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This paper proposes a systematic method for the identification of the load circuit parameters (say the $\boldsymbol{R}$ , $\boldsymbol{L}$ , and $\boldsymbol{C}$ elements) based only on the information of the instantaneous voltage and current measured at the point of common coupling (pcc). Geometric Algebra (GA) and concepts of differential geometry are used to produce a rigorous mathematical framework. The identification is formulated as a multidimensional geometrical problem that is solved conveniently by means of GA. Once the passive elements of the load have been identified, the active and reactive powers can be computed from first electromagnetic principles (Maxwell Equations). The theory is general and is verified with linear and nonlinear circuits. The paper shows single-phase circuits but the theory can be extended to three-phase circuits. The method is easy to program and has shown to be very robust for all tested cases. Because of its generality, the method presented will find applications beyond electric circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is a well-known source of titanium (Ti) for the formation of titanium nitride (TiN) barrier material in the semiconductor interconnection process; however, the reaction of by-products with airborne molecules can cause unexpected pump trips and equipment breakdown from the by-product powder build-up. Plasma scrubbers are used to decompose by-products, but hydrogen chloride (HCl) and nitrogen oxides are produced during and after the process. The process mechanisms change when the temperature and applied power of the heat source change. In this paper, we study the influence of the reactor temperature and applied power to the heat source on the decomposition capacity of TiCl4 in a plasma pretreatment system (PPS). We examine the effect of the temperature and heat source power to understand the reaction mechanisms for the composition and decomposition of gaseous species with chemical reactions through simultaneous methods. We analyzed the system with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and chemical kinetic simulation to investigate the changes of the system mechanism. Subsequently, we achieved results for the correlation between the temperature of the reactor, power applied to the heat source, composition and decomposition of species, and chemical reaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the problem of modeling the properties of such magnetic elements as inductors, coupled inductors, and transformers using the SPICE software (version 17.2). Both the classical models of magnetic elements, built in this software, and the models implemented in the form of subcircuits are described. In particular, attention was paid to the possibility of taking into account the non-linearity of the characteristics of the considered elements and mutual couplings between electrical, magnetic, and thermal quantities. Using the results of thermographic measurements, the need to take into account the differences in temperature values between the individual windings and the core of inductors and transformers was justified. Selected models of the considered elements given in the literature are briefly characterized. The network structures of the electrothermal models of the considered elements elaborated at Gdynia Maritime University are presented. The results of calculations and measurements illustrating the correctness of the described models and their prac-tical usefulness for the elements of different structures are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the early design decisions for DC‐DC converters is the choice of an appropriate magnetic core material. Powder cores in particular are suitable due to their saturation flux density of up to 1.5 T. However, high DC currents constitutes a significant problem since the winding cross‐section rises with the current, which consequently increases AC losses due to skin effects. Another challenge is the reduction of winding layers to decrease proximity losses. This paper presents an improved single‐layer winding design procedure for DC‐DC converter powder cores. The procedure determines the optimum number of parallel cores and stacks. This way, the procedure enables a predefined maximum wire cross‐section for copper loss optimisation and single‐layer winding. The introduced approach defines the optimum switching frequency as a trade‐off between core loss and core volume. Finally, experimental tests with two setups validate 27 kW DC‐DC converters and hence the design procedure using Si‐IGBTs and SiC‐MOSFETs. The results demonstrate that SiC‐MOSFETs reduce core volume by a factor of 3 compared to Si‐IGBTs. Further, the SiC setup reaches high efficiencies of up to 98.53% compared to 98.17% for the Si‐based converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an adaptive self-tuned current controller design for an LCL-filtered LC-tuned single-phase shunt hybrid active power filter (HAPF), which offers adaptability and flexibility of the control system to filter parameters changes. System modelling and online identification of parameters are presented. Then, a systematic self-tuned controller (STC) design is proposed to calculate the controller parameters and obtain the final control law adaptively. The exact HAPF parameters design is described and the overall closed-loop stability evaluation with considering digital control delay is discussed in this paper. To confirm the theoretical achievements, simulations and experimental tests on a real prototype system are performed. The results are in good accordance and demonstrate the effectiveness and superior performance of the suggested control technique. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison between the proposed control technique and other controllers is provided to show the superiority of the proposed system from different aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In renewable energy micro-source applications, a wide range of voltage conversion of the step-up converter is an essential part to equalize the typical low voltage of micro-source with DC-bus voltage of Inverter or motor drives. In order to meet this purpose, an ultra-voltage gain step-up DC-DC converter is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter has made an arrangement of the regenerative-boost fed switched inductor and capacitor configurations. Thereby, due to such an organization of structure, the proposed converter can develop an extremely high voltage-gain even at lower duty ratios. In addition, it has the advantage of lower switching stress across all power semi-conductive diodes. Furthermore, this paper describes the steady-state analysis and comparative features of the converter with existing recent literature. Finally, to validate theoretical analysis and test the feasibility and suitability of the proposed ultra-gain converter, the experimental results were observed by a 500 W fabricated prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the unsymmetrical operation of the dc/dc MMC caused by parametric uncertainty. The unsymmetrical operation is referred to as the condition in which parameters involved in ac power generation are not equal in the phase-legs of the converter. Because existing models in the literature cannot exhibit the unsymmetrical operation of the dc/dc MMC, new detailed and simplified steady-state models are developed in this paper. In the developed models, the connection between the operation of different phase-legs shows itself when the dc-link impedance is considered. Using the developed models, the parameters that can force the converter to operate in unsymmetrical conditions are identified, and the maximum variation that the converter can tolerate is found. It is shown that even a small parameter variation leads to the leakage of the ac circulating current into the dc-link, which is not acceptable. By conducting various case studies, the impacts of the dc-link length, the transmitted power, and the conversion ratio on the unsymmetrical operation of the dc/dc MMC are characterized. The results showed that the converter would be more sensitive to the parameter variation as these parameters increase. Comparative analysis and simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the presented models and analysis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the fault traveling wave on the LCC-MMC HVDC transmission line, this paper analyzed its reflection and refraction characteristics at the DC buses and the fault point, plotted its propagation grid diagrams, obtained the relationship between the polarity of fault traveling wave and the boundary elements, and drew the conclusion that when the impedance of DC filter is far less than the wave impedance of transmission line, the existing fault location methods that need to distinguish these two waves according to their polarities are not applicable to the LCC-MMC HVDC system. On these bases, this paper proposed a modal traveling wave arrival time difference-based location principle for pole-to-ground fault, and a fault traveling wave propagation path ratio-based location principle for pole-to-pole fault, these principles neither need to identify the wave polarity, nor need the wave velocity value. In order to better extract the wave heads and their arrival time, this paper pre-treated the sampling data to make sure all the wave heads are extracted from the same frequency band, then the wave heads and their arrival time can be extracted with the empirical mode decomposition. The simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed fault location principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used in street lighting, landscape lighting, liquid crystal display (LCD) backlighting, healthcare, etc. As an important part of LED lighting products, LED driver plays a vital role in maintenance costs reduction, energy saving and lifetime prolongation. In this paper, a single-stage LED driver is proposed, which is integrated by a totem-pole bridgeless power factor correction (PFC) unit and several modular LCL-T resonant rectifiers. The totem-pole bridgeless PFC unit and the LCL-T resonant rectifiers are integrated by sharing switches, which can simplify the circuit and reduce the system cost. The output current can be regulated by applying the variable inductor control. Constant duty cycle and fixed switching frequency operation can be achieved as well. The operating principle and the performance of the proposed converter are analyzed in this paper. In addition, a precise parameter design method is proposed by considering the high-order harmonics. At last, an experimental prototype is established to validate the proposed parameter design and variable inductor control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes experimental verification of single-phase variable inductor prototypes rated at 2.4 kVAr (75 mH, 10 A, 230 V, 24 kg) and 12 kVAr (43 mH, 30 A, 400 V, 78 kg). Results for much smaller devices rated at 1-10 Var are also shown. The variability of inductance of the main AC winding was achieved by adding a DC winding, wound through the apertures placed symmetrically in the core such that both windings were magnetically orthogonal. Local saturation caused by the magnetic field due to DC winding creates virtual air gaps. This method is capable of lowering the main inductance by over 90% if no real air gap is present, but for industrial applications the range of variability is likely to be closer to 20-30% range, depending on the size of the real air gap in the magnetic circuit. The amount of variation/control can be improved by using more than one control winding. Very good repeatability of performance was observed, with relatively small total harmonic distortion introduced due to control. The experimental findings agree with a generalised analytical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative-sequence current is required to be intentionally injected to support the power grid or compensate the imbalanced load in asymmetrical faults utilizing STATCOM. However, the extreme compensation range of negative-sequence current injection becomes complicated when grid voltage becomes asymmetrical. This article presents a novel off-line strategy for negative-sequence current compensation under two typical kinds of asymmetrical grid faults — single-phase voltage drop and double-phase voltage drop, with the following two benefits simultaneously: maximizing negative current compensation capacity; avoiding iterations and reducing computation burdens. In this paper, the mechanism of DC voltage balancing among three phases in STATCOM is analyzed and a new identification method of negative-sequence current compensation range is explored out. To simplify the calculation, this paper takes the ratio of negative-sequence reactive (Iq-) and active (Id-) current as a variable (s). In this way, the relationship between the extreme compensation range, asymmetrical voltage sag depth of power grid h is drawn with MATLAB. Different from the previous iterative method, the off-line identification method is applied to avoid huge iterations. By fitting the curve, the precise ranges of negative-sequence current compensation under different asymmetrical grid faults are approximated as simple polynomials, thus significantly reducing the computation burdens. Simulation and experimental results verify the practicability of the proposed compensation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A DC system saturated core fault current limiter (DCSFCL) was proposed to limit the fast rising trend of fault current in HVDC system. However, traditional method to calculate and design the DCSFCL tend to neglect leakage flux around the permanent magnet (PM), leading to large calculation error and inappropriate design procedure. The novel contribution of this paper is that it proposed a modularization method to analyze the permeance of both PM and adjacent air. Hence, the leakage flux effect is considered properly and a more accurate permeance matrix can be derived in a pure mathematical way. In this case, DCSFCL can be calculated much faster than the FEA simulation program with a promising accuracy regarding fault limiting performance. More importantly, design flow of the DCSFCL and related PM biased devices was given as well. Calculation result shows that inductance value calculated by the proposed method has less than 1% error compared with fine meshed FEA simulation result and about 20% increase in accuracy compared with traditional method that neglects PM leakage flux effect. Prototype of the DCSFCL was also built and experimental tests were carried out to verify the correctness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dc-dc converters with high step-up DC-voltage gain play a vital role in integrating low voltage DC sources. Though several converter topologies are reported in the recent past, attempts have been made to reduce the components, especially the switching devices, passive elements, converter losses, etc., of the converter. A novel DC-DC converter topology, viz., single switched impedance network (SSIN)-based converter with n-stage is proposed in this paper. The operation of the SSIN based converter in continuous and discontinuous conduction modes are discussed. The effect of parasitic elements on DC-voltage gain and efficiency of the SSIN is carried out. The small-signal model of the SSIN converter is derived. The performance of the SSIN converter is compared with the similar converter topologies. The 500 W prototypes of the SSIN with n = 1 and n = 2 are fabricated, and the experimental results are presented in this paper. To improve the converter performance, SiC-based semiconductor devices are used. The SSIN converter with two-stage has low switch loss at 500 W load, improved efficiency during high power and high output voltage operation, the switch stress of Vo/2, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a fault occurs on the dc side of the voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission system, the fault current rises quickly due to the low damping of the dc system. Using a dc fault current limiter (DC-FCL) to limit the rise of the fault current can significantly reduce the breaking requirements of the DCCB. A topology of a bidirectional active dc fault current limiter (BA-FCL) based on coupled inductor is proposed in this paper. No expensive full-controlled power electronic devices are used in this topology. Only a few half-controlled power electronic devices are used to achieve active control of the current limiting unit. Compared with many topologies of current limiter at present, the fault current limiting effect of BA-FCL is improved significantly while the cost, volume, topology complexity, and control complexity are reduced. The stress analysis and parameter design of the proposed current limiter are carried out. Finally, the simulation case study and hardware experiment are implemented to verify the good economy and current limiting performance of the proposed topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current-limiting inductors (CLIs) are commonly used to suppress DC fault current to safely trip DC circuit breakers in MMC-HVDC systems, but it significantly jeopardizes DC dynamics and causes instantaneous power mismatch between AC and DC sides of islanded rectifier station (RS), exposing MMC internal states to large disturbance. This paper firstly provides a detailed analysis of the influence of CLIs on AC fault, establishes RS mathematical representation including AC side dynamic, and reveals the mechanism of DC voltage oscillation, modulation saturation and PCC waveform distortion. The analysis shows that the AC and DC fault characteristics are decoupled under unsaturated AC modulation, but coupled under excessively low submodule capacitor voltage, where AC modulation is saturated and PCC waveforms are distorted. To solve this issue, a novel RS AC fault ride through method for MMC-HVDC system with CLIs is proposed to stabilize RS DC voltage, desaturate AC modulation and decouple fault characteristics by regulating the zero-sequence modulation of circulating current suppression. In addition, a current reference disturbance and an AC energy dissipation device coordinated control are designed, which adaptively recovers the submodule capacitor voltage. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation tools are typically developed using conventional procedural programming languages. On the other hand, modern high-level and equation-based programming languages, such as Modelica, are currently available. Modelica allows formulating models that are easy to develop, maintain and understand by expressing what needs to be computed without stating how it should be computed. This paper presents a Modelica-based simulator for electromagnetic transients. It is demonstrated that this approach offers significant advantages for developing sophisticated models. Computational performance and accuracy are compared to a conventional EMT-type simulation tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mainstream production of optoelectronic and electronic devices based on epitaxial III-V compound semiconductor materials largely employs metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, a process first demonstrated for devices in the 1970’s. For this special issue in honor of Prof. P. Daniel Dapkus, this paper first briefly reviews his early contributions that spearheaded the interest of MOVPE as a III-V device epitaxy process. Next, the paper discusses MOVPE reactor development in the 1980’s, which at the time was one of the key challenges in establishing MOVPE technology as a reliable epitaxy manufacturing process. The approach combined physical modeling and numerical simulations of reactor processes followed by materials and device demonstrations. Highly uniform performance metrics of AlGaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well diode lasers and two-dimensional monolithic surface-emitting lasers were demonstrated with excellent run-to-run reproducibility. This foundational approach advanced efforts to standardize reactors and subsequent scaling for high-throughput production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state transformers (SST) are emerging technologies to replace the conventional low-frequency main transformer (MTR) in railway vehicles. In order to isolate the load side from the AC 25 kV high-voltage (HV) side and to reduce the whole size of the SST, HV insulation and high-frequency transformers should be used in DC/DC converters. Furthermore, due to the severe constraint of installation space and difficulty of heat dissipation management in the bottom of railway vehicles, high-power density and minimum transformer loss should be considered. To satisfy such design requirements of the proposed SST for railway vehicles, high efficiency integrated transformers, which inherently have leakage inductance, are proposed for dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters in this paper. In order to obtain appropriate equivalent leakage inductance for the DAB converters, a calculation methodology for the leakage inductance has been introduced and verified by simulation. Two separated winding structures in the center-core are adopted to improve the core loss, and appropriate winding turns with 60 kV HV insulation capability are selected, according to the proposed design procedure of the integrated transformers. In order to compare the proposed transformers with the conventional transformer having additional inductors and to verify the major characteristics of the transformers, two 125 kW proposed transformers and conventional transformers have been built and evaluated by an 250 kW SST module, operating at 10 kHz switching frequency. Under a 125 kW full-load condition, 99.7% transformer efficiency was obtained by the proposed integrated transformers, which are 4.7% smaller and 7.0% lighter than the conventional transformer. As a result, 26°C maximum temperature improvement has been obtained and 60k V HV insulation capability has been satisfied by the proposed integrated transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel frequency domain technique to globally evaluate the accuracy of electro-magnetic transient simulations. It is shown that simulation accuracy at low frequencies can sometimes be poorer than at high frequency. A modified approach which quantifies accuracy from a driving point as a function of frequency is also introduced that uses the Bilinear Transformation and Norton equivalents, to produce a “simulation accuracy spectrum”. This approach can be applied to large systems without explicitly forming state space equations. It also permits the accuracy analysis of networks with distributed components such as frequency dependent transmission lines. Two examples are used to verify the proposed technique, a small network with a frequency dependent transmission line modeled by the universal line model; and the IEEE 39 bus system connected with an LCC-HVdc system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is one of the most promising and economical power supply solutions for electric vehicles (EVs), which can address range anxiety and downsize the volume of onboard batteries. To solve the null power phenomenon and transfer power pulsation phenomenon in DWC scheme, this paper proposes a new magnetic coupler array to implement continuous charging and reduce the output power variation. The transmitters are placed with a proper interval to eliminate the adjacent coupling and enlarge the coil array’s effective length. ANSYS Maxwell is utilized to demonstrate the finite element analysis (FEA) of the DWC system. A larger receiver coil is designed to significantly mitigate power pulsation and increase the magnetic coupling as the receiver moves along the array. With the well-designed receiver coil, the output power pulsation is $\pm$ 1.52 $\%$. For the high-power capacity scenario, a multilevel connected DC-DC converter is designed on the receiver side to regulate the transfer power. Besides, a passivity-based control (PBC) is developed for the receiving DC-DC converter based on the Euler-Lagrange (EL) model, and a current sharing compensator is employed to balance each phase inductor current. Finally, a 500- $\text{W}$ prototype is constructed, and experimental results are represented to validate the proposed optimized coil array and the proposed PBC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, novel neutral reactor structures are proposed to mitigate the secondary arc current (SAC) in non-conventional Multi-circuit Multi-voltage Transmission lines (MCMVTLs). The parameters of the reactors in the structure are optimized using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The optimization algorithm, coded in Python, regulates the multiple runs of an Electromagnetic Transients (EMT) simulation program to minimize the secondary arc current. The optimization trials are run in parallel on a 64 core computer to minimize the solution time. A detailed arc model was tested on the EMT program (PSCAD). Using this model and optimized parameters in the proposed neutral reactor schemes, the SAC is indeed extinguished in acceptable times. The SAC and TRV for neutral reactors with optimized parameters are up-to 68 and 77%, respectively, lower than the ones with parameters calculated by the conventional approach which ignores inter-circuit coupling. Meanwhile, the extinction times are up-to 46% faster. As a result, single-phase auto-reclosing in MCMVTLs is viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid energy systems with small modular reactors (SMRs)—a fast-emerging nuclear power plant technology—and renewables hold significant promise for the development of clean energy systems. This paper proposes a simulation model of SMR-based hybrid energy system for electricity and district heating (DH) with a detailed dynamic model of the reactor and a quasi-static model of the DH system in Siemens PTI PSS/E and PSS/Sincal. A multi-timescale approach, separating the load following and frequency regulation operation, is proposed to assess the flexible operation in the presence of highly intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs). A portion of a modified IEEE 30-bus system network is used as a test system for an isolated community to simulate the proposed hybrid energy system, and comparative results demonstrate the potential benefits of the DH system, thermal energy storage, and electrical energy storage to the SMR’s flexible operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grids, system parameter and/or topology changes following HVDC grid protection actions affect system dynamics and in combination with the existence of line inductors in series with HVDC circuit breakers (DCCB), pose a challenge to designing converter controls that satisfy desired performance and stability requirements. To date, several methods have been proposed for evaluating the influence of the line inductors on system stability; however, tuning of the MMC controls considering system parameter and/or topology changes following HVDC grid protection actions haven’t been studied in detail. This paper presents a systematic tuning procedure for a robust operation of MMCs in any HVDC grid configuration. The proposed method analyzes the impact of variations in HVDC grid system parameters and control bandwidths (BWs) using small-signal based stability analysis and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)-based performance analysis methods. In addition, it considers the impact of line outages associated with HVDC grid protection actions in order to select optimal control gains that fulfill performance and stability requirements of the HVDC grid for given HVDC Circuit Breakers (DCCBs) line inductor values. To illustrate the proposed methodology, a detailed step-by-step stability analysis in a 4-terminal HVDC grid test system is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design distance of offshore wind power plants connected through HVAC transmission systems might be extended due to the introduction of mid-cable reactors for reactive power compensation purposes and the latest developments of AC cables for higher voltages. Therefore, the applicability limits between HVAC and HVDC systems must be revised. This paper analyzes the contribution that mid-cable reactive power compensation has on increasing the distance limits of HVAC transmission systems. A methodology is developed to determine an optimal design of such transmission systems. In this methodology, cost of power losses and reactors are minimized for multiple wind speed conditions. As a result, the optimal HVAC voltage level and the optimal number of reactors and their location are determined for different OWPP rated powers and distances. Also, the final transmission system is selected between HVAC and HVDC equivalent configurations based on total costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For modular multilevel converter (MMC) based DC grids, current-limiting reactors (CLRs) are mainly employed to suppress the fault current and provide boundary effects to detect internal faults. Thus, most existing protection schemes are highly dependent on the larger CLRs to guarantee high selectivity. However, in existing MMC based HVDC projects, the size of CLRs is restrained by the cost, weight, and system stability under normal state. Thus, boundary protections may fail to detect high-resistance faults and pole-to-ground faults under weak boundary conditions. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper proposes a fast and selective DC fault detection scheme independent of boundary components. The propagation characteristics of line-mode backward traveling-waves (TW) are analyzed to identify external and internal faults. The polarities of zero-mode backward TWs are employed to select faulted poles. The directional overcurrent based pilot protection is adopted as a complementary criterion to detect remote faults. The proposed method can be applied in MMC-HVDC systems with small CLRs that cannot provide strong boundary conditions. Besides, the detection speed is fast (less than 1.5ms). Moreover, it is robust to fault resistance and immune to noise. Various simulation results in PSCAD/EMTDC verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the possibility to exploit the inductance of wound aluminum foil capacitors in order to realize an integrated component. Objective is the design and construction of an integrated inductor/capacitor to filter harmonic modulations as an alternative to the conventional passive filter, consisting of capacitor and inductor as discrete components with the prospect of reducing size, material and consequently costs. The principle functioning of the integrated component resulting from the position the supply terminals are placed on the aluminum foils is being demonstrated. An analysis of technical and geometric parameters leads through a calculation scheme to the design of such an integrated component. Finally, the construction of a manual winding machine enables the wrinkle free winding of the four foils on a central core to produce a pilot model operational at 400 V with multiple access terminals providing hence diverse experimentation possibilities. Most significant result is the measured current frequency characteristic of the pilot model revealing clearly its series resonant behavior with a quality factor close to ten, well comparable to values of conventional industrial filters indicating thus at this stage reasonable prospects for such an integrated component to operate as a filter in the grid absorbing harmonic modulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electric potential appears at floating wires located within a strong electric field. This phenomenon can be used to supply small isolated communities situated close to Extra-High Voltage transmission lines. This non-conventional distributed generation system has been studied for the last years. However, to improve the power generation system the optimal position of the floating wires, number of wires used, bundle radius, and type of wires must be properly identified. This paper presents a mathematical model solved with genetic algorithm to design a collector system with optimized induced voltage and minimized project cost, identifying the optimal reactor used for voltage regulation. The algorithm was applied to design a collector system that can tap-off 100 kW from a 230 kV transmission line. The trade-off between objectives and the Pareto optimal solutions were evidenced via several simulations using the weighting sum approach. These results allowed to identify a final geometry according to a-posteriori designer preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, very high frequency (VHF) converter has attracted much attention. However, with rich parasitic parameters and complex resonance links, there are some great difficulties to the modeling of such systems. Taking the on-off controlled VHF resonant boost converter as an example, this paper presents an accurate modeling and analysis method that considers multiple parasitic parameters. First, the closed-loop VHF converter system is divided into a main network and a parasitic oscillation network. Then, based on the operation analysis, an equivalent circuit model characterized by a time-varying input voltage source and two variable duty-cycle controlled switches is proposed. It worth noting that both the time-varying input and the controlled switches take into account the influences of the parameters. Furthermore, the periodic approximate analytical solution of the output voltage in the on stage is obtained by using the equivalent small parameter method to the proposed circuit model. And then combining the solution of the parasitic oscillation network and on-off state switching conditions, the steady-state waveform of output voltage can be obtained quickly. Finally, a prototype with operating frequency of 21.44 MHz is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel single-stage doubly grounded transformerless inverter configuration which can buck-boost the output voltage is proposed in this paper. In this transformerless inverter configuration grid neutral is directly connected to PV panel negative rail which suppresses/eliminates the PV leakage currents. In addition, the tracking of maximum power point is possible for wide variation of weather conditions due to buck-boost voltage capability of inverter. Moreover, the proposed inverter topology has symmetrical operation in both half cycles hence injects negligible DC offset current in to the grid. Here the symmetrical operation of inverter is achieved due to one inductor is used for both half cycles of the grid. The proposed topology is realized using five switches, two of which work at 50 Hz and remaining three switches at high frequency which reduces overall semiconductor losses. Further, the proposed inverter topology is controlled through a newly developed modulation technique and possible working modes are analyzed and described thoroughly. For performance validation, the experimental analysis of grid connected proposed inverter is performed on a 1 kVA system and results show that proposed inverter feeds power in to the grid with lesser THD while achieving greater efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modular multilevel converter (MMC), owing to the presence of a large number of submodules (SMs) and energy storing elements, requires a large footprint and initial investment. To address these issues, this paper proposes the switched modular multilevel converter (SMMC). It consists of two major elements; the chain-links (CLs), consisting of cascade connection of SMs as in MMC, and the single-pole-triple-throw (SPTT) switches, which can be realized using either the T-type or NPC-type switch strings. The SMMC works on the principle of connecting all the phase-legs in series and their respective positions are mutually interchanged. It offers a compact structure as the SMs count is reduced to 33% of MMC, which results in a much lower energy storage requirement. Furthermore, it does not have inter-phase circulating current problem and hence the CL inductors can also be avoided. The SMMC structure, operating principles, control, and modulation schemes are explained in detail. A detailed comparison of SMMC with the other major existing converters is carried out to highlight the important features of SMMC. The efficacy of SMMC is validated using PSCAD simulation studies with a 19-level grid-connected SMMC model. A 3-phase 19-level SMMC laboratory prototype is developed to further validate its feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief overviews the development of high-performance single-core voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) employing a multi-LC tank over the past two decades. From the circuit-design perspective, we study the key breakthroughs for constantly heightening the figure-of-merit and lowering the 1/f3 phase-noise corner, according to the noise source and transfer, narrow and wideband performance optimization, as well as one- and two-dimensional (1D/2D) tuning. We also aim to present the prospects of single-core VCOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-level boost topology based on a flying capacitor is compared in this work with the hybrid, multi-level, partial power processing topology already presented in the literature for use as a highly efficient and compact dc/dc stage in 1500-V, two-stage, grid-connected PV systems. Different variations of the resonant stage of the hybrid topology are analyzed and compared in terms of losses, volume and complexity. Full multivariable optimization is conducted for the multi-level boost topology with different number of levels and for all the analyzed variations of the resonant stage of the hybrid topology. Appropriately rated new classes of 650-V and 900-V WBG devices are included in the optimization algorithm. It is concluded that due to the dominant conduction losses and gap in the voltage rating of the commercially available WBG devices between 650V and 200V, increase of the number of levels over 4 leads to the deteriorated loss and volume performances. All the analysis related to the resonant stage of the hybrid topology is confirmed by detailed and comprehensive measurements of two prototypes of 4kW of nominal and 7kW of maximal power. Additionally, all the loss models applied in the optimization algorithms presented in this paper are confirmed by detailed measurements, thermal calibration and finite element thermal simulations of the wide bandgap devices and inductor designs employed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 31, 2019, a 500 kV air-core, shunt reactor at a large generating station in BC Hydro was damaged shortly after four unit transformers were simultaneously energized from a 500 kV series and shunt compensated line source. Forensic investigations revealed that the controlled switching system, controlling the instant at which each breaker phase closes during energization to minimize inrush current, had failed. Uncontrolled closing led to under-damped, high-magnitude and sub-synchronous currents. Protection tripped and isolated the four transformers, followed shortly by shunt reactor protection tripping. Before the reactor could be isolated by circuit breakers, a damaging internal fault developed. This paper presents forensic investigation describing sequence of events leading up to reactor damage and shares the lessons learned with the peer utilities having similar installations.    [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-port converters with high voltage gain are desirable solutions for integrating renewable energy and energy storage devices into high voltage dc bus. A high gain three-port converter with soft switching is proposed in this paper, which can realize zero voltage switching for all switches and zero current switching for all diodes in various operating modes. Single coupled inductor is used to achieve high voltage gain and to reduce the voltage stress of switches so that switches with low on-resistance can be selected to reduce the conduction loss. In addition, the advantages of fewer components, higher voltage gain, and very low switch voltage stresses make the proposed converter more suitable for application in renewable energy systems than similar solutions. Various operating modes, performance analysis, design considerations, efficiency analysis, and control method of the proposed converter are discussed. A laboratory prototype with 30 V renewable energy source, 48 V energy storage device and 400 V output is designed to verify the performance of the proposed three-port converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a series of improved Z-source dc–dc converters to realize additional voltage pumping and high power density through two propositions. Proposition 1 develops two improved positive- and negative-connected Z-source dc–dc converters (IPZSC and INZSC), using the same number of components as in the existing voltage pumping Z-source converter. Based on Proposition 1, Proposition 2 proposes four novel embedded Z-source dc–dc converters (EZSCs) by placing the source in a specifically designed position, which realizes lower voltage stresses across capacitors. Various technical aspects of the proposed EZSCs, including operations, power losses, and small signal stability analyses are detailed in this paper. Besides, comparisons between the proposed series of improved Z-source dc–dc converters and other existing Z-source dc–dc converters are thoroughly made to demonstrate the better performance of the EZSCs. Finally, experiments are conducted to well validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed converter circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cogeneration coupling of small modular reactor (SMR)-based nuclear power plants (NPPs) with district heating (DH) systems enhances an SMR’s ability to provide flexible operation. Coordinated reactor control and DH steam extraction can fulfill the load following requirements, while a battery energy storage system (BESS) and steam bypass system can absorb short-term disturbances, allowing the system to host renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and photovoltaics (PV). This paper develops an optimal operation framework for a SMR-RES hybrid energy system for electricity and DH and demonstrates the proposed scheme using a portion of the IEEE-30 bus system. Simulation results from a set of studies are provided to demonstrate load following (LF) and frequency regulation (FR) operation for a month-long period. The operational results for different RES hosting levels are analyzed, evaluating the optimum size of wind and PV plants for the proposed system. The results show the proposed hybrid energy system is feasible as a stand-alone system and can optimally host as high as 50% renewables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for the live detection of turn-to-turn short-circuit fault in dry-type air-core filter reactors. In the proposed method, the turn-to-turn short-circuit fault is determined and located by detecting the change of vibration distribution characteristics on the reactor surface. The testing results prove that under the excitation of composite current, this method can locate the turn-to-turn short-circuit fault effectively, and the short-circuit fault has an obvious impact on the vibration signals of each frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, we are developing an AC/DC conversion technology with the development of power semiconductors. Accordingly, DC is attracting attention because it is advantageous in the current transmission system. However, it has a problem that the cut-off technology required for DC system operation has not been secured yet. We are researching and developing a DC cut-off technology in several ways. We proposed a model that combines a superconducting fault current limiter and a DC circuit breaker. This is a configuration which a superconducting fault current limiter and a mechanical DC circuit breaker are connected in series. The superconducting fault current limiter limits the initial fault current and the mechanical DC circuit breaker cuts off the fault current. The mechanical DC circuit breaker consists of a high-speed DC switch, a LC divergent oscillation circuit and a surge arrester. This creates an artificial zero-point by affecting the blocking of the DC fault current according to the LC diverging oscillation circuit. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of the LC divergent oscillation circuit on the superconducting DC circuit breaker according to Reactor (L) and Capacitor (C). As a result, we analyzed the operating characteristics of the superconducting DC circuit breaker according to the application of the LC divergent oscillation circuit using the PSCAD/EMTDC program. Also, we confirmed the characteristics of the initial fault current limit rate of the superconducting fault current limiter and the possibility of controlling how the LC divergent oscillation circuit affects the DC arc generated at the opening of the mechanical DC contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-terminal hybrid LCC/MMC HVDC has been applied to overcome the simultaneous commutation failure problem caused by the multi-infeed LCC-HVDCs in the East China. The high-speed and selectivity line protection method is required for the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC system. In this paper, the reflection and refraction of the fault traveling waves at different kinds of line terminals are characterized by transfer functions. Then the fault voltage as well as its first peak time at different line terminals when different internal and external faults occur are derived respectively. The conclusion proves that the first peak time of line-mode fault component voltage (FPTV) for internal faults is smaller than that for external faults, which is independent of fault impedance and fault type as well. Therefore, a FPTV-based non-unit ultra-high-speed dc line protection method is proposed. The algorithm is implemented in the developed protection prototype and validated in the Kun-Liu-Long three-terminal hybrid HVDC RTDS test system. The test results show that the proposed method can fast and correctly identify line faults in the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC system, even with 500 Ω fault impedance. Comparing with the traveling wave protection method of ABB, the proposed method improves the sensitivity when high-impedance faults occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speed and selectivity of DC fault protection are critical for High-Voltage DC (HVDC) grids and present significant technical and economic challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes a non-unit protection solution that detects and discriminates DC faults based on frequency domain analysis of the transient period of DC faults. The representation of a generic HVDC grid section and the corresponding DC-side fault signatures in the frequency domain form the basis of a generalized approach for analytically designing a protection scheme based on Wavelet Transform (WT). The proposed solution is adaptive within its design stage and offers general applicability and immunity to system changes, while the protection settings are configured for optimized performance. The scheme is validated through offline simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC and the technical feasibility of the algorithm in the real world is demonstrated through the use of real-time digital simulation (using RTDS) and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing. Both offline and real-time simulations demonstrate that the scheme is able to detect and discriminate between internal and external faults at a significantly high speed, while remaining sensitive to high impedance faults and robust to external disturbances and outside noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, the current flow control and DC fault protection issues of HVDC grids are supposed to be solved by the DC current flow controller (CFC) and DC circuit breaker (DCCB) separately, which may result in a high capital cost. This paper proposes a CFC topology with DC fault current limiting and interrupting capabilities. The topology and operating principle of the CFC are presented with theoretical analysis. The control strategies under normal and fault conditions are described. In order to reduce the use of IGBTs, an H-bridge inter-line CFC with fault current limiting capability is further proposed based on the proposed CFC. The proposed CFCs are tested in PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results show that the proposed two CFCs can effectively control the current flow of two lines during normal operation and limit and interrupt DC fault currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new transformer-less three-level grid-tied inverter is proposed in this article. By employing the switched-capacitor (SC) modules, a new topology is derived. The proposed topology has some features which are high efficiency, the capability of voltage boosting without utilization of any additional boost stage, and suppressing the leakage current by using common grounded strategy. In this article, a peak current control is employed to generate the gate pulses of power semiconductor switches and adjustment of both active and reactive powers. By doing so, the grid injected current is controlled and adjusted to have a proper quality. The operation modes, design consideration, and a comparison with some recently proposed grid-connected topologies are done through this paper. Finally, the performance and feasibility of the proposed inverter are confirmed with a 500 W experimental prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high power applications, 3-phase ac/dc Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) are paralleled to increase the overall aggregated converter power rating, effective switching frequency and control bandwidth. For this, interleaved Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and current limiting paralleling inductors are required. Interphase Transformers (ITRs) are often used for the converter paralleling because they provide large magnetizing inductances for the currents flowing between the converters while introducing negligible leakage inductances for the currents flowing from the converters to the ac grid. This large asymmetry in the inductance values makes it difficult to independently control active power flows in the individual converters. Thus, if the converters dc buses are not mutually interconnected, instabilities in active control of balance of converter dc bus voltages can occur in certain operational conditions. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the active power flows produced by the currents flowing among the converters and explains origins of potential instability in the active control of balance of dc bus voltages in multi-converter systems with floating dc buses, paralleled using the ITRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at developing a multigene symbolic regression model of interfacial tension (IFT) for determining the health index of insulating oil. The oil parameters considered for modeling of IFT are break down voltage, resistivity, acidity, tan delta and water. The unique study undertaken in this article attempts to develop a multigene symbolic regression model for generating and evaluating the relationship between IFT and other oil parameters. Data utilized in this study involves actual oil testing parameters of in-service transformers and reactors of age more than 15 years. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to investigate the relative contribution of input variables to the model output. The result of sensitivity analysis has further been used to determine the weight of parameters for calculating the health index of insulating oil. Finally, the health index of 400 in-service transformer and reactors are evaluated and analyzed. This research will help in undertaking decisions for the replacement of oil based on health index, thereby increasing the life span of transformer and reactors. The health index so obtained will act as a reference for planning necessary maintenance activities of the equipment and thereby saving unprecedented failure of the oil-filled transformer and reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a 28/38 GHz dual-band power amplifier (PA) for fifth-generation (5G) communication. In this work, a T-topology-matching network is proposed at the output for its dual-band operation and low insertion loss. Also, a modified dual-LC tank-matching method is proposed for the input and interstage part due to its wideband performance and large-impedance transformation capability. This modified dual-LC tank boosts the transformation ratio to 30 at the interstage matching without trading bandwidth for the 28/38 GHz operation. Furthermore, circular inductors are applied to the matching networks for low insertion loss. This design is fabricated in a 0.25- $\mu \text{m}$ SiGe:C BiCMOS technology with a core area of 300 $\times 770\,\,\mu \text{m}^{2}$. In combination with the proposed methods, this PA achieves 28/38 GHz dual-band operation with high power-added efficiency (PAE). At 28 GHz, the measured peak power-added efficiency (PAE $_{\mathrm {peak}}$) is 25%, the saturated output power ($P_{\mathrm {sat}}$) is 18.8 dBm, and 1-dB compressed power ($P_{\mathrm {1~dB}}$) is 17.8 dBm. At 38 GHz, those are 17.5%, 17 dBm, and 15.8 dBm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief presents a comprehensive tutorial on the recent advances of injection-locking techniques used for millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) and terahertz (THz) signal generation systems. Injection locking has the potential to significantly improve the system performance in terms of low phase noise and low power consumption. The focus will be on the state-of-the-art injection-locking techniques to effectively widen the locking range and reduce the phase noise, including injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs), injection-locked frequency multipliers (ILFMs), and sub-harmonic injection-locked phase-locked loops (IL-PLLs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of power system electronization, distributed new energy generation-based DC microgrid system has become a hot spot of the current research. Aiming to implement the collection, transformation and transmission of the new energy sources, the dual active bridge (DAB) converter has become a key energy conversion device. Aiming to promote the transmitted efficiency for such DAB converter, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) optimization scheme with the triple-phase-shift (TPS) is proposed. Specifically, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is used for solving optimal solutions with the minimum power losses. Then, the trained DDPG agent is used as a fast surrogate predictor, which giving the suitable control decisions under whole operation conditions. The main control objective is to minimize the power losses for getting the target maximum efficiency. Besides, the soft switching constrains are added to the DDPG algorithm. Based on this, the proposed optimized method can be used for different operation conditions with excellent performance. The operation principles, the loss analyses, and the training consideration and evaluation of the DDPG algorithm are given. Finally, simulation and experimental results using a 200 W hardware prototype are displayed and compared to prove to effectiveness of theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at developing a gradient boosting (GB) model with parameters optimized by the Bayesian optimization (BO) method for detecting various types of fault in an oil-immersed transformer and reactor. The developed model depicts higher accuracy in comparison with other machine learning (ML) techniques, such as XGBoost, AdaBoost, random forest, and support vector machine parameters being optimized by BO. A comparison of the skill score depicts the superiority of the developed Bayesian optimization-based gradient boosting (BO-GB) model with respect to Bayesian optimized other ML techniques. Further comparison of the model with conventional Duval pentagon verifies the accuracy of detecting the faults, which were missed by the former. Also, the software has been developed based on the proposed BO-GB method for the on-site detection of the fault. In addition, actual values of dissolved gases with respect to fault confirmed after the internal inspection of the transformer and reactor are tabulated and compared. The data so presented will help in utilizing the authentic dissolved gas data in addition to the already available IEC TC10 databases for future works. The study undertaken in this article will help utilities in diagnosing the incipient faults more accurately and precisely, thereby preventing hazardous operating conditions along with minimizing the downtime cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a blocker-tolerant receiver (RX) front end employing a dual-band $N$ -path balun low-noise amplifier (balun-LNA) is presented for advanced cellular applications. The proposed RX front end can achieve a superior input-referred second-order intercept point (IIP2) performance without any IIP2 calibration, as the $N$ -path balun-LNA performs RF bandpass filtering and enhances blocker tolerance as well as the overall linearity of the RX. The proposed band-switchable differential inductor with a center tap enables the LC tank of the balun-LNA to support the operation of both low-band (LB) and mid-band (MB) frequencies for 5G new radio (NR) sub-6-GHz cellular applications. The RX front end is comprised of the dual-band $N$ -path balun-LNA, a $G_{m}$ -stage, current-mode passive mixers with a 25% duty-cycle local oscillator signal, current-mode passive RC low-pass filters, and transimpedance amplifiers. The RX front end was fabricated through a 65-nm CMOS process, and it was characterized primarily in the 5G NR LB and MB frequencies. The active die area was 2.24 mm2, and the RX front end drew a bias current of 15.1 mA from a nominal supply voltage of 1 V. It achieved a noise figure of 4.5 dB, a conversion gain of 43.5 dB, an out-of-band input-referred third-order intercept point of 7.89 dBm, and an IIP2 of more than 55 dBm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract One of the early design decisions for DC‐DC converters is the choice of an appropriate magnetic core material. Powder cores in particular are suitable due to their saturation flux density of up to 1.5 T. However, high DC currents constitutes a significant problem since the winding cross‐section rises with the current, which consequently increases AC losses due to skin effects. Another challenge is the reduction of winding layers to decrease proximity losses. This paper presents an improved single‐layer winding design procedure for DC‐DC converter powder cores. The procedure determines the optimum number of parallel cores and stacks. This way, the procedure enables a predefined maximum wire cross‐section for copper loss optimisation and single‐layer winding. The introduced approach defines the optimum switching frequency as a trade‐off between core loss and core volume. Finally, experimental tests with two setups validate 27 kW DC‐DC converters and hence the design procedure using Si‐IGBTs and SiC‐MOSFETs. The results demonstrate that SiC‐MOSFETs reduce core volume by a factor of 3 compared to Si‐IGBTs. Further, the SiC setup reaches high efficiencies of up to 98.53% compared to 98.17% for the Si‐based converter.