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This paper describes a flow control of the dye in the paper mill with the quasi-Z-source indirect matrix converter (QZSIMC) fed induction motor drive. More than a decade the voltage-source inverter (VSI) and current-source inverter (CSI) have been used to control the speed of the induction motor, which in turns controls the flow of dye. Recently, the matrix converter (MC) has been an excellent competitor for the VSI or CSI for its compactness. The voltage transfer ratio of the VSI, CSI, and MC has been limited to 0.866. Thus, the efficiency of these converters is less. To improve the voltage transfer ratio the quasi-Z-source network (QZSN) is to be used between voltage source and indirect MC (IMC). The modification in the shoot-through duty ratio of the QZSN varies the voltage transfer ratio greater than 0.866. Different voltage transfer ratios are needed for different voltage sag conditions. For a variation of the duty ratio of the QZSN, the fuzzy logic controller has been presented. To control the IMC vector control with space vector modulation has been presented. This paper proposes the implementation of QZSIMC adjustable speed drive for the flow control of dye in paper mill during different voltage sag conditions. A 4-kW prototype has been built and the effectiveness of the proposed system is verified with simulation results and experimental setup. Simulation is done in MATLAB, Simulink platform. Experimental setup is done with the aid of a TMS320F2812 (Texas Instrument) processor. The experimental results validate the maintenance of the speed of an induction motor at the set condition, thus controlling the perfect flow of dye in paper manufacturing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exploits smart inverters of distributed energy resources (DERs) for the mitigation of fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR). According to the IEEE Standard 1547-2018, smart inverters with voltage ride-through and var injection capabilities are promising technologies for mitigating FIDVR. This paper quantitatively investigates the effectiveness of smart inverters for FIDVR from a system-wide perspective. It shows that the penetration of smart inverters and induction motors are important factors affecting mitigation success. In addition, the over-voltages at the end of FIDVR due to load disconnections can be prevented with coordinated control of DERs and automated switching capacitors. The control scheme of smart inverters used for FIDVR is extended from the distributed volt/var droop control to include low- and high-voltage ride-through capabilities. The IEEE 13-bus feeder, the 8500-node test feeder, and the IEEE 390-node low-voltage network test system are used to illustrate the impact of DER penetration. For example, one can determine the residential air conditioner penetration level (for a given system at certain DER penetration level) that makes a system susceptible to FIDVR. The effects of solar intermittency are also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage-controlled three-phase three-leg inverters are widely applied in various occasions. The inverters are generally switched to the current-controlled mode to limit the fault currents when short-circuit faults happen. Under symmetrical fault, the inverter can be controlled as a symmetrical, three-phase current source. However, the voltage limiting will happen under asymmetrical fault. As a result, the fault phase currents will be distorted and cannot be completely controlled. Considering that the voltage limiting is mainly caused by large load impedance of healthy phase under asymmetrical fault, the voltage limiting is avoided by paralleling the virtual impedance with the output filter capacitor in this paper. As a result, the current limiting loop is not broken and the fault phase currents can be effectively controlled. The implementation of virtual impedance in control system and the influence of virtual impedance on the stability of system are also analyzed in detail in this paper. The theoretical results are validated by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel cooperative control technique concerning fully-distributed AC/DC microgrids. Distributed generation based on inverters has two types, i.e., Current Source Inverter (CSI), also referred to as PQ inverter, and Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). Both inverter forms have a two-layer coordination mechanism. This paper proposes a design method for the digital Proportional-Resonant (PR) controller that regulates the current inside an inverter. The inverters will improve the voltage quality of the microgrid while maintaining the average voltage of buses at the same desired level. There is comprehensive detail on the computations specific to resonant and proportional gains and digital resonance path coefficients. The paper includes a digital PR controller design and its analysis in the frequency domain. The analysis is based on the w-domain. The main contribution of this paper is the proposed method, which not only focuses on the transient response but also improves the steady-state response which smoothens the voltage; furthermore, all inverters are effectively involved to increase the capacity of the microgrid for better power management. The suggested cooperative control technique is used on an IEEE 14-bus system having fully distributed communication. The convincing outcomes indicate that the suggested control technique is an effectual means of regulating the microgrid's voltage to obtain an evener and steady voltage profile. The microgrid comprises distributed resources and is used as the primary element to analyse power flow and quality indicators associated with a smart grid. Lastly, numerical simulation observations are utilised for substantiating the recommended algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of global energy transformation and new power system, ensuring the stability of distributed energy grid connections is the key to maintaining the reliable operation of the whole power system. This paper constructs detailed impedance models of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) inverters using a harmonic linearization method and thoroughly investigates the mechanisms of resonance when inverters are connected to the grid, as well as the impact of model parameters on the stability of the grid system. This paper also briefly analyzes the scenario where distributed energy and electric vehicles are integrated into the grid simultaneously, demonstrating that grid system stability can be ensured in complex grid situations through reasonable parameter design. Lastly, the accuracy of the proposed impedance models and analysis is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage rise caused by high levels of distributed generation is manifesting as voltage regulation challenges for many electricity network service providers. In this environment it would be ideal to reduce supply voltage magnitudes, however, many network operators are hesitant to do so due to concerns related to consumer appliance performance at reduced supply voltage magnitudes. Voltage regulation requirements are defined by network standards and network service providers must ensure voltages remain within specified limits. Through an evaluation of domestic appliance performance when supplied at various voltage magnitudes, this paper examines the impact of varying voltage levels on residential appliances. Equipment energy demand, operation and actuation were monitored for each applied voltage magnitude. While no equipment failures were recorded, appliance behaviour varied significantly with applied voltage magnitude. Individual appliance conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factors have also been established. The results highlight the importance of good voltage regulation and provide substantiated appliance performance figures for future studies. The outcomes of this paper allow electricity network service providers to understand the implications of supply voltage magnitude on domestic appliance performance, whether it be understating of the impact of higher voltage magnitudes caused by distributed generation or implications of reducing voltage magnitudes to provide headroom for distributed generation integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main contribution of this paper is to present a simple algorithm that theoretically and numerically assesses the switching angles of an inverter operated with the SPWM technique. This technique is the most widely used for eliminating harmonics in DC-AC converters for powering motors, renewable energy applications, household appliances, etc. Unlike conventional implementations of the SPWM technique based on the analog or digital comparison of a sinusoidal signal with a triangular signal, this paper mathematically performs this comparison. It proposes a simple solution to solve the transcendental equations arising from the mathematical analysis numerically. The technique is validated by calculating the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the generated signal theoretically and numerically, and the results indicate that the calculated angles produce the same distribution of harmonics calculated analytically and numerically. The algorithm is limited to single-phase inverters with unipolar SPWM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of electrochemical cells as a source unit of electrical energy is rapidly growing—used in electric vehicles and other electric mobility devices, as well as in energy supply systems—as energy storage, often together with renewable energy sources. The key element of such systems is the power electronic converter used for DC energy storage and AC grid interfacing. It should be bidirectional to charge and discharge the battery when it is necessary. Two-stage battery interface converters are the most common; their DC-DC stage controls the battery current and adjusts voltage, but the DC-AC stage (inverter or frontend) controls the current in the grid. The use of unfolding inverters in two-stage battery interfaces can have some advantages. In this case, the DC-DC converter produces half-sinewave pulsating voltages and currents, but the unfolding circuit changes the polarity of the voltages and currents and produces no switching losses. Another trend of modern power electronics is the principle of partial power processing. In this case, power electronic converters deal only with a part of the total power; therefore, losses in such converters are reduced. This paper considers combining unfolding frontends with partial power DC-DC converters that enable the further reduction in losses. In this paper, it is shown that such implementation of the partial power conversion principle in semi-DC-AC systems is really possible based on the real-time matching of the voltage of the partial-power DC-DC converter, battery voltage (which depends on its state of charge) and the rectified instantaneous voltage of the AC grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a single-phase Full-Bridge (FB) inverter with a hybrid commutation technique designed to reduce the harmonic distortion caused by the loss of the controller capability around the zero-crossing point in the unipolar commutation region. The hybrid modulation changes from unipolar to bipolar commutation under the loss of the reference control, improving the robustness and efficiency of the method. The commutation technique improves the switching performance and reduces the switching losses. Simulation models are developed in MATLAB/Simulink R2023b to evaluate their performance under different operating conditions. The results show that the proposed commutation technique can achieve high efficiency, low total harmonic distortion (THD), and fast dynamic response. The experimental implementation of sliding mode control (SMC) implemented in an STM32 microcontroller confirms that the hybrid commutation technique can reduce the THD by 0.96 percentage points for local (off-grid) loads and up to 2.45 in an industrial grid-tie network, compared with unipolar commutation. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed modulation technique for applications like solar panels and offer crucial insights for ongoing research and development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve power density and motor performance, new bearingless motor topologies combine torque and magnetic suspension coils into a single winding. Of these topologies, the parallel dual-purpose no-voltage winding is advantageous from the bearingless drive perspective because it requires the least amount of hardware. However, this topology can result in undesirable current controller performance from cross-coupling effects between the suspension and torque operation. This paper investigates these cross-coupling effects using rotating reference frame theory to derive relevant system disturbance transfer functions. The nature of this coupling is explained in relation to the machine and control parameters (inductances, resistances, controller gains) to provide insights for bearingless machine and control designers. The paper proposes and simulates different compensation techniques to minimize or eliminate the cross-coupling. It is shown that with careful machine design or with proper feedback control compensation, the motor controller can be implemented as a conventional motor drive, without knowledge of the magnetic suspension system. Finally, experimental validation is provided via two prototype machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulation of an electric machine allows the testing of a drive inverter and controller of an electric drive system, prior to the manufacture of a machine prototype. This paper presents the emulation of a variable flux machine (VFM). The VFM emulator system proposed in this paper uses a detailed look-up table-based machine model for the purpose of emulation. This allows the emulator to mimic all machine magnetic and geometric behaviors such as saturation and torque ripple. In addition, the machine emulator proposed in this paper uses high-performance high-bandwidth linear amplifiers as power amplifiers. This enables a high bandwidth; leading to a high accuracy machine emulation. A detailed control description for the proposed machine emulator system and a machine model look-up table data verification against a prototype machine is initially presented. Experimental results are then presented to validate the utility of the proposed VFM emulator system to emulate various machine transient behaviors at different magnetization levels. Experimental results obtained from the emulator are subsequently compared against the experimental results obtained from a prototype VFM drive to verify the emulation accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the frequency oscillation problem in a parallel-inverter-based grid-connected system. Angular frequency interactions between inverters and the grid exhibit various numbers of complicated characteristics that seriously threaten the connected power system's stable operation. This paper proposes a unified frequency oscillation method analysis to investigate the oscillation problem in a multi-VSG grid-connected system. In this method, the power control model of each grid-connected inverter is equivalent to a two-terminal network by analogy method, which can be described as a “current source” connected in parallel with a reciprocal of “admittance” and then joined in series with a joint of “admittance.” Next, considering the influence of grid impedance, the model of the whole grid-connected system is established to reveal the mechanism of multi-VSG angular frequency oscillation. Subsequently, the influence factors of frequency oscillation and its variation law are analyzed through transfer functions, which provide an essential theoretical method for solving the frequency oscillation problem in the current multi-inverter grid-connected engineering application. Finally, we validate the effectiveness and correctness of the small-signal model and the frequency oscillation characteristics by building the MATLAB/Simulink simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the penetration of distributed generation (DG) systems in the grid is increasing, the challenge of combining large numbers of DGs in the power systems has to be carefully clarified and managed. The control strategy and management concept of the interconnected systems should be flexible and reliable to handle the various types of DGs. This can be suitably met by microgrids. This paper introduces the microgrid structure and elements and states the main objectives that should be achieved by the microgrid controllers and each DG controller in both operation modes (grid‐connected and island mode). It also presents the challenges of having multiple DG units in a microgrid in terms of accurate power control/sharing, voltage and frequency regulation, power management between DGs, different renewable energy sources integration and deployment, seamless mode transfer, and the modeling issues. The centralized and decentralized control techniques as potential solutions have been discussed and compared by highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. Furthermore, the recent control techniques for drooped alternating current microgrids and the main proposed solutions and contributions in the literature have been exposed to finally overcome the droop control limitations and obtain a flexible and smart distributed power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commutation failure (CF) is the most common fault in line-commutated high voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) systems that may lead to the transient overvoltage in the sending-side system. In the worst condition, the CF may lead to large-scale wind turbine tripping. To resolve this problem, the mathematical relationship between the reactive power consumed by the rectifier and DC voltage, DC current is derived. Then, a transient overvoltage calculation method is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, the mechanism of transient overvoltage caused by the CF is analyzed; it is revealed that the reason for three times transient overvoltage is the rapid decrease of the reactive power consumed by the rectifier during the CF and the recovery period from the CF. This paper proposes a constant reactive power control (CRPC) to inhibit transient overvoltage of the sending-side AC system. The proposed CRPC can increase the reactive power consumed by the rectifier, reduce the exchange reactive power between AC and DC systems, and suppress the transient overvoltage. A simulation model in PSCAD serves to verify the proposed CRPC on the transient overvoltage suppression in the situation of different fault types, fault duration, fault severity and short circuit ratio (SCR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 10 or 15 years, exciting new developments have occurred in the field of filters and multiplexers. The two words that best explain this phenomenon are “topology” and “technology.” Thus, this paper will cover new connections, new materials, and new processes. This paper summarizes what is new, describes the new devices, and avoids simply surveying the entire field. It is not possible to cover everything, and regrettably, some new and possibly exciting areas are omitted (such as filters fabricated using liquid crystal polymers, active element inclusion, extreme power devices used in accelerators), and others,\ldots, because something has to be left for the next paper! The paper does cover bandstop filters, intrinsically switched film bulk acoustic resonator, and barium–strontium–titanate filters, brand new derivations of lossy filter synthesis and dual-band filter synthesis, multimode networks, new work on optimal multiplexer (multiport network) configurations, and substrate integrated waveguide filters. In each of these areas significant new work has been recently performed and is presented in a summary format suitable for those thinking that the area of filters and multiplexers has become mature (stagnant) with nothing interesting to learn. Nothing could be further from the truth! [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Collaborative control of power converters operating in microgrids with unbalanced single-phase loads is difficult to achieve, considering that the voltages and currents have positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components. In this paper, a new control scheme for collaborative control of four-leg microgrids is proposed. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is simplicity, because the sharing of the powers produced by the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence voltage and currents is simple to achieve using the easy to implement and well-known droop control algorithms, i.e., as those based on $P$ – $\omega$ and $Q$ – $v$ droop control. The proposed droop algorithms do not require high bandwidth communication channels and the application of virtual impedances, whose design usually demands extensive simulation work, is not required. Three secondary control systems are also analyzed, discussed, and implemented in this paper to regulate the frequency, voltage, and phase at the point of common coupling (PCC), to achieve a balanced 50-Hz three-phase voltage supply in the PCC during steady-state operation. For these secondary control systems, single-phase phase-locked loop based on quadrature signal generators are implemented. Small signal modeling and design are discussed in this paper. A microgrid prototype of $\approx$ 5 kW, implemented using two power converters of 3 kW (each), is used to experimentally validate the proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a resonant switching cell model to analyze and design the single-ended resonant dc–dc converters. The single-ended zero-voltage switching (ZVS) converters such as the Class E converter are efficient for megahertz switching because they feature low turn-on and turn-off switching losses. Also, they use only a ground-referenced switch, allowing a simple gate drive circuit. In this paper, we investigate the single-ended resonant converter with the small input inductance, whereas the conventional Class E converter has a large input inductance. The main contribution of this paper is to propose the resonant switching cell as an analytic model that simplifies the analysis and the design of the resonant dc–dc converters. Furthermore, this paper presents the design method of the resonant switching cell model for minimizing the resonant current magnitude and conduction loss while the converter maintains ZVS property. The experimental results from a 10-MHz GaN-based prototype demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the analysis and design based on the proposed resonant switching cell model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a common dc-link dual-fed open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OEW-PMSM) topology, it is well known how the additional flow of a zero-sequence current (ZSC) is permitted. The low zero-sequence impedance characteristic of high-speed machines leads to high-intensity and high-frequency ripple of the ZSC. Therefore, there is a necessity to eliminate the zero-sequence-voltage (ZSV) produced by the two voltage source converters that feed the machine. Furthermore, the non-sinusoidal back electromagnetic force (back EMF) causes the circulation of a third harmonic ZSC. An OEW-PMSM high-speed starter-generator fed by a dual-inverter with a single dc-link is considered. Part I of this paper proposes a modulation for the considered topology able to eliminate instantaneously the ZSV produced. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the deadtime (DT) effect on the ZSV has been carried out and a novel hysteresis control for the ZSC using the DT as a control action is presented. The DT produces a ZSV distortion on the zero-axis that can be used to control the third harmonic ZSC flowing due to the non-sinusoidal machine back EMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-phase grid-connected inverter modeling depends on the equivalent resistance and inductance between the inverter and the grid. However, these parameters are not fixed during the operation of the inverter and vary with the operating conditions. In this paper, a new globally stable adaptive controller is proposed to estimate these values online and update the controller during its operation. A model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based on two fictitious quantities with no physical significance is utilized, namely $M = v \cdot i^*$ and $N = v^* \times i$ , where $v$ and $i$ are the steady-state values of voltage and current in synchronously rotating frame of reference. Detailed stability analysis of the proposed estimation technique has been presented using a Lyapunov energy function-based approach proving the global stability of the technique. Small-signal modeling and analysis of the proposed scheme has also been presented so as to understand the local dynamics of the system. The guidelines to select the parameter of the proposed MRAS system along with updating the controller are elaborated in this paper. Detailed simulation based on MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS, along with experimental studies through a Texas Instruments TMS320F28377S microcontroller, validates the feasibility of the proposed control architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, considering the architecture of monolithic 3-D integration, we evaluate and benchmark the performance of 3-D logic circuits and stability/performance of 3-D 6T SRAM cells with monolayer and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) devices based on ITRS 2028 (5.9 nm) technology node. The impact of random variations on the cell stability is also investigated. With the possibility of adopting monolayer or few-layer TMDs for nFET- and pFET-tiers enabled by monolithic 3-D integration, this paper indicates that the trilayer TMD device may substantially degrade the performance of 3-D logic circuits in spite of its higher mobility. This paper also reveals that stacking the monolayer pFET-tier over the bilayer nFET-tier may provide better nominal stability and read/write performance for 6T superthreshold SRAM compared with the planar technology, whereas the optimum 3-D configuration for near-/sub-threshold operations appears to be the monolayer pFET-tier over the monolayer nFET-tier. Besides the 6T cell structure, 8T SRAM cells are also investigated with monolithic 3-D integration for near-threshold/subthreshold operation. The monolayer nFET-tier over the bilayer pFET-tier configuration is shown to be the optimum 3-D 8T near-threshold/subthreshold cell design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. To understand the reliability challenges, Sandia National Laboratories and North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) led a collaborative study with four inverter manufacturers (mix of Type 3 Wind, Type 4 Wind, and PV Solar) and two North American protective relay manufacturers. As part of this study, an electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) with “real-code” models representing inverter firmware was used to investigate the protective relay response to faults on the modeled power system with the different inverter types. The currents and voltages obtained from the study were then played back through line relay hardware with settings typical of systems with conventional generation. The protective relays exhibited the expected reliability challenges but provided insight into the behavior of inverter-based resources during power system faults. In this paper, we share some of the challenging cases with the responses of the different line protection schemes. Using insight from the various event records, Part II of this paper shows how relay settings can be modified to obtain a substantial improvement in reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid LCC/VSC cascaded HVDC (HC-HVDC) scheme, in which the LCC is adopted as rectifier, and one LCC in series with multiple paralleled VSC based MMCs is adopted as inverter, combines the advantages of both LCC and VSC-MMC technologies. Presently, a HC-HVDC project is planned to deliver the hydro power from Baihetan to Jiangsu in China. One of the major challenges is to suppress the DC overcurrent issue of VSC-MMCs especially under commutation failure condition of LCC at inverter side. Based on Baihetan-Jiangsu project under construction, the model of HC-HVDC system is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC. In the system, the rectifier employs a dual 12-pulse LCC, while the inverter adopts a hybrid scheme, i.e., one LCC converter in series with three paralleled VSC-MMC converters. This paper addresses the main cause and feature of the DC overcurrent, then proposes an overcurrent suppression control method for HC-HVDC system based on fuzzy clustering and identification approach. And the system transient performances with the proposed control approach are evaluated under AC fault conditions. The results show that the proposed approach can not only suppress the DC overcurrent following the commutation failure to a certain extent, but also improve the post-fault recovery performance of the overall system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern controller design, various solutions for controlling power converter systems can be found depending on their applications, speed of working, pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques, switching frequencies— f c , and different load types. The need to manipulate control parameters can be often observed in classical structures, e.g., well-known PID, repetitive, or deadbeat control particularly sensitive to distinct parameters uncertainties. The purpose of this paper is to present an improved version of controllers designated for a UPS that will be considerably resistant to model changes. Proposed control techniques are independent of unexpected output filter changes: L f —filter coil inductance and C f —filter capacitor conductance. The second aspect of this paper is to compare effectiveness of modified predictive MPC (model-predictive control) and feedback PBC (passivity-based control) controllers in reducing output voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) for various load values. The biggest distortions of output voltage were observed during experiments with nonlinear RC load. Both simulation and experimental verification of mismatching parameters were performed and examined. Thanks to the proposed solution, the output voltage T H D v quality factor was reduced below 8% in an efficient way for all the applied loads and stayed at the level of 1% when well-matched filter parameters were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphase variable-speed drives and generation systems (systems with more than three phases) have become one of the mainstream research areas during the last decade. The main driving forces are the specific applications, predominantly related to the green agenda, such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs), locomotive traction, ship propulsion, “more-electric” aircraft, remote offshore wind farms for electric energy generation, and general high-power industrial applications. As a result, produced body of significant work is substantial, making it impossible to review all the major developments in a single paper. This paper therefore surveys the recent progress in two specific areas associated with multiphase systems, namely power electronic supply control and innovative ways of using the additional degrees of freedom in multiphase machines for various nontraditional purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some inverter-fed motors, particularly at higher power ratings, are supplied with a shaft brush in order to help mitigate bearing currents. As more inverters are applied to motors in Class I Division 1/Zone 1 and Class I Division 2/Zone 2 locations, there is a need to understand whether a shaft brush can be safely applied in such an environment. This paper addresses the physics of why this is a concern and a methodology to evaluate the relative safety of two example cases. These issues are considered from the perspective of users, manufacturers of inverters and motors, and certifying bodies. The question posed in the title of this paper is answered by considering whether the addition of a shaft brush to an inverter-fed motor in a Class I hazardous location makes the system more safe or less safe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The goal of the paper is to develop a hybrid modulation technique to combine space vector modulation (SVM) scheme and synchronous optimal pulsewidth modulation (SOPWM) technique for current source inverter (CSI). SVM provides better dynamic performance, but is unable to produce less total harmonic distortion (THD) on inverter current at low device switching frequency ($< $ 1 kHz). SOPWM provides less THD even at low device switching frequency, however it needs a conversion technique to operate CSI and it needs an additional control technique to improve dynamic performance. Hence to overcome these limitations, this paper develops a single modulation technique called optimal SVM technique that can achieve less THD as well as better dynamic performance. To develop optimal SVM technique, three methods have been proposed in this paper. These three methods do not require an additional conversion technique to operate CSI and they provide less THD even under low device switching frequency of 450 Hz. Experimental results prove that the proposed modulation technique can provide better steady-state performance as well as dynamic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new Vernier reluctance machine (VRM) drive for electric vehicle. The key is to incorporate both stator-slot permanent magnets (PMs) and zero-sequence current as the excitation source to establish a parallel magnetic field and interact with armature winding. In this way, two different machines, namely, slot-PM-excited VRM and dc-excited doubly salient machine, are artificially integrated into a single structure, which contributes to enhance the torque density. Moreover, flexible flux control can be realized by regulating zero-sequence current. In this paper, the machine structure and operation principle are introduced, with its feasibility verified by both finite-element analysis and prototype experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two main contributions toward efficient very large scale integration circuits mapped with simple cells: 1) a complete synthesis flow to provide good-quality circuits mapped only with simple cells; and 2) an area-oriented, level-aware buffering algorithm based on inverter trees to fix cell fanout violations. An effective pattern-based algorithm to identify XORs/XNORs on and-inverter graphs is also presented. We show that efficient implementations in terms of inverter count, transistor count, area, power, and delay can be generated from circuits with a reduced number of both simple cells and inverters, combined with XOR/XNOR-based optimizations. The proposed buffering algorithm can handle all unfeasible fanout occurrences, while: 1) optimizing the number of added inverters and 2) assigning cells to the inverter tree based on their level criticality. When comparing with academic and commercial approaches, we are able to simultaneously reduce the average number of inverters, transistors, area, power dissipation, and delay up to 48%, 4%, 8%, 14%, and 16%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates a high-performance black phosphorus nanoribbons field-effect transistor (BPNR-FET) and systematically investigates methods for enhancing its anisotropic carrier transport. The BPNR-FET shows a strong dependence on crystal orientation in which the best mobility performance is achieved in armchair-oriented nanoribbons. A downscaling of nanoribbon width is shown to improve the short-channel effect owing to a better electrostatic gate control. Furthermore, hydrogenation is employed to effectively passivate the dangling bonds and heal the nanoribbon edge defects, leading to nearly hysteresis-free transfer properties. By virtue of bandgap and contact-metal workfunction engineering, n-type BPNR-FET is successfully demonstrated, which enables complementary inverter circuits to be simultaneously realized. This paper unravels the superior performance underscores a conceptually new BPNR-FET, paving the way toward the development of non-planar devices and integrated circuits based on 2-D materials platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a dual active bridge (DAB) converter with reactive power control capability (Q-capability) for a battery energy storage system (BESS) or an electric vehicle (EV) to deliver vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. The DAB topology is preferable for EV charging systems due to its galvanic isolation and bidirectional power flow capabilities. However, this topology increases reactive current peak and loses zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation at light loads if it is not controlled with improved modulation strategies and proper Q control. This paper proposes a mixed modulation method and a reactive power optimization (RPO) algorithm based on power system load flow concepts. Due to the complexities associated with the analytical solution using time domain analysis, this paper develops detailed universal expressions of a DAB converter using the harmonic analysis method. Analytical identification of ZVS boundaries and DSP implementation of the RPO algorithm become easier with these universal expressions. Multiple modes analysis for different operational states is no longer required. Simulation results have been shown for different modulation strategies of the DAB converters. The theoretical analysis of modulation strategies, RPO algorithm and ZVS operation are validated by experimental results on a DAB prototype. Results show that the proposed control strategy reduces the reactive power and provide ZVS operation over a wide ranges of voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the torque accuracy for open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OEW-PMSM) with common dc bus, it is necessary to eliminate the zero-sequence torque (ZST) caused by zero-sequence current (ZSC) and the third back electromotive force. But the third flux linkage mismatch can enlarge ZSC which causes torque ripple. To deal with the above problem, firstly, a q-axis current injection method combined with deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) is adopted to inject an extra current into the reference q-axis current. The extra torque generated by this injected current can compensate for ZST. Secondly, to ensure the accuracy of the q-axis injected current, a parameter identification method based on recursive least square (RLS) algorithm with forgetting factor is presented to identify the third flux linkage accurately. The identification value can reduce ZSC and torque ripple under different working conditions. And the accurate q-axis injected current can be obtained to counteract ZST and output accurate torque. Finally, three methods are comparatively analyzed in this paper, namely the traditional DPCC method, the DPCC method with q-axis current injection and the proposed DPCC method based on RLS with forgetting factor. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed DPCC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OW-PMSM) with common DC bus configuration provides a path for zero-sequence current (ZSC). Apart from the zero-sequence voltage (ZSV) generated by inverters modulation, ZSC also comes from the third harmonic back-EMF. However, the third harmonic back-EMF contains the position information of the rotor, which can be extracted by an appropriate strategy to achieve position sensorless drive. In order to achieve sensorless drive and ZSC suppression simultaneously, this paper proposes a novel general-integral extended state observer (GI-ESO) based method. The third harmonic back-EMF of the OW-PMSM is estimated and calculated in three-phase stationary coordinate system by GI-ESO. And then, a single-phase phase lock loop observer (SPLL) is exploited to extract the position and speed information of the rotor. Meanwhile, the estimated third harmonic back-EMF is directly fed forward to SPWM as the ZSV reference, then the output voltages of the inverters contains the ZSV that can exactly counteract the third harmonic back-EMF, so as to realize the suppression of ZSC. Compared with the method of combining the fundamental back-EMF detection and proportional resonance (PR) regulator, this method can realize sensorless drive and ZSC suppression at the same time with only one scheme. Benefiting from the use of GI-ESO, the observer bandwidth can be relatively low, which helps suppress noise and extend the speed range of sensorless operation. Moreover, this method has strong robustness against motor parameters. The proposed strategy is validated by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-circuit response of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) is not adequately represented in many conventional protection studies. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of IIDG behavior during grid faults and proposes a more accurate reduced-order parameterized short-circuit current (RPSC) model of inverters. Typical inverter components are thoroughly investigated to identify those that play dominant roles during faults. The paper shows that the current limiter is the dominant factor for the steady-state fault-current of inverter; while the inverter filter along with the severity of the voltage disturbance largely determine the initial transient spike of inverter fault current. The proposed model is low-order and can be used in large scale simulations. The parameters of the proposed RPSC model can be extracted from laboratory experiments without requiring proprietary manufacturer information. The proposed fault-current model is analogous to the well-known synchronous machine model that segregates the inverter fault current into subtransient, transient, and steady-state fault currents. Experimental and simulation tests are presented to validate the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few of transient control models are adapted to asynchronous induction coil launcher (AICL) with air core coil. Thus, many papers about AICL were written with the goal of increasing muzzle velocity of projectile. This paper concentrate on how to control the projectile speed and thrust accurately by using improved current filament (CF) method and variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) scheme. The improved CF method contains mathematical model of three-phase inverter based on switch function, including conventional two level converter and cascaded multilevel converter models. The whole launch process is programmed with MATLAB. Simulation results show that this scheme have a smoother thrust fluctuation on projectile than other driving models. The motor parameters are changing with the temperature and frequency in launching process. Hence, the constant voltage frequency ratio (V/f) in this paper is more simple and reliable than vector control. To verify the control model and simulation results, a nine stages coil launcher prototype is constructed. The measured force and muzzle velocity are basically consistent with simulation results. It is proved that the improved CF method and VVVF strategy is feasible, and it is characterized by its small calculating amount that make it a valuable tool for design of AICL. The simple and excellent control of the thrust during launch process avoids load peaks, which means that the payload is handled more carefully compared to the classical launchers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Power system simulations with long-term data typically have large time steps, varying from one second to a few minutes. However, for PV inverter semiconductors in grid-connected applications, the minimum thermal stress cycle occurs over the fundamental grid frequency (50 or 60 Hz). This requires the time step of the fatigue simulation to be approximately 100 μs. This small time step requires long computation times to process yearly power production profiles. In this paper, we propose a fast fatigue simulation for inverter semiconductors using the quasi-static time-series simulation concept. The proposed simulation calculates the steady state of the semiconductor junction temperature using a fast Fourier transform. The small thermal cycling during a switching period and even over the fundamental waveform is disregarded to further accelerate the simulation speed. The resulting time step of the fatigue simulation is 15 min, which is consistent with the solar dataset. The error of the proposed simulation is 0.16% compared to the fatigue simulation results using the complete thermal stress profile. The error of the proposed method is significantly less than the conventional averaged thermal profile. A PV inverter that responds to a transactive energy system is simulated to demonstrate the use of the proposed fatigue simulation. The proposed simulation has the potential to cosimulate with system-level simulation tools that also adopt the quasi-static time-series concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the operation of the back-to-back neutral point clamped (BTBNPC) converters when the ac voltages on both ends are asynchronous. The zero-sequence injection (ZSI) technique has been used to extend the linear modulation range of the pulsewidth modulation operation. This paper investigates the ZSI of the BTBNPC to maximize the dc-bus voltage utilization while the ac voltages of both ends have different magnitudes and phases. This study further explores the reactive current injection to reduce the risk of overmodulation when grid voltages surge. The combination of these techniques can extend the operation range of the BTBNPC over varying ac voltages of both ends with the available dc-bus voltage. In addition, the issue of the neutral-point balance is also taken into consideration. Laboratory test results are provided to verify the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four-level hybrid-clamped inverter is a newly proposed topology that can operate under a wide voltage range without switches connected in series. However, when it is applied in medium voltage high power conversions, the flying capacitors in each phase will occupy a huge volume and a high switching frequency is required to restrain the voltage ripples. In order to overcome this drawback, a four-level active neutral-point clamped inverter is discussed in this paper, which consists of only six switches and no diodes or flying capacitors are required. In order to balance the neutral-point voltages under the full power factor and modulation index range, a capacitor voltage balance method based on carrier-overlapped pulsewidth modulation is proposed in this paper. The upper and lower dc-link capacitor voltages are balanced by zero-sequence voltage injection and the central dc-link capacitor voltage is balanced by adjusting the duty cycles of switching signals slightly. Simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm the validity of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First harmonic analysis (FHA) is arguably the most widely used analytical technique for wireless power transfer (WPT) circuits due to its simplicity. Although FHA can provide closed-form solutions, the existence of rectifier diode forward voltage drop and higher order harmonics, especially the second and third harmonics at variable duty cycle operation, can significantly deteriorate its accuracy. This paper presents an accurate and efficient method called enhanced multiple harmonic analysis (eMHA) for the optimal design and optimal control of WPT systems. The eMHA method considers the nature of nonlinear rectification networks under nonsinusoidal current and reexamines the concept of the equivalent load. As a result, the rectified WPT system is transformed into a series of linear systems with complex load impedances. The steady-state electric quantities can be then explicitly calculated. This enables eMHA to seamlessly work with numerical optimization algorithms to facilitate the automated design and optimization of WPT systems. An example of optimal design and optimal control of a 10 W WPT system is demonstrated. The results obtained by eMHA and FHA are also compared. A prototype of the designed circuit was constructed. The accuracy and effectiveness of eMHA are verified by experimental measurements. This paper is accompanied by a MATLAB-based analytical tool with a graphical user interface demonstrating the effects of circuit variables on electrical quantities and waveforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing of switching frequency in pulsewidth modulated motor system, common mode current (CMC) seriously affects the reliable operation of motor system and it has become a problem that cannot be ignored. This paper proposes a mathematical model of CMC and conducts detailed time–frequency characteristics analysis of CMC. The influence of several key parameters of motor system, such as distributed capacitance, dc bus voltage, and inverter switching frequency, on CMC characteristics has been analyzed in detail, and the corresponding variation rule of CMC oscillation amplitude and attenuation period/time has been summarized. The experimental results are presented to verify the correctness of theoretical analysis. The conclusions of this paper can lay theoretical foundation for the effective suppression of CMC in various practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper confirms that removing antiparallel silicon carbide (SiC) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) from SiC-based inverters offers positive effects without critical impact on inverter loss and electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues, moreover, the removal of SBDs reduces the inverter losses in many cases and noise emissions. This conclusion leads to the possibility to improve the power densities by removing SBDs. However, the removal of SBDs may cause some disadvantages such as an increase of the reverse conduction loss and influence of the body diode recovery phenomenon. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of these advantages and disadvantages is necessary. In this paper, design criteria are proposed to clarify the conditions in which SiC-based inverters without SBDs have advantages over those with SBDs from the viewpoint of losses. On the other hand, to achieve the removal of SBDs, it is also necessary to confirm that removing SBDs does not cause severe EMI issues. The paper confirms that switching noises are reduced by the removal of SBDs; this is due to the larger damping effect of the SiC mosfets without SBDs than that of SiC mosfets with SBDs. The validity of the theoretical analyses and design criteria is confirmed with comprehensive experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fault-tolerant operation for dual three-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet machines (SPMSMs) that were both electrically connected on three winding phases and mechanically connected on one shaft. The open-phase fault-tolerant operation is considered in dual three-phase SPMSMs drive thus combining motor drive of three-phase and single-phase. The proposed method controls the torque of each motor with different phases using a single inverter. In order to control these motors, the torque and current are distributed between the motors with the specific ratio. Methods for minimizing torque ripple and copper losses and maximizing the output torque of the three-phase motor are stated in this paper. Accordingly, a system with cost-effective and enhanced reliability is proposed without any configuration adjustment or auxiliary switching devices. The mathematical analysis and experiments are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. After the fault, the resulting system is able to provide up to 75% of the rated torque, and up to 50% of the torque can be utilized without any torque ripple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous machines drive with single dc voltage source, zero-sequence current (ZSC) can lead to a high current stress of power modules and loss of motor. Therefore, some modulation strategies have been employed to alleviate ZSC by suppressing zero-sequence voltage (ZSV). However, ZSC still exists in the system because ZSV can also be generated by other nonlinear factors of inverter such as the dead time of system. In addition, zero-sequence back electromotive force in the zero-sequence path can also enlarge torque ripple and ZSC. In order to deal with above problems, first, this paper proposes a full-order adaptive zero-sequence observer to estimate future ZSC and ZSV, which are able to compensate one-step control delay. Second, to achieve the maximum voltage dc bus utilization, this paper proposes a novel deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) scheme with alternate sub-hexagonal center pulsewidth modulation strategy to suppress ZSC and torque ripple simultaneously. Finally, this paper presents a comparative study of two types of methods, namely traditional DPCC scheme and the proposed DPCC scheme. Simulation and experimental results are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed DPCC scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main drawbacks of conventional direct torque control (DTC) drives are erratic switching frequency and high torque ripples. The multilevel inverter fed DTC drives are proved to be an alternative for eliminating these drawbacks. Apart from the commonly used three-level inverter fed drives, this paper presents an even-level inverter fed DTC drive. In this paper, a space vector modulated DTC algorithm for a four-level DTC drive is proposed and is implemented by feeding both ends of an open-end-winding induction motor with two-level inverters. The space vector modulation (SVM) algorithm uses a fractal based design for switching voltage vector generation and allied computations are performed in 60 degree co-ordinate system. Representation of vectors as integer values in 60 degree co-ordinate planes avoids fractional arithmetic, which simplifies the algorithmic computations. Detailed analyses of the drive performance under dissimilar operating modes are presented. The loading performance of the drive is experimentally verified on a 5-HP induction motor with a strain gauge type mechanical loading system. No-load experimental results were obtained from a laboratory model 2-HP induction motor drive operated in closed loop mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an overload and short-circuit protection method is proposed for voltage source inverter-based uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. In order to achieve high reliability and availability of the UPS, short circuit and overload protection scheme are necessary. When overload or short circuit happens, using the proposed control method, the amplitude of the output current can be limited to a constant value, which can be set by the customer to avoid the destruction of the power converter, and to obtain a faster recovery performance as well. The detailed principle of the proposed protection method is discussed in this paper. It mainly contains three parts in the control diagram for current limit, first is the anti-windup in the voltage and current controllers, then the feedforward of the capacitor voltage to the current control loop, the last is the fast reset of the resonant part of the current controller when overcurrent happens. The procedure of developing the control method is also presented in the paper. Experimental results on a commercial UPS system are presented to verify the effectiveness of the control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are playing a pivotal role in the power sector with potential applications, such as interfacing renewable energy sources with the grid and several industrial drive applications. MLIs with a smaller number of switching devices are more promising due to their compact size, reduced cost, and higher efficiency compared with their traditional counterparts. This paper, therefore, presents a new three-phase seven-level inverter. This topology is a combination of two cascade-connected two-level voltage-source inverters (VSIs) and H-bridge cells with flying capacitors (FCs). This paper presents the operating principle and the balancing technique for the dc-link capacitors and FCs. The generation of various output voltage levels and the limitation of the sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation control for FC voltage balancing is also presented. The number of components in the proposed circuit configuration and their voltage ratings are considerably lower compared with the recently proposed topologies. The behavior of the proposed circuit configuration is first assessed with simulation studies and is then tested with a laboratory prototype. The simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed topology and the voltage balancing technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of employing multilevel pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) waveforms for diagnostic purposes compared to sinusoidal- and square-shaped voltages are presented in this paper. Examples on how the high voltage circuits are designed to enable these studies, as well as results, are discussed. To demonstrate the approach, it is investigated what influence the choice of PWM levels has on the partial discharge (PD) characteristics for two similar wire specimens insulated by different materials. Here, to resemble a motor winding, two different twisted pair test objects insulated by either pure polyamide-imid (PAI) material or with added conductive Cr2O3 material were exposed to voltages with ultrashort rise times. The test objects were fed from either two-, three-, five-, or seven-level inverter waveforms of similar shape as in actual applications. To compare the performances, measurements of the PD characteristics were conducted. Specifically, the total number of PDs, as well as their average maximum amplitude per cycle, was obtained together with the phase-resolved PD pattern for each case. The experimental results presented in this paper show that the total peak and summed PD magnitude (exposure) drop considerably more for the Cr2O3 insulation compared to PAI when applying a five-level or higher level inverter. This reduction is more significant for the insulation with added Cr2O3 material and the usage of higher inverter levels reveals this. As more information can be obtained using higher inverter levels, the evaluation of new material constitutions is preferably done utilizing at least a three-level inverter or higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an experimental discussion on a real-time real-power emulator that plays an important role in achieving a total test of medium-voltage, high-power, high-speed induction motor drives. The use of the emulator brings cost and time savings to the test. The test bench including the emulator is characterized by connecting two modular multilevel double-star chopper-cell (DSCC) converters connected in a front-to-front way. This paper designs, builds, and tests a 400- ${\rm V}_{\rm dc}$ , 10-kW downscaled test bench. It mainly consists of the following two identical DSCC converters: 1) one DSCC converter is used as an inverter under test; and 2) the other as a real-time real-power high-fidelity emulator. Experimental waveforms confirm that the emulator can reproduce electrical and mechanical operating performance of the three-phase 200-V, 10-kW, four-pole, 9000-r/min induction motor loaded with a centrifugal compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The staircase modulation strategy is the best choice for asymmetric cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (ACMI) because it makes the output voltage to present a high number of levels and makes one of the ACMI modules to operate at low frequency. However, the staircase modulation is usually employed without giving its deserved attention. This paper presents a clear understanding of the staircase modulation strategy and its applications in both isolated and grid-connected ACMI.  The main novelty of this paper is the obtaining of the switching function for each module. The principle of operation is carefully described, also indicating how to command the ACMI transistors. The output voltage of the two superior modules is evaluated for different values of iterations. Special attention is given to the power distribution among the ACMI modules when the staircase modulation is applied. It is demonstrated on how the power is processed in each module considering an ACMI with three modules. The analysis is presented showing the staircase modulation within a closed-loop control strategy for isolated and grid-connected modes of operation, showing that the content of this paper is valid for both modes. Experimental results clarify and show the efficacy of the content presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed electrical drives normally require converters capable of high-frequency operation. For this reason, converters based on SiC mosfets have been spreading in this field. Nevertheless, the problems caused by the high dv/dt imposed by SiC mosfets, like the premature failure of the motor winding insulation and the electromagnetic interference generation, are drawing more and more attention of the experts of this sector. In fact, these issues can deeply affect the system reliability and, hence, can represent a limiting factor for all those applications where the continuity of operation is the highest priority. To avoid the use of SiC mosfets in the most sensitive applications, this paper presents a solution, which consists of a Si-insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based inverter fed by a Si-IGBT-based dc/dc converter performing a suitable dc voltage regulation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to prove that a stable operation of a high-speed drive can be guaranteed through the proposed converter configuration. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed solution, experimental results on a laboratory setup have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach for systematically modeling a class of microgrid (MG) systems. The derived model accommodates grid-connected and islanded operation of the MG simultaneously, and allows modeling of converter-based as well as directly interfaced resources. Full modeling of virtual synchronous machines and actual synchronous generators is addressed. The originally nonlinear model is then converted to a linear model whose eigenvalues determine local stability of the MG. The model is used to analyze impacts of cross-coupling droop terms on the MG stability. The conclusions of this analysis are as follows. Addition of cross-coupling droop terms reduces the losses, compromises the stability in the grid-connected mode, and improves the stability in standalone mode. Therefore, for an MG that is intended to continuously operate at grid-connected and standalone mode, only a modest amount of cross-coupling terms is recommended to increase the efficiency without compromising the grid-connected stability. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the derivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]