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Background: Basic data on migraine headache characteristics, including frequency and severity, headache-associated impairment, and the intake of pain killer medications, may be influenced by the recording manner of these data. Headache diary can be used for that purpose. This study was done to evaluate if the regular use of headache diary can make a difference for patients with chronic migraine or not. Methods: This study included the patients with chronic migraine with improper headache control, who were coming to neurology outpatient clinic and were asked to record their data using either paper or digital diary. Results: Fifty patients mainly from females were included in our study, showed better compliance and headache control by detection and management of their reported triggers. The most reported triggering factors were stress followed by sleep deprivation. Conclusions: Headache diary regular recording is helpful in better management of headache attacks regarding frequency, duration, and pain intensity in patients with chronic migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mauritanian written press has gone through several stages during its historical journey and has not been isolated from the political situation of the country, but has been subject to its perception of what His Majesty should be, since its appearance during the French colonization of the country, and after the creation of the national state in the sixties of the last century, passing through the period of the military regime before the declaration of political and media pluralism in the country in 1991 and the consequent dilution of the journalistic field, where the door was opened wide to excessive leniency in obtaining a press license, as well as some major obstacles, such as lack of funding, training and harassment of journalists. However, this did not prevent this press from playing at that time the role of watchdog over the executive power by awakening public opinion on the conduct of public affairs and by revealing many hidden social and political problems that the public opinion would not have been aware without the pioneering role of this written press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, light is a key element for human beings to adapt to their environment and to see the form, the color, and the perspectives of different objects in their immediate surroundings. Almost 80 percent of the information we obtain daily through our senses we obtain through sight. The correct design of the illumination system and building facades should offer optimal conditions for visual comfort. To achieve this aim, a collaboration between architects, lighting designers, and engineers should be established to improve citizens’ quality of life. This paper sought to bridge this knowledge by finding the link between daylighting, the building façades, and visual comfort. Accordingly, the paper conducts a theoretical review to evaluate the existing studies in an attempt to present this linkage focusing on kinetic façades. Then, an analytical review is conducted for 38 eligible records, that are extracted from different scholarly databases to find the assessment methods and tools used to determine the most favorable conditions of daylight for intelligent facades. Ultimately, the outcomes of the research will provide insights for further studies, in addition to that these connections can inform policy development to assist architects to design effective facades and more adaptive capabilities designed for the building envelope. Kinetic facades were found to provide visual comfort in addition to various productivity, economic, and environmental benefits, which in turn enhance the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Researcher Review is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ajman Journal of Studies & Research is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal for Arts / Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Literature / Al-mağallaẗ Al-ʻarabiyyaẗ li-l-ādāb is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Articular cartilage is a vital component of the joint, as it is frequently exposed to trauma and is affected by several conditions and diseases such as osteoarthritis and hemophilic arthropathy. Therefore, its evaluation and assessment are crucial. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a critical role in its evaluation. With the recent advances in MRI imaging, multiple techniques and modalities allow both morphological and physiological evaluation of articular cartilage. Morphological methods allow the evaluation of articular cartilage structural integrity, and physiological methods allow the evaluation of chemical changes in its components even prior to degeneration. This aids in the early detection and improved assessment of articular cartilage pathology. Therefore, it permits a more accurate evaluation of patients with articular cartilage issues and defects, allowing for prompt treatment and high better quality of life. This article reviews recent and innovative MRI techniques and sequences for morphological and functional evaluation of the cartilage. Methods: A broad-based internet search, utilizing multiple academic search engines, Google Scholar, and PubMed, using the keywords for title and abstract. We found 17500 results and excluded 1700 papers from the title and abstract. Furthermore, papers emphasizing the imaging of specific peripheral joints without discussing the main techniques were excluded. Finally, our search yielded 15 articles highlighting the most recent imaging and evaluation techniques for articular cartilage. Recent advancements and new MRI techniques aid in elucidating the anatomical and physiological details of articular cartilage, allowing for the early detection and treatment of the articular cartilage. Conclusions: Multiple recent advances and new MRI techniques help better delineate the anatomical and physiological details of the articular cartilage, so early interference and treatment of cartilage defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences (JAARU) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research paper investigates the significance of financial accessibility for social entrepreneurship (SE) in fostering sustainable development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It commences with an exploration of the importance of SE, followed by a discussion on the obstacles social entrepreneurs encounter in securing financial resources. This paper delves into various financing avenues: government initiatives, venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, investor collaborations, and corporate social responsibility. Data were gathered from 300 respondents representing social entrepreneurs across diverse regions in the KSA to prioritize the factors and challenges that impede financial access for social entrepreneurs. The findings, utilizing descriptive data analysis, reveal that the primary constraint is insufficient financial infrastructure, with 25% of respondents identifying this as a significant factor. In contrast, a mere 5% of respondents cited the lack of a regulatory framework, and only 12% pointed to the dearth of field expertise as a contributing factor. In addition, 19% of respondents reported that limited awareness of opportunities is another significant obstacle. This study evaluates the critical factors affecting Saudi social entrepreneurs and provides recommendations to enhance financial accessibility, drawing on examples from leading countries in the SE domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation (2314-8608) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences (JAARU) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Global warming has become a main challenge that threatens life on Earth. It is mainly blamed on the unprecedented levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases emanating from natural and anthropogenic sources including food systems that encompass different processes including agricultural practices, food packaging, refrigeration, transportation, and disposal of food waste. Therefore, signatory nations to the Paris Agreement are called upon to assess the contributions of their food systems to national budgets of greenhouse gases and to take necessary actions to reduce these emissions. In this paper, we present the findings of an attempt to quantify the national emissions of greenhouse gases emanating from food systems in Jordan based on validly published emission rates and locally relevant agricultural data reported by the Jordanian Department of Statistics including cultivated areas, harvested goods, and imported food items. Our calculations revealed that more than 12.5 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 were generated by food systems in Jordan constituting about 47% of the total national emissions in that year. The transportation sector is found to be a main emitter of carbon dioxide, making imported meat and rice the main generators of carbon dioxide in the food systems in Jordan. Landfilling of food remains or losses generate massive quantities of greenhouse gases with no social gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umm Al-Qura University Journal for Languages & Literature is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umm Al-Qura University Journal for Languages & Literature is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Learning Management Systems (IJLMS) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to identify the promising geochemical anomalies in the geothermal area of Mianeh in northwestern Iran. This was carried out using 840 stream sediment samples, which were analyzed by ICP-MS for 42 elements for Multivariate Geochemical Analysis (MGA). Due to the high migration and mobility power of the Arsenic element, it was selected as the main geothermal pathfinder. Thus (As) element was determined as a labeled variable, and the other important elements and their relationships with (As) can be identified through MGA. Some of these related elements can then be proposed for future exploration. Firstly, for the implementation of MGA, a Probability Plot Modeling (PPM) on the (As) concentration values was carried out to separate background and anomaly subpopulations and extract threshold values for each subpopulation. Secondly, based on the PPM results for the (As) variable, the Discriminant Function Method (DFM), using their functions of code 0, 1, and 2, was implemented to distinguish different variables belonging to each of those subpopulations (background, mixture, and anomaly). Also, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Clustering Analysis (CA) were carried out which lead to almost similar results to the DFM. Finally, the elements of Au, Mo, W, Cu, Be, K, and Rb were recognized as the most important elements related to the (As) element. Finally, ArcGIS mapping shows a geothermal region from the NW to NE of the study area for plans and detailed exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study is based on the assumption that each word in the Holy Quran exists in its suitable position, and that it was especially selected for its position, and this idea applies to highly, and rarely occurring words in the Holy Quran.In this papers pursuit to highlight the correctness of this assumption, this study took an analytical inductive methodology, the induction was based on ensuring that a collection of picked words that are assumed to be related to the topic of hypocrisy, are in fact related to that topic, therefore some vocabulary that were not proven to be related to this topic were not considered for this study, and that's by studying the Siraa, Tafseer, and Asbab-al-Nozoul books, and others, the picked words were studied in depth via a proofbased analytical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries face several challenges concerning energy provision. This is more urge in conflict zones like Palestine due to the political instability. The energy shortage is coupled by the unsustainable consumption of energy attributable to the poor quality of housing in terms of thermal performance. The main goal of this paper is to estimate the energy savings through retrofitting of the building envelop using a calibrated model of an apartment in the city of Hebron, West Bank, Palestine. A case study apartment was chosen as a prototype of apartments in Hebron. Physical survey was performed. Then, data concerning user's behaviour during summer and winter; systems usage and patterns of occupying the rooms was collecte d via semi structured interviews with the occupants. The goal was to understand the users behaviour and to integrate it when building the model to reflect the actual usage of the building. In situ measurements (two monitoring phases) of the internal and external temperature using data loggers were taken. The calibration of the model depended on ASHRAE standards and graphical calibration for thermal simulation models validation. Optimization of the building envelope components was made through Dynamic Energy Simulation (DES) using IESVE software. The results of the paper show that the amount of energy that can be saved through retrofitting of the building envelop of the existing building stock can reach up to 79.0% of the heating and 55.0% of the cooling energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deck bridges with encased steel beams are commonly used for short-spans bridge structures. This type of bridge structures minimizes steel consumption without significantly affecting the overall resistance of the structure [1 and 2]. The paper presents basic information and partial results from experimental research on composite steelconcrete deck bridges with different types of encased steel beams. The paper also provides an overview about the experimental program, the production process of the tested members, an explanation of the applied load and the measurement of monitored strains and deflections of the tested members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rihan Journal for Science Publishing is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rihan Journal for Science Publishing is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper collects data from the previous research which discussed the differences between females and males from many sides, the differences between both sexes in their using of hedges while they are speaking, the stereotype about women' speech, for example, the features which are attributed to women's language and made their speech powerless or weak, and finally the arguments which talked about the powerful and powerless language and which sex use the hedges more than the other. Also, it focuses on two conversations which occurred between various genders in order to analyze the transcripts of both conversations and compare the results of these two conversations with the previous research. Through this analysis for these two conversations, the paper will show the reader if females use hedges more than males, males use hedges more than females, or both of them use the same or approximate number of hedges in their speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rihan Journal for Science Publishing is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jordanian Educational Journal is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rihan Journal for Science Publishing is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)