony after breeding. Young individuals migrate north to the Gulf of Guinea (Carboneras, 1992). The species occurs occasionally in Brazil outside the coast of RS (Vooren, 2004) and SC (Olmos, 1997). Morus serrator (VAG): breeds in the east coast of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand and there is also a small colony on Norfolk Island. It overwinters in waters adjacent to the east coast and in western Australia. Adults remain in areas around the colony, while immature individuals are more dispersive (Carboneras, 1992). There is only one documented record in the country for the Moleques do Sul Islands / SC (Bege & Pauli,1989; MNRJ 36164 [SC, 1987, June])., Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 37, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/5234679, {"references":["Carboneras, C. 1992 a. Family Anatidae. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. p. 536 - 628.","Vooren, C. M. 2004. The first two records of Sula capensis in Brazil. Ararajuba, 12 (1): 76 - 77.","Olmos, F. 1997. Seabird flocks attending bottom long-line fishing off southeastern Brazil. Ibis, 139 (4): 685 - 691.","Bege, L. A. & Pauli, B. T. 1989. As Aves das Ilhas Moleques do Sul - Santa Catarina - Aspectos da Ecologia, etologia e anilhamento das aves marinhas. Florianopolis, FATMA."]}

Family Sulidae Sula sula websteri Rothschild Pectinopygus annulatus Pectinopygus sulae Sula variegata (Tschudi) Pectinopygus annulatus Pectinopygus sulae, Published as part of S��nchez-Montes, Sokani, Colunga-Salas, Pablo, ��lvarez-Castillo, Luc��a, Guzm��n-Cornejo, Carmen & Montiel-Parra, Griselda, 2018, Chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) associated with vertebrates in Mexico, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 4372 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4372.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3098143

Family Sulidae Sula sula websteri Rothschild Pectinopygus annulatus Pectinopygus sulae Sula variegata (Tschudi) Pectinopygus annulatus Pectinopygus sulae

The chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) of Mexico have been little studied and many publications include isolated records. This paper summarizes current knowledge of chewing lice recorded from Mexico resulting from an exhaustive search of the literature published from 1866 to 2017. We found 342 louse species associated with 206 bird and 28 mammal species. As a result, we provide a checklist of the chewing lice recorded from Mexico, including a host-parasite list and their geographical distribution within the country.

Family Fregatidae Fregata magnificens Mathews Colpocephalum spineum Pectinopygus fregatiphagus, Published as part of S��nchez-Montes, Sokani, Colunga-Salas, Pablo, ��lvarez-Castillo, Luc��a, Guzm��n-Cornejo, Carmen & Montiel-Parra, Griselda, 2018, Chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) associated with vertebrates in Mexico, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 4372 (1) on page 82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4372.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3098143

Family Fregatidae Fregata magnificens Mathews Colpocephalum spineum Pectinopygus fregatiphagus

Diederle, J.M., 1.8.2015. Systematic status of the Miocene darter ‘Liptornis’ hesternus Ameghino, 1895 (Aves, Suliformes, Anhingidae) from Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa 39, 589–594. ISSN 0311-5518.Liptornis hesternus was established by Ameghino in the late 1800s on the basis of a cervical vertebra (NHMUK-A599) from the Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian, South American Land Mammal Age, early Miocene, Burdigalian Stage) of Patagonia, Argentina. Although taxonomic attributions were controversial, the specimen is now confidently assigned to Anhingidae. Recently, however, L. hesternus was designated a nomen dubium because of its uninformative diagnostic characters and apparent loss of the holotype. Nevertheless, NHMUK-A599 has been relocated and is redescribed here prompting referral to Anhinga. A combination of traits are shared with the extant Anhinga anhinga and A. melanogaster, and the material is dimensionally compatible with A. anhinga. The estimated body size of NHMUK-A599 would have been larger tha...

Pelecanus occidentalis, in the order Pelecaniformes, is one of the most abundant and widespread waterbird species in the coast of America. However, the phylogenetic relationships among Pelecaniformes, Suliformes, and Ciconiiformes remain unresolved, particularly in Pelecanidae and Ciconiidae. In this study, we first sequenced and described the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of P. occidentalis. The whole genome of P. occidentalis was 17,315 bp in length, and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 21 transfer RNA genes, two ribosome RNA genes, and one non-coding control region. The overall base composition of the mitochondrial DNA was 30.1% for A, 23.7% for T, 31.5% for C, and 14.6% for G, with a GC content of 46.1%. A phylogenetic tree confirmed that P. occidentalis (Pelecaniformes) was sister to C. boyciana (Ciconiiformes), and Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae were both monophyletic group. This information will be useful in the current understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of Pelecan...

Plotopterids (Aves: Plotopteridae) are extinct flightless birds that were endemic to the North Pacific Ocean. As flightless, wing-propelled diving birds they exhibit similar skeletal morphology to Sphenisciformes (penguins), especially in their wings. In contrast to the similarity, Plotopteridae have been placed in (traditional) Pelecaniformes in most palaeontological and phylogenetic studies, based on shared characters that are absent in penguins. The postcranial morphology of Plotopteridae has been well studied, but little is known about the cranial morphology, particularly the nervous system. The brain morphology of Plotopteridae, compared with other water birds, could prompt a reconsideration of those previous phylogenetic hypotheses, as the cranial morphology is conservative and could provide powerful signals for the phylogenetic reconstruction. In order to compare the brain morphology of Plotopteridae with that in other water birds (Ciconiiformes, Pelecaniformes, Suliformes, Procellariiformes, and Sphenisciformes), we generated virtual endocasts of Plotopteridae and extant water birds. We investigated the brain morphology of those birds using three-dimensional geometric morphometric and linear measuring methods. The width of the cerebellum and the length of the floccular lobe varied considerably among water birds, and the relative lengths separate Procellariiformes + Sphenisciformes from Ciconiiformes + Pelecaniformes + Suliformes. The former group had a relatively wider cerebellum and longer floccular lobe, whereas the latter group had a relatively narrower cerebellum and shorter floccular lobe. The relative width of the cerebellum and length of the floccular lobe in Plotopteridae was comparable with that of the former group, in addition to many morphological similarities to the Sphenisciformes brain. On the basis of brain morphology alone, we dare not conclude that Plotopteridae forms a clade with, or belongs to, Sphenisciformes; however, the brain configuration of Plotopteridae is distinctly close to that of penguins, and could possibly reflect their phylogenetic relationship. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London

Nicolas J. Rawlence, R. Paul Scofield, Hamish G. Spencer, Chris Lalas, Luke J. Easton, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Mark Adams, Eric Pasquet, Cody Fraser, Jonathan M. Waters, Martyn Kennedy (2016): Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 676-694, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12376

LEUCOCARBO CHALCONOTUS OTAGO SHAG GRACALUS CHALCONOTUS G. R. GRAY, 1845 Diagnosis. A species of Leucocarbo most closely related to L. stewarti and L. onslowi but distinguished from these species by the plumage characters and allometries outlined in Table 1. Distribution. Formerly the eastern South, NZ. Leucocarbo chalconotus bones have been recorded from Late Quaternary and archaeological deposits along the entire eastern coastline of South (e.g., Worthy, 1998 a; Smith, 2011). Now restricted to Otago from Lake Ki-Wainono to The Sisters (based on historical museum skins and modern specimens), with modern vagrants north to Banks Peninsula (see Fig. 1). Rare modern beach wrecks on Stewart (Rawlence et al., 2015)., Published as part of Nicolas J. Rawlence, R. Paul Scofield, Hamish G. Spencer, Chris Lalas, Luke J. Easton, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Mark Adams, Eric Pasquet, Cody Fraser, Jonathan M. Waters & Martyn Kennedy, 2016, Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand, pp. 676-694 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on page 687, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12376, http://zenodo.org/record/270312, {"references":["Gray GR. 1845. Birds. In: Richardson JE, Gray GR, eds. The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Erebus and Terror, During the Years 1839 - 43. London: E. W. Janson, 1 - 20.","Worthy TH. 1998 a. A remarkable fossil and archaeological avifauna from Marfells Beach, Lake Grassmere, South Island, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 12: 79 - 176.","Smith IWG. 2011. Estimating the magnitude of pre-European Maori marine harvest in two New Zealand study areas. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 82.","Rawlence NJ, Kennedy M, Anderson CNK, Till CE, Smith I, Scofield RP, Tennyson AJD, Hamel J, Lalas C, Matisoo-Smith EA, Waters JM. 2015. Geographically contrasting biodiversity reductions in a widespread New Zealand seabird. Molecular Ecology 18: 4605 - 4616."]}

LEUCOCARBO CHALCONOTUS (G. R. GRAY, 1845) OTAGO SHAG. Graucalus auritus Lesson, 1831: G. R. Gray, 1843, in E. Dieffenbach, Travels in N. Z. 2: 201. Not Carbo auritus Lesson, 1831. Gracalus chalconotus G. R. Gray, 1845; in Richardson & J. E. Gray (eds), Zool. Voy. Erebus & Terror: Birds 1 (8): 20, pl. 21 ��� Otago Province, possibly Karitane (Scofield et al., 2012). Graculus glaucus ���Gray���: Reichenbach, 1850, Nov. Syn. Avium; pl. 49, fig. 2553 ��� Otago. Phalacrocorax glaucus Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853, in Dumont d���Urville, Voyage �� Sud, Zoologie 3: 127. Graculus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): G. R. Gray, 1862, Ibis 4: 252. Graculus glaucus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853): Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium 2: 171. Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Buller, 1873, Hist. Birds N. Z. (1 st ed.), 334. Buller, 1888, Hist. Birds N. Z. (2 nd ed.) 2: 162. Phalacrocorax carunculatus (Gmelin): Buller, 1888, Hist. Birds N. Z. (2 nd ed.) 2: 155. In part. Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Buller, 1888, Hist. Birds N. Z. (2 nd ed.) 2: 162. Phalacrocorax glaucus Hombron & Jacquinot: Buller, 1888, Hist. Birds N. Z. (2 nd ed.) 2: 163. Phalacrocorax huttoni Buller, 1888: Hist. Birds N. Z. (2 nd ed.) 2: 174 ��� ocean beach near Dunedin, most likely Ocean Beach at Saint Clair, Dunedin (this study). Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Ogilvie- Grant, 1898, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 26: 369. In part. Hypoleucus campbelli stewarti (Ogilvie-Grant): Mathews & Iredale, 1913, Ibis 1 (10 th Ser.): 413. In part. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews & Iredale, 1913, Ibis 1 (10 th Ser.): 413. In part. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews, 1927, Syst. Avium Australasianarum 1: 227. In part. Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Oliver, 1930, N. Z. Birds (1 st ed.): 192. In part. Phalacrocorax huttoni Buller: Oliver, 1930, N. Z. Birds (1 st ed.): 190. In part. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews, 1931, List Birds Australasia: 146. In part. Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) huttoni Buller: Falla, 1932, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1: 147. In part. Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Falla, 1932, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1: 148. In part. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews, 1936, Suppl. Birds Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands: 142. In part. Hypoleucus huttoni (Buller): Mathews, 1936, Suppl. Birds Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands: 141. In part. Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) carunculatus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee Ornithological Society of New Zealand, 1953, Checklist N. Z. Birds: 29. In part. Leucocarbo carunculatus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee OSNZ, 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z. (2 nd ed.): 32. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray): van Tets, 1976, Proc. 16 th Int. Ornith. Cong.: 122. In part. Phalacrocorax carunculatus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Dorst & Mougin, 1979, in Peters, Check-list Birds World 1 (2 nd ed.): 176. In part. Euleucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Siegel-Causey, 1988, Condor 90: 892. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee OSNZ, 1990, Checklist Birds N. Z. (3 rd ed.): 83. In part. Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G. R. Gray): O���Brien, 1990, in Marchant & Higgins, Handbook Aust. N. Z. Antarct. Birds: 876. In part. Leucocarbo (carunculatus) chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Johnsgard, 1993, Cormorants, Darters and Pelicans World: 271. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee OSNZ, 2010, Checklist Birds N. Z. (4 th ed.): 147. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus ���Otago���: Rawlence et al., 2014, PLoS ONE 9: e 90769: 1., Published as part of Nicolas J. Rawlence, R. Paul Scofield, Hamish G. Spencer, Chris Lalas, Luke J. Easton, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Mark Adams, Eric Pasquet, Cody Fraser, Jonathan M. Waters & Martyn Kennedy, 2016, Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand, pp. 676-694 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on page 693, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12376, http://zenodo.org/record/270312

LEUCOCARBO STEWARTI FOVEAUX SHAG PHALACROCORAX STEWARTI OGILVIE-GRANT, 1898 Diagnosis. A species of Leucocarbo most closely related to L. chalconotus and L. onslowi but distinguished from these species by the plumage characters and allometries outlined in Table 1. Distribution. Restricted to Foveaux Strait and Stewart (based on historical museum skins and modern specimens). Leucocarbo stewarti bones have been recorded from Late Quaternary and archaeological deposits from this region (e.g., Worthy, 1998 b). Rare archaeological and modern beach wrecks in Otago (Rawlence et al., 2014, 2015). The type locality of Gracalus chalconotus G. R. Gray, 1845 is currently considered to be Otago Province. However, the Otago Province included Southland and Foveaux Strait until 1861. We consider that the likely type locality is in fact Karitane, where the type specimen was likely collected by Percy Earl in 1843 (Scofield et al., 2012). Although Earl spent the majority of his time at Karitane, Earl only travelled as far south as the Clutha River, which is still within the range of the Otago lineage, but may have had Maori��� collect for him elsewhere (Scofield et al., 2012). The type locality of Phalacrocorax stewarti Ogilvie-Grant, 1898 is Bluff (a town in Southland), where specimens were collected by Baron A. von Hugel on 13 February 1875 (Ogilvie-Grant, 1898 contra Stewart, Gill et al., 2010). Ogilvie-Grant (1898) designated three syntypes (NHMUK 1880.5. 3.1, 1880.5. 3.2, and 1880.5.3.6), all pied morphs. Warren (1966) only segregated and listed the syntype 1880.5. 3.6 for inclusion in the NHMUK type collection, but this action does not affect the status of the remaining unselected syntypes. NHMUK 1880.5. 3.1 and 1880.5. 3.2 are currently labelled as Phalacrocorax campbelli huttoni (reflecting a previous taxonomic treatment) and we did not attempt to obtain DNA from them. As all three syntypes were collected from the same locality at the same time, and 1880.5. 3.6 clusters with individuals from Foveaux Strait (Figs. 4, 6, Appendix 1), we refer 1880.5. 3.1 and 1880.5. 3.2 to L. stewarti. PLUMAGE EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Phylogenetic relationships amongst the Otago, Foveaux, and Chatham shags suggest a geologically recent colonization of the Chatham Islands from a mainland South source population, consistent with numerous phylogeographical studies from the region (Goldberg, Trewick & Paterson, 2008; Mitchell et al., 2014; Wood et al., 2014). All New Zealand /sub-Antarctic Leucocarbo shags have subtle differences in plumage patterns (e.g. scapulars, prenuptial head crest; Marchant & Higgins, 1990). However, the Otago and Foveaux shags are the only Leucocarbo species with adult dimorphic plumage patterns ��� pied (black and white) and bronze (wholly dark) (Figs 1, 2). Given our phylogeny (Fig. 4), we can hypothesize that the common ancestor of L. chalconotus, L. onslowi, and L. stewarti evolved dimorphic plumage. Divergence between L. chalconotus and L. stewarti is probably a result of isolation in refugia during the Pleistocene glacial cycles, when the majority of offshore islands and rock stacks in Foveaux Strait and around Stewart favoured by L. stewarti were landlocked because of lower sea levels. The Chatham Islands were colonized by progenitors of L. chalconotus, which evolved into L. onslowi. Colonization was either by pied L. chalconotus individuals or a mixture of pied and bronze individuals, with subsequent genetic drift resulting in the loss of the bronze morph. Given the lack of well-supported structure within the Otago shag we cannot definitively test evolutionary scenarios for the bronze morph, but it seems much simpler to assume that the bronze morph evolved once and was subsequently lost in L. onslowi than that it evolved independently twice (in the Otago shag and in the Foveaux shag). CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS Prior to our splitting of the Stewart shag into two distinct taxa, the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categorized this species as Vulnerable with population estimates varying between 1600 and 1800 pairs to fewer than 5000 birds and threats including fisheries interactions and nest disturbance (Birdlife International, 2012). Given their revised status, Otago and Foveaux shags should be managed separately, with further population-genetic research to determine levels of genetic variation at faster-evolving nuclear loci and potential inbreeding (e.g. Calderon et al., 2014). The Foveaux shag has been characterized by population and range stability, in contrast to the Otago shag that has undergone a pronounced population bottleneck and range contraction (Rawlence et al., 2015). Although the Otago shag has recolonized part of its former distribution since the European era, its population size continues to decline (Lalas & Perriman, 2009)., Published as part of Nicolas J. Rawlence, R. Paul Scofield, Hamish G. Spencer, Chris Lalas, Luke J. Easton, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Mark Adams, Eric Pasquet, Cody Fraser, Jonathan M. Waters & Martyn Kennedy, 2016, Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand, pp. 676-694 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on pages 687-689, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12376, http://zenodo.org/record/270312, {"references":["Ogilvie-Grant WR. 1898. Catalogue of Birds of the British Museum, vol. 26. London: Trustees of the British Museum [Natural History].","Worthy TH. 1998 b. Fossil avifaunas from Old Neck and Native Island, Stewart Island - Polynesian middens or natural sites? Records of the Canterbury Museum 12: 49 - 82.","Rawlence NJ, Till CE, Scofield RP, Tennyson AJD, Collins CJ, Lalas C, Loh G, Matisoo-Smith E, Waters JM, Spencer HG, Kennedy M. 2014. Strong phylogeographic structure in a sedentary seabird, the Stewart Island Shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus). PLoS ONE 9: e 90769.","Rawlence NJ, Kennedy M, Anderson CNK, Till CE, Smith I, Scofield RP, Tennyson AJD, Hamel J, Lalas C, Matisoo-Smith EA, Waters JM. 2015. Geographically contrasting biodiversity reductions in a widespread New Zealand seabird. Molecular Ecology 18: 4605 - 4616.","Gray GR. 1845. Birds. In: Richardson JE, Gray GR, eds. The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Erebus and Terror, During the Years 1839 - 43. London: E. W. Janson, 1 - 20.","Scofield RP, Cooper JH, Turvey ST. 2012. A naturalist of the very first order? Percy William Earl (1811 - 1846) in New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 26: 1 - 20.","Gill BJ, Bell BD, Chambers GK, Medway DG, Palma RL, Scofield RP, Tennyson AJD, Worthy TH. 2010. Checklist of the Birds in New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency Antarctica, 4 th edn. Wellington: Te Papa Press in association with the Ornithological Society of New Zealand.","Warren RLM. 1966. Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History), Vol. 1. Non-passerines. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).","Goldberg J, Trewick SA, Paterson AM. 2008. Evolution of New Zealand's terrestrial fauna: a review of molecular evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Series 363: 3319 - 3334.","Mitchell KJ, Wood JR, Scofield RP, Llamas B, Cooper A. 2014. Ancient mitochondrial genome reveals unsuspected taxonomic affinity of the extinct Chatham duck (Pachyanas chathamica) and resolves divergence times for New Zealand and sub-Antarctic brown teals. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 70: 420 - 428.","Clements JF, Schulenberg TS, IIiff NJ, Robertson D, Fredericks TA, Sullivan BL, Wood CL. 2014. The eBird / Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9. Available at: http: // www. birds. cornell. edu / clementscheck list / download /.","Marchant S, Higgins PJ. 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds (Volume 1, Part B pelican to ducks). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.","Birdlife International. 2012. Phalacrocorax chalconotus. The IUCN red list of threatened species (Version 2014.3). www. iucnredlist. org.","Calderon L, Quintana F, Cabanne GS, Lougheed SC, Tubaro PL. 2014. Phylogeography and genetic structure of two Patagonian shag species (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 72: 42 - 53.","Lalas C, Perriman L. 2009. Nest counts of Stewart Island shags / mapua (Leucocarbo chalconotus) in Otago. Department of Conservation Research and Development Series 314: 1 - 30."]}

Leucocarbo Bonaparte, 1857 [type species (by subsequent designation, Ogilvie-Grant, 1898) Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, 1837], Published as part of Nicolas J. Rawlence, R. Paul Scofield, Hamish G. Spencer, Chris Lalas, Luke J. Easton, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Mark Adams, Eric Pasquet, Cody Fraser, Jonathan M. Waters & Martyn Kennedy, 2016, Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand, pp. 676-694 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on page 687, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12376, http://zenodo.org/record/270312, {"references":["Ogilvie-Grant WR. 1898. Catalogue of Birds of the British Museum, vol. 26. London: Trustees of the British Museum [Natural History]."]}

LEUCOCARBO STEWARTI (OGILVIE-GRANT, 1898) FOVEAUX SHAG. Phalacrocorax colensoi Buller, 1888: Hist. Birds N. Z. (2 nd ed.): 161 ��� Bluff, Southland. In part. Phalacrocorax stewarti Ogilvie-Grant, 1898: Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 26: 385 ��� Bluff, South (contra Stewart, Gill et al., 2010). Hypoleucus campbelli stewarti (Ogilvie-Grant): Mathews & Iredale, 1913, Ibis 1 (10 th Ser.): 413. In part. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews & Iredale, 1913, Ibis 1 (10 th Ser.): 413. In part. Hypoleucus campbelli stewarti (Ogilvie-Grant): Mathews, 1927, Syst. Avium Australasianarum 1: 227. In part. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews, 1927, Syst. Avium Australasianarum 1: 227. In part. Phalacrocorax huttoni Buller: Oliver, 1930, N.Z. Birds (1 st ed.): 190. In part. Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Oliver, 1930, N.Z. Birds (1 st ed.): 192. Hypoleucus campbelli stewarti (Ogilvie-Grant): Mathews, 1931, List Birds Australasia: 146. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews, 1931, List Birds Australasia: 146. In part. Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) huttoni Buller: Falla, 1932, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1: 147. In part. Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Falla, 1932, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1: 148. In part. Hypoleucus huttoni (Buller): Mathews, 1936, Suppl. Birds Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands: 141. In part. Hypoleucus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Mathews, 1936, Suppl. Birds Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands: 142. In part. Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) carunculatus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee OSNZ, 1953, Checklist N.Z. Birds: 29. In part. Leucocarbo carunculatus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee OSNZ, 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N.Z.: 32. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray); van Tets, 1976, Proc. 16 th Int. Ornith. Cong.: 122. In part. Phalacrocorax carunculatus chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Dorst & Mougin, 1979, in Peters, Check-list Birds World 1 (2 nd ed.): 176. In part. Euleucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Siegel-Causey, 1988, Condor 90: 892. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee OSNZ, 1990, Checklist Birds N. Z. (3 rd ed.): 83. In part. Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G. R. Gray): O���Brien, 1990, in Marchant & Higgins, Handbook Aust. N. Z. Antarct. Birds: 876. In part. Leucocarbo (carunculatus) chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Johnsgard, 1993, Cormorants, Darters and Pelicans World: 271. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray): Checklist Committee OSNZ, 2010, Checklist Birds N. Z. (4 th ed.): 147. In part. Leucocarbo chalconotus ���Foveaux Strait���: Rawlence et al., 2014, PLoS ONE 9: e 90769: 1., Published as part of Nicolas J. Rawlence, R. Paul Scofield, Hamish G. Spencer, Chris Lalas, Luke J. Easton, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Mark Adams, Eric Pasquet, Cody Fraser, Jonathan M. Waters & Martyn Kennedy, 2016, Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand, pp. 676-694 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on pages 693-694, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12376, http://zenodo.org/record/270312

Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including birds. Abrolhos is an archipelago of five islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean, 56 nautical kilometers from the south coast of the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Part of this archipelago is a National Marine Park, which is a conservation area protected by the Brazilian government. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of T. gondii antibodies in sera of seabird’s species Sula spp. and Phaeton spp. from breeding colonies located in the Islands of Santa Barbara and Redonda, Abrolhos’s archipelago. Sera were tested by modified agglutination test, first screened at 1:5 dilution (cut-off point) and the positive samples were titrated at a two-fold serial dilution. Serum samples were obtained from 69 birds of four species: Sula dactylatra (23 birds), Sula leucogaster (19 birds), Phaeton aethereus (25 birds) and Phaeton lepturus (2 birds). Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 24 (34.8%) of 69 seabirds with titers that ranged from 5 to 640. Occurrence value in S. dactylatra was 34.8% (8/23), in S. leucogaster was 47.4% (9/19), in P. aethereus was 28% (7/25) and the 2 P. lepturus were negative. This is the first description of T. gondii antibodies in free ranging seabirds of the orders Suliformes and Phaethontiformes.

Morus serrata Roxb. Flora Indica 3: 596 (1832). ��� Neotype (designated here): India, [Uttarakhand], Kumaon, s.dat., R. Blinkworth s.n. [EIC 6468A] (K-W!). Zanthoxylum alatum The Flora Indica description of this plant (Roxburgh 1832b) makes direct reference to Hardwicke���s unnamed Zanthoxylum (as ���Xanthoxylum���), of which there is a drawing in the Natural History Museum set (no. 39) and a similar pair in the British Library (Vol. XIV nos. 7 and 8). Roxburgh���s name, however, was cited by Wallich in his Numerical List, rendering it a superfluous, and illegitimate, renaming of Z. acanthopodium DC. Thus Roxburgh���s name becomes an illegitimate later homonym. Hartley (1966: 211) proposed Roxburgh icon 1916 as the lectotype of Z. alatum Roxb. but he did not state which set of drawings (Kew or Calcutta) he was referring to. I therefore clarify the issue by proposing the Kew copy below., Published as part of Turner, Ian M., 2015, The botanical legacy of Thomas Hardwicke's journey to Srinagar in 1796, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 108 on page 21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.108, http://zenodo.org/record/3779322, {"references":["Roxburgh W. 1832 b. Flora Indica. Second edition. Volume 3. W. Thacker & Co., Calcutta.","Hartley T. G. 1966. A revision of the Malesian species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 47 (3): 171 - 221."]}

Turner, Ian M. (2015): The botanical legacy of Thomas Hardwicke's journey to Srinagar in 1796. European Journal of Taxonomy 108: 1-25, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.108

Morus serrata In describing this species, Roxburgh (1832b) referred to Hardwicke���s Morus 1. I have not found any Roxburgh material that could be used to typify this Himalayan mulberry. There are some Hardwicke drawings of Morus but none can be directly linked to Morus 1 of the Asiatick Researches paper. I therefore propose a neotype for the name ��� a collection made by R. Blinkworth from Kumaon in the East India Company Herbarium., Published as part of Turner, Ian M., 2015, The botanical legacy of Thomas Hardwicke's journey to Srinagar in 1796, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 108 on page 21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.108, http://zenodo.org/record/3779322, {"references":["Roxburgh W. 1832 b. Flora Indica. Second edition. Volume 3. W. Thacker & Co., Calcutta."]}

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:55265D97-F2EF-459D-9728-E4C433DB22F9 SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP Citation for this article: Zvonok, E. A., N. V. Zelenkov, and I. G. Danilov. 2015. A new unusual waterbird (Aves, ?Suliformes) from the Eocene of Kazakhstan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1035783.

Ptilochronology is a cost effective tool for determining the nutritional condition of birds. The technique uses the daily growth of feathers to decipher diet and habitat quality as well as contaminant load. To date, most studies using ptilochronology have focused primarily on passerines. The use of the technique in other orders, primarily waterbirds, could lead to a significant increase in their utility as bioindicators of estuarine health. I performed a survey of study skins from the Museum of Natural History in New York, NY and the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington, DC to determine whether feather growth bars are present in waterbird species. Three hundred specimens representing 52 species were examined (orders: Pelicaniformes, Suliformes, Gruiformes). Few species did not possess discernible feather growth-bars, and in one case, this may be attributed to a nocturnal foraging habit. Because the majority of species did exhibit measurable growth-bars, it seems as though ptilochronology can be applied in waterbird studies as an efficient tool for management purposes in estuarine habitats.

Ixobrychus cinnamomeus is a member of the large wading bird family, known as Ardeidae. In the present study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of I. cinnamomeus for use in future phylogenetic analysis. This circular mitochondrial genome is 17,180 bp in length and composed of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and one putative control region. Three conserved domains and a minisatellite of 17 nucleotides with 22 tandem repeats were detected at the end of the control region. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid datasets of 12 concatenated protein-coding genes from the mitochondrial genome. Using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods, the monophyly of Ciconiidae, Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae were confirmed; however, the monophyly of traditional Ciconiiformes and Pelecaniformes failed to be recovered. Although further studies are recommended to clarify relationships among and within the orders of Ciconiiformes, Pelecaniformes, Suliformes and Phaethontiformes, our results provide preliminary exploratory results that can be useful in the current understanding of avian phylogenetics.

Family Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin) Austrodiplostomum mordax Szidat & Nani, 1951 Dolichorchis bonariensis Ostrowski de N����ez, 1970. Drepanocephalus spathans Dietz, 1909 Hysteromorpha triloba (Rudolphi) Lutz, 1931 Ignavia olivacei Ostrowski de N����ez, 1967 Neodiplostomum travassosi Dubois, 1937 Odhneria odhneri Travassos, 1921 Paryphostomum fragosum (Dietz, 1909 ) Paryphostomum segregatum Dietz, 1909 Posthodiplostomum obesum Lutz, 1928 Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) Price, 1942, Published as part of Cremonte, Florencia & Drago, Fabiana B., 2007, Checklist of digenean parasites of birds from Argentina, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 1403 on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273687, {"references":["Szidat, L. & Nani, A. (1951) Diplostomiasis cerebralis del Pejerrey. Una grave epizootia que afecta a la economia nacional producida por larvas de Trematodes que destruyen el cerebro de los pejerreyes. Revista Nacional del Instituto de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales anexo al Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \" Bernardino Rivadavia \", 1, 323 - 394."]}

Family Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin) Austrodiplostomum mordax Szidat & Nani, 1951 Dolichorchis bonariensis Ostrowski de Núñez, 1970. Drepanocephalus spathans Dietz, 1909 Hysteromorpha triloba (Rudolphi) Lutz, 1931 Ignavia olivacei Ostrowski de Núñez, 1967 Neodiplostomum travassosi Dubois, 1937 Odhneria odhneri Travassos, 1921 Paryphostomum fragosum (Dietz, 1909 ) Paryphostomum segregatum Dietz, 1909 Posthodiplostomum obesum Lutz, 1928 Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) Price, 1942

Cremonte, Florencia, Drago, Fabiana B. (2007): Checklist of digenean parasites of birds from Argentina. Zootaxa 1403: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273687

Limnofregata hasegawai, new species (Figs. 5–7) Holotype: GMNH PV 170, skull and mandible with quadrates, lacrimals, palatines, atlas, axis, and cervical vertebrae 3–7 (Fig. 5). Color brownish black. The skull is preserved in right dorso­lateral view with the mandible and right quadrate still in articulation. The left quadrate has been displaced and lies upside­down, with the mandibular articulation visible along the edge of the left orbit. The lacrimals are still nearly in articulation with the frontals, the right palatine is exposed but neither pterygoid is visible. Locality: Smith Hollow Quarry, Lewis Ranch (Locality B of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: Said to have been collected " 2–3 m " from Referred Specimen 1 of L. azygosterno n (GMNH PV 167). Presumably this distance is intended as vertical as the matrix and the coloration of the bone (blackish vs. brown) are different. Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. Etymology: To our esteemed colleague and friend Yoshikazu Hasegawa of the Gunma Museum of Natural History in recognition of his many contributions to vertebrate paleontology. Diagnosis: Much larger than L. azygosternon. Rostrum proportionately much longer, 1.6 times as long as the cranium, vs. 1.4 in L. azygosternon. Measurements (mm) of holotype: Measurements that are comparable to those published for Limnofregata azygosternon appear in Table 2. Additional measurements are: Cranium: width at nasofrontal hinge, 16.8. Lacrimal: length, 17.1. Quadrate: length of articulation with mandible (left), 15.8. Atlas: width 11.9. Axis: width 13.1. Cervical vertebra 3: length, 16.1. Cervical vertebra 5: length, 22.8. Paratype 1: FMNH PA 719, complete skull and mandible with left quadrate, both lacrimals and pterygoids, assorted sclerotic plates, atlas, axis, and cervical vertebra 3 (Fig. 6). The skull is preserved in dorsal and partial left lateral view with the entire left quadratojugal bar visible. The ventral surface of the mandible can be seen in its entirety. Locality: Thomson Ranch (Locality H of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), ca. 14 km W of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: F­ 2 facies, Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. Measurements (mm): The following are in addition to those in Table 2. Cranium: width at nasofrontal hinge, ca. 22. Pterygoid: length, 23.1. Quadrate: depth, 20.6; width of mandibular articulation, 15.7; length of otic process along dorsal edge, 12.2. Lacrimal: length, 18.1; depth including descending process, 19.0; depth of descending process, 12.5; greatest depth of corpus at posterior end 7.9. Mandible: posterior width (distance between external margins of articulations), 50.7; width of articulation, 17.3. Atlas: width and depth, 12.6 X 10.9. Paratype 2: BMS E 25336, pelvis with associated right and left femora and tibiotarsi, the first 5 free caudal vertebrae, and 10 presacral vertebrae (Fig. 7). Collected by Verl and Rick Hebdon and acquired by the Buffalo Museum of Science in 1982. Locality: Warfield Fossil Quarries at Warfield Springs (NW 1 / 4, Sec. 5, T 19 N, R 117 W; locality K of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), ca. 14 km SW of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: F­ 2 facies equivalent, Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. The specimen is from a 1.5 m thick layer of precipitated limestone overlying a 30–45 cm thick layer of bluish shale. Measurements: See Table 1. Description: As in L. azygosternon the nostril is long and open, the posteriormost corner being about 1 cm anterior to the naso­frontal hinge. The anterior margin can now be clearly discerned as extending nearly to the premaxillary symphysis. The configuration of the quadrate in ventral view in Limnofregata shows some distinctive features. In Phaethon the medial and lateral condyles are in the same transverse plane with practically no development of a posterior condyle. In Fregata, the medial condyle extends posterolaterally as a more constricted crest, which then bends at nearly a right angle to the lateral condyle, the bend forming a rather weak posterior condyle with a deep depression anterior to it. The configuration in the Sulidae is more complex, with the posterior condyle completely separate from the medial condyle. Limnofregata is most similar to Fregata, with the medial condyle forming a long rolling crest with only an incipient posterior condyle and the lateral condyle is only slightly angled off of the long axis of the articular surface. The depression seen in Fregata is shallower in Limnofregata. The pterygoids are relatively much longer in Limnofregata than in Fregata, with slightly curved rather than straight shafts that appear to be terete, without the flattened surfaces seen in Fregata or the Sulidae. They are quite unlike the very long, straight, and slender pterygoids in Phaethon. The mandibular articulations are much heavier in Limnofregata than in Fregata, the rami much thicker and deeper, and the mandibular symphysis shorter. In the ventral view afforded by the paratypical skull of L. hasegawai, the internal processes of the articulations are shorter, thicker, and much less distinctly set off from the heavy proximal portion of the rami than in Fregata. The one visible lacrimal in the holotype of L. azygosternon is partially obscured and was misinterpreted in the original description. The entire structure is beautifully revealed in paratype FMNH PA 719 of L. hasegawai in which both lacrimals are preserved with the entire external surface exposed (Fig 6). The corpus of the bone that articulates with the cranium is much larger than in Fregata, with the posterior portion broad and truncated. There are two small pneumatic foramina in the corpus, just anterior to the descending process. The descending process is very long and slender, with a very small expansion on the posterior margin about 2 / 3 the distance to the ventral extremity. The lacrimal in Fregata is very different, with a small, nonpneumatic corpus and a greatly expanded, inflated descending process that bears a single pneumatic foramen. The postcranial specimen of L. hasegawai is not in particularly good condition, but has the pelvis preserved in dorsal view and the thoracic vertebrae are better preserved than in the holotype of Limnofregata azygosternon. These do not differ greatly from those in Fregata. The specimen confirms that the distinctive notch in the posterior margin of the innominate bone in the area of fusion of the ischim and ilium (Olson, 1977: 15) is the normal condition. As in the holotype of L. azygosternon, the pygostyle is missing, suggesting that it may have floated away with the presumably enlarged rectrices. Size in Limnofregata. The seven available specimens now assigned to L. azygosternon are remarkably homogeneous in size and those for which comparable length measurements are available are practically identical (Table 1), especially given the variation induced by crushing and other vicissitudes of preservation. In the two skulls of L. hasegawai such factors of preservation have doubtless contributed to inaccuracies in the measurements of the cranium and rostrum. For example, in the paratype FMNH PA 719, the skull is broken across the nasofrontal hinge and the anterior margin of the cranium has been shoved under the posterior margin of the rostrum perhaps as much as 6 mm. On the other hand, the length measurements of the two known mandibles of L. hasegawai and in the holotype of L. azygosternon are unequivocal. The two mandibles of L hasegawai are identical in length and are 20 % larger than in the holotype of L. azygosternon. The postcranial paratype of L hasegawai basically agrees in size, as the femur is 17 % larger and the pelvis 20 % larger than in L. azygosternon. The tibiotarsus seems disproportionately small, however, as it is only 7 % larger. The same appears to apply within modern frigatebirds, however, as the tibiotarsus of the largest species, F. m i n o r, is proportionately smaller than in F. a r i e l, the smallest species (Table 3). The differences in size between L. azygosternon and L. hasegawi are as great as between the smallest and largest individuals of modern Fregata, which comprises 5 sexually dimorphic species (females larger). Thus, on size alone, Limnofregata would have to be divided into two species­level taxa, as the differences could not be due to differences between sexes, especially as the species of Limnofregata are unlikely to have been sexually dimorphic (see discussion below). The differences in bill proportions, with L. azygosternon having proportionately a much shorter bill, would also not be expected within a single species.

Genus Limnofregata Olson, 1977 Type��species: Limnofregata azygosternon Olson, 1977. Included species: L. azygosternon Olson, 1977: L. hasegawai, new species., Published as part of Olson, Storrs L. & Matsuoka, Hiroshige, 2005, New specimens of the early Eocene frigatebird Limnofregata (Pelecaniformes: Fregatidae), with the description of a new species, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 1046 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.169909, {"references":["Olson, S. L. (1977) A Lower Eocene frigatebird from the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Pelecaniformes, Fregatidae) Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 35, 1 - 33."]}

Limnofregata azygosternon Olson, 1977 Figs. 1���4 This species was described from a nearly complete skeleton with feather impressions (holotype USNM 22753) and two paratypes consisting of most of a right wing and shoul�� der girdle (UWY 6919) and the proximal end of an ulna (USNM 243766). Here we identify four additional specimens that can also be referred to the species Limnofregata azygosternon. Referred specimen 1: GMNH PV 167, postcranial skeleton with impressions of remiges and contour feathers (Fig. 1). Bone color brown, feathers black. Collected by Tom Lindgren. The specimen consists of all elements of the appendicular skeleton except the proximal portion of the right humerus, plus the complete pectoral girdle and pelvis. It is lacking the skull and mandible, a number of ribs, and the entire pre�� and postsacral vertebral column except for three thoracic and a caudal vertebra. Very distinct carbonized impressions of feathers can be identified as primaries, secondaries, and wing coverts. Locality: Smith Hollow Quarry, Lewis Ranch (Locality B of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: Beds about 4 m above the ��� 18 inch layer,��� Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. Measurements (mm): See Table 1. Referred specimen 2: FMNH PA 723, posterior portion of an associated skeleton consisting of the last 3 thoracic vertebrae, pelvis, caudal vertebrae and pygostyle, both hindlimbs complete with all toe bones, and assorted ribs (Fig. 2). Locality: Thomson Ranch (Locality H of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), ca. 14 km W of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: F�� 2 facies, Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. Measurements (mm): See Table 1. Referred specimen 3: FMNH PA 720, complete left wing distal to the humerus (Fig. 3). Locality: Warfield Springs (NW 1 / 4, Sec. 5, T 19 N, R 117 W; locality K of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), ca. 14 km SW of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming, on the SE shore of Eocene Fossil Lake. Horizon: F�� 2 facies equivalent, Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. Measurements (mm): See Table 1. Referred specimen 4: USNM 447002, left side of cranium with quadrate and associated posterior portion of mandible (Fig 4). The base of the bill and the occiput were preserved as a mold that has now been replaced with embedding compound. Locality: Ca. 12 km NE of Fontanelle Reservoir Dam on N shore at autumn water level, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. This locality is in beds of the Eocene Lake Gosiute, whereas all the other specimens of Limnofregata to date have come from deposits in Fossil Lake. Horizon: Laney Shale Member of the Green River Formation, lower middle Eocene. Measurements (mm): Quadrate: distance from posterior margin of mandibular articulation to tip of otic process, ca. 13.4. Description: Although USNM 447002 is very fragmentary, it is in places less crushed than other skulls of the genus. It shows a well��developed ectethmoid plate extending laterally from the mesethmoid, whereas the ectethmoid is much more reduced in Fregata. It emphasizes the large size of the orbit in Limnofregata, suggesting that the birds may have been partially nocturnal or crepuscular. In GMNH PV 167, the toes of the right foot appear to be in their naturally maximal spread position, and shows the much better development of the foot in Limnofregata compared with Fregata. Assuming that the foot was totipalmate, as in all modern Pelecaniformes, the area of the webbing was on the order of 20 cm 2. In the largest and best preserved of the primary feathers in GMNH PV 167, the tip is much less attenuated and sharply pointed than in Fregata. For FMNH PA 723, new information not preserved with the holotype concerns the tail. The number of free caudal vertebrae anterior to the pygostyle appears to be seven, as in Fregata. The pygostyle of Limnofregata was previously unknown, this element being entirely missing in the holotype of L. azygosternon. It is a broad plate as in Phaethon and Fregata, and completely unlike the pygostyle in the Sulidae, which is very thick and somewhat cylindrical proximally, tapering to a long, thin spine. In Limnofregata, the ventral margin of the pygostyle (Fig. 2) is rectilinear, the dorsal margin is curved, and the tip is broadly rounded., Published as part of Olson, Storrs L. & Matsuoka, Hiroshige, 2005, New specimens of the early Eocene frigatebird Limnofregata (Pelecaniformes: Fregatidae), with the description of a new species, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 1046 on pages 2-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.169909, {"references":["Olson, S. L. (1977) A Lower Eocene frigatebird from the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Pelecaniformes, Fregatidae) Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 35, 1 - 33.","Grande, L. & Buchheim, H. P. (1994) Paleontological and sedimentological variation in early Eocene Fossil Lake. Contributions to Geology University of Wyoming, 30, 33 - 56."]}

Limnofregata hasegawai, new species (Figs. 5���7) Holotype: GMNH PV 170, skull and mandible with quadrates, lacrimals, palatines, atlas, axis, and cervical vertebrae 3���7 (Fig. 5). Color brownish black. The skull is preserved in right dorso��lateral view with the mandible and right quadrate still in articulation. The left quadrate has been displaced and lies upside��down, with the mandibular articulation visible along the edge of the left orbit. The lacrimals are still nearly in articulation with the frontals, the right palatine is exposed but neither pterygoid is visible. Locality: Smith Hollow Quarry, Lewis Ranch (Locality B of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: Said to have been collected " 2���3 m " from Referred Specimen 1 of L. azygosterno n (GMNH PV 167). Presumably this distance is intended as vertical as the matrix and the coloration of the bone (blackish vs. brown) are different. Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. Etymology: To our esteemed colleague and friend Yoshikazu Hasegawa of the Gunma Museum of Natural History in recognition of his many contributions to vertebrate paleontology. Diagnosis: Much larger than L. azygosternon. Rostrum proportionately much longer, 1.6 times as long as the cranium, vs. 1.4 in L. azygosternon. Measurements (mm) of holotype: Measurements that are comparable to those published for Limnofregata azygosternon appear in Table 2. Additional measurements are: Cranium: width at nasofrontal hinge, 16.8. Lacrimal: length, 17.1. Quadrate: length of articulation with mandible (left), 15.8. Atlas: width 11.9. Axis: width 13.1. Cervical vertebra 3: length, 16.1. Cervical vertebra 5: length, 22.8. Paratype 1: FMNH PA 719, complete skull and mandible with left quadrate, both lacrimals and pterygoids, assorted sclerotic plates, atlas, axis, and cervical vertebra 3 (Fig. 6). The skull is preserved in dorsal and partial left lateral view with the entire left quadratojugal bar visible. The ventral surface of the mandible can be seen in its entirety. Locality: Thomson Ranch (Locality H of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), ca. 14 km W of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: F�� 2 facies, Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. Measurements (mm): The following are in addition to those in Table 2. Cranium: width at nasofrontal hinge, ca. 22. Pterygoid: length, 23.1. Quadrate: depth, 20.6; width of mandibular articulation, 15.7; length of otic process along dorsal edge, 12.2. Lacrimal: length, 18.1; depth including descending process, 19.0; depth of descending process, 12.5; greatest depth of corpus at posterior end 7.9. Mandible: posterior width (distance between external margins of articulations), 50.7; width of articulation, 17.3. Atlas: width and depth, 12.6 X 10.9. Paratype 2: BMS E 25336, pelvis with associated right and left femora and tibiotarsi, the first 5 free caudal vertebrae, and 10 presacral vertebrae (Fig. 7). Collected by Verl and Rick Hebdon and acquired by the Buffalo Museum of Science in 1982. Locality: Warfield Fossil Quarries at Warfield Springs (NW 1 / 4, Sec. 5, T 19 N, R 117 W; locality K of Grande and Buchheim, 1994), ca. 14 km SW of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming. Horizon: F�� 2 facies equivalent, Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, late early Eocene. The specimen is from a 1.5 m thick layer of precipitated limestone overlying a 30���45 cm thick layer of bluish shale. Measurements: See Table 1. Description: As in L. azygosternon the nostril is long and open, the posteriormost corner being about 1 cm anterior to the naso��frontal hinge. The anterior margin can now be clearly discerned as extending nearly to the premaxillary symphysis. The configuration of the quadrate in ventral view in Limnofregata shows some distinctive features. In Phaethon the medial and lateral condyles are in the same transverse plane with practically no development of a posterior condyle. In Fregata, the medial condyle extends posterolaterally as a more constricted crest, which then bends at nearly a right angle to the lateral condyle, the bend forming a rather weak posterior condyle with a deep depression anterior to it. The configuration in the Sulidae is more complex, with the posterior condyle completely separate from the medial condyle. Limnofregata is most similar to Fregata, with the medial condyle forming a long rolling crest with only an incipient posterior condyle and the lateral condyle is only slightly angled off of the long axis of the articular surface. The depression seen in Fregata is shallower in Limnofregata. The pterygoids are relatively much longer in Limnofregata than in Fregata, with slightly curved rather than straight shafts that appear to be terete, without the flattened surfaces seen in Fregata or the Sulidae. They are quite unlike the very long, straight, and slender pterygoids in Phaethon. The mandibular articulations are much heavier in Limnofregata than in Fregata, the rami much thicker and deeper, and the mandibular symphysis shorter. In the ventral view afforded by the paratypical skull of L. hasegawai, the internal processes of the articulations are shorter, thicker, and much less distinctly set off from the heavy proximal portion of the rami than in Fregata. The one visible lacrimal in the holotype of L. azygosternon is partially obscured and was misinterpreted in the original description. The entire structure is beautifully revealed in paratype FMNH PA 719 of L. hasegawai in which both lacrimals are preserved with the entire external surface exposed (Fig 6). The corpus of the bone that articulates with the cranium is much larger than in Fregata, with the posterior portion broad and truncated. There are two small pneumatic foramina in the corpus, just anterior to the descending process. The descending process is very long and slender, with a very small expansion on the posterior margin about 2 / 3 the distance to the ventral extremity. The lacrimal in Fregata is very different, with a small, nonpneumatic corpus and a greatly expanded, inflated descending process that bears a single pneumatic foramen. The postcranial specimen of L. hasegawai is not in particularly good condition, but has the pelvis preserved in dorsal view and the thoracic vertebrae are better preserved than in the holotype of Limnofregata azygosternon. These do not differ greatly from those in Fregata. The specimen confirms that the distinctive notch in the posterior margin of the innominate bone in the area of fusion of the ischim and ilium (Olson, 1977: 15) is the normal condition. As in the holotype of L. azygosternon, the pygostyle is missing, suggesting that it may have floated away with the presumably enlarged rectrices. Size in Limnofregata. The seven available specimens now assigned to L. azygosternon are remarkably homogeneous in size and those for which comparable length measurements are available are practically identical (Table 1), especially given the variation induced by crushing and other vicissitudes of preservation. In the two skulls of L. hasegawai such factors of preservation have doubtless contributed to inaccuracies in the measurements of the cranium and rostrum. For example, in the paratype FMNH PA 719, the skull is broken across the nasofrontal hinge and the anterior margin of the cranium has been shoved under the posterior margin of the rostrum perhaps as much as 6 mm. On the other hand, the length measurements of the two known mandibles of L. hasegawai and in the holotype of L. azygosternon are unequivocal. The two mandibles of L hasegawai are identical in length and are 20 % larger than in the holotype of L. azygosternon. The postcranial paratype of L hasegawai basically agrees in size, as the femur is 17 % larger and the pelvis 20 % larger than in L. azygosternon. The tibiotarsus seems disproportionately small, however, as it is only 7 % larger. The same appears to apply within modern frigatebirds, however, as the tibiotarsus of the largest species, F. m i n o r, is proportionately smaller than in F. a r i e l, the smallest species (Table 3). The differences in size between L. azygosternon and L. hasegawi are as great as between the smallest and largest individuals of modern Fregata, which comprises 5 sexually dimorphic species (females larger). Thus, on size alone, Limnofregata would have to be divided into two species��level taxa, as the differences could not be due to differences between sexes, especially as the species of Limnofregata are unlikely to have been sexually dimorphic (see discussion below). The differences in bill proportions, with L. azygosternon having proportionately a much shorter bill, would also not be expected within a single species., Published as part of Olson, Storrs L. & Matsuoka, Hiroshige, 2005, New specimens of the early Eocene frigatebird Limnofregata (Pelecaniformes: Fregatidae), with the description of a new species, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 1046 on pages 6-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.169909, {"references":["Grande, L. & Buchheim, H. P. (1994) Paleontological and sedimentological variation in early Eocene Fossil Lake. Contributions to Geology University of Wyoming, 30, 33 - 56.","Olson, S. L. (1977) A Lower Eocene frigatebird from the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Pelecaniformes, Fregatidae) Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 35, 1 - 33."]}

We present a number of new fossil records of ‘‘waterbirds’’ (encompassing several of the traditional living orders of birds) from three important Miocene deposits in western Kenya. These sites surround Lake Victoria—the Ngorora Formation and sediments at Maboko and Rusinga Islands (Kula Formation)—are well-known hominoid localities, and have yielded a diverse assemblage of contemporary fossil mammals. Previously identified avians from this area include a marabou stork (Leptoptilos sp.), the fossil flamingo Leakeyornis aethiopicus, as well as a number of additional unidentified phoenicopterid (flamingo) remains. We add records of an anhinga (Anhinga cf. pannonica), two storks (Ciconia minor, C. cf. ciconia/nigra), a night heron (Nycticorax cf. nycticorax) and a threskyornithid (the group that includes the ibises and spoonbills) to the known diversity of Kenyan Miocene waterbirds. We also illustrate, for the first time, the holotype and paratype material of the Kenyan Miocene flamingo Leakeyornis aethiopicus. Comparisons with other known sites of this age across northern Africa, the Mediterranean and northern Pakistan suggest that Miocene waterbird faunas in this region were very similar in their compositions. While Anhinga pannonica, Ciconia minor, and Ciconia ciconia are documented from other Miocene sites across the region, the osteologically distinct fossil flamingo Leakeyornis appears to have been restricted to East Africa. All the avian groups recorded from these Kenyan Miocene sites represent extant genera, in contrast to the described fossil mammals. As has been widely reported from other African sites of this age, fossil birds thus represent a valid mechanism for building hypotheses about palaeoenvironments.

Four additional specimens from the Green River Formation of Wyoming are referred to the Eocene frigatebird Limnofregata azygosternon Olson, originally described from a nearly complete skeleton and two partial paratypes. Two skulls with mandibles and a partial postcranial skeleton are described as a new species, Limnofregata hasegawai, characterized by much larger size and a proportionately longer bill. One of the referred specimens of L. azygosternon is from Eocene Lake Gosiute, whereas all of the other specimens of Limnofregata are from Fossil Lake. The species of Limnofregata would have taken advantage of frequent periodic dieoffs of fish in the Green River lakes. Geological and climatic factors that may have influenced the paleoecology, distribution, and size variation in frigatebirds in the Cenozoic are reviewed.

Despite the large diversity of the migratory and resident avifauna of the Arabian Peninsula, relatively few species have been sampled for chewing lice. In this study, three breeding species of Suliformes, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes, Sula dactylatra Lesson and Sula leucogaster (Boddaert) were examined for chewing lice. Four species of chewing lice were identified, two from the suborder Amblycera (Eidmanniella albescens (Piaget, 1880) and Eidmanniella nancyae Ryan & Price, 1969) and two from the suborder Ischnocera (Pectinopygus socotranus Timmermann, 1964 and Pectinopygus sulae (Rudow, 1869)). Diagnostic characters, examined and other known hosts, an identification key, and images of hosts and chewing lice are provided.