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Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der deutschen Zivilgesellschaft in den letzten zwei bis drei Dekaden verbindet sehr unterschiedliche, auch scheinbar widersprüchliche Prozesse. Entwicklungen der Politisierung und Entpolitisierung überlagern sich genauso wie Entwicklungen des Wachstums des gemeinnützigen Sektors bei gleichzeitiger Schwächung der institutionellen Grundlagen durch eine tendenzielle Informalisierung von zivilgesellschaftlichem Engagement. Aufgrund dieser Überlagerung analysiert der Beitrag zivilgesellschaftlichen Wandel als Strukturwandel und bedient sich dazu quantitativer Längsschnittdaten von ZiviZ-Survey und Freiwilligensurvey. Neue Anforderungen und Fragen an Engagementpolitik und -forschung werden abschließend abgeleitet.

COVID-19 pandemic may lead to changes in stress, sleep, physical activity (PA), and pain intensity related to the pregnancy. The study aimed to investigate the perceived stress, quality of sleep, PA, and pain intensity of pregnant women who were advised to stay at home as much as they could to provide isolation during the pandemic. The study included 149 pregnant women between April and May 2020. Demographics were recorded; Perceived-Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) were performed. According to social isolation duration, 79.2% of the participants were in social isolation for more than 21 days. Self-reported anxiety level was severe for 65.8% of participants. The mean PPS score (±SD) was 26.98±8.26, PSQI score was 6.14±2.87, IPAQ-SF score was 466.1±1421.28, and NPRS score was 4.42±2.65. When the participants were classified and compared according to the trimester, no statistical significance was found in PPS, PSQI, IPAQ-SF, and NPRS scores (p> 0.05). The correlation was low between PPS-PSQI scores (r=0.291, p0.001); NPRS and PSQI scores (r=0.198, p=0.016). As a conclusion, pregnant women reported moderate stress level, poor sleep quality, very low PA level, and moderate pain intensity in the pandemic.

Background. Telerehabilitation used as an exercise method has become increasingly common in recent years. Various methods have been used to increase hamstring flexibility, but more research is required on the optimal program. The study purpose was to investigate the effect of hamstring stretching exercises given as telerehabilitation and home exercise program on hamstring flexibility. Materials and methods. Sixty-eight healthy adults were randomly assigned to two groups, namely telerehabilitation and home exercise. Exercises were performed for 8 weeks (4 sessions/week) in both groups. Active and passive range of motion (ROM), sit and reach test (SRT), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were conducted in the pre- and post-intervention and after a 6-month period. Results. At the end of 8 weeks, a significant improvement was observed in the SRT scores in both the telerehabilitation group (p = 0.001) and the home exercise group (p = 0.001). In addition, significant improvements were observed in the passive ROM measurements of both the telerehabilitation group (p = 0.005) and the home exercise group (p = 0.001). At the end of 8 weeks, the telerehabilitation group was found to be significantly superior to the home exercise group in the SRT results (p = 0.034). As for the long-term results, significant improvement was maintained in both SRT (p = 0.001) and passive ROM (p = 0.014) in the telerehabilitation group. Conclusions. Eight-week telerehabilitation and home exercise program was observed to have positive effects on passive and active ROM. The telerehabilitation method may prove to be more effective than the home exercise method in the long term. Базова проблематика. Телереабілітація, яку викорис-товують як метод виконання вправ, набуває дедалі більшо-го поширення за останні роки. Для підвищення гнучкості підколінних м’язів стегна використовують різні методи, але пошук оптимальної програми потребує більших об-сягів досліджень.Метою дослідження було вивчення впливу на гнуч-кість підколінних м’язів стегна вправ на розтягування під-колінних м’язів стегна, рекомендованих у рамках телереа-білітації, і програми домашніх вправ.Матеріали та методи. Шістдесят вісім здорових дорос-лих випадково розподілили на дві групи, а саме: група теле-реабілітації та група домашніх вправ. В обох групах вправи виконували протягом 8 тижнів (4 заняття/тиждень). У пе-ріод безпосередньо до та після втручання, а також через 6 місяців після втручання проводили вимірювання активної та пасивної амплітуди руху (ROM), вимірювання гнучкості під час тесту на згинання тулуба вперед сидячи на підлозі з випрямленими вперед руками (Sit and Reach Test, SRT), а також вимірювання рівнів фізичної активності учасників на підставі заповнених ними коротких форм Міжнародної анкети з фізичної активності (IPAQ-SF). Результати. Наприкінці 8 тижнів спостерігалося зна-чне покращення показників гнучкості за результатами тесту на згинання тулуба вперед сидячи на підлозі з ви-прямленими вперед руками (SRT) як у групі телереабілі-тації (p = 0,001), так і в групі домашніх вправ (p = 0,001). Крім того, суттєве покращення спостерігалося в показни-ках вимірювань пасивної амплітуди руху (ROM) як у групі телереабілітації (p = 0,005), так і в групі домашніх вправ (p = 0,001). Наприкінці 8 тижнів було визначено, що група телереабілітації значно перевершує групу домашніх вправ за результатами тесту на згинання тулуба вперед сидячи на підлозі з випрямленими вперед руками (SRT) (p = 0,034). Що стосується довгострокових результатів, у групі теле-реабілітації зберігалося суттєве покращення в показниках тесту на згинання тулуба вперед сидячи на підлозі з ви-прямленими вперед руками (SRT) (p = 0,001) та вимірюван-ня пасивної амплітуди руху (ROM) (p = 0,014).Висновки. За результатами спостереження восьми-тижневої програми телереабілітації та домашніх вправ було встановлено її позитивний вплив на показники па-сивної та активної амплітуди руху (ROM). У довгостроко-вій перспективі метод телереабілітації, можливо, виявить-ся ефективнішим за метод домашніх вправ.Ключові слова: вправа, підколінні м’язи стегна, теле-реабілітація, розтягування м’язів, гнучкість.

Aim: Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy may cause ophthalmologic and neurological sequelae in the fetus. However, this screening is not clearly included in routine screening protocols in our country. Therefore, there is no general information about the exact prevalence of the disease. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the toxoplasmosis seroprevalence studies conducted in Turkey during pregnancy using the pool analysis method and to show the differences between seroprevalence rates by region. Material and method: Published literature in English and Turkish language on toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in pregnancy from Turkey in the last 30 years were elevated. Four international databases were scanned by using the keywords " Toxoplasmosis " OR " Toxoplasma gondii" OR " TORCH" and " seroprevalence" OR "IG G" and " pregnant women” OR " pregnancy” OR " pregnant” and ''Turkey''or 'Turkish'. The publications were evaluated in terms of the general frequency, city, region, year, sample size, diagnostic method. Conference papers were not included in the study. Studies involving refugee women in the sample group were excluded. Results: A total number of 58 studies and 256612 test results were included. ELISA (n=22) was the most preferred laboratory diagnostic method. The average Anti-Toxo IgG seroprevalence rate in the pregnant population in Turkey was found to be 36.76%. And the average of Anti-Toxo IgM rate was found to be 2.91%. As a result of our study, the highest Anti-Toxo IgG test results were; It was found in studies conducted in Southeastern Anatolia (59.43%), Mediterranean (43.95%), and Eastern Anatolia (40.89%). The regions with the lowest Anti-Toxo IgG test results are respectively; Aegean Region (30.25%), Marmara Region (31.21%), and Black Sea Region (31.80%). Anti-Toxo IgM ratios are highest respectively; It was detected in Aegean Region (5.65%), Mediterranean Region (2.77%), and Southeastern Anatolia (2.21%). Conclusion: It has been determined that western Turkey (Aegean Region) is riskier in terms of congenital toxoplasmosis due to its high susceptibility to Toxoplasma infection associated with low toxoplasma seroprevalence compared to the east, and it is considered important to perform at least region-based prenatal toxoplasma screening to prevent this.

Background: The stability provided by the trunk is needed for normal shoulder function. This is also related to balance. Objectives: To examine the postural stability and balance status of individuals with shoulder pain and the relations of these parameters to each other. In addition, to investigate the effects of conventional shoulder pain treatment on postural instability and balance parameters. Methods: Twenty patients with shoulder pain and twenty healthy individuals included in the study were assigned to the treatment (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). A conventional physiotherapy program was applied 3 times a week to individuals with shoulder pain in the treatment group for 8 weeks (24 sessions). Pain, shoulder range of motion, and balance were evaluated at the end of the program. Results: A statistically significant improvement was observed in the pre-and post-treatment values of pain and range of motion in the treatment group at the end of 8 weeks (P = 0.00; P = 0.02). In addition, statistically significant differences were found in all values in the results of the balance assessment between the groups, except for the dynamic balance scores of the medial-lateral balance (P = 0.014; P = 0.016). Conclusions: Postural stability and balance status of individuals with shoulder pain were evaluated, and no statistically significant difference was found between them and healthy individuals. It was observed that therapeutic agents applied in addition to exercise in individuals with shoulder pain prove to be a safe method that can be implemented to improve the parameters of pain, mobility, balance, and postural stability.

Bu araştırmada üç farklı kırmızı şarabın toplam fenolik bileşik, toplam monomerik antosiyanin ve antioksidan kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi ve birbirleri ile ilişkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada fermantasyonlarını tamamlamış Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon şaraplarının toplam fenolik bileşik, toplam monomerik antosiyanin ve ABTS, DPPH, FRAP ve ORAC yöntemleri ile antioksidan kapasiteleri belirlenmiş, sonuçların birbirleri ile korelasyonları incelenmiştir. Kırmızı şarapların toplam fenolik bileşik düzeyleri 2874 ile 3451 mg GAE L-1, toplam monomerik antosiyanin düzeyleri 305-357 mg L-1 aralıklarında değişen seviyelerde ölçülmüştür. Antioksidan kapasite düzeylerinin sırası ile ABTS, DPPH, ORAC ve FRAP yöntemlerine göre 32.74-35.83 μmol troloks mL-1; 14.98-19.21 μmol troloks mL-1; 25.93-29.07 μmol troloks mL-1; 28.12-36.05 μmol troloks mL-1 düzeylerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. ORAC yöntemi dışında incelenen bütün parametreler birbirleri ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Araştırmamızda incelenen kırmızı şarapların fenolik bileşik ve antioksidan kapasiteleri yüksek olmakla birlikte, antioksidan kapasite tayini amaçlı ORAC yöntemi dışındaki yöntemlerin birbirleri ile değişebilir ve karşılaştırılabilir oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.

Amaç: COVID-19’un erken tanımlanması, hastalık tedavisi ve yönetiminde çok önemlidir. Kanda spesifik antikorların tespitiyle solunum yolu örneklerinden kaynaklanan yanlış negatif sonuçların önüne geçilebilir. Çalışmada COVID-19 şüphesi olan hastaların nazofaringeal sürüntülerinden alınan Hızlı Antikor Testleri, Akciğer BT taramaları ve polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu testlerinin sonuçlarını değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: 15.03.2020-15.06.2020 tarihleri arasında COVID-19 şüphesi olan hastalardan ve şikayeti olan sağlık çalışanlarından alınan venöz kan örnekleri, Hodget Card Hızlı Antikor Testi (IgM + IgG) ile SBU Samsun Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarımızda test edildi. Çalışmada 295 kişinin hızlı antikor testi yapıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların yaş ortalaması 52±17,9 olup %55,4’ü erkekti. %39,3’ü poliklinikte, %39’u serviste, %19’u yoğun bakımda hastasıydı. Hızlı antikor testi yapılan 295 hastanın %56,6’sında PCR testinin pozitif çıktığı, %9,8’inde negatif olduğu, %33,6’sında PCR testi çalışılmadığı belirlendi. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda toraks BT’nin COVID-19’u tanımlamada PCR’den duyarlı olduğu gösterildi. Altın standart olan PCR testi negatif kişilerde hızlı antikor testlerinin pozitifliği , antikor testinin, CT veya PCR testi ile gözden kaçan hastalarda hasta doğrulaması için yararlı olduğunu, PCR testinin antikor testleri ile kombine kullanılmasının gerekliliğini göstermiştir.

Amaç: Şiddetli yanık hastalarının hayatta kalması günümüzde yoğun bakım alanındaki ilerlemelerle birlikte artmasına rağmen, sağlık hizmetleri ile ilişkili enfeksiyonlar (SHİE), bu hastaların artmış mortalite ve morbiditenin sebeplerinden biridir. Cilt bütünlüğünün bozulması, yanığın immünsüpresif etkileri, çoklu invaziv girişimler, uzun süreli hastanede yatış gibi nedenlere bağlı olarak, yanık hastaları hastaneye bağlı enfeksiyonlara daha yatkındır. Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı, yanık hastalarında gelişen SHİE’larda etken mikroorganizmaların dağılımının irdelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Samsun Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi yanık yoğun bakım ünitesinde Ocak 2014 - Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında retrospektif bir çalışma yapıldı. Veriler sürveyans ve CDC kriterleri izlenerek toplandı. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda 68 hastada toplam 168 SHİE tespit edildi. SHİE gelişen olguların 19'u (% 70,3) erkek, 49'u (% 29,1) kadındı. En sık saptanan SHİE, yanık enfeksiyonu idi (% 74,4). En yüksek hasta sayısı 2014 yılında tespit edildi. Acinetobacter baumannii (% 30,3), Staphylococcus aureus (% 17,3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (% 14,3) ve Enterococcus spp. (% 12) en sık izole edilen mikro organizmalardı (Tablo 2). Sağlık hizmeti ilişkili enfeksiyon gelişen hastaların ortalama hastanede kalış süresi 41±14,2 gün, 18’inin (%26,5) 90 gün idi. Mortalite oranı % 4,4 idi. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, non-fermentatif gram negatif basiller ve antibiyotiğe dirençli gram pozitif koklardan kaynaklanan enfeksiyonlar, SHİE'ların büyük bir kısmını oluşturdu ve majör enfeksiyon bölgesi yanık enfeksiyonu idi. İyi tasarlanmış enfeksiyon kontrol programları, el hijyeni ve bu birimdeki personelin eğitimi, gereksiz invaziv enstrümanlardan kaçınılması ve uygun antimikrobiyal tedavinin kullanılması, yanık ünitelerindeki SHİE ve mortalite oranlarının azaltılmasına yardımcı olabilir.

Long COVID is defined as symptoms related to various organs following COVID-19. There is currently very little information available about the prevalence of these symptoms and their long-term recovery time. The aim of this study was to describe the symptoms that persisted nine months after COVID-19. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Antalya, Türkiye, between November 1 and 30, 2020 on COVID-19 patients. Patients were contacted approximately nine months later by two infectious diseases physicians, and the questionnaire which included 27 symptoms was completed. Of the 390 patients who met the criteria, 329 agreed to participate in the study. Patients' average age was 48.9 ± 14.4 years, and 51.7% were male. 79.3% of the people still had at least one symptom at the end of the ninth month. The most common symptoms were weakness-fatigue (54.7%), forgetfulness (45.3%), effort loss (35.0%), sleep disturbance (34.3%), joint pain (27.4%), and hair loss (23.4%). According to analysis performed in terms of sex; hair loss, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, sore throat, loss of taste and smell were more common in women than in men (p= 0.042, p= 0.047, p= 0.050, p= 0.026, p= 0.016, p= 0.036, p= 0.027, respectively). Individuals aged 65 years and over had a significantly lower number of symptoms (p= 0.029) than all other age groups. Furthermore, the number of symptoms was higher in patients who used steroids (p= 0.049). This study is an important source of information on the long-term symptoms of COVID-19. Our results have shown that the symptoms associated with COVID-19 do not completely resolve even after nine months, which explains why long COVID requires continuous monitoring.

Metastasis is one of the major obstacles for breast cancer patients. Limitations of current models demand the development of custom platforms to predict metastatic potential and homing choices of cancer cells. Here, two organ-on-chip (OoC) platforms, invasion/chemotaxis (IC-chip) and extravasation (EX-chip) were used for the quantitative assessment of invasion and extravasation towards specific tissues. Lung, liver and breast microenvironments were simulated in the chips using tissue specific cells embedded in matrigel. In the IC-chip, invasive MDA-MB-231, but not non-invasive MCF-7 breast cancer cells invaded into lung and liver microenvironments. In the EX-chip, MDA-MB-231 cells extravasated more into the lung compared to the liver and breast microenvironments. In addition, lung-specific MDA-MB-231 clone invaded and extravasated into the lung microenvironment more efficiently than the bone-specific clone. Both invasion/chemotaxis and extravasation results were in agreement with published clinical data. Collectively, our results show that IC-chip and EX-chip, simulating tissue specific microenvironments, can distinguish different in vivo metastatic phenotypes, in vitro. Determination of tissue specific metastatic potential of breast cancer cells is expected to improve diagnosis and help select the ideal therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In this study, seeds, skins and stems of the red wine grape varieties Boğazkere, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Nero d’Avola, Sangiovese and Syrah grown in Turkey were analysed for their phenolic compounds. The highest total phenolic compound and DPPH were found in the stem of Boğazkere respectively as 62550 mg GAE/kg dw and 614 µmol/g dw; the highest ABTS, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin were detected in the seed of Nero d’Avola respectively as 617 µmol trolox/g dw, 8650 mg/kg and 1902 mg/kg dw; the highest total anthocyanin and rutin were measured in the skin of Boğazkere respectively as 143.52 mg/kg dw and 9692 mg/kg dw; the highest quercetin was found in the seed of Boğazkere as 49.21 mg/kg dw and the highest trans-resveratrol was measured in the stem of Syrah as 61.56 mg/kg dw. Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Ankara University - 11B4347003 WOS:000623982100002 Q4

İnsan tüketimi amacıyla üretilen ancak çeşitli nedenlerle insan tarafından tüketilemeyen her gıda, dünya çapında büyük bir problemdir. Gıdanın insan tüketiminden çıkması, birbirini takip eden, farklı özelliklere sahip, çeşitli aşamalardan oluşan ve oluştuğu aşamaya göre kavramsallaştırılan uzun bir süreçtir. Kademeli bir kavramsal örüntüyle ifade edilmeye çalışılan bu süreci oluşturan her aşamanın doğru kavramlarla tanımlanması; problemin doğru tanımlanması, dolayısıyla çözümlerin doğru üretilmesi için son derece önemlidir. Bu nedenle bilimsel çalışmalarda, bu aşamalarla ilgili ortak kavramsal yapının oluşturulabilmesi ve kullanılabilmesi çok değerlidir. Uluslararası literatürde genel olarak ortak bir kavramsal yapının temel alındığı ancak Türkçe literatürde söz konusu yapıyı oluşturan kavramlarla ilgili bir karmaşanın ortaya çıkabildiği ve kavramların birbirleri yerine kullanılabildiği görülmektedir. Doküman analizi yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, kavramların tanımlarının yapılıp aralarındaki ilişkilerin ve farklılıkların karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya konulması ile söz konusu kavramsal yapının oluşturulmasına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, gıda israfının üst kavram olduğunu; gıda kaybı ile gıda atığının bu üst kavrama ait iki alt bileşen olduğunu göstermektedir.

To evaluate a novel hydrophobic, non-diffractive, extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL) design in comparison to two monofocal aspheric lenses. Inclusion criteria for this prospective, monocentric cohort study were opacification of the crystalline lens and patients’ wishes for surgery. In the case of the EDOF IOL, patients asked for a presbyopia correction. All patients received surgery on both eyes. Corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity (CDVA, UCDVA), uncorrected and distance corrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA, DCIVA) and defocus curves (all monocular and binocular) were compared three months postoperatively. Fifty-six eyes were implanted with an EDOF IOL (LuxSmartTM, Bausch & Lomb GmbH, Berlin, Germany), 50 eyes with a monofocal aspheric IOL: 32 eyes with a clear IOL (Polylens® AS 61, Polytech Domilens, Roßdorf, Germany), 16 eyes with a yellow IOL (iSert® 251, Hoya Surgical Optics GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany). Three months postoperatively, UCDVA was comparable with the EDOF IOL, versus the monofocal IOL (P > 0.9). Binocular DCIVA in the EDOF IOL was significantly higher than in the monofocal IOL (P = 0.001). Monocular DCIVA better than 20/23 Snellen was achieved in 10% with the monofocal IOL and in 68% (P < 0.0001) with the EDOF IOL. Defocus curves showed a depth of focus at 20/23 Snellen of 1.6 vs. 0.83 diopters (D) in the EDOF IOL, vs. the monofocal IOL. No patient reported halos or starbursts in non-standardized questioning. This non-diffractive EDOF IOL provided comparably high UCDVA and significantly higher DCIVA than the mono-focal lenses, causing only mild optical phenomena.

Wir berichten uber einen 56-jahrigen Patienten, der im Jahr 1987 in Russland mit phaken Hinterkammerlinsen versorgt wurde und sich 31 Jahre spater mit einer anterioren kortikalen Katarakt und beginnenden Hornhaut-Endothel-Epithel-Dekompensation (HHEED) beider Augen in unsere Behandlung begab. Geschildert werden die strategische Planung und Durchfuhrung der chirurgischen Versorgung und der klinische Verlauf.

The goal of the research was to monitor the quality of corn silage on farms in the period from 2017. to 2019th year, and to compare the quality of silage by years of research. The analysis of corn silage has been done at 20 farms in the municipality Kalesija. The following parameters of corn silage quality were determined: acidity (pH), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (SC) and moisture content (SV). The quality of corn silage varies much more in one year, by the farms, than by years of production, although the agro-climatic conditions for production were different in the years of production. The medium value of CP by years of research is in 2017 - 6.94 %, 2018 - 6.82 % and in 2019th was 6.31 %. The low level of protein indicates a bad choice of hybrids for sowing and storing silage at a later stage of corn development. The acidity (pH), the medium value by year of research is in 2017 - 3.81, in 2018 - 4.03 and in 2019 - 4.01. The acidity is in the limits of optimal values for corn silage. The medium value of SC by years of research is in 2017th 31.69 %, 2018 - 31.9 % and in 2019 - 33.99 %. The high content of cellulose is an indicator of storing corn silage in later stage of corn maturation. Moisture content, the medium value by years of the research is in 2017 - 68.48 %, 2018 - 68.75 % and in the 2019 - 68.43 %. The moisture content is within the optimum values for corn silage.

Purpose Chronic graft versus host disease is a major consequence after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and has great impact on patients’ morbidity and mortality. Besides the skin, liver, and intestines, the eyes are most commonly affected, manifesting as severe ocular surface disease. Treatment protocols include topical steroids, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and ASED. Since these patients often receive systemic immunosuppressant therapy from their oncologists, a topical re-administration of these drugs via ASED with potentially beneficial or harmful effects is possible. The purpose of the study was to determine whether and to which extent systemic immunosuppressants are detectable in ASED. Methods A total of 34 samples of ASED from 16 patients with hemato-oncological malignancies after allo-SCT were collected during the manufacturing process and screened for levels of cyclosporine, mycophenolic acid, everolimus, and tacrolimus via liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and informed consent was obtained from the subjects after explanation of the nature and possible consequences of the study. Results Cyclosporine was found in 18 ASED samples in concentrations ranging from 6.5–105.0 ng/ml (32.0 ± 22.8 ng/ml, mean ± SD). The concentration range of mycophenolic acid in 19 samples was 0.04–25.0 mg/l (4.0 ± 5.4 mg/l, mean ± SD). Everolimus and tacrolimus concentrations were well below the respective limits of quantification ( Conclusions Our study suggests that orally administered cyclosporine and mycophenolic acid for the treatment of systemic GvHD, but not everolimus and tacrolimus, are distinctly detectable in ASED in relevant concentrations. It is highly likely that these agents affect topical therapy of ocular GvHD. However, the extent of this effect needs to be evaluated in further studies.

BACKGROUND The influence of demographic and anthropometric factors on nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) reference values in high-resolution ultrasound was evaluated in a prospective observational study. METHODS We measured CSA of median, ulnar, radial, and sural nerves in 80 healthy adults from 18 to 98 years of age. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression with age, gender, body mass index, and hand volume were calculated. RESULTS Ulnar and median nerve CSA showed a significant positive correlation with ipsilateral hand volume. Median nerve CSA in the left forearm (mean, 6.2 mm2 ; SD, 1.2) increased by 0.006 mm2 (SE = 0.002; P

Desiccating stress (DS) is known to induce dry eye disease but has not been studied in the context of ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD). Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are exposed to DS on transplantation wards, which are highly climate-regulated for hygienic purposes. Because oGVHD demonstrates features of dry eye disease, this retrospective study aimed to analyze DS as a risk factor for chronic oGVHD. A total of 444 patients undergoing allo-HSCT were investigated with a maximum follow-up of 5.8 years post-transplantation. Relative humidity (%rH) on the transplantation ward was monitored, and data were correlated with the occurrence, severity, and onset of chronic oGVHD, as well as the occurrence of acute skin GVHD. A logistic regression model was used to predict the development of oGVHD. One hundred three of 213 surviving patients developed oGVHD. oGVHD was significantly correlated with a lower %rH (r = .2; P = .03), and more patients (73%) developed oGVHD after transplantation under DS compared with patients after transplantation under high-humidity conditions (30%; P = .02). Reduced humidity increased the relative risk for oGVHD by 4% for each %rH, but it did not affect the severity or time of first diagnosis of oGVHD. In this study, we demonstrate that DS is an independent risk factor for oGVHD. Adjusting air humidity during allo-HSCT has the potential to serve as a preventive measure with clinical relevance.

From the moment one becomes aware of himself, he interacts with his environment and realizes thisinteraction through communication. Thus, the concept of communication has become a concept usedin every field of life and associated with many disciplines. This concept manifests itself in the politicalfield as in many other fields. Communication in the political sphere provides information to the targetaudience of the politicians, receives their support and brings them together within the frameworkof their own thoughts. Communication in the political sphere intensifies within the framework ofpolitical campaigns, especially at election times. The main reason for this concentration is the desireof political personalities to come to power. They convey many messages to their target audiencesthrough the political campaigns they create in line with their desires. On the other hand, the targetaudience exposed to the messages constitutes some perceptions against the political structure thatsends the message. The perception developed through messages should have positive reflections onthe political structure. These positive reflections can be realized in a planned and programmed way,not in a beautiful way. Thus, perception management is an indispensable phenomenon in the fieldof political communication. For this reason, the main purpose of this study is to determine how thecommunication activities formed by political parties are perceived by the target audience in termsof ideology, to determine the effect levels of communication tools and methods in the formationof perceptions within the scope of political communication and to determine whether or not theperception management rules determined for political actors and organs are applied. to determine.The survey method has been taken into consideration in achieving this aim. The universe of theresearch is composed of students of Selcuk University Faculty of Communication. The sample waschosen as 256 students whose arrival was determined by good method. Considering the results ofthe study, the political ideologies of the five leading parties in the Turkish Grand National Assemblywere determined. Significance levels of the mass media, which have an effect on the formation ofpolitical perceptions, were determined separately and it was observed that the importance level ofthe internet in the formation of political perceptions was higher than the other mass media.This study is important both in terms of providing benefit to political actors and bodies in perceptionmanagement practices in terms of politics and contributing to the literature in this respect., İnsan kendinin farkında olduğu andan itibaren, çevresiyle etkileşime girmekte ve bu etkileşimiiletişim aracılıyla gerçekleştirmektedir. Böylelikle iletişim kavramı hayatın her alanında kullanılanve birçok disiplinle ilişkilendirilen bir kavrama dönüşmüştür. Bu kavram birçok alanda olduğugibi siyasal alanda da kendini göstermektedir. Siyasal alanda iletişim yer alması, siyasilerin hedefkitlelerine bilgi vermeyi, onların desteklerini almayı ve onları kendi düşünceleri çerçevesindebir araya getirmeyi sağlamaktadır. Siyasal alanda iletişim, özellikle seçim zamanlarında siyasalkampanyalar çerçevesinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu yoğunlaşmanın en temel sebebi ise siyasikişiliklerin iktidara gelme arzularıdır. Siyasilerde arzuları doğrultusunda oluşturdukları siyasalkampanyalar ile birçok iletiyi hedef kitlelerine iletmektedirler. İletilere maruz kalan hedef kitleise, iletiyi gönderen siyasal yapıya karşı zihninde bir takım algılar oluşturmaktadır. İletilerlegelişen algının siyasal yapıya olumlu yansımaları olmalıdır. Söz konusu olumlu yansımalar, gelişigüzel bir şekilde değil planlı ve programlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebilir. Böylelikle siyasal iletişimalanında algı yönetimi vazgeçilmez bir olgu olarak kendini göstermektedir.Bu nedenlerden dolayı ele aldığımız çalışmanın temel amaç ise siyasal partilerin oluşturduklarıiletişim çalışmalarının hedef kitle tarafından, ideoloji açısından nasıl algılandığını ortayakoymak, siyasal iletişim kapsamında algıların oluşmasındaki iletişim araç ve yöntemlerin etkidüzeylerini belirlemek ve siyasal aktörler ve organlar için belirlenen algı yönetimi kurallarınınuygulanıp-uygulanmadığını belirlemektir. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmede anket tekniği ele alınmıştır.Araştırmanın evrenini Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Örneklemise tesadüfi yöntem ile belirlenen 256 öğrenci olarak kararlaştırılmıştır. Söz konusu araştırmanınsonuçları göz önünde bulundurulduğunda TBMM’de önde gelen beş partinin, seçmen tarafındanalgılanan siyasal ideolojileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Siyasal algıların oluşmasında etkisi olankitle iletişim araçlarının her birinin ayrı ayrı önemlilik düzeyleri belirlenmiş ve internetin siyasalalgıların oluşmasında önemlilik düzeyinin diğer kitle iletişim araçlarına göre daha fazla olduğugözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın önemi ise hem siyasi aktörlere ve organlara, siyasal açıdan algıyönetimi uygulamalarında fayda sağlamak hem de literatüre bu bakımdan katkıda bulunmakaçısından önem arz etmektedir.

Die Corona-Pandemie hat durch die Erkrankung und den Tod vieler Menschen Deutschland in eine Krise gestürzt. Die Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung des Virus bedingen weitere Einschränkungen für das zivilgesellschaftliche Engagement. Krisen als Prozesse des Wandels bergen jedoch auch immer Momente der Chance, so auch für die organisierte Zivilgesellschaft. Diese These beleuchtet der Beitrag anhand der Ergebnisse des Engagement-Barometers, einer Panelbefragung von Zivilgesellschaft in Zahlen (ZiviZ) im Stifterverband. Mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Länder Bayern, Berlin, Rheinland-Pfalz und der Ehrenamtsstiftung Mecklenburg-Vorpommern hat ZiviZ im Frühjahr und Sommer 2020 Führungskräfte von Verbänden und Infrastruktureinrichtungen gemeinnütziger Organisationen zur Situation in der Pandemie befragt. Im Mittelpunkt standen vor allem die Mitglieder- und Engagemententwicklung, die finanzielle Situation sowie Digitalisierungsprozesse.

Giriş: Kronik Hepatit C (HCV) enfeksiyonu, siroz ve hepatosellüler karsinom (HCC) etyolojisinde rol ayan etkenlerden olup, son yıllarda tedavide direkt etkili antiviral (DEA) ilaç kombinasyonları sayesinde oldukça iyi tedavi başarıları mevcut olup, son yayınlar kalıcı viral yanıt oranlarının %97-99 seviyelerinde olduğunu bildirmektedir. Kronik HCV enfeksiyonunda tedavinin amacı; HCV eradikasyonu, siroz, HCC ve ekstrahepatik komplikasyon (esansiyel mikskriyoglobulinemi, HCV-immun kompleks ilişkili nefropati, B hücreli Non Hodgkin Lenfoma) gelişimininin engellenmesi, mortalite ve morbiditenin azaltımasıdır. Tedavi öncesi tüm hastaların; Hepatit B virüs (HBV), Hepatit Avirüs (HAV) ve (Human Immmunodeficiency Virus) HIV açısından tetkik edilmesi önerilmektedir. HCV tanısı ile DEA ilaç tedavisi alan ve izole hepatit B kor antikoru (anti-HBc IgG) pozitif olan hastalarda şiddetli hepatit B reaktivasyonu olabileceği unutulmamalıdır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada; Ocak 2016 ile Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında polikliniğimize başvuran kronik HCV tanılı hastalardaki, HBV koenfeksiyonu ve izole hepatit B kor antikoru seropozitifliği araştırıldı. Bulgular: Çalışma grubunu oluşturan toplam 313 hastanın, 135’i (% 43.1) kadın, 178’i (%56.9) erkekti, yaş ortalaması 48.2±11.5 idi. 19 (%6) hastada eşlik eden HBsAg pozitifliği, 8 (%2.5) hastada HBV-DNA pozitifliği ve 39 (%12.5) hastada izole Anti-HBc IgG seropozitifliği saptandı. Kronik HCV tanılı hastalarda izole Anti-HBc IgG seropozitifliği; 20-29 yaş aralığında %5.3, 30-39 yaş aralığında %8.7, 40-49 yaş aralığında %9.7, 50-59 yaş aralığında %15.6, >60 yaş %29 ve tüm yaş gruplarında %12.5 olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda saptanan izole Anti-HBc IgG seropozitiflik oranı ülkemizde yapılan çalışmalara benzer bulunmuştur. Kronik HCV tanılı hastaların HBV serolojisi açısından taranması, seronegatif kişilerin HBV koenfeksiyonu gelişmesini engellemek amaçlı aşılanması gerekmektedir.

In this study Karaoglan ( Vitis vinifera L.) red winegrape variety was processed in to wine and total phenolic compound, total anthocyanin and antioxidant contents were determined during fermentation. The total phenolic compound content was measured 391.3 mg GA/L at the first day of the fermentation and 2005.7 mg GA/L at the last day of the fermentation, total anthocyanin was measured 6.14 mg/L at the first day of the fermentation and 185 mg/L at the last day of the fermentation and antioxidant capacity was measured 2.31 µmoltroloks/mL at the first day of the fermentation and 11.3 µmol trolox/mL at the last day of the fermentation with the great increase. According to the research results, Karaoglan variety is a high quality grape variety with high phenolic compound content.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Dubai metro stations, studying their external roof forms as well as their internal level of services (LOS). The first stage of the study generally studied the best roof form of metro station buildings suitable for Dubai in hot climate regions. Common shapes of roof surfaces of metro stations in hot climate regions such as curvilinear, rectilinear, and composite were studied. Several parameters such as solar radiation, wind pressure, and wind velocity were investigated using an Integrated Environmental Solution Virtual Environment (IESVE) and Flow Design Autodesk in order to select the best roof form suitable for Dubai. Secondly, after receiving the best roof form suitable for hot climate regions, the study was extended to investigate the (LOS) inside Dubai Metro Station using Mass Motion Oasys (MMO). As a result of the study, curvilinear roof forms were found to be more efficient for hot climate regions, matching with the existing roof form of Dubai Metro Stations. Additionally, the second stage of the study provided design guidelines for metro station buildings for hot climate regions.

DOI:10.17681/hsp.450302Purpose:The aim of this study is to investigatethe physical activity levels of disabled individuals who take specialeducation and caregivers.Materialsand Methods: Between the ages of 5-18 whomeet the inclusion criteria for our study; 45 handicapped individuals who had15 bodily handicaps, 15 mild mental retardations and 15 autism and their caregivers were taken. For the assessment of disabled individuals; the Childhood and Adolescent Physical ActivityForms Questionnaire (CPA) and pedometer were used. Caregivers were evaluatedwith; International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF),Cooper Survey and pedometer. Results: İnthe motor part of the CPA (1-8 part) used in disabled individuals, there was a significant difference betweenthe scores of intra-group evaluation results in the CPA (p= 0.006). There wasno significant difference between the inter-group pedometer results of disabledindividuals (p>0.05). A significant difference found in the motor part ofthe CPA (1-8 part) between the inter-group evaluation results of individualswith physical disabilities and individuals with autism (p = 0.004). Used in caregivers; there was nosignificant difference intra-group and inter-group between IPAQ-SF, pedometer,Cooper Questionnaire (p> 0.05). Conclusion:İt is possible for children to be moreindependent in active and social life by physical activity. Caregiversare inactive because of several factors. We believe that the awareness levelshould be increased by organizing various seminars on this subject., DOI:10.17681/hsp.450302Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı; özel eğitim alan engelli bireylerin ve bakım verenlerinin fiziksel aktivite düzeylerini araştırmaktır.Gereç: Çalışmaya 5-18 yaşları arasında olan 15 bedensel engelli, 15 hafif mental retarde ve 15 otizm tanısı almış 45 engelli birey ve bakım vereni dahil edildi.Yöntem: Engelli bireylerde değerlendirme için Çocukluk ve Ergenlik Fiziksel Aktivite Biçimleri Anketi (ÇFA) ve pedometre kullanılırken bakım verenlerde Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi Kısa Formu (UFAA-KF), Cooper Anketi ve pedometre kullanıldı.Bulgular: Engelli bireylerde kullanılan ÇFA’nın motor kısmında (1-8 arası kısım) grup içi değerlendirme sonuçları arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p=0,006). Engelli bireylerde gruplar arası pedometre sonuçları arasında anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Engelli bireylerde gruplar arası ÇFA’nın motor kısmında (1-8 arası kısım) bedensel engelli bireylerle otizmli bireyler arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p=0,004). Bakım verenlerde kullanılan; UFAA-KF, pedometre, Cooper Anketinde grup içi ve gruplar arası sonuçlar arasında anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır (p>0,05).Sonuç: Çocukların aktif ve sosyal yaşamda daha bağımsız olmaları fiziksel aktivite ile mümkündür. Bakım verenler çeşitli faktörler nedeniyle inaktif durumdadır. Bu konu ile ilgili çeşitli seminerler düzenlenerek bilinç düzeyinin arttırılması gerektiği görüşündeyiz.

In this paper, an enriched–FEM method is presented based on the X-FEM technique by applying a damage–plasticity model to investigate the effect of FRP strengthening on the concrete arch. In this manner, the damage strain is lumped into the crack interface while the elastic and plastic strains are employed within the bulk volume of element. The damage stress–strain relation is converted to the traction separation law using an acoustic tensor. The interface between the FRP and concrete is modeled using a cohesive fracture model. The X-FEM technique is applied where the FE mesh is not necessary to be conformed to the fracture geometry, so the regular mesh is utilized independent of the position of the fracture. The accuracy of the proposed plastic-damage model is investigated under the monotonic tension, compression, and cyclic tension loading. Furthermore, the accuracy of the cohesive fracture model is investigated using the experimental data reported for the debonding test. In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed computational algorithm, the numerical results are compared with those of experimental data obtained from two tests conducted on reinforced concrete arches strengthened with FRP. Finally, a parametric study is performed by evaluating the effects of high to span ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and strengthening method.

Background Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) is the common and valid method to predict mortality by classifying comorbidities such as cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, hepatic, pulmonary diseases, and malignancy. Novel risk factors are not included in the Charlson Comorbidity Index, such as thyroid hormone index (FT3/FT4 ratio) and serum albumin levels. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether the thyroid hormone index and albumin are useful clinical parameters in short and long-term mortality. Methods In the retrospective cohort study with a 5 year follow up, the data of 1292 patients who were hospitalized between January 1st–June 30th of 2014 were examined. Three months mortality as short term and 5-year mortality as long term were evaluated. Results Three months and 5 years mortality rates for 1064 patients were analyzed. We showed that hypoalbuminemia and thyroid hormone index had statistically significant effects on short and long-term mortality. According to ROC analysis it was demonstrated that the scoring system including biochemical parameters such as thyroid hormone index and serum albumin level was more significant for 3-month mortality. In addition, both scoring systems are equal in demonstrating long-term mortality. Conclusion Thyroid hormone index and albumin could improve the prognostic performance of the original Charlson Comorbidity Index in short term mortality. The combined score may offer improvements in comorbidity summarization over existing scores.

Metastasis is one of the major obstacles for breast cancer patients. Limitations of current models demand the development of custom platforms to predict metastatic potential and homing choices of cancer cells. Here, two organ-on-chip platforms, invasion/chemotaxis (IC-chip) and extravasation (EX-chip) were used for the quantitative assessment of invasion and extravasation towards specific tissues. Lung, liver and breast microenvironments were simulated in the chips using tissue-specific cells embedded in matrigel. In the IC-chip, invasive MDA-MB-231, but not noninvasive MCF-7 breast cancer cells invaded into lung and liver microenvironments. In the EX-chip, MDA-MB-231 cells extravasated more into the lung compared to the liver and breast microenvironments. In addition, lung-specific MDA-MB-231 clone invaded and extravasated into the lung microenvironment more efficiently than the bone-specific clone. Both invasion/chemotaxis and extravasation results were in agreement with published clinical data. Collectively, our results show that IC-chip and EX-chip, simulating tissue-specific microenvironments, can distinguish different in vivo metastatic phenotypes, in vitro. Determination of tissue-specific metastatic potential of breast cancer cells is expected to improve diagnosis and help select the ideal therapy.