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Bu çalışmada Alak sûresi, meâlde ve yorumda anlam ve dil estetiğinin gözetilmesi açısından ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma boyunca tefsir kaynaklarındaki görüşlerden mümkün olduğu kadar faydalanılmaktadır. Sûre, yöntem açısından iki bölümde incelenmektedir: 1. Meâlde ve yorumda gözetilmesi gereken ilkeler. 2. Bu ilkelerin çeviride ve yorumda uygulanması. Uygulama bölümünde sûre; metin, meâl, analiz ve yorum sistematiğiyle şekillenmektedir. Alak sûresinin âyet sonlarındaki ses uyumları, meâle yaklaşık bir âhenkle aktarılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Sûrenin, kısa ve bütüncül yorumlarla daha iyi anlaşılması amaçlanmaktadır., In this study, sūra al-Alaq is discussed in terms of meaning and eloquence (language aesthetics). In the study, the opinions in the sources of tafsīr are used as much as possible. The sūra is dealt with in two parts in terms of method. The first is the principles to be observed in translation and interpretation. The second is the execution of these principles in translation and interpretation. In the application part of sūra al-Alaq, the text is shaped by the systematic of translation, analysis and interpretation. An attempt is made to translate the sound harmonies at the end of the verses of sūra al-Alaq into Turkish with an approximate harmony. The aim is to better understand the sura through short and holistic interpretations.

Giriş Ve Amaç: Perkütan endoskopik gastrostomi ve perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi enteral nutrisyonda sık kullanılan yöntemlerdir. Son yıllarda ileri evre Parkinson Hastalığı tedavisinde, Levodopa/Karbidopa intestinal jel, perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi ile uygulanmaktadır. Biz, burada Parkinson Hastalığı tedavisi için pull tekniği ile perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi katateri yerleştirilen hastalarımızın takiplerini sunmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Mayıs 2019 - Mart 2022 yılları arasında perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi takılan 11 hasta incelendi, hastalara ait demografik veriler, işlem sonrası komplikasyonları ve işlem tekrarları değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi takılan hastaların 1’i (%9) kadın, 10’u erkek (%91), yaş ortalaması 63.5 ± 11.2 olup en genç hasta 43 ve en yaşlı hasta 78 yaşındaydı. Onbir hastaya perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi takılması, perkütan endoskopik gastrostomi ve jejunal tüp değişimi olmak üzere toplam 23 endoskopik işlem uygulandı. İlk perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi takılması sonrasında perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi seti ve/veya sadece jejunal katater replasmanı arasındaki ortalama süre 310.5 ± 252.3 gün iken en kısa süre 60 gün, en uzun süre 674 gündü. Replasmanlar arasındaki en kısa süre 26 gün iken, en uzun süre 641 gündü. Hiçbir hastada akut ya da majör komplikasyon görülmezken, jejunal katater tıkanması (3’ü ilaç ile, 1’i king olması) %28.5 oranında en fazla görülen minör komplikasyon olmuştur. Bunu sırasıyla %21.4 (3 olgu) stoma enfeksiyonu, %14.2 (2 hasta) perkütan endoskopik gastrostomi aşınması, %14.2 (2 hasta) jejunal tüpün yanlışlıkla çekilmesi, %7.1 perkütan endoskopik gastrostomi tıkanması (n=1) ve %7.1 (n=1) perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi setinin çekilmesi izlemiştir. Ondört adet toplam advers olay bildirilmiştir. Sonuç: Perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostomi yerleştirme ve değiştirmesi güvenli bir prosedürdür, ancak perkütan endoskopik gastrojejunostominin uzun süreli kullanımını ve dayanıklılığını araştıran çok az veri bulunmaktadır, replasman için en iyi zamanı ve uzun süreli klinik sonuçları gösteren prospektif çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Objective: Removing the impacted third molar is the most common surgical procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The removal times and complications can be affected by many factors, and this study evaluated the removal time and complications of the impacted third molar between gendersMethods: This study included 40 patients, 20 female and 20 male patients. In the extraction of impacted third molar teeth with the same operative difficulty score (score 4), operation times and complications were evaluated in terms of gender.Results: With the descriptive statistical analysis, the average age of the patients was 26.85 ±8.37, the removal time of the female patients was 19.65 ± 10.63 minutes, and the average duration of the male patients was 14.30 ± 5.55 minutes. Postoperatively, 4 (10%) of the patients had alveolitis. Dehiscence was not seen. In the extraction of an impacted third molar with the same operative difficulty score, there was a statistically significant difference between genders in terms of operation time (p, Amaç: Gömülü üçüncü molar dişin çekimi oral ve maksillofasiyal cerrahide en sık uygulanan cerrahi işlemdir. Çekim süreleri ve komplikasyonları birçok faktörden etkilenebilmektedir ve bu çalışmada cinsiyetler arasında gömülü üçüncü moların çekim süresi ve komplikasyonları değerlendirildi.Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya 20 kadın ve 20 erkek olmak üzere 40 hasta dahil edildi. Aynı operatif zorluk skoruna sahip gömülü üçüncü büyük azı dişlerinin çekiminde (skor 4), ameliyat süreleri ve komplikasyonlar cinsiyet açısından değerlendirildi.Bulgular: Tanımlayıcı istatistiksel analiz ile hastaların ortalama yaşı 26.85 ±8.37, kadın hastaların dortalama diş çekimi süresi 19.65 ± 10.63 dakika, erkek hastaların ortalama diş çekim süresi 14.30 ± 5.55 dakika olarak bulundu. Ameliyat sonrası hastaların 4'ünde (%10) alveolit görüldü. Dehissens görülmedi. Aynı operatif zorluk skoruna sahip gömülü üçüncü molar diş çekiminde, ameliyat süresi açısından cinsiyetler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulundu (p

Odgovor javnih politika na pandemiju COVID-a 19 u većini država svijeta imao je izravan i velik utjecaj na fiskalne sustave. Mjere koje se poduzimaju u svim javnim politikama kako bi se suzbila ili umanjila pandemija odražavaju se na fiskalnu politiku u svim njezinim segmentima, što je posebno vidljivo na rashodnim i prihodnim segmentima fiskusa jer je riječ o utjecaju na proračune, njihove prihodne i rashodne strane. Jasno, fiskalni odgovor na zdravstvenu i posljedičnu, širu gospodarsku krizu, pokazuje uspješnost ili neuspješnost financijskog upravljanja javnim sektorom. Pokazatelji krize govore o dramatičnim učincima na javne financije i fiskalni sustav u cjelini. Fiskalni sustav sa svojim mjerama istodobno je instrument borbe protiv pandemije, ali jednako je njome pogođen: javni prihodi u prva tri su mjeseca smanjeni za 15-30 posto, a istodobno su rashodi povećani za nekih 30-40 posto, u usporedbi s istim razdobljem prethodne godine. Takav negativni učinak pojačava se rastućim deficitom te rastućim javnim dugom. Mjere koje se poduzimaju u okviru svih javnih politika kratkoročne su i podložne stalnim prilagodbama, što je i nužno s obzirom na brzomijenjajuće društveno, ekonomsko, socijalno pa i fiskalno okruženje i okolnosti. Moguće je pratiti koordinaciju u odgovorima na krizu na međunarodnoj razini, ali i europsku pa onda i nacionalnu reakciju i mjere na krizu. OECD i Europska unija pripremaju dugoročne mjere i instrumente, a na razini Unije je, uz druge instrumente, ponuđen privremeni instrument SURE. Vremenska dimenzija mjera koje se poduzimaju posebno je značajna s obzirom na brzinu promjena svih navedenih okolnosti. Visoka razina zaduženosti privatnog i javnog sektora koja se povećava u pandemiji COVID-a imat će dugoročne posljedice na fiskalni sustav u cjelini. Vrste i način donošenja odluka o svim mjerama suzbijanja pandemije te njihovi fiskalni učinci i nakon prestanka pandemijske krize mogli bi usporiti skoru, najavljenu fiskalnu decentralizaciju. Javne financije doživjet će prilagodbu, kroz primjenu klasičnih, ali i prilagođenih instrumenata te kreiranje novih instrumenata fiskalne politike za suzbijanje postojeće, ali i eventualnih budućih kriza.

Introduction: SURE Netherlands (NCT03929679) evaluated the use of once-weekly (OW) semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), in routine clinical care for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Adults (age ≥ 18 years) with T2D were enrolled into the single-arm study. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to end of study (EOS; approx. 30 weeks) in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary endpoints were change from baseline to EOS in body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC). Proportions of participants achieving predefined HbA1c targets and weight-loss responses at EOS, safety, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and treatment satisfaction were assessed. Results: In total, 211 participants (mean age 60.5 years; diabetes duration 13.3 years) initiated semaglutide; most were receiving metformin (82.9%) and/or basal insulin (59.2%) at baseline, and 6.2% switched from another GLP-1RA. Mean baseline HbA1c, BW and WC were 8.6%, 105.2 kg and 118.8 cm. In the 186 (88.2%) participants receiving semaglutide at EOS, mean reduction in HbA1c with semaglutide was − 1.2%-points (95% [confidence interval] CI − 1.3; − 1.0; p < 0.0001), with 124 (70.5%), 95 (54.0%) and 65 (36.9%) participants achieving HbA1c targets of < 8.0%, < 7.5% and < 7.0%, respectively. Mean reduction in BW was − 7.8 kg [95% CI − 8.7; − 6.8; p < 0.0001], corresponding to relative reduction of − 7.5% [95% CI − 8.4; − 6.6; p < 0.0001]. Improvements in WC (− 8.8 cm [95% CI − 10.4; − 7.2; p < 0.0001]), HRQoL and treatment satisfaction were observed, including across most Short-Form 36 Health Survey domains. One serious adverse drug reaction (cholecystitis) was reported. Eight participants (all receiving concomitant insulin) experienced severe or documented hypoglycaemia. Conclusion: Individuals with T2D treated with OW semaglutide experienced significant and clinically relevant improvements in glycaemic control and BW from baseline. These results from a diverse real-world population in the Netherlands support the use of OW semaglutide in treating adults with T2D in routine clinical practice.

Artículo de revista On balance of payments statistics, in 2021 Spain’s net lending amounted to 1.8% of GDP (1.2% in 2020). This increase mainly reflected the partial recovery in the travel surplus, thanks to the improvement in the epidemiological situation prompted by the headway in vaccination, and the widening of the capital account surplus, boosted by the credits corresponding to Next Generation EU. This countered the deterioration in the goods deficit, against the backdrop of the rising energy bill. Meanwhile, Spain’s negative net international investment position decreased significantly (to 70.4% of GDP, its lowest level since 2006), thanks to the positive financial transactions with the rest of the world and, to a greater degree, GDP growth and the increase in value of external financial assets. Conversely, Spain’s gross external debt reached another all-time high (€2,329 billion) due to the assumption of new liabilities, particularly by general government and the Banco de España. However, it fell as a percentage of GDP thanks to economic growth.

Kur’an-ı Kerim, insan eseri olan ve konularına göre tasnif edilen kitaplardan birçok yönüyle ayrılır. Onun kendine özgü bir üslubu ve iç düzeni vardır. Kur’an’ın en küçük bölümlerine ayet, ayetlerin oluşturduğu bölümlerine de sure denir. İlk dönemlerden itibaren Kur’an sureleri (isimleri, ayet sayıları, sebeb-i nüzulü, konusu, Mekkî-Medenî özelliği, fazileti vb.) hakkında hem müstakil eserler yazılmıştır hem de tefsirlerin sure mukaddimelerinde giriş niteliğinde açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Sureyi birçok açıdan tanıtan bu tür bilgiler, surenin doğru anlaşılmasına yardım ettiği gibi okuyucunun da surenin mesaj ve muhtevasına yoğunlaşmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, klasik ve çağdaş tefsirlerin sure mukaddimelerinde yer alan sure kimlikleriyle ilgili bilgiler bağlamında, müfessirlerin sure bütünlüğüne yaklaşımlarını ele almayı, akabinde bu meselede klasik-çağdaş tefsir mukayesesi yapmayı hedeflemektedir.

As technology continues to evolve, so too should educational practices. An effective teacher is a teacher who learns with their students, adapting their own understanding of a topic and the delivery to their students with the changing times. Some of these changes happen rapidly, while others can take decades to become noticeable. Two examples of events that have necessitated change in teaching practices are the COVID-19 pandemic and the disabilities rights movement. COVID-19 required novel programs to teach students research methods and practices, while the increasing protection of the disability community prompted dialogue into the allowances that should be required of school districts to facilitate an equitable learning environment for those with both physical and cognitive disabilities. The technical portion of the project produced the framework for Starting an Undergraduate Research Experience, or SURE. Previously, the University of Virginia lacked a research education program for engineers to learn the basics of a research lab, methodology and research method fundamentals, and how to become involved in local research opportunities. The SURE workshops provided these lessons, in addition to providing students with a peer mentor and a small group environment. Key to the program was providing equal access for students and increasing feelings of belongingness, critical components in SURE’s aim of lowering the barrier to entry for aspiring undergraduate researchers. Results indicated that the program assisted with increasing research involvement, feelings of belongingness among potential researchers, and increased competency in skills taught during the workshops. The STS research was equally revealing, indicating that there exist many technologies capable of increasing the quality of life for students with disabilities. While some of these technologies are still in development, others are readily accessible for students and only require administrative support from school districts to begin being implemented. Completion of both the technical and STS portion of this thesis revealed an increase in student emotional support in the previous decade. While delivering content will always be paramount to educational institutions, an emphasis on feelings of belongingness and lowering barriers to entry are crucial in creating positive long term cognitive and educational outcomes for students. Ensuring the success, altruistic in intention, can be sabotaged by failing to provide proper ethical considerations for issues such as student-teacher power dynamics, accidental exclusion, and creating needlessly large barriers to entry. Future work will continue to explore how to facilitate opportunities in research and education for students at UVA and beyond. Acknowledgements are made to Dr. Brian Helmke, Emily Boland, Crestienne DeChaine, Adam Mann, Radhika Pande, Alessia Randazzo, and the peer mentors of SURE, without whom this project would not have been possible.

In this article we compare the performances of a logistic regression and a feed forward neural network for credit scoring purposes. Our results show that the logistic regression gives quite good results on the dataset and the neural network can improve a little the performance. We also consider different sets of features in order to assess their importance in terms of prediction accuracy. We found that temporal features (i.e. repeated measures over time) can be an important source of information resulting in an increase in the overall model accuracy. Finally, we introduce a new technique for the calibration of predicted probabilities based on Stein's unbiased risk estimate (SURE). This calibration technique can be applied to very general calibration functions. In particular, we detail this method for the sigmoid function as well as for the Kumaraswamy function, which includes the identity as a particular case. We show that stacking the SURE calibration technique with the classical Platt method can improve the calibration of predicted probabilities., Comment: 22 pages

Mecduddîn Muhammed b. Ya‘kûb el-Fîrûzâbâdî 729/1329 yılında İran’ın Şiraz şehrinde dünyaya gelmiş, hıfzını ve ilk tahsilini burada tamamlayarak genç yaşta dil bilimindeki maharetiyle öne çıkmış, dönemin birçok ilim merkezini dolaşarak önemliisimlerle etkileşim hâlinde bulunmuş çok yönlü bir âlimdir. Oldukça kuvvetli birhafızaya sahip olan Fîrûzâbâdî, gittiği şehirlerdeki birçok âlimin rahle-i tedrisindengeçmiş, yine kendisi de pek çok talebeye ders vermiştir. En son Yemen Resuliyedevleti hükümdarı el-Melikü’l-Eşref ’in daveti üzerine Zebid’e gelerek burada hemYemen Kâdı’l-kudatlığı vazifesini üstlenmiş hem de ilim dünyasına pek kıymetlihizmetlerde bulunmuştur. Her ne kadar esas şöhretini, dilbilim sahasında telif ettiğiel-Kâmûsu’l-muhît adlı sözlük çalışmasına borçlu olsa da müellifin Kur’an ve tefsirsahasında kaleme almış olduğu Besâiru zevi’t-temyîz adlı eseri ve dolayısıyla tefsirciliğinin dilbilimdeki bu yetkinliğinin gölgesinde kaldığı düşünülmektedir. Çalışmamızın ana gâyesi müellifin Kur’an ve tefsir ilmi sahasındaki varlığını Besâir ekseninde ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır. Bu konu müellifin Besâir’de Kur’an ve sûrelerhakkındaki ilimlere bakışı özelinde incelenecektir., Majd al-dīn Muḥammad b. Ya‘kūb al-Fīrūzābādī was a versatile scholar born in729/1329 in Shiraz, Iran, where he memorized Qur’an and completed his first education. He excelled at Linguistics at an early age, and consequently travelled to manycities, and contacted many prominent scholars of his time. Fīrūzābādī, who had astrong memory, studied under various scholars in the cities he visited, and also hadmany students studying under his supervision. In the end, he settled in Zabid withthe invitation of al-Malik al-Ashraf, and took the position of kādi-al-kudāt of Yemen while also making invaluable contributions to the world of science. Fīrūzābādīis well known for his work named al-Qāmūs al-Muhīt, and as such, his work onQur’an and tafsīr fields, Basāir and so his formation of Qur’anic interpretation areovershadowed by his competence at Linguistics. In this study, the goal is to shedlight onto the interpretative side of Fīrūzābādī through Basāir. This issue will beexamined in light of the author’s view on the sciences about the Qur’an and sūrahsin Basāir.

Estimation of the prediction error of a linear estimation rule is difficult if the data analyst also uses data to select a set of variables and constructs the estimation rule using only the selected variables. In this work, we propose an asymptotically unbiased estimator for the prediction error after model search. Under some additional mild assumptions, we show that our estimator converges to the true prediction error in $L^{2}$ at the rate of $O(n^{-1/2})$, with $n$ being the number of data points. Our estimator applies to general selection procedures, not requiring analytical forms for the selection. The number of variables to select from can grow as an exponential factor of $n$, allowing applications in high-dimensional data. It also allows model misspecifications, not requiring linear underlying models. One application of our method is that it provides an estimator for the degrees of freedom for many discontinuous estimation rules like best subset selection or relaxed Lasso. Connection to Stein’s Unbiased Risk Estimator is discussed. We consider in-sample prediction errors in this work, with some extension to out-of-sample errors in low-dimensional, linear models. Examples such as best subset selection and relaxed Lasso are considered in simulations, where our estimator outperforms both $C_{p}$ and cross validation in various settings.

This paper appraised cocoa marketing performance in Osun State, Nigeria. The study specifically examined the costs and returns associated with cocoa marketing, and determined factors affecting cocoa marketing performance in the area. Primary data were used and collected through a well structured questionnaire and focus group discussion session. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to randomly select 120 respondents for the study. The analytical tools used were: descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and Seeming Unrelated Regression Equation (SURE).The results of costs and returns using budgetary analysis showed that cocoa marketing is a profitable enterprise with a Return on Investment (ROI) of 1.36 which implies that cocoa marketer will realize 36Kobo on each naira expended. Again, percentage profit of over 35% further confirmed that cocoa marketing is a highly profitable venture in the study area. The SURE results showed that age of the cocoa marketers, marital status, household size, years of education, years of marketing experience, marketer institution group, depreciation cost on fixed inputs, number of stores, cost of labour, cost of transportation, season of sales, cocoa bean quality and incidence of theft were statistically significant factors affecting performance of cocoa marketing in the study area.

Bu çalışmada Fransız filozof Bergson’un hayat ve hayat hamlesi anlayışı çerçevesinde bilinç, bellek, süre, madde ve evrim arasında kurduğu ilişki açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Onun metafizik hakkındaki görüşlerinin esasını hayat ve hayat hamlesi anlayışı oluşturmaktadır. Bergson hayat hamlesi anlayışı çerçevesinde, birbirinden kopukmuş gibi görünen süre, evrim, bilinç ve bellek kavramlarının arasında bağlantı kurduğu gibi bunların ne olduklarını, nasıl oluştuklarını, birbirleri, mekân ve madde ile olan ilişkilerini de açıklamıştır. Bergson hayat hamlesi kavramı ile esasında hayatı da ifade etmektedir. Bu kavramların hepsi birbirlerinden neredeyse ayrılamayacak olmalarından dolayı, birinden bahsedilirken bir anlamda diğerleri de dile getirilmiş olunur. Bergson, bu kavramların yapılarını, kendi felsefi iddiasının temeli olan niteliksel olarak iç içe geçmeyi en iyi şekilde kullanarak, birbirlerine bağlamıştır, böylece bu kavramlar aracılığıyla varlığı bir bütün olarak sunabilmiştir. O, bu yaklaşımını psikolojik ve biyolojik esaslara dayalı bir şekilde oluşturmuştur. Döneminin bilimsel gelişmeleri karşısında mekanik veya finalist bir bakışla varlığın/hayatın değerlendirilemeyeceğini iddia eder. Çünkü ona göre varlıkta/hayatta özgürlük kendisini hâkim kılmaya çalışır. Bergson’un görüşleri bu makalede eleştirel olarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır., In this study, it will be tried to be explained the relationship between consciousness, memory, time, matter and evolution within the framework of French Philosopher Bergson’s conception of life and vital force (Élan vital). The basis of his views on metaphysics is based on comprehension of life and vital force. Bergson made a connection between the seemingly disconnected concepts; time, evolution, consciousness, and memory within the frame of vital force, as well as explaining what they are, how they are formed, their relations with each other, space and matter. In fact, he also expresses life itself with the concept of vital force. Since all of these concepts are almost inseparable from each other, when one is mentioned others are mentioned as well. Bergson linked closely the structures of these concepts by using the best way the qualitatively intertwinement, basis of his own philosophical claim, so he could present the entity as a whole through these concepts. He created this approach in a kind of way based on psychological and biological principles. Bergson claims that in the face of scientific developments, existence/life cannot be assessed by a mechanical or finalist view, because, according to him, freedom tries to make itself dominant in existence/in life. Bergson’s views have been tried to be critically examined in this essay.

La crisis sanitaria derivada de la pandemia de COVID-19 ha colocado al mundo en una tesitura que no se veía desde la de la mal llamada “gripe española”. Sus consecuencias económicas y sociales no son tampoco menores. La paralización de la economía está teniendo un efecto notable sobre el empleo. Ante tal situación los Estados se han visto obligados a adoptar medidas extraordinarias, en especial, en materia de protección frente al desempleo. Esto se va a traducir, lógicamente, en importantes incrementos del gasto, de la deuda y del déficit públicos. El problema que nos podemos encontrar después es que esta situación derive en ataques especulativos como consecuencia de nuestra debilidad económica. De ahí la importancia de la intervención europea. Varias son las propuestas que hay en estos momentos encima de la mesa, como los llamados “coronabonos”, el Plan de recuperación para Europa, la reorientación del MEDE o el que es objeto del presente estudio, el instrumento europeo de apoyo temporal para atenuar los riesgos de desempleo en una emergencia (SURE). Para abordarlo, centraremos las páginas que siguen en, para empezar, enmarcar el mencionado instrumento dentro del debate en torno a la articulación de una prestación por desempleo para la Unión. A continuación, estudiaremos sus elementos configuradores básicos, entroncándolos en tres vectores de análisis: su naturaleza excepcional, su carácter temporal y su finalidad financiera. Por último, cerraremos el estudio con unas breves conclusiones sobre la implicación política y jurídica que la puesta en marcha del SURE supone y qué proyección de futuro podría tener. The health crisis arising from the COVID-19 pandemic has placed the world in a situation not seen since the so-called “Spanish flu”. Its economic and social consequences are also not minor. The paralysis of the economy is having a noticeable effect on employment. In view of this situation, States have been forced to take extraordinary measures, in particular in the area of protection against unemployment. This will logically result in significant increases in public spending, debt and deficits. The problem we may encounter next is that this situation results in speculative attacks as a result of our economic weakness. Hence the importance of European intervention. Several proposals are currently on the table, such as the so-called “coronabonos”, the Recovery Plan for Europe, the reorientation of the ESM or the one that is the subject of this study, the European instrument of temporary support to mitigate the risks of unemployment in an emergency (SURE). To address this, we will focus on, first of all, framing this instrument within the debate on the articulation of unemployment benefit for the Union. Next, we will study their basic configurator elements, enthroning them into three analysis vectors: their exceptional nature, their temporal nature and their financial purpose. Finally, we will close the study with brief conclusions on the political and legal implication that the implementation of the SURE entails and what future projection it might have. Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación “Un derecho del trabajo para la recuperación: competitividad empresarial y cohesión social” (DER2015-64676-C2-2-P).

International audience; In this work, we show that the regularization methods based on filter functions with a regularization parameter chosen with the GSURE principle are convergent for mildly ill-posed inverse problems and under some smoothness source condition. The convergence rate of the methods is not optimal for very ill-posed problems but the efficiency increases with the smoothness of the solution

International audience; In this paper, we aim at recovering an unknown signal x0 from noisy L1measurements y=Phi*x0+w, where Phi is an ill-conditioned or singular linear operator and w accounts for some noise. To regularize such an ill-posed inverse problem, we impose an analysis sparsity prior. More precisely, the recovery is cast as a convex optimization program where the objective is the sum of a quadratic data fidelity term and a regularization term formed of the L1-norm of the correlations between the sought after signal and atoms in a given (generally overcomplete) dictionary. The L1-sparsity analysis prior is weighted by a regularization parameter lambda>0. In this paper, we prove that any minimizers of this problem is a piecewise-affine function of the observations y and the regularization parameter lambda. As a byproduct, we exploit these properties to get an objectively guided choice of lambda. In particular, we develop an extension of the Generalized Stein Unbiased Risk Estimator (GSURE) and show that it is an unbiased and reliable estimator of an appropriately defined risk. The latter encompasses special cases such as the prediction risk, the projection risk and the estimation risk. We apply these risk estimators to the special case of L1-sparsity analysis regularization. We also discuss implementation issues and propose fast algorithms to solve the L1 analysis minimization problem and to compute the associated GSURE. We finally illustrate the applicability of our framework to parameter(s) selection on several imaging problems.

The paper focuses on that part of Henri Bergson's philosophy, which is represented by its methodological consequences. The main objective of the paper is a difference between intuition and intelect in Bergson's work. His method of intuition is utterly connected with a duration. According to Bergson, intelect moves about a field of stability, rigidity, routine. It is characteristed by misunderstanding of a duration and being. Intuition, on the other hand moves about a field of spontaneity and temporality. It is a direct understanding of matter. Bergson reasons, that there is not intuition without intelect and there is no intelect without a sign of intuition; these two types of understanding need each other in their demonstrations. Bu çalışma, Henri Bergson’un felsefesinin metodolojik sonuçları üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Bergson’un sezgi ve zeka kavramları arasındaki farka dikkat çekmektir. Bergson’un sezgi yöntemi bütünüyle süre kavrayışına bağlıdır. Bergson’a göre zeka durağanlık, kesinlik ve düzenlilik çevresinde dolaşmaktadır. Zeka, süreyi ve varlığı yanlış yorumlamaktadır. Diğer yandan sezgi ise zamansallık ve kendiliğindenlik sahasında iş görmektedir. Sezgi, maddenin doğrudan kavrayışını vermektedir. Bergson zekanın olmadığı bir sezginin, sezginin olmadığı bir zekanın varlığından söz edilemeyeceği sonucuna ulaşmıştır, bu iki anlama biçimi kanıtlamalarında birbirlerini gerektiriler.

Many applications involve estimation of a signal matrix from a noisy data matrix. In such cases, it has been observed that estimators that shrink or truncate the singular values of the data matrix perform well when the signal matrix has approximately low rank. In this article, we generalize this approach to the estimation of a tensor of parameters from noisy tensor data. We develop new classes of estimators that shrink or threshold the mode-specific singular values from the higher-order singular value decomposition. These classes of estimators are indexed by tuning parameters, which we adaptively choose from the data by minimizing Stein's unbiased risk estimate. In particular, this procedure provides a way to estimate the multilinear rank of the underlying signal tensor. Using simulation studies under a variety of conditions, we show that our estimators perform well when the mean tensor has approximately low multilinear rank, and perform competitively when the signal tensor does not have approximately low multilinear rank. We illustrate the use of these methods in an application to multivariate relational data., Comment: 29 pages, 3 figures

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the asymptotic properties of a kernel estimator for a seemingly unrelated regression equations model with time-varying coefficients (tv-SURE) under general conditions. Theoretical results together with a simulation study differentiate the cases for which the estimation of a tv-SURE outperforms the estimation of a single regression equations model with time-varying coefficients. The study shows that Zellner’s results cannot be straightforwardly extended to the time-varying case. The tv-SURE is applied to the Fama and French five-factor model using data from four different international markets. Finally, we provide the estimation under cross-restriction and discuss a testing procedure.

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in the Journal of Policy Modeling. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2009 Elsevier B.V. US asset prices are modelled in the short- and long-run with the use of a seemingly unrelated system using monthly data over the time period, 1983–2004. Once the shocks of 1987, 1997 and post-“9·11” have been accounted for, then volatility only affects the consumption and inflation equations. In the long run excess returns and inflation are driven by consumption growth. Money growth impacts excess returns and inflation via consumption. Income is super exogenous implying that policy can be made conditional on this variable and that in the long run investors are primarily concerned with income growth.

In this paper, we test for convergence in the environmental performance of a sample of OECD countries, with data ranging from 1971 to 2002. First, we use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to compute two environmental performance indicators (EPIs) in the production theory framework. Second, we propose the use of a sequential multivariate approach to test for convergence in environmental performance. These tests allow us to reconcile the time series literature with the cross-sectional dimension, which is basic when testing for convergence in regional blocs. The SURE technique is used, which allows for the existence of correlations across the series without imposing a common speed of mean reversion. The empirical results show that the group of countries as a whole, as well as the majority of countries considered on an individual basis (results for some countries vary between EPIs), are catching-up with Switzerland (the benchmark country). © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this paper we propose the use of a sequential multivariate approach to test for convergence. These tests allow us to reconcile the time series literature with the cross-sectional dimension which is basic when testing for convergence in regional blocs. In addition, this methodology helps to avoid the problem due to the limited dataset length. We apply multivariate unit root tests in two stages. First, we test for non-convergence without identifying the countries within the group that effectively converge and, in a second stage, the countries that converge are identified. The SURE technique allows for the existence of correlations across the series without imposing a common speed of mean reversion. The empirical results for Mercosur countries show that there is evidence of catching up of the small countries towards Brazil and, to some extent, Argentina. In contrast, the evidence of catching-up among the larger countries is weaker

Bu makalede ozellikle son donemde Kur’ân surelerini donemlere gore tasnif eden dort arastirmaci ve ilgili calismalari ele alinmistir. Bu calismalarda Mekki sureler; nuzul rivayetleri, surelerin uslup ve icerikleri dikkate alinarak donemlere ayrilmis, ayni zamanda sureler, bu donemlerde cereyan eden olaylarla da iliskilendirilmistir. Yine bu makalede, ilgili calismalarda kullanilan yontemler ve elde edilen sonuclar uzerinde durulmus, ictihada dayali bu turden tasnifl erde ortak sonuclara ulasilmasinin imkâni sorgulanmistir. Ancak bu calisma, herkes tarafindan kabul edilebilecek bir sure tertibinin mumkun olmayisi yaninda, belki de bu imkânsizligin bir sonucu olarak ortaya cikan donemsel tasnif calismalarinda da ortak bir sonuca ulasilamayacagini gostermektedir.

Cet article illustre l’applicabilité des méthodes de rééchantillonnage dans le cadre des tests multiples (simultanés), pour divers problèmes économétriques. Les hypothèses simultanées sont une conséquence habituelle de la théorie économique, de sorte que le contrôle de la probabilité de rejet de combinaisons de tests est un problème que l’on rencontre fréquemment dans divers contextes économétriques et statistiques. À ce sujet, on sait que le fait d’ignorer le caractère conjoint des hypothèses multiples peut faire en sorte que le niveau de la procédure globale dépasse considérablement le niveau désiré. Alors que la plupart des méthodes d’inférence multiple sont conservatrices en présence de statistiques non indépendantes, les tests que nous proposons visent à contrôler exactement le niveau de signification. Pour ce faire, nous considérons des critères de test combinés proposés initialement pour des statistiques indépendantes. En appliquant la méthode des tests de Monte-Carlo, nous montrons comment ces méthodes de combinaison de tests peuvent s’appliquer à de tels cas, sans recours à des approximations asymptotiques. Après avoir passé en revue les résultats antérieurs sur ce sujet, nous montrons comment une telle méthodologie peut être utilisée pour construire des tests de normalité basés sur plusieurs moments pour les erreurs de modèles de régression linéaires. Pour ce problème, nous proposons une généralisation valide à distance fi nie du test asymptotique proposé par Kiefer et Salmon (1983) ainsi que des tests combinés suivant les méthodes de Tippett et de Pearson-Fisher. Nous observons empiriquement que les procédures de test corrigées par la méthode des tests de Monte-Carlo ne souffrent pas du problème de biais (ou sous-rejet) souvent rapporté dans cette littérature – notamment contre les lois platikurtiques – et permettent des gains sensibles de puissance par rapport aux méthodes combinées usuelles., This paper illustrates the usefulness of resampling-based methods in the context of multiple (simultaneous) tests, with emphasis on econometric applications. Economic theory often suggests joint (or simultaneous) hypotheses on econometric models; consequently, the problem of evaluating joint rejection probabilities arises frequently in econometrics and statistics. In this regard, it is well known that ignoring the joint nature of multiple hypotheses may lead to serious test size distortions. Whereas most available multiple test techniques are conservative in the presence of non-independent statistics, our proposed tests provably achieve size control. Specifi cally, we use the Monte-Carlo (MC) test technique to extend several well known combination methods to the non-independent statistics contexts. We fi rst cast the multiple test problem into a unifi ed statistical framework which: (i) serves to show how exact global size control is achieved through the MC test method, and (ii) yields a number of superior tests previously not considered. Secondly, we provide a review of relevant available results. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of our proposed procedure to the problem of moments-based normality tests. For this problem, we propose an exact variant of Kiefer and Salmon’s (1983) test, and an alternative combination method which exploits the well known Fisher-Pearson procedure. Our simulation study reveals that the latter method seems to correct for the problem of test biases against platikurtic alternatives. In general, our results show that concrete and non-spurious power gains (over standard combination methods) can be achieved through our multiple Monte-Carlo test approach.

International audience; Algorithms to solve variational regularization of ill-posed inverse problems usually involve operators that depend on a collection of continuous parameters. When these operators enjoy some (local) regularity, these parameters can be selected using the so-called Stein Unbiased Risk Estimate (SURE). While this selection is usually performed by exhaustive search, we address in this work the problem of using the SURE to efficiently optimize for a collection of continuous parameters of the model. When considering non-smooth regularizers, such as the popular l1-norm corresponding to soft-thresholding mapping, the SURE is a discontinuous function of the parameters preventing the use of gradient descent optimization techniques. Instead, we focus on an approximation of the SURE based on finite differences as proposed in (Ramani et al., 2008). Under mild assumptions on the estimation mapping, we show that this approximation is a weakly differentiable function of the parameters and its weak gradient, coined the Stein Unbiased GrAdient estimator of the Risk (SUGAR), provides an asymptotically (with respect to the data dimension) unbiased estimate of the gradient of the risk. Moreover, in the particular case of soft-thresholding, it is proved to be also a consistent estimator. This gradient estimate can then be used as a basis to perform a quasi-Newton optimization. The computation of the SUGAR relies on the closed-form (weak) differentiation of the non-smooth function. We provide its expression for a large class of iterative methods including proximal splitting ones and apply our strategy to regularizations involving non-smooth convex structured penalties. Illustrations on various image restoration and matrix completion problems are given.

SURE es una herramienta de evaluación de viabilidad de proyectos de desarrollo energético en poblaciones aisladas. Este software implementa algoritmos para evaluar las alternativas tecnológicas que podrían suministrar la electricidad que necesita la comunidad, atendiendo a criterios tanto tecnológicos como socio-económicos y medio ambientales. El resultado del software es un factor numérico aplicado a cinco capitales: natural, físico, humano, social y financiero. En este artículo proponemos un agregado y mejora con respecto a los criterios que inciden en el impacto sobre el capital físico. Se trata de un criterio extraído de la metodología de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida, en concreto el tiempo de retorno energético de la tecnología que se está evaluando en SURE. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, (ETSIT). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, (ETSIA). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial (ETSII). Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación (ARQ&IDE). Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y de Minas, (EICM). Centro Universitario de la Defensa, CUD. Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo Campus Mare Nostrum.

[Resumo] Neste artigo analízanse as condicións de vida e de traballo dos mariños mercantes, en particular no relativo á eventual posibilidade de reclamar unha indemnización por danos aos empresarios marítimos por accidentes de traballo a bordo de buques. Así, trátanse os problemas que o establecemento das pólizas de seguro privado para a cobertura destes riscos veu ocasionando ao longo do tempo e dáse conta da evolución nesta materia para se conseguir un sistema de garantía financeira obrigatoria fronte aos supostos de morte e danos corporais da xente do mar. [Abstract] This paper analyses the life and working conditions of merchant seafarers, in particular as regards the eventual possibility to claim compensation for damages to maritime employers by occupational accidents on board ships. Thus, we discuss the problems that the establishmentof insurance policies for the coverage of these risks has been causing over time. Likewise, we account for the evolution in this field to achieve a compulsory financial guarantee system against cases of death and personal injury of seafarers.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011, İnşaat sektöründe özellikle günümüzdeki rekabet ortamında işveren ve müteahhit firmaların projeleri hızlı, olabildiğince düşük maliyetle ve en yüksek kalitede yapmaları beklenmektedir. Bu şartları yerine getirmek özellikle birçok değişkenin ve birçok farklı yapım metodunun olduğu bu ortamda çok güçtür. Ancak, literatürde bu 3 ana kriteri birden optimize eden çok fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Genellikle, süre ve maliyet optimizasyonu üzerinde durulmuş ve kalite göz ardı edilmiştir. Ancak, son yıllarda literatürde, süre, maliyet ve kalite kriterlerini en yüksek verimi verecek şekilde ayarlamak üzerine çalışmalar yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu tezde de bu çalışmalara ışık tutacak şekilde bir uygulama yapılmış ve günümüzde devam eden bir proje üzerinde bulanık mantık yöntemi kullanılarak optimizasyon denenmişitir. Bir konut projesinde süre, maliyet ve kalite kriterlerinin farklı alternatif yapım metodları incelenerek nasıl optimize edilebileceği bu tezde incelenmiştir. İncelemelerde literatür taraması yapılmış ve konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Yapılan irdelemenin ardından, bir konut projesi seçilmiş ve bu proje üzerinde projedeki aktivitelerin alternatif yollarla yapılması durumunda süre, maliyet ve kalite üzerinde ne gibi değişiklikler olduğu hesaplanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bulunan veriler üzerinde projenin en uygun değerli iş akış şeması oluşturulmuş ve projenin başarısına ışık tutulmuştur. Ayrıca bu tez ileride, teklif aşamasında teklif veren firmaların ihale kazanma başarılarını arttıracak veya hali hazırda devam eden projelerde daha fazla süre kazancı, kâr veya daha yüksek kalite hedeflerinin gerçekleştirebileceği bir model olarak da kullanılabilir., In today’s competitive construction industry both client and contractors are expected finish their works before the completion time, higher than expected profitability and higher than expected quality. In the unpredictable world of construction industry or where the construction methods differs a lot, that is very hard to success. Besides, in the literature there aren’t lots of models that optimize that 3 main criters. Usually, time and cost trade-offs are the main subject, however quality is not mentioned. Although, time, cost and quality optimization problems and their possible solvings are started to seen in literature. In this thesis, time, cost and quality optimization in a residence project by using fuzzy logic decision making method is used to shed a light on this studies. Time, cost and quality optimization in a residence project is examined in this thesis with using different costruction methods. In the thesis, first of all, literature searching is done and studies that mention this optimization methods are examined. After the literature search, a residence project is found and with different methods of construction time, cost and quality changes are tried to calculate. With the findings optimized work flow diagram fort his residence project is calculate and shed a light on the project success. On the other hand, this thesis increses the succes rate of the firms that estimete the constriction time, cost and quality which are tendering or time saving, higher completion profitabiliy and higher completion quality for the firms that already have ongoing works., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

In this paper, we investigate the degrees of freedom ($\dof$) of penalized $\ell_1$ minimization (also known as the Lasso) for linear regression models. We give a closed-form expression of the $\dof$ of the Lasso response. Namely, we show that for any given Lasso regularization parameter $\lambda$ and any observed data $y$ belonging to a set of full (Lebesgue) measure, the cardinality of the support of a particular solution of the Lasso problem is an unbiased estimator of the degrees of freedom. This is achieved without the need of uniqueness of the Lasso solution. Thus, our result holds true for both the underdetermined and the overdetermined case, where the latter was originally studied in \cite{zou}. We also show, by providing a simple counterexample, that although the $\dof$ theorem of \cite{zou} is correct, their proof contains a flaw since their divergence formula holds on a different set of a full measure than the one that they claim. An effective estimator of the number of degrees of freedom may have several applications including an objectively guided choice of the regularization parameter in the Lasso through the $\sure$ framework. Our theoretical findings are illustrated through several numerical simulations., Comment: A short version appeared in SPARS'11, June 2011 Previously entitled "The degrees of freedom of penalized l1 minimization"

Due to the random nature of photon emission and the various internal noise sources of the detectors, real timelapse fluorescence microscopy images are usually modeled as the sum of a Poisson process plus some Gaussian white noise. In this paper, we propose an adaptation of our SURE-LET denoising strategy to take advantage of the potentially strong similarities between adjacent frames of the observed image sequence. To stabilize the noise variance, we first apply the generalized Anscombe transform using suitable parameters automatically estimated from the observed data. With the proposed algorithm, we show that, in a reasonable computation time, real fluorescence timelapse microscopy images can be denoised with higher quality than conventional algorithms.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2008, Bu çalışmada, Azerbaycan’da taahhüt işi gerçekleştirecek bir Türk Müteahhit firma açısından, yapım aşaması öncesi, ülke verileri değerlendirilmiş, proje yönetim planı çalışmaları hazırlanmıştır. Azerbaycan’ ın kısaca ülke tanıtımı yapılmış, ülkenin ekonomik gelişimi istatistiksel verilerle ortaya konmuştur. Ülkenin vergi kanunları, iş kanunları, yabancı işçi çalıştırma kanunları ve gümrük mevzuatları 2008 yılı kanun değişiklikleri ile beraber incelenmiştir. Azerbaycan’ın Türkiye ile ilişkileri, ilişkilerin gelişimi, ortak yönler açıklanmış, ekonomik ilişkiler sayısal verilerle belirtilmiştir. Ülkede inşaat sektörünün konumu, malzeme olanakları ve yapılan projeler anlatılmış, ülke sektörünün güçlü-zayıf yönleri, fırsat-tehditleri SWOT analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. PMI proje yönetim sistemi incelenerek Türk Müteahhit firmanın Azerbaycan’da yapım aşamasında inşaat proje yönetimine rehberlik edecek; bütçe&finansman yönetim planı, süre yönetim planı, insan kaynakları yönetim planı, kalite yönetim planı, sözleşme yönetim planı ve iş güvenliği yönetim planı çalışmaları, yerel ülke şartları da değerlendirilerek hazırlanmıştır. Proje yönetim planına ek olarak; altyüklenici tip sözleşmesinin ana başlıklarının Türkçe-Azerice karşılıklıları, Azericenin Türkçeye yakınlığını belirtmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. FIDIC inşaat işleri şartnamesi uyarınca, ülke şartlarında, yüklenici, kontrollük ve işveren arasında sorumluluk ve risk paylaşımı değerlendirilmesi hazırlanmıştır. Ülke şartlarında müteahhit firmanın maliyet yönetiminin temelini oluşturacak yazılım sistemi hazırlık çalışmaları kapsamında proje organizasyonu birimlerinin program üzerindeki görev ve sorumlulukları açıklanmıştır., In this study, Azerbaijan’s Country datas are searched and project managent plan is prepared for a Turkish Construction Company before commencement of construction works, A brief presentation of Azerbaijan is given and country’s economical improvement is declared by statistics. Country’s tax laws, social work laws, work laws for foreigners, custom laws and rules are summarized with the regulations in 2008. The improvement of the relations and the similarities between Turkey and Azerbaijan are explained and the economical relations are clarified by statistics. Moreover, the construction projects which have been completed are expressed and construction material resources, procurement alternatives are stated. The construction sector strengths-weakness oppurtunities-threats are analyzed by SWOT method. Moreover, accordindg to PMI project management system, budget&finance management plan, time management plan, human resource management plan, quality management plan, contract&risk management plan, health and safety management plans are prepared. These plans will guide the Turkish Construction Company preparing the construction project plan in Azerbaijan. In addition to main parts, a simple subcontractor contract topics in Azerbaijan and Turkish languages are listed. Moreover, according to FIDIC clauses, the responsibility and risk sharing between Client, Engineer and Contractor is prepared for Azerbaijan conditions. In order to prepare cost management software, the duties and responsibilities of the program users are listed and attached., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

We study the effective degrees of freedom of the lasso in the framework of Stein's unbiased risk estimation (SURE). We show that the number of nonzero coefficients is an unbiased estimate for the degrees of freedom of the lasso--a conclusion that requires no special assumption on the predictors. In addition, the unbiased estimator is shown to be asymptotically consistent. With these results on hand, various model selection criteria--$C_p$, AIC and BIC--are available, which, along with the LARS algorithm, provide a principled and efficient approach to obtaining the optimal lasso fit with the computational effort of a single ordinary least-squares fit., Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053607000000127 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)

There is a general consensus that in a competitive business environment, firms’ performance will depend on their capacity to innovate. To clarifying how, when and to what extent innovation affects the market and financial performance of firms, the authors deploy seemingly unrelated regression equation model to examine innovation in over 500 Portuguese firms from 1998 to 2004. The results confirm, as theorists have frequently assumed, that innovation positively affects firms’ performance; but they also suggest that the reverse is true, a result that is less intuitively obvious, given the complexity of the innovation process and local, national and global competitive environments.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2009, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2009, Bu tez çalışmasında; tasarım sürecinin bütününün, nedenlere bağlanamayan ilişkilerinde beliren, kişisel ve rastlantısal olan durumların, sezgisel kavrayış olarak tanımı için, alternatif bir bakış geliştirilmenin araçları araştırılmıştır. Bu anlamda bu çalışma, tasarım deneyiminin tasarımcıyı ve dış dünyayı dönüştüren, kişisel ve rastlantısal durumların belirmesine olanak sağlayan karmaşık yapısına dikkat çekmektedir. İnsan kendisini ve çevresini, dünya üzerindeki varlığını anlama, anlamlandırma çabası olarak dışsallaştırma, kendi varlığı ile durumlar arasına mesafe koyma yolunu sıkça kullanmaktadır. Bu tez bağlamında dışsallaştırma, mesafe koyma yöntemi olarak “temsil etme” üzerinde durulmaktadır. Temsil etme ve temsil edilenlerin nedensel ilişkileri üzerinden sistemler oluşturmanın hayatın devamlılığı kurgusunu oluşturmak için önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bunun yanında, temsiller üzerine kurulan birçok sistemin, insanın kendisini ve çevresini değiştirme, başkalaştırma potansiyelleri olarak kişisel ve rastlantısal durumları göz ardı ettiği öne çıkarılmak istenen temel düşüncelerden birisidir. Bu bağlamda, insanın kendisini ve çevresini değiştirme, başkalaştırma potansiyellerini barındıran “tasarım süreci” alanı, çalışma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Tasarım süreci içinde kişisel ve rastlantısal durumların bütünü olarak; “sezgisel kavrayış” tanımı öne çıkarılmıştır. Sezgisel kavrayış, Henry Bergson’un “Süre” kavramı referans alınarak geliştirilen ele alış ile, tasarım süreci içinde tasarımcının nasıl algıladığı, nasıl yaptığı, geçmişteki bir anısına nasıl döndüğü ve bilgisini nasıl kullandığı sorularını kişisel ve rastlantısal durumların bütünü içindeki sıçramalı ilişkiler üzerinden tanımlamakta ve süreç içinde temsiller üzerinden kurulan nedensel ilişkiler kadar önemsenmektedir., In this study, an alternative approach has been tried to be developed on handling the individual and coincidental situations appearing in the relations that can not be attached to reasons inside the process of design as whole and, describing them as intuitive perception. Man uses the method of, putting distance between his existence and occations of the outside world as a means of understanding his own existence on the world. In the context of this thesis, “representation” is emphasized as the method of externalization. It is thought to be of importance to represent and to form systems to create the fiction of continuity of life through the cause-based relationships of represented. Besides this, it is one of the basic ideas of this thesis that many systems formed on representations do generally neclect personal and coincidential occations as potentials of externalisation. In this context, the “process of design” is chosen to be the field of study as it hosts the potentials of externalization and man’s altering himself and his environment. “Intuitive undestanding “ has been brought out as the whole of the situations of individual and coincidental occations among the design process. The method of addressing tried to be developed based on Henry Bergson’s the concept of “duration”, answers the questions of how the designer perceives, how he does, how he returns to a memory and uses the knowledge acquired from this memory, in referral to the salutatory relations in between the body of individual and coincidental situations., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.