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Glycyrrhiza glabra and Sophora japonica (Fabaceae) are well-known medicinal plants with valuable secondary metabolites and pharmacological properties. The flavonoid-rich fractions of G. glabra roots and S. japonica leaves were prepared using Diaion column chromatography, and the confirmation of flavonoid richness was confirmed using UPLC-ESI-MS profiling and total phenolics and flavonoids assays. UPLC-ESI-MS profiling of the flavonoid-rich fraction of G. glabra roots and S. japonica leaves resulted in the tentative identification of 32 and 23 compounds, respectively. Additionally, the wound healing potential of topical preparations of each fraction, individually and in combination (1:1) ointment and gel preparations, were investigated in vivo, supported by histopathological examinations and biomarker evaluations, as well as molecular docking studies for the major constituents. The topical application of G. glabra ointment and gel, S. japonica ointment and gel and combination preparations significantly increase the wound healing rate and the reduction of oxidative stress in the wound area via MDA reduction and the elevation of reduced GSH and SOD levels as compared to the wound and Nolaver®-treated groups. The molecular docking study revealed that that major compounds in G. glabra and S. japonica can efficiently bind to the active sites of three proteins related to wound healing: glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β), matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Consequently, G. glabra roots and S. japonica leaves may be a rich source of bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties.

Herbal drugs and their derived products play an important role in human life due to their defensive nature against various diseases. The demand of herbal based products is continuously increasing in society due to their less toxicity and more value for health. Pure phytochemicals of plants have been placed in modern medicine due to their healthpromoting aspects as we know that some of the important modern medicines contain pure active chemicals obtained from plants, minerals and organic matter. A large number of drugs prescribed in modern medicine are derived from plants. Phytochemicals are present in various herbs, fruits, vegetables, oils, and seeds. Sophora japonica is a tree native to China and Korea also called a Japanese pagoda tree or Chinese scholar tree. Sophoricoside is an isoflavone glycoside present in the Sophora japonica plant. Sophoricoside has been known for its estrogenic activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and immunomodulatory activity. In the present review paper, we have collected all the information of sophoricoside and summarized its pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, analytical techniques and biotransformation method in a very concise manner. This article aims at providing an overview of the pharmacological effects of sophoricoside and its mechanisms of actions in various diseases. Databases namely Medline, PubMed, Google and Science direct were searched to collect the data for this review. The present review will be helpful to the scientists of the Botanical, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical field for the discovery and development of new novel medicines from sophoricoside.

Peer reviewed: True, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Sophora japonica (Fabaceae) are well-known medicinal plants with valuable secondary metabolites and pharmacological properties. The flavonoid-rich fractions of G. glabra roots and S. japonica leaves were prepared using Diaion column chromatography, and the confirmation of flavonoid richness was confirmed using UPLC-ESI-MS profiling and total phenolics and flavonoids assays. UPLC-ESI-MS profiling of the flavonoid-rich fraction of G. glabra roots and S. japonica leaves resulted in the tentative identification of 32 and 23 compounds, respectively. Additionally, the wound healing potential of topical preparations of each fraction, individually and in combination (1:1) ointment and gel preparations, were investigated in vivo, supported by histopathological examinations and biomarker evaluations, as well as molecular docking studies for the major constituents. The topical application of G. glabra ointment and gel, S. japonica ointment and gel and combination preparations significantly increase the wound healing rate and the reduction of oxidative stress in the wound area via MDA reduction and the elevation of reduced GSH and SOD levels as compared to the wound and Nolaver®-treated groups. The molecular docking study revealed that that major compounds in G. glabra and S. japonica can efficiently bind to the active sites of three proteins related to wound healing: glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β), matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Consequently, G. glabra roots and S. japonica leaves may be a rich source of bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties.

Background: Huai-Zhi (HZ), the fresh or dried branches of Sophora japonica (L.) are commonly used to treat several diseases such as heartache, red eyes, and metrorrhagia. The present study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms effects of HZ anti-myocardial ischemia by experiment and integrating network pharmacology. Methods: Isoproterenol was used in this study to establish the myocardial ischemia model in mice. Different extraction processes were used to obtain different HZ extracts with a screening of their anti-myocardial ischemia activities. Furthermore, the network pharmacology methods together with molecular docking were utilized to explore the active components, targets, and mechanism of anti-myocardial ischemia of HZ. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of HZ (HZ-EtOAc) significantly reduced the ST-segment elevation of mice in the preliminary test. The 95% ethanol fraction of the ethyl acetate extract of HZ (HZ-EtOAc-95) significantly reduced the ST-segment elevation, reduced the creatine kinase (CK) activity, reduced the levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in serum, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the myocardial tissues. Moreover, these results indicated that HZ-EtOAc extract in mice ameliorates myocardial tissue injury. Additionally, network pharmacology demonstrated that nine active components and 177 protein targets are related to the anti-myocardial ischemic effects of HZ. Its underlying mechanism might be involved in multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, Toll-like receptor, and PI3K-Akt. Conclusion: This study used pharmacological experiments to determine the active site of HZ, and explored its potential mechanism in conjunction with network pharmacology.

A new aurone, named (Z)-4,5-methylenedioxy-6-hydroxybenzene-2[(2′,3′,4′-trimethoxy)-2-methyl-2(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl)methylene]-3-benzofuranon (1), and nine known aurones (2–10) were isolated from Sophora japonica L. for the first time. Compounds 1–10 were evaluated for their neuroprotective activities against 6-OHDA-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. Compounds 1, 3, 8, and 10 exhibited significant neuroprotective activities with IC50 values in the range of 2.89–6.02 μM.

Applying plant community diversity techniques and SPSS statistic analysis, we quantified the relationship between crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) tree communities and elevation along different elevation gradient in Ye County in the study. We concluded that there was a significantly positive correlation between crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) tree communities and elevation gradient (P Sophora japonica) tree communities increased along elevation from 50 m to 200 m in Ye County in 2018. Therefore, understanding dynamic connecting crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) communities and elevation can be not just applied to preserve of (Sophora japonica) tree communities, but also applied to sustainable of biodiversity and processes of tree community’s crown volume along elevation.

Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, and nutrient deficiency adversely affect nitrogen (N) uptake and assimilation in plants. However, the regulation of N metabolism and N pathway genes in Sophora japonica under abiotic stresses is unclear. Sophora japonica seedlings were subjected to drought (5% polyethylene glycol 6,000), salinity (75mM NaCl), or low N (0.01mM NH4NO3) for 3weeks in a semi-hydroponic phenotyping platform. Salinity and low N negatively affected plant growth, while drought promoted root growth and inhibited aboveground growth. The NH4+/NO3− ratio increased under all three treatments with the exception of a reduction in leaves under salinity. Drought significantly increased leaf NO2− concentrations. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was unaltered or increased under stresses with the exception of a reduction in leaves under salinity. Drought enhanced ammonium assimilation with increased glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity, although glutamine synthetase (GS) activity remained unchanged, whereas salinity and low N inhibited ammonium assimilation with decreased GS activity under salt stress and decreased GOGAT activity under low N treatment. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity also changed dramatically under different stresses. Additionally, expression changes of genes involved in N reduction and assimilation were generally consistent with related enzyme activities. In roots, ammonium transporters, especially SjAMT1.1 and SjAMT2.1a, showed higher transcription under all three stresses; however, most nitrate transporters (NRTs) were upregulated under salinity but unchanged under drought. SjNRT2.4, SjNRT2.5, and SjNRT3.1 were highly induced by low N. These results indicate that N uptake and metabolism processes respond differently to drought, salinity, and low N conditions in S. japonica seedlings, possibly playing key roles in plant resistance to environmental stress.

The title coumarin derivative, C15H16O5, was isolated from the roots ofSophora japonica. The coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) fragment is almost planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0356 Å. The carbon atom of the methoxy substituent is coplanar with the benzopyran oxa-heterocycle. The 3-methylbut-2-enyloxy group is disordered over two sets of sites with occupation factors of 0.920 (3) and 0.080 (3). In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains propagating along the [101] direction.

Background: The world-wide rate of obesity is increasing continuously, representing a serious medical threat since it is associated with a variety of diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and numerous cancers. Sophora japonica is used as a traditional herb for medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. However, the anti-obesity effects of S. japonica fruit have not been explored. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis by an ethanol extract of S. japonica fruit (EESF) in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Methods: MTT assay, Oil Red O staining, and Triglyceride contents were used to investigate lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells to clarify adipocyte differentiation. The expression levels of various molecular signals associated with adipogenesis and lipogenesis were examined by western blot analysis. Results: Our results demonstrate that EESF suppressed the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet number and lipid content through Oil Red O staining. EESF significantly reduced the accumulation of cellular triglyceride, which was associated with a significant inhibition of the levels of pro-adipogenic transcription factors, downregulated the expression levels of adipocyte-specific proteins. Furthermore, EESF treatment effectively increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC. Conclusions: These results together indicate that EESF has significant effects on the inhibition of adipogenesis and acts by stimulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds in S. japonica.

Two compounds (C2 and C6) were isolated and purified from Sophora japonica L. extract. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography, C2 and C6 were identified as quercetin and neohesperidin. The antioxidant activity of C2 and C6 (at concentration of 200 µM) is equivalent to vitamin C (at concentration of 0.57-1.14 µM/ml). Both compounds C2 and C6 have inhibitory activity on β-amyloid aggregation. At concentration of 1 mM of each compound, aggregation rate of β-amyloid (Amyloid form deposited in Alzheime's brain) are 51.14 and 80.57%, respectively, compar to control sample (89.64%).

Dried flower buds of Japanese sophora (Sophora japonica) comprising rutinosidase activity were tested in rutinosylation of tyrosol via transglycosylation process from rutin. Optimal conditions for transrutinosylation of tyrosol were 49 mM rutin and 290 mM tyrosol, giving maximum conversion up to 66.4% and 24% yield of isolated and purified rutinoside. The rutinosylation proceeded exclusively on the primary hydroxyl of tyrosol, thus forming rhamnosylated derivative of salidroside. This strict regioselectivity differentiates the sophora biocatalyst from microbial rutinosidases.

The possibility of production of a natural antioxidant, quercetin, from flower buds of the Sophora japonica (Sophora japonica L.) using subcritical water both as a reagent and a solvent was investigated. The proposed approach allows one to avoid the use of costly and toxic organic solvents, does not require conducting separate steps of extraction and hydrolysis, and simplifies purification of the product. High quercetin yields were achieved within a time that was 13 times less than using traditional techniques. The losses of the target product during production of dry extract were reduced.

Glycosylated flavonols were characterized in the extracts of Rhamnus petiolaris and Rhamnus utilis, by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo diode and mass spectrometric detectors (HPLC-PDA-MS). The main dye components are rhamnetin-3-O-rhamninoside for R. petiolaris and kaempferol-3-O-rhamninoside for R. utilis. Based on this information, the yellow dye used in the wall cloth in the Palace Museum can be identified as R. petiolaris or a closely related species. In the case of the wallpaper (which was under the wall cloth), the main flavonoid found was rutin, suggesting that it was dyed with buds of pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), a dye traditionally used in China. The results presented here provide valuable information in regard to reconstitution of the late Qing dynasty (1840–1912 AD) wall coverings. In addition to HPLC-PDA-MS analysis, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to tentatively identify yellow dyes in the two historical artifacts. Only a 1 mm length of single fiber, obtained from each Qing dynasty sample, was needed for comparison with the SERS data of dye references. This ultra-sensitive method is suitable for situations where sampling is restricted to trace amounts.

To analyze the content of rutin in differently processed products of Sophora japonica L., a combination of near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics was used. Factors that affect near infrared sp...

On the territory of Ukraine the data research for the quality of flowers and flower-buds of Sophora are absent. It is important to mention the topicality of our research in development of a draft monograph in State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.1 on these types of medicinal plant material. Aim. To carry out experimental work was carried out on approbation (verification) of methods for quality indicators of Sophora Japonica flowers and flower-buds according to the requirements of the corresponding monographs of European Pharmacopoeia 8.3 and the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.1. Results. The conducted researches showed that flowers and flower-buds during macroscopic and microscopic tests, determination of quality indices such as mass loss in drying, general ash, foreign impurities, qualitative and quantitative determination of biologically active substances fulfilled the requirements of the current normative documentation – the monographs of the EPh «Sophora Flower», «Sophora Flower-bud». Conclusions. The experimental data obtained indicate that the raw materials of the sophora are compatible with the European requirements in the Ukrainian market and have been taken into account in the development of appropriate projects of monographs of SPU.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to separate and purify flavonoids existing in the leaves of Sophora japonica by a novel method, macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) mixed-bed technology, and the optimal MAR mixed bed was screened based on the adsorption experimental result with the order of single, two, three and four MAR mixed bed separately. Design/methodology/approach The adsorption performance of MAR and MAR mixed bed for flavonoids was studied using ultraviolet – visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometry. Findings This research showed that the MAR mixed bed of LZ-54 + LZ-67 with a mass ratio of mLZ-54:mLZ-67 = 1:1 was the optimized combination with the optimal conditions of adsorption (volume V = 140 mL, pH = 5, T = 35°C) and desorption (liquid ratio R = 50 per cent, T = 30°C, pH = 6) obtained, relatively. Practical implications This study aims to find an efficient way of separating flavonoids and other components that are useful for human health from Sophora japonica, which is complying with the policy of sustainable development. Originality/value This contribution provided a novel way to separate flavonoids from Sophora japonica. Under the optimal conditions, the adsorption rate (F) of MAR mixed bed LZ-54 + LZ-67 to the flavonoids was 63.65 per cent, the desorption rate (D) was 87.31 per cent and the purity was dramatically achieved at 58.17 per cent from 17.67 per cent after a round of adsorption/desorption operation.

A water-soluble polysaccharide SJ-A presenting a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution was prepared by ethanol precipitation and purified from the pods of S. japonica. Chemical compositio...

A new flavonol glycoside, quercetin-3-O-(4″-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), along with two known ones, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (3), were isolated from the root barks of Sophora japonica. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR and MS techniques.

Chiasmia cinerearia (Bremer et Grey) belonging to the subfamily Ennominae(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a new forestry pest attacking to Sophora japonica in Gyeonggi province. Chiasmia cinerearia oviposited about 250~300 eggs per female on leaves. Larva had five instar stages. Adults emerged twice a year in early May and late July. The period of one generation was about 48 days. Body length of larvae was 25~30 mm and body color was light green with dark yellow lateral lines in abdomen. The wingspan of adults was 30 to 35 mm in length. The color of forewings was greyish brown with quadrilateral patterns on outer lines.

To develop the optimal drying method for the processing of Sophora japonica L., three approaches including freeze-drying, air-drying and oven drying were investigated. The water contents in dried Sophora flower samples treated using different drying methods were compared. The total amounts of Flavonoids in methanol extracts of dried Sophora flower were measured using UV-vis spectrophotometer, and the amounts of Rutin were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant capacity of extract of oven dried Sophora flower was determined by three different antioxidant assays, including measurement of clearance ability for DPPH, clearance ability for free hydroxyl radical and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. In our research, freeze-drying method demonstrated a minimal impact on the morphology, color, smell and other features of Sophora flower, and the freeze-dried Sophora flower reserved the highest value of total Flavonoids component amount. However, Sophora flower dried in the oven had the lowest water content and highest Rutin amount. In addition, oven dried Sophora flower could be stored easily and had less loss of the active components. Sophora flower has been demonstrated to be antioxidant in chemical reactions. In the measurement of clearance ability of DPPH, the clearance activity was positively correlated to Sophora flower extract concentration. In terms of clearance ability for free hydroxyl radical, the antioxidant capacity of Sophora flower extract increased with the increase of its concentration in the low concentration range, while after exceeding a certain concentration, clearance activity reduced with the increase of concentration. In FRAP assay, the total antioxidant capacity of Sophora flower extract first decreased as concentration increased when concentration was below 0.2 mg/mL, but then increased with the concentration after exceeding 0.2 mg/mL. In conclusion, oven drying method could be applied in the processing of Sophora flower. Sophora flower possesses good antioxidant capacity and this could be the theoretical basis for using it in the production of health products.

Antioxidant films were prepared by mixing Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum (ASKG) with sophora japonica extract (SJE). The physical properties, antioxidant properties and application of lard preservation were analyzed. New intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between SJE and ASKG molecules with the addition of SJE. When the content of SJE increased, elongation at break, light transmission values at 600 nm and tensile strength of the films decreased from 60.60 to 23.00 %, from 57.51 to 10.65 % and from 31.26 to 25.99 MPa, respectively. When the SJE content was 1 %, the oxygen permeability of the films was lowest, and the value was 0.0091 cm3 mm m−2 day-1 atm-1. However, the total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity of the films increased significantly with SJE addition. Moreover, the films had an inhibitory effect on the oxidation of oil. These findings indicate that the films can be applied to oil preservation packaging to alleviate oil deterioration and improve oil quality.

A new method has been proposed for enhancing extraction yield of rutin from Sophora japonica, in which a novel ultrasonic extraction system has been developed to perform the determination of optimum ultrasonic frequency by a two-step procedure. This study has systematically investigated the influence of a continuous frequency range of 20-92 kHz on rutin yields. The effects of different operating conditions on rutin yields have also been studied in detail such as solvent concentration, solvent to solid ratio, ultrasound power, temperature and particle size. A higher extraction yield was obtained at the ultrasonic frequency of 60-62 kHz which was little affected under other extraction conditions. Comparative studies between existing methods and the present method were done to verify the effectiveness of this method. Results indicated that the new extraction method gave a higher extraction yield compared with existing ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and soxhlet extraction (SE). Thus, the potential use of this method may be promising for extraction of natural materials on an industrial scale in the future.

The flowers and flower buds of Sophora japonica are well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Pharmacologic studies and cases from clinical practices have demonstrated that S. japonica has anti-tumor, anti-fertility, and anti-cancer activities. The active constituents of the herb are also known to be the flavonoid components. The melanogenic effects of S. japonica methanol extract (SJME) were evaluated in melan-a cells, which are immortalized cells derived from C57BL/6 mice. The maximum permissible level of SJME in melan-a cells was over 200 μg/mL. Additionally, SJME stimulated melanin synthesis, as well as tyrosinase activity, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the melanogenic effect of SJME was greater than that of IBMX, a well-known pigmenting agent. Lastly, SJME treatments at concentrations between 6.25 and 50 μg/mL increased tyrosinase messenger RNA expression. Collectively, these results suggested that SJME enhanced melanogenesis through an interaction with tyrosinase at the transcriptional level.

A new maltol derivative (2) along with three known maltol derivative (1) and flavonol glycosides (3 and 4) were isolated from the dried flowers of Sophora japonica. Based upon the results of combined spectroscopic methods, the structure of new compound (2) was determined to be maltol-3-O-(4'-O-cis-p-coumaroyl-6'-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl))-β-glucopyranoside, an isomer of 1. These compounds strongly inhibited the action of sortase A (SrtA) from Streptococcus mutans, a primary etiologic agent of human dental caries. The onset and magnitude of inhibition of the saliva-induced aggregation in S. mutans treated with compound 2 (4×IC50) were comparable to the behavior of untreated srtA-deletion mutant.

Tree barks could be a rich source of novel bioactive compounds, which are not well explored. In this work, the chemical constituent investigation of extractives from the inner barks of Sophora japonica L. (Leguminosae) led to the isolation of a new cis-p-coumaroyl flavonol glycoside, which was elucidated as kaempferol 3-O-(4″-cis-p-coumaroyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside (IV). The structure of the new compound was established mainly based on extensive spectroscopic techniques. In addition, among the four known phenolics purified in this study, including three flavonol glycosides [rutin (I), kaempferol-3-O-(6″-galloyl)-β-glucopyranoside (II), and quercitrin (V)], as well as a phenolic acid [trans-ferulic acid (III)], compounds II and III have never been reported in S. japonica previously.

N,N'-Diferuloyl-putrescine (DFP) present in plants such as Sophora japonica has been reported to have skin depigmentative and antioxidative activities. In this study, DFP, usually presents in nature a very little amount and its derivative (DFP-D) were synthesized in a large quantity for the use as functional cosmetical materials. The antioxidative activities of synthesized DFP and DFP-D were evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, chemiluminescence assay, and cell pro- tective effect induced by 1 O2, stress. DFP and DFP-D showed DPPH radical scavenging activities (FSC50) at 61.25 ± 2.25 µM and 12.92 ± 0.72 µM, respectively. ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging activities (OSC50) in the Fe 3+ -EDTA/H2O2 system of DFP and DFP-D were 2 times (1.84 ± 0.12 µM) and 13 times (0.174 ± 0.01 µM), respectively higher than that of L-ascorbic acid. 1 O2, one of ROS playing a key role in the skin photo-aging, induces cellular membrane damages. DFP-D (50 µM) showed good cell protective effects (τ50 = 80.2 min) about 2 times more than that of (+)-α-tocopherol (τ50 = 43.6 min). These results suggest that the great antioxidative activities of DFP and DFP-D could be applied to cosmetic in- dustries as functional cosmetic materials.

Background Biosorption of Cu (II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions onto Sophora japonica pods powder has been studied using batch adsorption technique. The biosorption studies were determined as a function of pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, biosorbent dosage and temperature.

The research has established a method to directly extract and determine free quercetin (aglycone form) from Flos Sophorae Immaturus methanol extract by using a simple HPLC method. Conducting experiment with system HPLC Agilent 1260 Infinity, reverse column ZORBAX SB-C18 (temperature 25oC), flow rate 0.5 ml/min, average pressure 30 and 35 bar, and diode array detector (DAD), we found that these parameters is suitbale: λmax = 370 nm, injection volume is 20 µl, analysis time 16 minutes, mobile phase (% volume) consists of methanol (15%), acetonitril (20%) and solvent C (65%, contains 1% acetic acid, methanol, acetonitril and H2O, 40%, 15% and 45% respectively. After using a combination of irocratic elution and standard addition, retention time of free quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus methanol extract has found to be 8.84 ± 0,05 (min). Relative standard deviation (RSD) of retetion time, peak area and peak height have been less than 1%, this results have indicated that the proposed method has fullfilled the validation parameters such as selectivity/specitifity, precision/repeatability. This study provided useful information for screening activity of quercetin by using different methods.

Objective: To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of flavonoids from Sophora japonica L. and its mechanism. Method: The model of hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin was injected into the tail vein of the mice. The rats were fasted for 12 hours on the 11th day of injection and the fasting blood glucose. The total flavonoids of Sophorae japonicus were continuously fed for 30 days. Blood glucose and glycogen content were measured at the 10th, 20th and 30th day after administration. Take the formalin fixed pancreas, do histopathology. Result: The total flavonoids of Sophora japonica significantly reduced the hyperglycemia of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, improved the shape and function of pancreatic islet cells, and played a good role in lowering blood glucose. Conclusion: Flavonoids of Sophora japonica L. have obvious hypoglycemic effect, which can improve hyperlipidemia and kidney damage of diabetes mellitus.

Мета роботи. Провести маркетинговий аналіз вітчизняного ринку лікарських засобів, до складу яких входить софора японська.Матеріали і методи. Основні методи дослідження – системний, маркетинговий та графічний аналізи.Результати й обговорення. У ході досліджень встановлено, що більшість складають засоби у м’яких лікарських формах (34 %), з яких креми та бальзами – по 25 %; 87,5 % виробляють в Україні; 41,6 % засобів для лікування дерматологічних захворювань, 79 % препаратів є комбінованими. Результати проведеного маркетингового аналізу дозволяють стверджувати, що більшість ліків із сировиною софори японської представлена на фармацевтичному ринку України у вигляді лікувально-профілактичних засобів, тому перспективним є створення нових вітчизняних ефективних лікарських препаратів на основі даної рослинної сировини.Висновки. Розглянуто основні тенденції розвитку вітчизняного ринку фармацевтичних препаратів і лікувально-профілактичних засобів, що містять у складі сировину софори японської. Проведено аналіз асортименту препаратів за лікарськими формами, країнами-виробниками, групами захворювань та комбінацією речовин. За результатами маркетингових досліджень складено асортиментний макроконтур сегмента ринку препаратів із софорою японською та доведено актуальність створення нових ефективних вітчизняних лікарських препаратів на основі даної рослинної сировини.

National Basic Research Program of China [2013CB733505]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [51378444]; programe for New Century Excellent Talents in University [NCET-13-0501]

The effect of soil water stress on the physiology of Sophora japonica Golden stem was studied in order to reduce the irrigation water. The results showed that the growths of the plants were suppressed after treated with flooding for 15 days, which was embodied in the decreasing of qP, ETR, Fv/Fm and the content of pigment, the increasing of the content of MDA and qN. The growth and appearance of plants were suppressed after flooded for 23 days. The drought stress suppressed the growth of plants, which was embodied in the decreasing of qP, ETR, Fv/Fm, the content of pigment, the water content of leaves, the increasing of the content of MDA, qN after treated for 19 days. The qP, ETR, content of pigment were increased after treated with slight drought or middle drought for 19 days. The best irrigation method for Sophora japonica Golden stemin the landscape land was the content of water in the soil between 18% and 30%, which did not affect the growth or landscape effects. The application of S. japonica Golden stem in the landscape and architecture should be avoided in the place which would be flooded for more than 15 days

The hazard ofSemiothisa cinereariawas explosive in multiple regions of China in recent years. The potential geographic distribution ofS. cinereariain China was predicted by the GARP ecological niche model combining with terrain and climate informations. The results indicated that 8 environmental variables could improve the accuracy of prediction. The test by using 50% of all the samples showed good performance and all the known distribution points in China were all correctly predicted. The potential distribution areas ofS. cinereariaincluded whole China except Tibet, Qinghai, Xizhang, Hainan, Taiwan and south of Guangdong and Guangxi. And the central, North, East and Northeast of China had high suitability (>90%). Measures inhibitingSophora japonicashould be taken protect early and rapidly in its suitable areas.

At a time when the demand for environmentally friendly products is soaring, the fashion industry is following suit. The industry is showing particular interest in natural-dyed products. Against this backdrop, this study conducted a literature review on the history of natural dyeing for textiles and on the types of natural dyes. In addition, this study identified recent trends in the fashion industry and applied the findings from the literature review to those trends. Through this process, possibilities for new designs were suggested. This study proposed designs for various itemst shirts, one-piece dresses, blouses, skirts, and knitwearby using threads and textiles dyed from mugwort, Polygonum indigo, safflowers, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and Sophora japonica flowers. This study is also meaningful in that it broadens the boundaries of design for natural-dyed fashion products. To that end, various designs were attempted by combining natural-dyed textiles or knits with leather, denim, and fur.Keywords: environmentally friendly products(친환경 제품) natural dyeing(천연염색)

Sophoricoside (SOPH) is an isoflavone isolated from Sophora japonica (Leguminosae). In this study, the inhibitory effect of SOPH on contact dermatitis was investigated. At dosages of 3 and 10 mg/kg, SOPH ameliorated 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced acute and chronic contact dermatitis by 50–70%. As cellular targets, SOPH mainly affected the functions of B cells rather than T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. As signaling targets, SOPH inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα/β and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in B cells, but not in dendritic cells and macrophages. SOPH did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK MAPKs, in B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Taken together, these results suggest that SOPH ameliorates contact dermatitis by inhibiting mainly NF-κB signaling in B cells.

To observe effect of sophora japonica total flavonoids on pancreas, kidney tissue morphology of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model. Mice received tail vein injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) for diabetes modeling. The model mice were divided into five groups, to be respectively fed with high, middle and small doses of sophora japonica total flavonoids solution, metformin solution and saline of the same volume. Another blank control group was set to be fed with saline of the same volume. The mice were administered once a day for 30 consecutive days, to be euthanatized after fasting blood glucose level testing on 30th day with pancreas, kidney taken out for pathological section and microscopic examination. The mice chain streptozotocin diabetes modeling was successful, with significant pathological changes (P

01 The influence of soil salt content on the photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat with trickle irrigation Lei Pei, Zhenhua Wang, Jinzhu Zhang, Wenhao Li 02 Comparing growth of fast-growing and slow-growing endophytes in plants via ergosterol quantification Adeline SY Ting, Yiing Y Chow, Sadequr Rahman 03 Transcriptome and digital gene expression analysis identifies putative triterpene saponin-biosynthetic genes of Panax notoginseng Rongchang Wei 04 Chitosan-assisted isolation and antioxidant evaluation of flavonoids from Sophora japonica L. Zhang Hu, Sidong Li, Chuyan Li, Zijuan Li 05 Two kinds of new characteristics of the ektexine ornamentation of ginkgo pollen Guoxia Wang, Yuzhen Yang, Gang Chen, Qing Luo 06 Analysis of nutrient and medicinal ingredients of Ginkgo pollen in different regions Guoxia Wang, Ruixia Liu, Yuzhen Yang, Lipei Chen 07 Photosynthetic performance of greening seedlings of seven species to drought stress Zhiyang Lie, Tongtong Zhou, Weilong Huang, Li Xue 08 Changes of fluorescence parameters of greening seedlings of seven species under drought stress Jie Li, Zhuomin Wang, Li Xue 09 Mammalian sex hormone affects regeneration capacity and enzymes activity of Triticale L in vitro culture Ismail Bezirganoglu, Pinar Uysal 10 Fractional Fourier entropy increases the recognition rate of fruit type detection Shuihua Wang, Zhihai Lu, Jiquan Yang, Yudong Zhang, John Liu, Ling Wei, Shufang Chen, Preetha Phillips, Zhengchao Dong 11 Banana-peanut intercropping reduces Fusarium wilt disease in banana from enhancing soil bacterial microorganisms and leaf nutrition Hong Li, Xutong Wang, Fengliang Zhao, Guisheng Yang 12 Manganese stress impairs stem ureide nitrogen fixation in yardlong-bean plants in the acidic environment Hong Li 13 A new pest control method for Rhytidodera bowringii Larvae Haijie Huang, Li Zhao, Weijian Huang, Jinhui Wang, Zhongrun Zhang 14 Research on the seed-like Fruits of Subg. Sclarea of Salvia of Labiatae in China Xiaojuan Li, Ning Xu, Guofu Zhou, Ming Wan, Qi Lin, Fanyun Meng, Jianxiu Li 15 Three pulling resistance models of pioneer plant in landslide area Yichang Chen, Koayung Yu, Chunpin Chang 16 The comparison of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of Reaumuria soongorica and Salsola passerine in different growth pattern Zijuan Zhou, Peixi Su, Rui Shi, Tingting Xie 17 Resources use efficiency of the cosmopolitan plant Potentilla anserina L. in different alpine habitats in China Rui Shi, Peixi Su, Zijuan Zhou 18 Cloning of PPDK gene from Red Amaranand transformation of Alfalfa Xuelan Liu, Yan Zhang, Xiangfa Wei 19 Variation and cluster analysis of morphological characters and nutrient content of Chucrasia tabularis seed Chong Wu, Yanlei Yin, Lijuan Feng, Xuemei Yang, Fei Wang 20 Effect of the planting density of the areca nut on the growth of intercropped Vanilla Hua Wang, Huifa Zhuang, Zihui Zhu, Hui Wang