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Geoghegan posits a history that moves through midcentury social sciences, their technocratic funding structures, and, in turn, the development of structuralism and its "crypto-structuralist" reactions from the 1960s onwards. Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius Code: From Information Theory to French Theory. Mead's answer to the question focuses on the construction and utilization of social science as a means to incentivize, and not enclose, certain behaviours. [Extracted from the article]

Objective To illustrate the effects of failing to account for model uncertainty when modelling is used to estimate the global burden of disease, with specific application to childhood deaths from rotavirus infection. Methods To estimate the global burden of rotavirus infection, different random-effects meta-analysis and meta- regression models were constructed by varying the Stratification criteria and including different combinations of covariates. Bayesian model averaging was used to combine the results across models and to provide a measure of uncertainty that reflects the choice of model and the sampling variability. Findings In the models examined, the estimated number of child deaths from rotavirus infection varied between 492 000 and 664 000. While averaging over the different models' estimates resulted in a modest increase in the estimated number of deaths (541 000 as compared with the World Health Organization's estimate of 527 000), the width of the 95% confidence interval increased from 105 000 to 198 000 deaths when model uncertainty was taken into account. Conclusion Sampling variability explains only a portion of the overall uncertainty in a modelled estimate. The uncertainty owing to both the sampling variability and the choice of model(s) should be given when disease burden results are presented. Failure to properly account for uncertainty in disease burden estimates may lead to inappropriate uses of the estimates and inaccurate prioritization of global health needs. Objectif Illustrer les effets de rabsence de prise en compte de L'incertitude des modeles quand la modelisation est utilisee pour estimer les effets globaux induits par la maladie, avec une application specifique a la mortalite infantile liee a L'infection par rotavirus. Methodes Pour estimer la charge giobale de L'infection par rotavirus, differents modeles de meta-analyse d'effet aleatoire et de meta-regression ont ete elabores en faisant varier les criteres de stratification et en incluant differentes associations de covariantes. Un modele bayesien de calcul de moyenne a ete utilise pour combiner les resultats entre les modeles et fournir une mesure de l'incertitude qui reflete la variabilite du choix du modele et de rechantillonnage. Resultats Dans les modeles examines, le nombre estime d'enfants morts par infection de rotavirus variait entre 492 000 et 664 000. Tandis que le calcul de la moyenne des estimations des differents modeles donnait une Iegere augmentation du nombre estime de morts (541 000, par comparaison aux 527 000 estimes par l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante), l'ampleur de L'intervalle de confiance de 95% passait de 105 000 a 198 000 morts Iorsque L'incertitude du modele etait prise en compte. Conclusion La variabilite de L'echantillonnage n'explique qu'une partie de l'incertitude globale dans une estimation par modele. L'incertitude liee a la fois a la variabilite de L'echantillonnage et au choix de modele(s) doit etre indiquee dans la presentation de resultats concernant les effets induits par la maladie. Ne pas prendre en compte L'incertitude comme il se doit dans les estimations des effets de la maladie peut conduire a un usage inapproprie des estimations et a une affectation erronee des priorites dans les besoins globaux de sante. Objetivo Ilustrar las consecuencias que acarrea no contemplar la incertidumbre del modelo cuando dicho modelo se emplea para calcular la carga de enfermedad global, especialmente en el caso de las muertes infantiles por una infeccion por rotavirus. Metodos Con el fin de calcular la carga global de la infeccion por rotavirus, se desarrollaron diversos modelos de metaanalisis y metarregresion de erectos aleatorios modificando los criterios de estratificacion e incluyendo diversas combinaciones de covariables. Se empleo el metodo bayesiano de estimacion de la media para combinar los resultados entre los modelos y ofrecer una medida de incertidumbre que reflejara la eleccion de modelo y la variabilidad del muestreo. Resultados En los modelos examinados, la cantidad estimada de muertes infantiles provocadas por una infeccion por rotavirus oscilo entre 492 000 y 664 000. Si bien la media de las estimaciones de los diversos modelos dio como resultado un aumento moderado en la cantidad estimada de muertes (541 000 en comparacion con la estimacion de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud, de 527 000); la amplitud del intervalo de confianza del 95% provoco un aumento de 105 000 a 198 000 muertes cuando se tomo en consideracion la incertidumbre de los modelos. Conclusion La variabilidad del muestreo explica unicamente una parte de la incertidumbre global de una estimacion extraida empleando un modelo. La incertidumbre atribuible tanto a la variabilidad del muestreo como a la eleccion de uno o varios modelos debe indicarse cuando se presenten los resultados de carga de enfermedad. No contemplar debidamente la incertidumbre de las estimaciones en la carga de enfermedad, podria acarrear un uso inadecuado de las estimaciones y una priorizacion inexacta de las necesidades sanitarias globales., Introduction Because vital registration and surveillance data on etiology-specific causes of death are frequently unavailable, incomplete or inaccurate, statistical models are commonly used to estimate burden of disease. Mathers et [...]

A study was conducted to investigate fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in Oman in order to determine strategies to make them more cost-effective and affordable. Results indicated that intradermal administration of a fractional-dose inactivated polio vaccine could serve as a dose-sparing strategy when used in a primary care vaccination schedule wherein doses are administered at 2, 4 and 6 months of age.

WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) annually review data on immunization coverage to estimate national coverage with routine service delivery of the following vaccines: bacille Calmette-Guerin; diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, first and third doses; either oral polio vaccine or inactivated polio vaccine, third dose of either; hepatitis B, third dose; Haemophilus influenzaetype b, third dose; and a measles virus-containing vaccine, either for measles alone or in the form of a combination vaccine, one dose. The estimates are based on government reports submitted to WHO anal UNICEF anal are supplemented by survey results from the published and grey literature. Local experts, primarily national immunization system managers and WHO/UNICEF regional and national staff, are consulted for additional information on the performance of specific immunization systems. Estimates are derived through a country-by-country review of available data informed and constrained by a set of heuristics; no statistical or mathematical models are used. Draft estimates are made, sent to national authorities for review and comment and modified in light of their feedback. While the final estimates may not differ from reported data, they constitute an independent technical assessment by WHO anal UNICEF of the performance of national immunization systems. These country-specific estimates, available from 1980 onward, are updated annually. L'OMS et le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance (UNICEF) revisent chaque annee les donnees de couverture vaccinale pour estimer les couvertures des pays par les services de vaccination systematique dans le cas des vaccins suivants : BCG, vaccin antidiphterique-antitetanique-anticoquelucheux, premiere et troisieme doses, vaccin antipoliomyelitique oral ou inactive, troisieme doses, vaccin contre l'hepatite B, troisieme doses, vaccin contre Haemophilus influenzae type b, troisieme dose ; et vaccin a valence rougeole, sous forme de vaccin antirougeoleux uniquement ou de vaccin combine, une dose. Ces estimations reposent sur les rapports soumis par les gouvernements a l'OMS et a l'UNICEF et sont completees par des resultats d'enquetes, tires de la litterature grise ou publiee. Des experts locaux, principalement des gestionnaires de systemes de vaccination nationaux et des membres du personnel regional ou national de l'OMS et de l'UNICEF, sont complementaires consultes pour obtenir des informations sur les performances de certains systemes de vaccination. Les estimations sont obtenues a partir d'une analyse par pays des donnees disponibles, etayee et encadree par un ensemble d'hypotheses heuristiques ; on ne recourt a aucun modele statistique ou mathematique. Des estimations preliminaires sont etablies, envoyees aux autorites nationales pour examen et commentaires et modifiees a la lumiere des observations recues. Bien que les estimations finales puissent ne pas differer des donnees rapportees, elles constituent une evaluation technique independante par l'OMS et l'UNICEF des performances des systemes de vaccination nationaux Ces estimations par pays, disponibles depuis 1980, sont actualisees chaque annee. La OMS y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) analizan cada ano los datos sobre la cobertura de vacunacion para calcular la cobertura nacional de los servicios de administracion sistematica de las siguientes vacunas: bacilo de Calmette-Guerin; difteria-tetanos-tos ferina, primera y tercera dosis; vacuna antipoliomielitica oral o inactivada, tercera dosis de cualquiera de eltas; hepatitis B, tercera dosis; Haemophilus influenzae tipo b, tercera dosis; y una vacuna contra el virus dei sarampion, ya sea solo contra esta enfermedad o en forma de vacuna combinada, una dosis. Las estimaciones estan basadas en los informes presentados por los gobiernos a la OMS y el UNICEF, complementados por resultados procedentes de diversas publicaciones y de la literatura gris. Se consulta ademas a expertos locales, principalmente responsables de los sistemas nacionales de inmunizacion y personal regional y nacional de la OMS y el UNICEF, para reunir informacion adicional sobre la eficacia de sistemas de inmunizacion concretos. Las estimaciones se basan en un analisis por paises de los datos disponibles, fundamentado y limitado por un conjunto de reglas empiricas; no se emplean modelos estadisticos ni matematicos. Las estimaciones preliminares son enviadas a las autoridades nacionales para que las examinen y formulen observaciones, y se modifican en funcion de esa retroinformacion. Aunque no siempre distintas de los datos notificados, las estimaciones finales pueden considerarese el resultado de una evaluacion tecnica independiente realizada por la OMS y el UNICEF sobre el desempeno de los sistemas nacionales de inmunizacion. Disponibles desde 1980, estas estimaciones especificas para cada pais son actualizadas cada ano., Introduction WHO recommends that all children receive one dose of bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG), three doses of diphtheria--tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP), three doses of either oral polio vaccine (OPV) or inactivated [...]

Background: This article explores the "scientific blackpill," used by those in contemporary digital incel communities to describe living as involuntarily celibate. To take the scientific blackpill is to both see and develop a rigid social hierarchy that attempts to explains the incel's sexual and social lacks. Analysis: Through a discourse analysis of the largest web forum for self-identified "incels," this article finds that the "scientific blackpill" acts as a Foucauldian "technology of the self," designed to both explain and reverse the incel's perceived social oppressions. Conclusion and Implications: Designed in an attempt to emulate the objectifying behaviour of masculinity under neoliberalism, the blackpill legitimates the very social behaviours that devalue the incel's social existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to compare the efficacy of a newly developed immunogenic monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine with the trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine on newborns. Results revealed that the newly developed vaccine was superior to the trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine as it induced humoral antibodies.

The explanations of observed behavior in contingent valuation surveys are tested to demonstrate the potential for induced preference experiments. The results indicate that the weighted average theory of Carson, Groves and Machina's are met with, however, the cost uncertainty are ambiguous.

Background: This article examines how the rhetorical style of the "alt-right" builds a political audience through a study of the Rebel, a Canadian YouTube news channel. Analysis: This study analyzes the rhetoric of two hosts on the Rebel, Lauren Southern and Gavin McInnes, and finds their style marked by the use of the vernacular slang associated with subcultural communities of the alt-right. Conclusion and implications: The unique rhetorical style on display points to microcelebrity culture and techniques as a key to the proliferation of the alt-right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) (2006-2015) aims to reach and sustain high levels of vaccine coverage, provide immunization services to age groups beyond infancy and to those currently not reached, and to ensure that immunization activities are linked with other health interventions and contribute to the overall development of the health sector. Objective To examine mid-term progress (through 2010) of the immunization coverage goal of the GIVS for 194 countries or territories with special attention to data from 68 countries which account for more than 95% of all maternal and child deaths. Methods We present national immunization coverage estimates for the third dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid with pertussis (DTP3) vaccine and the first dose of measles containing vaccine (MCV) during 2000, 2005 and 2010 and report the average annual relative percent change during 2000-2005 and 2005-2010. Data are taken from the WHO and UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage, which refer to immunizations given during routine immunization services to children less than 12 months of age where immunization services are recorded. Results Globally DTP3 coverage increased from 74% during 2000 to 85% during 2010, and MCV coverage increased from 72% during 2000 to 85% during 2010. A total of 149 countries attained or were on track to achieve the 90% coverage goal for DTP3 (147 countries for MCV coverage). DTP3 coverage ≥ 90% was sustained between 2005 and 2010 by 99 countries (98 countries for MCV). Among 68 priority countries, 28 countries were identified as having made either insufficient or no progress towards reaching the GIVS goal of 90% coverage by 2015 for DTP3 or MCV. DTP3 and MCV coverage remained < 70% during 2010 for 16 and 21 priority countries, respectively. Conclusion Progress towards GIVS goals highlights improvements in routine immunization coverage, yet it is troubling to observe priority countries with little or no progress during the past five years. These results highlight that further efforts are needed to achieve and maintain the global immunization coverage goals.

This article examines YouTube's moderation of conspiracy narratives surrounding COVID-19 through an analysis of deplatformed and demoted YouTube videos. Building upon the literature on moderation, it compares the types of content moderated by YouTube from April to October, 2020. In doing so, it seeks to determine the extent to which YouTube's own moderation actions are brought in as part of the conspiratorial narratives surrounding COVID-19, while investigating how it is that moderation becomes entangled with questions of truth and visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the contribution of writer John Ruskin to art education and training in Great Britain and the differences of his methods to that of government-sponsored art training system called South Kensington managed by Henry Cole. Topics include the claim by Robert Hewison that Ruskin's style was imaginative and romantic anti-capitalist while Cole's was rational and utilitarian, as well as Ruskin's training under Charles Runciman and Copley Fielding.