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Simultaneous transformation of CO2 and H2O into syngas (CO and H2) using solar power is desirable for industrial applications. Herein, an efficient photocatalyst based on double‐shelled nanoboxes, with an outer shell of hydroxy‐rich nickel cobaltite nanosheets and an inner shell of Cu2S (Cu2S@ROH‐NiCo2O3), is prepared via a multistep templating strategy. The high performance of Cu2S@ROH‐NiCo2O3 (7.1 mmol g−1 h−1 for CO; 2.8 mmol g−1 h−1 for H2) is attributed to the hierarchical hollow geometry and p–n heterojunction to promote light absorption and charge separation. Spectroscopic and theoretical analyses elucidate that the ROH‐NiCo2O3 surface enhances *CO2 adsorption and lowers energy barriers for CO2‐to‐CO. Therefore, modulating the hydroxy contents of ROH‐NiCo2O3 can achieve broad CO/H2 ratios from 0.51 to 1.24. This work offers in‐depth insights into adjustable syngas photosynthesis and generalized concepts of selective heterogeneous CO2 photoreduction beyond cobalt‐based oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous transformation of CO2 and H2O into syngas (CO and H2) using solar power is desirable for industrial applications. Herein, an efficient photocatalyst based on double‐shelled nanoboxes, with an outer shell of hydroxy‐rich nickel cobaltite nanosheets and an inner shell of Cu2S (Cu2S@ROH‐NiCo2O3), is prepared via a multistep templating strategy. The high performance of Cu2S@ROH‐NiCo2O3 (7.1 mmol g−1 h−1 for CO; 2.8 mmol g−1 h−1 for H2) is attributed to the hierarchical hollow geometry and p–n heterojunction to promote light absorption and charge separation. Spectroscopic and theoretical analyses elucidate that the ROH‐NiCo2O3 surface enhances *CO2 adsorption and lowers energy barriers for CO2‐to‐CO. Therefore, modulating the hydroxy contents of ROH‐NiCo2O3 can achieve broad CO/H2 ratios from 0.51 to 1.24. This work offers in‐depth insights into adjustable syngas photosynthesis and generalized concepts of selective heterogeneous CO2 photoreduction beyond cobalt‐based oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a simple, rapid and facile one-pot wet-chemical co-reduction method is developed for synthesis of bimetallic Au–Pt alloyed nanochains supported on reduced graphene oxide (Au–Pt NCs/RGO), in which caffeine is acted as a capping agent and a structure-directing agent, while no any seed, template, surfactant or polymer involved. The as-prepared nanocomposites display enlarged electrochemical active surface area, significantly enhanced catalytic activity and better stability for methanol and ethylene glycol oxidation, compared with commercial Pt–C (Pt 50 wt%), PtRu–C (Pt 30 wt% and Ru 15 wt%) and Pt black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) supported on a cerium-based metal–organic framework Ce-MOF-801 (Pd/Ce-MOF-801) was prepared using an incipient wetness impregnation strategy. Multiple analytical techniques were used to investigate the physicochemical properties of Pd/Ce-MOF-801. Afterwards, its catalytic efficiency in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between different haloarenes and phenylboronic acid was assessed. The developed Pd/Ce-MOF-801 displayed a high catalytic performance at 318 K and in the presence of K2CO3 as well as aqueous ethanol (as a solvent), much superior to Pd/Ce-BTC as well as the analogs reported in the literature by comprehensively comparing the catalytic activity and the relationship between reaction temperature and catalyst dosage. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited negligible Pd species leaching and was capable of being recycled in eight successive runs without any decay in reactivity. Such protocol has the advantages of ambient reaction conditions and tolerance to various substrates with various functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct synthesis of 2,1-benzisoxazole and its related N-heterocyclic compounds via a chemoselective reductive heterocyclization route, which involves hydrogenation and subsequent intramolecular cyclodehydration steps, is a viable and attractive approach. However, the efficient transformation of the feedstocks using hydrogen as a hydrogen source at ambient temperature and atmospheric hydrogen pressure remains a great challenge. Herein, we reported a MgO-incorporated porous carbon composite (MgO@C) stabilized subnanometric Pt cluster (Pt/MgO@C) catalyst prepared by annealing a Mg-containing metal–organic framework, Mg-MOF-74, followed by impregnation of a Pt precursor and further reduction treatment strategy. The as-prepared Pt/MgO@C with ultralow Pt loading (0.078 wt%) exhibited superior catalytic performance for synthesizing 2,1-benzisoxazole derivatives by the reductive heterocyclization methodology. Excellent catalytic activity (conversion ≥ 99%), high chemoselectivity (≥92%), good stability (8 cycles), and broad functional group tolerance (10 substrates) were achieved under very mild conditions (1 bar hydrogen pressure at 303 K) over the developed Pt/MgO@C. Control experiments indicated that a proper amount of basic sites, subnanometric Pt clusters, and a close contact between them synergistically contributed to the extraordinary performance of Pt/MgO@C. Density functional theory calculations showed that the high activity and chemoselectivity of Pt/MgO@C stemmed from the active interfacial sites of Pt/MgO@C simultaneously activating the H2 and substrate, where the formed stable hydroxyl groups contributed to the enhancement of activity. The combined experimental and theoretical approach identified the formation of the –NO and –NHOH groups during the hydrogenation process, and the former corresponds to the rate-determining step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous phase reforming (APR) of ethylene glycol was performed at 225 °C and 30 bar in batch and continuous reaction conditions. The effect on the APR performance by functionalizing carbon supports with nitrogen and adding Mn to Pt-based catalysts was investigated. The presence of nitrogen species on the carbon surface and Mn-addition (PtMn) improved the catalytic activity and promoted H 2 production. XPS results suggest that the enhancement of the catalytic activity may be attributed to charge transfer from platinum to the nitrogen groups and Mn. Pt-based catalysts were stable under the studied reaction conditions, while up to 97 % of the manganese leached into the liquid solution during APR. However, the catalytic activity was maintained even with such significant decrease in Mn content, indicating that only a small amount of Mn is necessary to maintain the promotional effect on Pt during APR. [Display omitted] • Electronic interactions between Pt-N and Pt-Mn led to enhanced catalytic activity. • N-doped carbon nanofibers effectively improved H 2 yield in aqueous phase reforming. • Pt-based catalyst promoted with Mn presented higher H 2 yield and selectivity. • Metal-support interactions are key factors in promoting catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microkinetic analysis is used to screen perovskites for methane partial oxidation. • The catalytic activity varies in the order LaMnO 3 > LaFeO 3 > LaCoO 3 ≈ LaCrO 3. • Bulk oxygen vacancy formation energy is identified as a single descriptor. • 667 combinations of A- and B-cations have been screened in terms of stability. • SrRuO 3 , SmRhO 3 , LaIrO 3 , NdRhO 3 , and BaOsO 3 are identified as catalyst candidates. DFT calculations and descriptor-based microkinetic analysis have been performed to screen ABO 3 perovskite catalysts for methane partial oxidation. The scaling relations indicate the adsorption energies of H@O and CH 3 @B have the capability of representing the energetics of methane oxidation, and bulk oxygen vacancy formation energy is identified to be a better single descriptor of the kinetics. The resultant volcano-shaped plot shows the catalytic activity varies in the order LaMnO 3 > LaFeO 3 > LaCoO 3 ≈ LaCrO 3 , which agrees with the experimental findings and thus validates our theoretical predications. By screening 667 combinations of A- and B-cations based on electron neutrality, structural tolerance factors, and experimental verification, 77 ABO 3 have been identified to be stable. Of them, SrRuO 3 , SmRhO 3 , LaIrO 3 , NdRhO 3 , and BaOsO 3 are located at the summit of the volcano, which also exhibit satisfactory CO selectivity and enhanced carbon resistance compared to LaFeO 3 , and may act as the oxygen carrier candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The electronic structure of V 2 O 3 upon single-atom doping is examined. • A weak Lewis acid-base interaction is found to occur on the pristine surface. • The first dehydrogenation step is identified as the rate-limiting step for PDH. • Mn 1 -V 2 O 3 is suggested to be a good catalyst candidate for PDH. Vanadium-oxide-based catalysts have recently been found very promising for the catalytic dehydrogenation of propane. In this work, self-consistent density functional theory calculations have been performed to examine how the electronic structure of the V 2 O 3 (0001) surface is modified by single-atom doping and how the catalytic properties can be tailored to propane dehydrogenation. The structural stability of single-atom-doped V 2 O 3 (0001) surfaces is assessed by comparing the adsorption energies of single atoms with the cohesive energies of bulk metals. A weak Lewis acid-base interaction is found to occur on the pristine surface, which can be strengthened and weakened by substitution of single atoms for V and O, respectively. On these two types of oxide surfaces, single atoms act as promoters and active sites. The first dehydrogenation step is identified as the rate-limiting step by microkinetic analysis. On all the single-atom-doped surfaces, the activation energy for water formation is higher than that for hydrogen recombination, implying that reduction of the oxide surfaces is difficult to take place during the course of the reaction. If a compromise between the catalytic activity and catalyst selectivity is made, Mn 1 -V 2 O 3 is suggested to be a good candidate as the catalyst for propane dehydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionalization of otherwise unreactive C–H bonds adds a new dimension to synthetic chemistry, yielding useful molecules for a range of applications. Arylation has emerged as an increasingly viable strategy for functionalization of heteroarenes which constitute an important class of structural moieties for organic materials. However, direct bisarylation of heteroarenes to enable aryl-heteroaryl-aryl bond formation remains a formidable challenge, due to the strong coordination between heteroatom of N or S and transitional metals. Here we report Pd interstitial nanocatalysts supported on ordered mesoporous carbon as catalysts for a direct and highly efficient bisarylation method for five-membered heteroarenes that allows for green and mild reaction conditions. Notably, in the absence of any base, ligands and phase transfer agents, high activity (turn-over frequency, TOF, up to 107 h−1) and selectivity (>99%) for the 2,5-bisarylation of five-membered heteroarenes are achieved in water. A combination of characterization reveals that the remarkable catalytic reactivity here is attributable to the parallel adsorption of heteroarene over Pd clusters, which breaks the barrier to electron transfer in traditional homogenous catalysis and creates dual electrophilic sites for aryl radicals and adsorbate at C2 and C5 positions. The d -band filling at Pd sites shows a linear relationship with activation entropy and catalytic activity. The ordered mesopores facilitate the absence of a mass transfer effect. These findings suggest alternative synthesis pathways for the design, synthesis and understanding of a large number of organic chemicals by ordered mesoporous carbon supported palladium catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defect plays a significant role in tuning the electronic structure of metal compounds such as oxides, chlorides, sulfides and nitrides, which is frequently used to explain the enhanced catalytic activity. However, the dynamic change of defect relating to the oxidation state change during the reaction is rarely addressed, and it is still not able to be appropriately predicted since the kinetic modeling of the redox reaction involving the in‐situ formation of defects is challenged by the dynamic evolution of the active sites and the complex kinetic phenomena. Here, for the first time, we present a general method to build a new kinetic model of the redox reaction cycle by combined kinetics of reduction‐ and oxidation steps to predict the time and spatially resolved formation of defects of solid catalysts and the reaction products in ethylene oxychlorination on CuCl2/Al2O3 catalyst. The defect concentration can be tuned by manipulating the relative rates of the reduction‐ and oxidation steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A series of Zn SACs synthesized via a ZIF-8-mediated sacrificial template strategy. • Zn–N–C–T exhibited high performance in transfer hydrogenation nitrobenzene to aniline. • The activity of Zn–N–C–T is closely related to the coordination number of Zn sites. • The hydrogenation mechanism over Zn–N–C–1223 is disclosed by the DFT calculations. Metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) have great potential to replace traditional nanoparticle catalysts in practical applications, however, the task-specific construction of SACs containing metal–nitrogen (M−N) moiety with tunable M−N coordination number remains a colossal challenging issue. Herein, we report a facile strategy to modulate the s-band of Zn by constructing N-coordinated Zn SACs (denoted as Zn–N–C–T, T stands for the pyrolysis temperature) with tunable nitrogen coordination number (denoted as Zn–N x , x = 2, 3, and 4) and Zn loadings (ranging from 0.8 to 6.8% by weight) via a metal–organic framework-mediated pyrolysis method. The catalytic activity of Zn–N–C–T is found to be closely related to the coordination number of Zn single atomic sites for the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarene to arylamine, using hydrazine hydrate as a hydrogen source under environmental benign conditions, among which the under-coordinated Zn–N 3 with defect and asymmetric electron distribution in Zn–N–C–1223 exhibits the best catalytic activity, followed by lower-coordinated Zn–N 2 with defect in Zn–N–C–1273 and saturated coordination Zn–N 4 in Zn–N–C–1123. Experimental results and theoretical analysis uncover that appropriately lowering the coordination number increases the electron density of Zn single atoms and simultaneously introduces H-acceptor sites, which cooperatively contribute to the enhancement of the performance for transfer hydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the degradation activity of β-glucosidase (CpBgl) from Coniophora puteana , the structural modification was conducted. The enzyme activity of mutants CpBgl-Q20C and CpBgl-A240S was increased by 65.75% and 58.58%, respectively. These mutants exhibited maximum activity under the same conditions as wild-type CpBgl (65 ℃ and pH 5.0), slightly improved stabilities compared that of the wild-type, and remarkably enhanced activities in the presence of Mn2+ or Fe2+. The V max of CpBgl-Q20C and CpBgl-A240S was increased to 138.18 and 125.14 μmol/mg/min, respectively, from 81.34 μmol/mg/min of the wild-type, and the catalysis efficiency (k cat / K m) of CpBgl-Q20C (335.79 min−1/mM) and CpBgl-A240S (281.51 min−1/mM) was significantly improved compared with that of the wild-type (149.12 min−1/mM). When the mutant CpBgl-Q20C were used in the practical degradation of different biomasses, the glucose yields of filter paper, corncob residue, and fungi mycelia residue were increased by 17.68%, 25.10%, and 20.37%, respectively. The spatial locations of the mutation residues in the architecture of CpBgl and their unique roles in the enzyme-substrate binding and catalytic efficiency were probed in this work. These results laid a foundation for evolution of other glycoside hydrolases and the industrial bio-degradation of cellulosic biomass in nature. [Display omitted] • Improved β-glucosidase mutants were obtained via site-directed mutagenesis. • The activity of CpBgl-Q20C and CpBgl-A240S was increased by 65.75% and 58.58%. • The molecular mechanism of improved activity was preliminarily elucidated. • CpBgl-Q20C and CpBgl-A240S effectively promoted biomass cellulose degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Substitution of transition metals for Cr increases the acidity of the adjacent O. • Linear scaling relations are established to identify the PDH activity descriptor. • High propylene selectivity of the M 1 -Cr 2 O 3 catalysts is achieved. • Cu 1 -Cr 2 O 3 is predicted to be the best catalyst for PDH among the 13 doped Cr 2 O 3. The catalytic behavior of M 1 -Cr 2 O 3 (M = Mn-Cu, Ru-Ag, and Os-Au) in propane dehydrogenation (PDH) has been studied by employing microkinetic modeling combined with results from periodic DFT + U calculations. Calculated results indicate that most of the single atoms concerned can be stably present on the Cr 2 O 3 surface. The adsorption energy calculations and Bader charge analysis demonstrate that the acidity of the O sites adjacent to the M sites would be enhanced upon doping, which in turn strengthens the atomic H adsorption and the co-adsorption of various PDH species. The surface H formation energy is identified as the reactivity descriptor for PDH over the M 1 -Cr 2 O 3 catalysts, and a volcano curve of the PDH activity is obtained. By calculating the difference between the propylene dehydrogenation and desorption barriers, it is found that some M 1 -Cr 2 O 3 catalysts show improved selectivity towards propylene, as compared to Cr 2 O 3. Comparison between the formation barriers of H 2 and H 2 O reveals that single-atom doping has no apparent negative effect on the catalytic stability of the Cr 2 O 3 surface. The Cu 1 -Cr 2 O 3 catalyst is finally identified as the most promising catalyst for PDH among the 13 M 1 -Cr 2 O 3 catalyst candidates, considering the catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For direct propene epoxidation with H 2 /O 2 , TS-1 with blocked micropores (TS-1-B) is recognized as an attractive support for Au catalysts with enhanced stability and activity by suppressing the deactivation caused by micropore blocking. In this work, as a consecutive effort, effect of Si/Ti molar ratio of TS-1-B on catalytic performance is investigated. It is shown that the optimum Si/Ti molar ratio is 40. In other words, both lower and higher ratios are unfavorable for the formation of propylene oxide, which are possibly attributed to the presence of extra-framework Ti species and the difficult transmission of hydroperoxide species from Au surface to nearby Ti sites, respectively. Based on this, effect of Au loading on catalytic performance is further examined. When the Au loading is 0.13 wt%, the catalyst shows not only high PO formation rate of 158 g PO h −1 kg Cat −1 comparable to the reported best activity without adding promoters, but also significantly enhanced stability at 200 °C over 30 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ZnO-nanolayer-coated carbon nanotube (CNT) composite (ZnO-CNT) was employed as a support to immobilise Ni catalysts. Well-mixed oxides, formed as a result of enhanced interfaces between the two oxides on CNTs, resulted in the formation of Ni-Zn alloys in reduced catalysts. The Ni/ZnO-CNT catalyst exhibited much higher yields of vicinal diols, for example, ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol, from the conversion of cellulose than the reference Ni/CNT catalyst. A plausible reaction network on the Ni/ZnO-CNT catalyst has been proposed. Moreover, the effects of Ni loading and catalyst reduction temperature on the catalytic performance were probed, and the relationship between the catalyst structure and the yields of vicinal diols was correlated. The Ni-rich alloy, relative to the Zn-rich alloy, was suggested as the dominating active phase for the selective conversion of cellulose into vicinal diols. This might shed new light on the design and optimisation of Ni-based catalysts for the catalytic conversion of cellulose with the Ni-Zn interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni nanoparticles at the tips of carbon nanofibers (Ni-CNFs) were synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) method using CH 4 as the carbon source, and then employed as catalysts for the generation of H 2 from ammonia decomposition. The morphology of Ni catalysts is highly sensitive to the ratio of CH 4 to H 2 . Especially for the CH 4 /H 2 ratio of 4, the as-obtained Ni-CNFs catalyst shows higher H 2 formation rate, which could be due to more accessible facets to the reactants and unique shape effect. Meanwhile, this catalyst also shows good thermal stability, possibly owing to the highly dispersed and spatially isolated Ni nanoparticles by CNFs. Moreover, effect of the surface carbon coverage on the orientation of Ni crystal facets and the matching degree between graphene sheet and Ni crystal facet were investigated by DFT calculations. Finally, a possible formation mechanism of shaped Ni catalysts was discussed by combining experimental and theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the catalytic efficiency of cellulase for more effective utilization of lignocellulose, a novel endoglucanase (CgEndo) from Colletotrichum graminicola was expressed by Pichia pastoris X33 and modified by site-directed mutagenesis. Two mutants, Y63S and N20D/S113T, with 62.31% and 57.14% increased enzyme activities were obtained, respectively. On this basis, their biochemical properties, kinetic parameters, structural information as well as the application in biomass degradation were investigated and compared with the wild-type CgEngo. The results indicated that the mutation Y63S and N20D/S113T resulted in an improvement of proximity between enzyme and substrate through conformational changes of the catalytic region, which might contribute to the higher enzyme activities and catalysis efficiency (K cat / K m) of Y63S and N20D/S113T. These findings laid important foundation for the further engineering of this endoglucanase and practical application in efficient degradation of cellulosic biomass in nature. [Display omitted] • Improved endoglucanase CgEndo mutants were obtained via site-directed mutagenesis. • The activities of Y63S and N20D/S113T were 62.31% and 57.14% increased, respectively. • Y63S and N20D/S113T could effectively promote natural cellulose degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Development of an electrochemical method to prepare catalyst of Pt nanoparticles supported on MWCNTs (Pt/MWCNTs). [•] The surface structure of the Pt/MWCNTs were characterized by high-magnification TEM and COad stripping analysis. [•] The high catalytic activity and stability of the Pt/MWCNTs are attributed to high density of step atoms on Pt nanoparticles’ surface. [•] Diffusion controlling process has been studied and discussed as a possible mechanism of formation of surface step atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni-carbon nanofibers (Ni-CNFs) catalysts were synthesizedin situby the decomposition of carbon-containing gases (i.e., CH4, CO, and C2H4) over Ni/Al2O3catalyst and directly used to catalyze ammonia decomposition.The results showed that Ni nanoparticles were found to locate at thetips of CNFs when using CH4and CO as carbon sources, whilethey located at the roots of CNFs when using C2H4as a carbon source. For ammonia decomposition, Ni catalysts at thetips of CNFs showed higher activity, which could be due to the moreaccessible surfaces to the reactants. Interestingly, the Ni catalystat the tips of CNFs with CH4as a carbon source exhibitedhigher activity than that with CO as a carbon source, even thoughthe former catalyst had a larger average particle size. The possiblemechanism was given by combining characterization results with ourprevious simulation results. Finally, when using CH4asa carbon source, the effect of the Ni-CNFs catalysts with differentgrowth times on the activity was further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: First-principles calculations have been performed to examine the effect of doped Ag on the kinetics of Ni-catalyzed methane dissociation and coke formation. The close-packed Ag/Ni(111) and stepped Ag/Ni(211) surfaces as well as the defect facets with step sites blocked by Ag or C atoms are constructed to investigate the role of the coordinatively unsaturated sites in the catalytic performance of Ni nanoparticles. The most stable CH x (x =0–4) adsorption configurations and transition states for methane dissociation have been identified on both Ni and Ag/Ni surfaces. The calculated results indicate that the activation energy for methane dissociation is increased with the Ag coverage on Ni(111), and the C atoms deposited on the catalyst surface can be readily separated into small islands by Ag. On Ni(211) Ag atoms are predicted to bind preferentially to the middle-step sites which act as the nucleation center for the growth of filamentous carbon and therefore have the potential to prevent catalyst particles from being destroyed. Meanwhile, as the energy barrier for methane dissociation on the Ag-blocked Ni(211) surface is even higher than that on pure Ni(111), the active center is transferred from the stepped surface to the close-packed surface. These findings provide a rational interpretation of the experimental observations that Ag/Ni catalyst exhibits lower catalytic activity towards steam methane reforming but high resistance to coke deposition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]