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Specimens of Amanita sect. Caesareae, collected in Xieng Khouang and Vientiane provinces in Laos from highland forests dominated by members of Fagaceae and Pinaceae, are studied based on morphological characters and analyses of ITS sequences. Two species, namely A. princepoides and A. chepangianoides, are reported as new, both found in association with Fagaceae, whereas A. pseudoprinceps and A. subhemibapha, recently described from China and A. rubromarginata from Japan, are confirmed from Laos and found in forests with Fagaceae and Pinaceae. The phylogenetic analyses to recognize the Amanita species showed that the golden-brown to greyish orange A. princepoides and the dominantly white A. chepangianoides cluster with A. aporema, A. chepangiana, A. egregia, A. princeps and A. pseudoprinceps. A dichotomous key to identified and likely occurring Amanita species in Laos within sect. Caesareae is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of Amanita genus mushrooms has been reported in different ancient cultures of the world, in relation to many uses of these mushrooms by human communities. Different anthropomorphic figurines made of gold and copper with animals, vignettes and objects with fungimorphic representations were manufactured by the Muisca culture settled on the Cundiboyacense Altiplano in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and deposited in lakes, caves, agricultural fields, hilltops and ceramic containers as votive offerings. In turn, the San Agustín culture, which occupied the eastern foothills of the Colombian Massif in the Alto Magdalena region, at south of Huila department, was characterized by its sculptural development as part of funerary rituals dedicated to its leaders and deities, in which represented different elements of nature including mushrooms. In this article, new interpretations of bioiconographic evidence that belonged to the Muisca and San Agustín peoples are proposed, suggesting an ancestral ethnomycological knowledge focused on fungal species of the Amanita genus collecting and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European members of the species-rich sect. Vaginatae of the genus Amanita are studied focusing on Central (Austria, Hungary, N Italy and Romania), Western (France) and North European (Norway) collections. The combination of a 4-locus (nrDNA ITS, nrDNA LSU, RPB1 and TEF1-α) molecular phylogenetic analysis and a morphological approach resulted in the discovery of three new species: Amanita deflexa and A. griseofulva from stirps Fulva and A. opaca from stirps Coryli. Furthermore, the albinotic white forms of A. griseofulva (f. albida) and A. opaca (f. cettoi) are formally named. As a result of the comprehensive taxonomic revision of Amanita sect. Vaginatae, 370 newly generated sequences are deposited to GenBank, and 17 species new to Hungary are reported. This study provides another step towards understanding the taxonomy and diversity of Amanita section Vaginatae in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, fungal specimens collected from Yeşildere village in Uşak province, Türkiye were evaluated. The specimens underwent detailed examination through both morphological and DNA (nrITS rDNA region and TEF1a gene) sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. Based on the evaluation of micro- and macromorphological characteristics, and phylogenetic analyses, the specimen was identified as A. vidua Gasch, G. Moreno & P.- A. Moreau. This identification marks A. vidua as a new record for the Turkish Amanita section Phalloideae. The study described this newly recorded species, including specific details such as its location, habitat observations, geographical coordinates, collection date, and photographs showcasing its macro and micromorphological features. Additionally, it also includes illustrations of some microscopic structures of the species. The study is further enriched with SEM images, offering a detailed view of the species characteristics, and the findings are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrofungal explorations conducted in several Sal (Shorea robusta)-dominated tropical forests in West Bengal and Jharkhand, India, unveiled a noteworthy and previously unknown member of Amanita sect. Vaginatae, here proposed as Amanita indovaginata. This newly discovered species is substantiated by both morphological characteristics and sequence data from three genes (ITS, LSU, and tef 1-α). A comprehensive morphological description, complemented by illustrations, is provided to enhance the understanding of this novel species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Amanita subgenus Amanitina contains six sections, and the species diversity of this subgenus has still not been explored in Thailand. Twenty samples collected in 2019 and 2020, which had the morphological characteristics of the Amanita subgen. Amanitina, were observed in this study. Both the microscopical characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, nrLSU, RPB2, TEF1-α, and TUB gene regions revealed that the 20 samples represented nine species and dispersed into four sections. Remarkably, three taxa were different from any other currently known species. Here, we describe them as new to science, namely A. albifragilis, A. claristriata, and A. fulvisquamea. Moreover, we also recognized six interesting taxa, including four records that were new to Thailand, viz. A. cacaina, A. citrinoannulata, A. griseofarinosa, and A. neoovoidea, as well as two previously recorded species, A. caojizong and A. oberwinkleriana. Moreover, we provide the first RPB2 and TEF1-α gene sequences for A. cacaina. Detailed descriptions, illustrations as line drawings, and comparisons with related taxa are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible wild mushrooms are extremely popular among consumers and are highly valued for their potential economic benefits in northern Thailand. In this present study, a total of 19 specimens of edible Amanita were collected during investigations of wild edible mushrooms in northern Thailand during the period from 2019 to 2022. Their morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (nrLSU) of ribosomal RNA, RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit (rpb2) and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef- 1) indicated that the collected specimens belonged to A. hemibapha, A. pseudoprinceps, A. rubromarginata, A. subhemibapha, and Amanita section Caesareae. This is the first report of A. pseudoprinceps and A. subhemibapha from Thailand. Full descriptions, illustrations and a phylogenetic placement of all specimens collected in this study are provided. Subsequently, the nutritional composition and total phenolic content, as well as the antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities, of each species were investigated. The results indicate that the protein contents in both A. pseudoprinceps and A. subhemibapha were significantly higher than in A. hemibapha and A. rubromarginata. The highest total phenolic content was found in the extract of A. pseudoprinceps. In terms of antioxidant properties, the extract of A. pseudoprinceps also exhibited significantly high antioxidant activity by 2,2-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. However, the extract of A. rubromarginata had the lowest total phenolic content and level of antioxidant activity. Additionally, a-glucosidase inhibitory activity varied for different Amanita species and the highest level of a-glucosidase inhibitory activity was found in the extract of A. pseudoprinceps. This study provides valuable information on the nutrient content, phenolic content and the antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory potential of edible Amanita species found in northern Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hainan is the second largest island in China with the most extensive and wellpreserved tropical forests and is also the largest island of the Indo Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. It provides in situ conservation for the unique ecosystem of the island. Recent studies have shown that there are diverse fungal species in Hainan. In this study, about 40 collections of the genus Amanita have been studied based on the morphology and molecular systematics, including 35 Chinese specimens (24 from Hainan, and eleven from other regions) and three specimens from other countries (Singapore and Malaysia). In total, five new species belonging to Amanita section Validae are described: A. cacaina, A. parvigrisea, A. pseudofritillaria, A. pseudosculpta, and A. yangii. Amanita parvifritillaria is recorded for the first time in Hainan. It is also the first report of this fungus occurring, outside Yunnan Province, China. Among the five new species, two are unique in this section because of the appendiculate pileus margin and the absence of an annulus. Based on these new findings, the diagnosis of the section Validae should be slightly modified to include a few species with appendiculate margin and the lack of annulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amanita collariata and A. subparcivolvata, two new species of A. section Amanita from Central China, were proposed here based on both molecular and morphological evidences. Amanita collariata is characterized by its small basidiomata and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (10–11.5 × 7–9 μm). Amanita subparcivolvata is characterized by its orange-red pileus covered with yellowish, conical volval remnants and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (9–12 × 7–10 μm). Multi-locus (ITS, nrLSU, RPB2, TEF1-α, and TUB2) phylogenetic studies indicated that A. collariata is closely related to the clade comprising A. subglobosa, A. pantherina, A. pseudopantherina, A. griseopantherina, and A. albocreata, while A. subparcivolvata is sister to A. parcivolvata. These two new species are described, illustrated, and compared with closely related and morphologically similar species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present a contribution to Amanita alseides, so far known from its type specimens from France and Italy. A detailed description is included, based on molecularly supported collections from Bulgaria and Greece, expanding the knowledge on the morphological variability and the distribution of the species

Five species of the genus Amanita Pers.: Amanita nivalis Grev, Amanita pini Neville & Poumarat, Amanita friabilis (P. Karst.) Bas Amanita betulae Neville & Poumarat and Amanita coryli f. albida Neville & Poumarat., were observed during the research of macromycetes of the Special Nature Reserve "Goč-Gvozdac" in the period from 2014 to 2021. These are the first records of these species in Serbia. Since these species are rare in other European countries, this paper aims to contribute to a better knowledge of these species. Enclosed are the photographs taken at the site, macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of the species with corresponding photographs of the finds including comments relating to distribution, ecology and taxonomy.

The study presents nine species from the family Amanitaceae collected during field work in Western Ghats forests of Karnataka State, of which six species (Amanita ballerina, A. franzii, A. griseofusca, A. lignitincta, Saproamanita manicata, and S. praeclara) are newly recorded from India. Descriptions, illustrations, molecular phylogenetics of all species, and brief discussions on distinguishing characters, ecology, & distribution are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study and conservation of biodiversity is one of the global problems of modern biology, since currently in many regions of the planet there is a decrease in the species composition of various organisms, including fungi. The obtained data make a significant contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of macromycetes of oak forests in the middle reaches of the Ural River, information about which is still insufficient and fragmented on the territory of Kazakhstan. The article presents data on the biodiversity of mycobiota of the oak forests of the Ural River valley, growing not only in the floodplain of the river, but also in beams, that is, the ravine forests flowing into the central floodplain. We have registered 31 species belonging to 23 genera, 17 families and five orders. The leading families are Polyporaceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae, Amanitaceae. As a result of our research, it has been found that the mycological composition in ravine oak forests is richer than in floodplain oak forests. The richness of the species composition of macromycetes appears to have been influenced by well-defined associations in ravine oak forests (22 associations), represented by forest boreal tree-shrub species absent in floodplain oak forests, as well as favorable microclimatic conditions, relief, soil cover and various ecotopes that are not observed in floodplain oak forests (16 associations). Ecological-trophic analysis showed the predominance of mycorrhizal (45.1%) and xylotrophs (41.9%) over humus saprotrophs (12.9%). The considered taxonomic composition of macromycetes of the studied area is collected, identified and presented for the first time for this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we characterize naturally occurring mycorrhizae formed by Amanita viscidolutea on Guapira opposita in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. We sequenced the rDNA ITS region from the mycorrhizae and basidiomata to identify both symbionts. Amanita viscidolutea mycorrhizae were up to 43 mm long, mostly simple, and unbranched to irregularly pinnate. The fungal mantle surface was velvety to slightly cottony and white to yellowish with silver patches. Hyphal strands were infrequently present. Although the fungal mantle consisted of clampless hyphae, emanating hyphae and hyphal strands had sparsely distributed clamp connections. A unique character of the mycorrhizae was the absence of a Hartig net. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new records of Amanita constricta and Amanita velosa from India are reported for the first time from sal Shorea robusta forest of central India. Earlier Amanita constricta was reported from USA and Canada, while A. velosa was reported from USA and Mexico. The reported species are edible but they should be taken with caution as at least two deadly Amanitas with saccate type volvas are known. A. velosa grows in open areas.

Amanita parvirufobrunnescens, a new species of Amanita sect. Amidella is described here based on morphological and molecular evidence. This new species is recognized by its small sized basidiomata, snow‐white pileus covered by light grey to grey to brownish volval remnants on the pileus, context turning brownish to reddish‐brown on cutting or bruising, ellipsoid to elongated basidiospores measuring 10.0–17.0 × 6.0–10.0 μm and its occurrence in coniferous forests dominated by Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana. Morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrLSU) data support that the present species differs from other members of A. sect. Amidella. Description, discussion, drawings, photographs and a phylogenetic framework for the new species are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Botanica Serbica is the property of University of Belgrade, Institute of Botany & Botanical Garden Jevremovac and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amanita is a well established genus corresponding one to the major groups of Agaricales having with a rich systematic story. Several species belonging to this genus were recently reported from Brazil. Recent studies changed drastically its infrageneric classification, recognizing the subgenera Amanita, Amanitina and Lepidella. Within the subg. Amanitina, the ectomycorrhizal species with amyloid basidiospores, appendiculate pileus and stipe base with more globose to subglobose bulb belong to sect. Roanokenses. Amanita xenokommosis belongs to this section and is described here a new species from the Brazilian Coastal Sand Dune. It is characterized by elongate to cylindrical amyloid basidiospores, brown pileus with sharp floccose appendiculate remnants and bulb covered by a large limbate/saccate universal veil. Amanita caojizong, A. manginiana, A. modesta, A. pseudomanginiana and A. pseudoporphyria are similar species, but differ in many aspects, such as basidiospores size, shape of bulb and characteristics of the universal veil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Amanita pseudorufobrunnescens is described as a new species in the subgenus Amanitina section Amidella of family Amanitaceae from north-western Himalaya, India. Distinct morphological characters, odour and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrLSU) data revealed that the present species differs from other members of sect. Amidella. This species is characterised by its whitish basidiomata that turn brownish orange with age, its whitish to cinnamon brown, floccose to radially fibrillose universal veil remnants on the pileus, its close lamellae becoming brownish orange on exposure, its elongate basidiospores and its association with Quercus oblongata (syn. Q. leucotrichophora). A detailed morphological description, line drawings, colour photographs and Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic placement of the new species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey of macro-fungi in northern and northeastern Thailand, nine samples collected in 2020 are identified as Amanita and introduced here as two new species, Amanita kalasinensis and A. ravicrocina. Typical macro- and microscopical characteristics indicate that both of these two species belong to Amanita section Amanita, but differ from other currently known species. Amanita kalasinensis is characterized by having a greyish yellow pileus covering with a conical to granuliform, yellowish white volval remnant; the presence of clamps; and a broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospore. Amanita ravicrocina is characterized by having a brown to greyish orange pileus covering with a patchy, white volval remnant; a collar-like volval remnant on the stipe; and a subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospore. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of partial nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial nuclear rDNA large subunit region (nrLSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), and beta-tubulin gene (TUB) also revealed that positions of A. kalasinensis and A. ravicrocina are well-supported within A. section Amanita, but form distinct lineages and do not show any close relationship with any species. The detailed morphological features, line-drawing illustration, and comparison with morphological similar taxa are provided.

Amanita hemibapha subsp. javanica (Amanitaceae) is an edible Korean wild mushroom. A. hemibapha subsp. javanica is often confused with A. subjunquillea, known as the East Asian death cap, which is potentially fatal when ingested. This study aimed to conduct the first chemical investigation of A. hemibapha subsp. javanica, which resulted in the isolation of seven fatty acid derivatives (1–7) and three steroids (8–10) from the MeOH extract of its fruiting bodies, and their structures were determined by comparing their NMR spectroscopic data with those previously reported, along with the data from LC/MS. Compound 1 was reported previously without the identification of its absolute configuration; its structure, including the absolute configuration was confirmed for the first time, in this study, by using 1H NMR and its fragmentation patterns in MS/MS data, and LC/MS analysis. A recently developed method using competing enantioselective acylation (CEA) coupled with LC/MS analysis was applied for determining the absolute configuration of compound 1, which revealed the 11S-configuration. In the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity test, compound 3 showed antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51 with 38.0% inhibition, comparable to that of quercetin (34.4% inhibition) as a positive control. Specifically, compound 4 displayed the most potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51 with 80.5% inhibition at the final concentration of 100 μm with a MIC50 value of 72 μm. These findings suggested that the active compound 4 is a natural antibiotic that may be used in the development of novel antibiotics against H. pylori. In addition, the first chemical investigation of A. hemibapha subsp. javanica revealed that this mushroom can serve as a promising natural source for the bioactive natural products.

A new species from coniferous forests in Pakistan, Amanita ahmadii, is described on the basis of morphoanatomy and molecular data set analyses. This species is characterized by its medium-sized to large basidiomata, grayish brown to brown pileal surface and rimose pileus margin with gray to dark brown verrucose veil remnants, a cream stipe with bulbous base having grayish brown or brown longitudinal striations above the annulus, a scaly surface towards the base, globose to broadly ellipsoid and amyloid basidiospores, and the absence of clamped septa in all tissues. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU sequences confirmed its identity as a new taxon nested within subgen. Amanitina sect. Validae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outlines antioxidant and anti-AChE activities of the polysaccharide (PSH) extract from the mushroom species Amanita strobiliformis. Both the presence of α and ß glucans within the aforementioned extract was recorded. PSH extract displayed a profound scavenging activity of OH radicals (IC50 value, 11.86 ± 0.59 μg/mL) and high potential for reduction of Fe3+ ions (174.11 ± 8.70 mg eq. AA/g d.w.) being almost 48- and 5-fold more effective than mannitol and butylated hydroxytoluene used as a positive control, respectively. Compared with galanthamine (0.001 μg), the same extract exhibited a moderate anti-AChE activity (10 μg) in solid. Since purified PSH extract exhibited higher bioactivity (IC50 value 7.27 ± 0.31 μg/mL, 197.68 ± 9.47 mg eq. AA/g d.w. and 0.1 μg, respectively), it can be predominantly ascribed to the polysaccharide compounds. A. strobiliformis PSH extract may be considered as a promising resource of potent bioactive polysaccharides of natural origin successfully addressing both oxidative stress and lack of acetylcholine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the mushroom genus Amanita usually can easily be identified to the genus in the field, however, species circumscription and identification are often problematic. Several names have been misapplied and cryptic species exist. Here, we formally describe and validate two new species of Amanita sect. Vaginatae from eastern North America that were recognised under the umbrella European names A. ceciliae by past authors: Amanita rhacopus sp. nov. and Amanita variicolor sp. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amanita tullossiana, a new species of Amanita [subgenus Lepidella] section Lepidella from India is described. The species is characterised by its ash grey to brownish-grey pileus covered with dark grey to greyish-black universal veil remnants, the upper part of its rooting stipe base covered by several rows of recurved scales, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores, absence of basidial clamp connections and pileal remnants of universal veil comprising abundant, disordered inflated cells intermixed with scattered filamentous hyphae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and morphology both support the association of A. tullossiana with species of Bas' stirps Cinereoconia - A. cinereoconia and A. griseoverrucosa. Two species, A. griseoverrucosa and A. virgineoides are reported here as new records for India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family Amanitaceae are very important both economically and ecologically. However, the delimitation of the family is still controversial, in part due to limited taxon sampling and in part because of insufficient gene fragment employed for molecular phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, species diversity in the family is likely to have been largely underestimated, due to morphological similarity between taxa and phenotypic plasticity. In this study, we examined 1190 collections, including 1008 Chinese and 182 external ones, and performed the first comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Amanitaceae using multi-locus sequence data. To test the monophyly of the Amanitaceae, a concatenated (nrLSU, rpb1, and rpb2) dataset of 200 taxa of the order Agaricales was analyzed. To infer the phylogeny of Amanitaceae, a concatenated nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb2 and β-tubulin dataset (3010 sequences from ca. 890 samples with 2309 newly generated sequences) was used. In this dataset, 252 sequences from the types of 77 species were provided. Our results indicate that Amanitaceae is a monophyletic group, and consists of five genera, namely Amanita, Catatrama, Limacella, Limacellopsis and Myxoderma. It is clear that Catatrama is closely related to Limacella, however, the phylogenetic relationships among these genera remain largely unresolved. Amanita contains 95% of the species in the family, and is here divided into three subgenera and eleven sections (subgen. Amanita, containing: sect. Amanita, sect. Amarrendiae, sect. Caesareae and sect. Vaginatae; subgen. Amanitina, containing: sect. Amidella, sect. Arenariae, sect. Phalloideae, sect. Roanokenses, sect. Strobiliformes and sect. Validae; and subgen. Lepidella, containing sect. Lepidella). Subgen. Lepidella occupies the basal position in the genus. One-hundred and sixty-two species of Amanitaceae known from China are treated in this study, including 50 novel species and 112 known taxa. Amanita gleocystidiosa, A. pyriformis, A. atrofusca, A. subjunquillea var. alba and A. areolata are treated as synonyms of A. sychnopyramis f. subannulata, A. orientigemmata, A. umbrinolutea, A. subjunquillea and A. zangii, respectively. 26 extralimital taxa including a novel species, namely Catatrama indica, were included in our study to allow us to make comparisons between these and the Chinese taxa. DNA sequence data for all the species of Amanitaceae in China and keys for identification of the species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SomeAmanitaspecimens collected from Malaysia are critically investigated by morphological examination and molecular analysis of two gene fragments, the nuc rDNA partial 28S (28S) gene and the internal transcriber spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) regions. Six phylogenetic species ofAmanitasectionCaesareaeare recognized among the studied collections. One of them is described as new,A. malayensis. Four of the phylogenetic species correspond with existing morphology-based taxa:A. aporema, A. javanica, A. princeps, andA. similis. The remaining species is not described because of the paucity of material. Detailed descriptions and the distribution of these southeastern Asian species are provided, along with a key to the species of sectionCaesareaefrom Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The characterization of a novel protease from Amanita virgineoides is described. The A. virgineoides protease was purified to homogeneity using Q-Sepharose, carboxymethyl-cellulose, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and a gel filtration step on Superdex 75. The molecular mass of the purified protease was estimated to be 16.6 kDa. The protease was purified 32.1-fold, and its specific activity was 301.4 U/mg. The optimum pH was 4.0, and the optimum temperature was 50 °C. Kinetic constants ( Km, Vmax) were determined under the optimum reaction conditions, with Km and Vmax, being 3.74 mg/mL and 9.98 μg mL−1 Min−1, respectively. The activity of the protease was curtailed by Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ ions but enhanced by Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ ions at low concentrations. The protease activity was adversely affected by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, suggesting that it is a metalloprotease. Four peptide sequences were obtained from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, including KQALSGIR, TIAMDGTEGLVR, VALTGLTVAEYFR, and AGAGSATLSMAYAGAR, which showed 86%, 64%, 60%, and 75% identity with peptides of Hypsizygus marmoreus, Dacryopinax sp. DJM-731 SS1, Trametes versicolor FP-101664 SS1, and Paxillus involutus ATCC 200175, respectively. The newly isolated protease showed good hydrolytic activity and biochemical characteristics, which expanded the knowledge of biologically active proteins and provided further insight on this poisonous fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of long-term research into the occurrence of Amanita strobiliformis in Szczecin are presented. Five new localities of the species are described and its distribution in Poland is discussed.

Changes in the ecology of macrofungi are poorly understood, not only because much of their life cycle is hidden belowground, but also because experiments often miss real-world complexity and most fruitbody inventories are limited in space and time. The National Poisons Information Centre ‘Tox Info Suisse’ provides countrywide 24hours/7days medical advice in case of poisonings since 1966. Here, we introduce a total of 12,126 mushroom-related phone calls that were received by Tox Info Suisse between 1966 and 2014. This indirect source of mycological information is dominated by the families of Boletaceae (11%), Agaricaceae (10%) and Amanitaceae (8%), which account for ~30% of all cases. Mushroom fruiting patterns revealed by the Poisons Centre inventory statistically resemble changes in fungal phenology, productivity and diversity as reflected by the Swiss National Data Centre ‘SwissFungi’. Although the newly developed Tox Info Suisse dataset provides an innovative basis for timely environmental research, caution is advised when interpreting some of the observed long-term changes and autumnal extremes. Uncertainty of the new record relates to possible data incompleteness, imprecise species description and/or identification, as well as the inclusion of cultivated and non-indigenous mushrooms. Nevertheless, we hope that the Tox Info Suisse inventory will stimulate and enable a variety of ecological-oriented follow-up studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se estudió la diversidad de especies de Amanita presentes en dos áreas de bosque de Pinus-Quercus con diferente manejo silvícola en la comunidad de Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca. Las recolectas se realizaron durante una temporada de lluvias, obteniéndose un total de 107 ejemplares que corresponden a 36 especies, de las cuales 21 pertenecen al subgénero Amanita y 15 al subgénero Lepidella; 14 nuevos registros son para el estado de Oaxaca y 19 para la comunidad de Ixtlán en particular. La abundancia de especies estuvo correlacionada con la precipitación y condiciones ecológicas. 20 especies fructificaron sólo una vez; las más frecuentes fueron Amanita flavoconia var. inquinata , A. flavoconia var. flavoconia, A. flavoconia var. sinapicolor, A. virosa, A. xylinivolva, A .muscaria var. flavivolvata y A. arocheae. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de continuar los estudios en la comunidad de Ixtlán donde especies poco frecuentes de Amanita y otros datos ecológicos podrán conocerse.The diversity of Amanita species occurring in two areas of Pinus-Quercus forest with different management, in the community of Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, was studied. The samples were collected during the wet season. The 107 specimens collected correspond to 36 species, 21 belonging to the subgenus Amanita and 15 to the subgenus Lepidella; 14 represent first records in Oaxaca state and 19 to Ixtlán of Juarez County in particular. The abundance of species within a year was correlated with the precipitation and ecological conditions. Twenty species appeared once and the most frequent were: Amanita flavoconia var. sinapicolor, A. flavoconia var. flavoconia, A. virosa, A. flavoconia var. inquinata, A. xylinivolva, A .muscaria var. flavivolvata y A. arocheae. These findings encourage for further studies in the community of Ixtlán, where infrequent species of Amanita and other ecological data may be obtained.

En este artículo se describe Amanita lepiotoides Barla, que ha sido encontrada en el País Vasco, España y se aportan las observaciones macroscópicas y microscópicas realizadas sobre los ejemplares recolectados.

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new species of Amanita sect. Lepidella, A. heishidingensis, is described based on both morphological and molecular evidences. It was compared with similar species and illustrated with line drawings and photographs. This species was found in Heishiding National Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province, South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From April 2009 to October 2011, we surveyed the higher fungi in the Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. In total, we identified 2 kingdoms, 3 divisions, 7 classes, 22 orders, 63 families, 149 genera, and 313 species (including 6 undocumented taxa: 2 families, 2 genera, and 2 species). Seventeen 17 orders, 49 families, 128 genera, and 286 species belonged to Basidiomycota; 7 orders, 9 families, 15 genera, and 21 species were of Ascomycota; and 4 orders, 5 families, 6 genera, and 6 species of primordial fungi. Among the Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes were represented by 47 families, 126 genera, and 282 species. The most common fungi were Boletaceae (33 species), followed by Russulaceae (30), Agaricaceae (27), and Amanitaceae (24). Various species of most of the higher fungi occurred during periods with average temperatures of 23∼24.9°C, maximum temperatures of 28∼31.9°C, minimum temperatures of 22∼23.9°C, > 82% relative humidity, and > 200 mm precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Amanita exitialis is a lethal mushroom that was first discovered in Guangdong Province, China. The high content of amanitin in its basidiocarps makes it lethal to humans. To comprehensively characterize the A. exitialis transcriptome and analyze the Amanita toxins as well as their related gene family, transcriptome sequencing of A. exitialis was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology. A total of 25,563,688 clean reads were collected and assembled into 62,137 cDNA contigs with an average length of 481bp and N50 length of 788bp. A total of 27,826 proteins and 39,661 unigenes were identified among the assembled contigs. All of the unigenes were classified into 166 functional categories for understanding the gene functions and regulation pathways. The genes contributing to toxic peptide biosynthesis were analyzed. From this set, eleven gene sequences encoding the toxins or related cyclic peptides were discovered in the transcriptome. Three of these sequences matched the peptide toxins α-amanitin, β-amanitin, and phallacidin, while others matched amanexitide and seven matched unknown peptides. All of the genes encoding peptide toxins were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in A. exitialis, and the phylogenetic relationships among these proprotein sequences were discussed. The gene polymorphism and degeneracy of the toxin encoding sequences were found and analyzed. This study provides the first primary transcriptome of A. exitialis, which provided comprehensive gene expression information on the lethal amanitas at the transcriptional level, and could lay a strong foundation for functional genomics studies in those fungi. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Cryptogamie Mycologie is the property of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Mycologica is the property of Polish Botanical Society / Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eight peptide toxins were isolated and purified from basidiocarps of Amanita exitialis with high performance liquid chromatography and were subjected to ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. We identified seven peptide toxins, α-amanitin, β-amanitin, amaninamide, phallacin, phallacidin, phallisacin and desoxoviroidin. The molecular weight (729.5 Da) of the eighth compound did not match that of any reported Amanita toxins and, although the UV absorption spectrum indicated it to be a phallotoxin, further studies are required to identify this component. This is the first report of amaninamide, phallacin, phallisacin and desoxoviroidin in this lethal mushroom species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen isotope values (δ15N) are higher in ectomycorrhizal fungi than in their plant hosts but the wide variability in δ15N among sporocarps of different fungal taxa is unexplained. We propose that fungal δ15N reflects sequestration of fungal nitrogen to build fungal biomass, and should accordingly reflect fungal exploration strategies and hyphal properties. To test this, we compared δ15N to exploration types, hyphal hydrophobicity, and the presence of rhizomorphs in ectomycorrhizal species from surveys at four sites in temperate and boreal coniferous forests. Fungi with exploration types of high biomass, such as long-distance (e.g., Suillus), medium-distance mat (e.g., Hydnellum), and medium-distance fringe (e.g., Cortinarius) were 4–7‰ more enriched in 15N than fungi with exploration types of low biomass [medium-distance smooth (e.g., Amanita), short-distance (e.g., Inocybe), and contact (e.g., Hygrophorus)]. High biomass types comprised 79% (Åheden, northern Sweden), 65% (Deer Park, Pacific Northwest, USA), 45% (Stadsskogen, central Sweden), and 39% (Hoh, Pacific Northwest, USA) of ectomycorrhizal species, with these types more prevalent at sites of lower nitrogen availability. Species with hydrophobic hyphae or with rhizomorphs were 3–4‰ more enriched in 15N than taxa with hydrophilic hyphae or without rhizomorphs. The consistency of these patterns suggest that δ15N measurements could provide insights into belowground functioning of poorly known taxa of ectomycorrhizal fungi and into relative fungal biomass across ectomycorrhizal communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amanita lippiae is described as a new species from a semi-arid (caatinga) region of northeastern Brazil. It possesses clampless basidia and elongate to nearly cylindrical inamyloid basidiospores, bears irregular remains of universal veil on the stipe bulb and is a gemmatoid species assignable to Amanita sect. Amanita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We described and illustrated Amanita viscidolutea sp. nov. from specimens collected in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. The main characteristics of the new species are its yellow pileus with white margin, the viscidity of the pileal surface, an exannulate stipe and inamyloid basidiospores. We also present an artificial dichotomous key to Central and South American species of Amanita (subgenus Amanita) section Amanita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two taxa of the genus Pluteus, i.e., Pluteus magnus and Pluteus podospileus f. podospileus, are newly recorded from Japan. The macroscopic and microscopic features of these two species are described and illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycorrhiza formation is the consequence of a mutualistic interaction between certain soil fungi and plant roots that helps to overcome nutritional limitations faced by the respective partners. In symbiosis, fungi contribute to tree nutrition by means of mineral weathering and mobilization of nutrients from organic matter, and obtain plant-derived carbohydrates as a response. Support with easily degradable carbohydrates seems to be the driving force for fungi to undergo this type of interaction. As a consequence, the fungal hexose uptake capacity is strongly increased in Hartig net hyphae of the model fungi Amanita muscaria and Laccaria bicolor. Next to fast carbohydrate uptake and metabolism, storage carbohydrates are of special interest. In functional A. muscaria ectomycorrhizas, expression and activity of proteins involved in trehalose biosynthesis is mainly localized in hyphae of the Hartig net, indicating an important function of trehalose in generation of a strong carbon sink by fungal hyphae. In symbiosis, fungal partners receive up to ∼19 times more carbohydrates from their hosts than normal leakage of the root system would cause, resulting in a strong carbohydrate demand of infected roots and, as a consequence, a more efficient plant photosynthesis. To avoid fungal parasitism, the plant seems to have developed mechanisms to control carbohydrate drain towards the fungal partner and link it to the fungus-derived mineral nutrition. In this contribution, current knowledge on fungal strategies to obtain carbohydrates from its host and plant strategies to enable, but also to control and restrict (under certain conditions), carbon transfer are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Two ectomycorrhizal macrofungal Amanita species of the section Lepidella, A. strobiliformis and A. solitaria, were found to hyperaccumulate silver (Ag). All samples were collected from non-argentiferous areas with background Ag content in soils (0.07–1.01mgkg−1 Ag). The Ag contents of both Amanita species were mostly in the range of 200–700mgkg−1 d.w. with the highest Ag content of 1253mgkg−1 in one sample of A. strobiliformis. Silver concentrations in macrofungal fruit bodies were commonly 800–2500 times higher than in underlying soils. A. strobiliformis and A. solitaria are the first eukaryotic organisms known to hyperaccumulate Ag. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Basidiomes of 43 samples of eight Amanita species were gathered from different habitats of Hungary. The mineral composition (22 elements) was analysed by the ICP method in three independent replications, and mineral compositions found as discussed and compared. The Amanita species analysed were very different in As-, Cd-, Cr-, Mo-, Mn-, Se- and mainly in V-content. Other elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Na, Ni, Sr, Ti, Zn) occur in the basidiomes in balanced concentrations. The K and P contents have the lowest differences. Summarizing all the data (n=43), the average mineral status of species of Amanita can be deduced. The lowest variability measured was for K and P, and the highest for chromium, nickel and vanadium.Specific, significant accumulation was found only for vanadium, due to the previously demonstrated occurrence of a binding molecule amavadine in the basidiomes of A. muscaria. Remarkable Cd-levels were estimated in A. pantherina and A. muscaria (11.4 and 12.3 mg kg-1D.M., respectively). The higher contents of other elements (e.g. K, practically in all species; Se in A. strobiliformis) are analytical facts but, not accumulations.The mineral compositions of the ectomycorrhizal genus Amanita, of litter decomposing Agaricus and of wood decaying Trametes were compared. Some significant differences were found (AsAmanitaKTrametes; PAmanita>PTrametes) but it seems that the mineral composition of the basidiomes is practically independent of the ectomycorrhizal habit. The specificities of the fungi-tree symbiotic interactions are known, and well documented (higher uptake and transport of certain elements first of all of P), however, the differences found in the mineral components are due to other factors (e.g. substrates, accumulating ability) and not to the mycorrhizal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new species of Amanita, Amanitaceae (Agaricales) are described from the eastern Himalaya and adjacent regions of southwestern China. Amanita altipes and A. parvipantherina are members of section Amanita, while A. orientifulva and A. liquii are representatives of section Vaginatae. They are compared with similar species and illustrated with line drawings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out on some poisonous macrofungi samples collected from the East Anatolia region. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 36 poisonous taxa belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes were identified. The identified taxa are given with their distributions, habitat and substrates, collection dates and collectors' numbers. One of the species, Amanita eliae Qúel. (Amanitaceae), is a new record for the poisonous fungi of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basidiomes of Amanita alboverrucosa, A. ochrophylla, and A. pyramidifera were collected from native mixed sclerophyll forest sites and of A. conicoverrucosa and A. punctata from planted stands of Eucalyptus maculata in New South Wales, Australia. DNA was extracted from stipe tissue and subjected to inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) PCR analysis conducted using the primers (GTG)5 and (GACA)4 in order to determine genotype distribution at each site. Two to nine genotypes of one of the species were identified at each field site. Genotypes of A. ochrophylla, A. conicoverrucosa and A. punctata were spread over areas of ca 10–60 m diam, suggesting vegetative spread via large below-ground mycelial genets. In contrast, genotypes of A. alboverrucosa were more spatially restricted, suggesting recent establishment via basidiospores and more limited below-ground vegetative spread. Two groups of A. pyramidifera basidiomes that were separated by ca 600 m were found to be of the same genotype. While this might reflect long distance spread of below-ground mycelium in this taxon, the proximity of the basidiomes to a roadway makes movement of vegetative basidiome tissue via vehicular activity and subsequent establishment equally plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]