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Purpose: To evaluate whether depth of focus after the implantation of extended depth of focus (EDoF) intraocular lenses (IOLs) correlates with pupillary size. Methods: This retrospective case series study evaluated eyes undergoing cataract surgery with implantation of EDoF IOLs. At least one month postoperatively, the depth of focus (DoF) was measured to determine the correlation with pupillary size, age, anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AXL), and corneal spherical aberrations (SA). Results: The study evaluated 64 eyes of 49 patients. The mean depth of focus was 2.67 diopters (D). The mean preoperative photopic pupil size was 3.36 mm. A significant negative association was found between preoperative photopic pupil size and depth of focus (r = 0.30, Pearson's correlation coefficient) and between preoperative mesopic pupil size and depth of focus (r = 0.274, Pearson's correlation coefficient). Key messages: What is known: • Optical and visual performance of a multifocal IOL likely depends on pupil size. What is new: • Smaller pupil size (including preoperative photopic, mesopic pupil size) had strong association with good post-operative depth of focus, with Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lenses. • No significant correlation was observed between age, anterior chamber depth, axial length, corneal spherical aberra?tions, and depth of focus in the Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wavefront coding technique has been used to extend the depth of focus in an optical imaging system. An optical element called a phase mask allows coded images to be obtained since the point spread function remains almost invariant in an axial range. Subsequently, a computational technique is required to decode the acquired images. An optical-computational technique is proposed to use a phase mask for the coding stage and a convolutional neural network for the final restoration. Comparative results are made between cubic and trefoil profile phase masks and decoded using the traditional Wiener filter and a convolutional neural network. Image quality evaluation is done using the peak signal-to-noise ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We investigated how long-term visual experience with habitual spherical aberration (SA) influences subjective depth of focus (DoF). Nine healthy cycloplegic eyes with habitual SAs of different signs and magnitudes were enrolled. An adaptive optics (AO) visual simulator was used to measure through-focus high-contrast visual acuity after correcting all monochromatic aberrations and imposing + 0.5 μm and − 0.5 μm SAs for a 6-mm pupil. The positive (n = 6) and negative (n = 3) habitual SA groups ranged from 0.17 to 0.8 μm and from − 1.2 to – 0.12 μm for a 6-mm pupil, respectively. Although all optical conditions were identical, and the subjective DoFs were expected to be the same for all participants, the DoFs of individuals differed between the positive and negative habitual SA groups. For the positive habitual SA group, the mean DoF with positive AO-induced SA (2.14 D) was larger than that with negative AO-induced SA (1.88 D); for the negative habitual SA group, a smaller DoF was measured with positive AO-induced SA (1.94 D) than that with negative AO-induced SA (2.14 D). Subjective DoF tended to be larger when the induced SA in terms of sign and magnitude was closer to the participant’s habitual SA. Our findings suggest that neural adaptation to habitual SA compensated for optical blur at multiple object distances, perceptually expanding DoF. As a result, the outcomes of optical treatments for presbyopia may differ due to the neural compensation mechanism influenced by an individual’s visual experience with their habitual optics.

We investigated how long-term visual experience with habitual spherical aberration (SA) influences subjective depth of focus (DoF). Nine healthy cycloplegic eyes with habitual SAs of different signs and magnitudes were enrolled. An adaptive optics (AO) visual simulator was used to measure through-focus high-contrast visual acuity after correcting all monochromatic aberrations and imposing + 0.5 μm and − 0.5 μm SAs for a 6-mm pupil. The positive (n = 6) and negative (n = 3) habitual SA groups ranged from 0.17 to 0.8 μm and from − 1.2 to – 0.12 μm for a 6-mm pupil, respectively. Although all optical conditions were identical, and the subjective DoFs were expected to be the same for all participants, the DoFs of individuals differed between the positive and negative habitual SA groups. For the positive habitual SA group, the mean DoF with positive AO-induced SA (2.14 D) was larger than that with negative AO-induced SA (1.88 D); for the negative habitual SA group, a smaller DoF was measured with positive AO-induced SA (1.94 D) than that with negative AO-induced SA (2.14 D). Subjective DoF tended to be larger when the induced SA in terms of sign and magnitude was closer to the participant's habitual SA. Our findings suggest that neural adaptation to habitual SA compensated for optical blur at multiple object distances, perceptually expanding DoF. As a result, the outcomes of optical treatments for presbyopia may differ due to the neural compensation mechanism influenced by an individual's visual experience with their habitual optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depth of focus (DOF) is defined as the axial range in which the specimen stage moves without losing focus while the imaging apparatus remains stable. It may not be possible to capture an image that includes the entire specimen in focus due to the narrow DOF in microscopic systems. Extended depth of focus (EDOF) is used to overcome this limitation in microscopic systems. Although the researchers have developed so many EDOF microscope approaches, this research field still has some crucial shortcomings such as high computational costs, complexity and execution time, requiring additional equipment, low precise characterization of curves, and edges in images, varying performance depending on the specimen and microscope, using only gray levels of input images to acquire the pixel's focus values. In order to minimize these shortcomings and comprehensively analyze the performance of EDOF approaches, a novel multi-focus image data set is generated, and a deep learning-based EDOF microscope approach is proposed in this study. When compared with the state-of-art EDOF approaches, our study provides various crucial contributions such as the first EDOF approach based on unsupervised deep learning, providing more accurate and specimen-free EDOF, generating a novel multi-focus image data, not requiring any pre- or post-processing technique and acquiring the pixel's focus degrees using deep features. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested approach, 20 different EDOF approaches are applied to a multi-focus image data set containing 9 image collections (4 synthetic and 5 microscope image collections) in total. Performance analysis metrics with and without requiring a reference image are preferred to identify which EDOF microscope approach can extract more essential details from the multi-focus images for the synthetic and microscope image collections, which are Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), Universal Quality Index (UQI), Correlation Coefficient (CC), Perception-based Image Quality Evaluator (PIQE), Blind/Referenceless Image Spatial Quality Evaluator (BRISQUE), Extension of Universal Quality Index for N Images (UQIN), and Naturalness Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE). Objective and subjective analysis of this study demonstrates that unsupervised deep learning model is more efficient to transmit crucial details from multi-focus images. Moreover, the suggested EDOF microscope approach with highest PSNR, UQI, CC, UQIN and lowest RMSE, PIQE, BRISQUE, NIQE produces higher performance than the state-of-art approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a layered method based on focal depth is proposed for the fast generation of computational holograms. The method layers objects with focal depth as spacing and approximates triangles on the object as projections on the layers based on the physical properties of the focal depth to simplify the computation. Finally, the diffraction distributions of all layers are calculated via angular spectral diffraction and superimposed to obtain the hologram. The proposed method has been proven to be about 20 times faster on a CPU than the analytical polygon-based method. A hologram containing tens of thousands of triangles can be computed on a GPU in a fraction of a second. In addition, this method makes it easy to attach complex textures, which is difficult with polygon-based analysis methods. Finally, holograms of objects with complex textures were generated, and the three-dimensionality of these holograms was confirmed by numerical and optical reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources account for a significant part of the energy sector, but electricity generation from renewable energy plants is not stable and predictable over time, depending on various factors, such as wind speed or insolation. One method of ensuring stable electricity generation from such plants is to use an additional energy source. In a thermodynamic plant based on the Stirling engine, when the heat from the concentration of solar radiation is not enough, additional heat can be obtained by burning fuel. This paper investigates the temperature control of the Stirling engine boiler by changing the distance to the Fresnel lens, which will allow further calculation of the required power of the additional heat source. The dependence of the temperature of the concentration spot on its area and the distance between the lens and the heating part of the engine at different intensities of solar radiation was determined. The depth of focus of the lens is analysed as the main characteristic for the selection of systems that regulate the distance between the lens and the surface of the Stirling engine boiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Presbyopia is an age-related ocular condition, typically affecting individuals aged over 40 years, characterized by a gradual and irreversible decline in the eye's ability to focus on nearby objects. Correction methods for presbyopia encompass the use of corrective lenses, surgical interventions (corneal or lens based), and, more recently, the FDA-approved topical administration of 1.25% pilocarpine. While prior research has demonstrated the efficacy of daily pilocarpine eye drop application in enhancing near visual acuity by increasing the depth of focus leveraging the pinhole effect, limited knowledge exists regarding its influence on visual acuity under varying conditions of contrast and ambient luminance. Methods: This study aims to investigate the impact of these variables on visual acuity, employing the VA-CAL test, among 11 emmetropic and 11 presbyopic volunteers who reported subjective difficulties with near vision. This study includes evaluations under natural conditions with a pinhole occluder (diameter of 2 mm), and subsequent administration of 1% pilocarpine (Pilomann, Bausch + Lomb, Laval, Canada). Results: The VA-CAL results demonstrate the expected, statistically significant effects of contrast and ambient luminance on visual acuity in both emmetropic and presbyopic volunteers. Furthermore, in emmetropic individuals, the application of pilocarpine resulted in a statistically significant reduction in visual acuity. In contrast, presbyopes did not exhibit statistically significant differences in the visual acuity space under either the pinhole or pilocarpine conditions when compared to natural conditions. Conclusions: The pharmacological treatment of presbyopia with pilocarpine eye drops, intended to enhance near vision, does not adversely affect visual acuity in presbyopes. This suggests that pilocarpine may offer a viable alternative for individuals averse to wearing corrective eyewear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chromatic aberration of the eye results from the dispersion of polychromatic light at the interfaces of ocular media. An intraocular lens (IOL) based approach utilizing the diffractive-multifocal principle has been proposed for its correction, but the clinical evidence on the impact of reducing or increasing chromatic aberration on the visual quality of pseudophakic patients remains scarce. Methods In this cross-sectional study, longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) effects were studied monocularly in 37 patients implanted with a monofocal lens. LogMAR corrected distance visual acuity (VA) and defocus curve at the + 1.0 D to − 2.0 D range were assessed. Contrast sensitivity (CS) was evaluated at far and at four spatial frequencies. Measurements were performed with the eye's natural conditions, as well as with increased and corrected (by the same amount) LCA, which was altered by introducing zero-power trial triplets. Results The mean (± standard deviation) logMAR VA was − 0.11 ± 0.07 for the natural condition, − 0.13 ± 0.07 for the LCA-corrected eye, and − 0.06 ± 0.08 for the eye with increased LCA. A sharp decline of the defocus tolerance was found after the LCA correction with the VA value of 0.38 ± 0.15 logMAR at − 1.5 D. However, for the natural and increased LCA, it was 0.32 ± 0.16 logMAR and 0.25 ± 0.13 logMAR, respectively. CS was improved at all spatial frequencies after the LCA correction, which was closely followed by the natural-eye performance. Increased LCA resulted in reduced CS, mainly at higher spatial frequencies. Conclusions We demonstrated that elevating chromatic aberration above the natural level of monofocal patients extends their depth of focus while causing a measurable albeit minimal reduction in visual function. Still, the observed changes indicate that neither correction nor increase of LCA yields a substantial clinical effect on distance VA and CS in monofocal pseudophakia.

Mikroskobik sistemlerde var olan odaklama derinliğinden dolayı numunenin tüm alanının odaklandığı görüntü elde etmek imkânsız olabilmektedir. Bu durum, mikroskobik sistemlerde görüntü işleme ve yapay zekâ algoritmaları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen sınıflandırma, bölütleme, hizalama (registration), panoramik birleştirme (stitching) gibi uygulamalarının başarılarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Literatürde numunenin tüm alanının odaklandığı görüntü elde etmek için odaklama derinliğinin artırılması yaklaşımları geliştirilmektedir. Literatür çalışmaları, bu yaklaşımların, görüntülerdeki eğrilerin ve kenarların düşük kesinlikte karakterizasyonu, daha yüksek koşma süresi ve incelenen numuneye ve kullanılan mikroskoba göre performans değişimi gibi çeşitli kısıtlamalara sahip olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Ek olarak, bu yaklaşımlar odaklama bilgilerini genelde görüntülerin gri seviye değerlerini kullanarak hesaplamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada bu kısıtlamaları minimize etmek için yeni bir odaklama derinliğinin artırılması yaklaşımı geliştirilmekte ve odaklama derinliğinin artırılmasında derin özelliklerin odaklama değerlerinin çıkarılmasındaki etkileri incelenmektedir. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar derin özelliklerin piksellerin odaklama değerlerini hesaplamada gri seviye değerlerine göre daha etkin olduğunu göstermektedir.

To compare the postoperative binocular visual quality in six treatment protocols for bilateral age-related cataract surgery with presbyopia correction for clinical decisions. In this prospective two-center single-blinded cohort study, participants from North or South China who underwent bilateral phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were divided into six protocols: monovision, diffractive bifocal, mixed, refractive bifocal, trifocal, and micro-monovision extended range of vision (EROV). Binocular visual quality was evaluated at 3 months postoperatively, including binocular uncorrected full-range visual acuity, binocular defocus curves (depth of focus [DoF] and area under the curve [AUC]), binocular visual function (fusion function and stereopsis), binocular subjective spectacle independence rates, visual analog scale (VAS) of overall satisfaction, 25-item visual function questionnaire (VFQ-25), and binocular dysphotopsia symptoms. Of the 300 enrolled patients, 272 (90.7%; 544 eyes) were analyzed. The trifocal protocol showed excellent binocular full-range visual acuity and the best performance for most DoFs and AUCs. The monovision protocol presented the worst binocular visual quality in most perspectives, especially in convergence, distance, and near stereopsis (p < 0.001). The full-range subjective spectacle independence rates were sorted from highest to lowest as follows: trifocal (84.8%), refractive bifocal (80.9%), EROV (80.0%), mixed (73.3%), diffractive bifocal (65.2%), and monovision (32.6%) protocols, with no statistically significant differences between the former five protocols (p > 0.05). The EROV protocol achieved the highest VAS and VFQ-25 scores. The incidence of postoperative binocular dysphotopsia symptoms was comparable in all protocols. The trifocal protocol showed the best performance, and the monovision protocol presented the worst performance in most perspectives of binocular visual quality for presbyopia correction. The refractive bifocal, mixed, or EROV protocols can provide an approximate performance as a trifocal protocol. Ophthalmologists can customize therapies using different protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBS observations in the Persian Gulf during a short time span have revealed the occurrence of low magnitude (ML = –0.2–2.9) earthquakes with hypocenters in the mantle beneath the Gulf and beneath the Zagros Mountain Massif. A cross-section across the shoreline of the Persian Gulf shows the projections of these hypocenters beneath the Zagros Mountains to make inclined layers that dip northeast at a high angle into the mantle down to depths of 120‒180 km. The 3D distribution of large and moderate magnitude earthquakes based on an improved earthquake catalog as reported by the US Geological Survey and by the International Seismological Centre (ISC) is not at variance with the distribution of microearthquakes and low magnitude earthquakes but seems rather to supplement it, forming a separate seismic dipping layer. According to the data acquired by OBS observations, seismic activity occurs throughout the entire crust and upper mantle of the region rather than in the upper crustal layers only as was asserted in previous publications. It is possible that collision and accompanying phenomena (mantle seismicity and destruction of the granitic layer in the crust) are related to the hypothetical rotation of the Earth around the center of rotation placed at Cyprus Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a layered method based on focal depth is proposed for the fast generation of computational holograms. The method layers objects with focal depth as spacing and approximates triangles on the object as projections on the layers based on the physical properties of the focal depth to simplify the computation. Finally, the diffraction distributions of all layers are calculated via angular spectral diffraction and superimposed to obtain the hologram. The proposed method has been proven to be about 20 times faster on a CPU than the analytical polygon-based method. A hologram containing tens of thousands of triangles can be computed on a GPU in a fraction of a second. In addition, this method makes it easy to attach complex textures, which is difficult with polygon-based analysis methods. Finally, holograms of objects with complex textures were generated, and the three-dimensionality of these holograms was confirmed by numerical and optical reconstruction.

AbstractObjective To compare the postoperative binocular visual quality in six treatment protocols for bilateral age-related cataract surgery with presbyopia correction for clinical decisions.Materials and methods In this prospective two-center single-blinded cohort study, participants from North or South China who underwent bilateral phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were divided into six protocols: monovision, diffractive bifocal, mixed, refractive bifocal, trifocal, and micro-monovision extended range of vision (EROV). Binocular visual quality was evaluated at 3 months postoperatively, including binocular uncorrected full-range visual acuity, binocular defocus curves (depth of focus [DoF] and area under the curve [AUC]), binocular visual function (fusion function and stereopsis), binocular subjective spectacle independence rates, visual analog scale (VAS) of overall satisfaction, 25-item visual function questionnaire (VFQ-25), and binocular dysphotopsia symptoms.Results Of the 300 enrolled patients, 272 (90.7%; 544 eyes) were analyzed. The trifocal protocol showed excellent binocular full-range visual acuity and the best performance for most DoFs and AUCs. The monovision protocol presented the worst binocular visual quality in most perspectives, especially in convergence, distance, and near stereopsis (p 0.05). The EROV protocol achieved the highest VAS and VFQ-25 scores. The incidence of postoperative binocular dysphotopsia symptoms was comparable in all protocols.Conclusions The trifocal protocol showed the best performance, and the monovision protocol presented the worst performance in most perspectives of binocular visual quality for presbyopia correction. The refractive bifocal, mixed, or EROV protocols can provide an approximate performance as a trifocal protocol. Ophthalmologists can customize therapies using different protocols.

Copyright of Journal of Engineering & Architectural Faculty of Eskisehir Osmangazi University / Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Eskisehir Osmangazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To develop a nomogram in cases with mismatch between subjective and Topolyzer cylinder, and based on the magnitude of the mismatch, customize a treatment plan to attain good visual outcomes post-laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Methods: The patients were evaluated preoperatively using corneal tomography with Pentacam. Five optimal corneal topography scans were obtained from the Topolyzer Vario were used for planning the LASIK treatment. For the nomogram purpose, the patients were divided into three categories based on the difference between the subjective cylinder and Topolyzer (corneal) cylinder. The first group (group 1) consisted of eyes of patients, where the difference was less than or equal to 0.4 D. The second group (group 2) consisted of eyes, where the difference was more than 0.4 D and the subjective cylinder was lesser than the Topolyzer cylinder. The third group (group 3) included eyes where the difference was more than 0.4 D but the subjective cylinder was greater than the Topolyzer cylinder. LASIK was performed with the WaveLight FS 200 femtosecond laser and WaveLight EX500 excimer laser. Assessment of astigmatism correction for the three groups was done using Aplins vector analysis. For comparison of proportions, Chi-square test was used. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The UDVA was statistically significantly different when compared between groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.02). However, the corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was similar among all the three groups (P = 0.1). Group 3 showed an increase of residual cylinder by −0.25 D, which was significant at intermediate and near reading distances (P < 0.05). Group 3 showed significantly higher target-induced astigmatism (TIA) compared to groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.01). The mean surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was the least in group 2, which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The outcomes for distance vision using our nomogram postoperatively were excellent, but further refinement for improving the near vision outcomes is required.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes obtained after cataract surgery with an aspheric monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) and an enhanced IOL with a modified optical profile. Methods: Randomised clinical trial enrolling 70 patients (age, 52–87 years) undergoing cataract surgery. Two groups were created according to the type of IOL implanted: Vivinex iSert from Hoya Surgical Optics (Vivinex group, 35 patients) and Tecnis Eyhance ICB00 from Johnson & Johnson Vision (Eyhance group, 35 patients). Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected (UIVA) and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), refraction, and self-perceived visual function (Catquest-9SF) were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up. Results: No significant differences were found between IOL groups in UDVA and CDVA (p ≥ 0.093). In contrast, monocular and binocular UIVA and DCIVA were significantly better in the Eyhance group at 1 (p ≤ 0.015) and 3 months postoperatively (p ≤ 0.002). Postoperative DCIVA 20/25 or better was obtained in 71.4% and 20.0% of patients in Eyhance and Vivinex groups, respectively. Differences in postoperative Rasch calibrated Catquest scores between Eyhance and Vivinex groups did not reach statistical significance (p ≥ 0.102). However, significant correlations were only found between the change in UIVA and Catquest scores (0.364 ≤ r ≤ 0.444, p ≤ 0.041) in the Eyhance group. Conclusions: The modified monofocal IOL evaluated provides better intermediate visual function in comparison with a standard aspheric monofocal IOL, but the impact of this benefit on the self-perceived level of vision achieved after surgery according to the patient seemed to be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biospecimens with nearly flat surfaces on a flat stage are typically required for laser‐based mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques. However, sampling stages are rarely perfectly level, and accounting for this and the need to accommodate non‐flat samples requires a deeper understanding of the laser beam depth of focus. In ablation‐based MSI methods, a laser is focused on top of the sample surface, ensuring that the sample is at the focal point or remains within depth of focus. In general, the depth of focus of a given laser is related to the beam quality (M2) and the wavelength (λ). However, because laser is applied on a biological sample, other variables can also impact the depth of focus, which could affect the robustness of the MSI techniques for diverse sample types. When the height of a sample ranges outside of the depth of focus, ablated area and the corresponding ion abundances may vary as well, increasing the variability of results. In this tutorial, we examine the parameters and equations that describe the depth of focus of a Gaussian laser beam. Additionally, we describe several approaches that account for surface roughness exceeding the depth of focus of the laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main objective is related to the capability of integrating into minimally invasive and ultra-thin disposable micro-endoscopic tool, a modality of realizing high-resolution imaging through scattering medium such as blood while performing medical procedure. In this research we aim for the first time to present a time-multiplexing super-resolving approach exhibiting enhanced focus sensitivity, generated by 3D spatial filtering, for significant contrast increase in images collected through scattering medium. Method: Our innovative method of imaging through scattering media provides imaging of only one specific object plane in scattering medium's volume while suppressing the noise coming from all other planes. The method should be assisted with axial scanning to perform imaging of the entire 3D object's volume. In our developed optical system noise suppression is achieved by 3D spatial filtering approach while more than an order of magnitude of suppression is experimentally demonstrated. The sensitivity to defocus and noise suppression is dramatically enhanced by placing an array of micro-lenses combined with pinholes raster positioned between two modules of telecentric lenses. Results: We present our novel conceptual designs for the enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when imaging through scattering medium and present preliminary experimental results demonstrating both quality imaging performed on resolution bars target as well as SNR quantified results in which SNR enhancement of more than one order of magnitude was obtained. Conclusions: In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first ever design of time-multiplexing-based approach for super-resolved imaging through scattering medium. The approach includes a time-multiplexing optical design significantly increasing the depth of focus sensitivity and after performing axial scanning yielding a significant enhancement of the SNR of the 3D object that is being imaged through the scattering medium. Right after the contrast (the SNR) enhancement we scan the object with the projected array of spots (raster) and map it continuously and with high imaging resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bessel beams are attaining keen interest in the current era considering their unique non-diffractive, self-healing nature and their diverse applications spanning over a broad spectral range of microwave to optical frequencies. However, conventional generators are not only bulky and complex but are also limited in terms of numerical aperture (NA) and efficiency. In this study, we experimentally develop a wavelength-independent Bessel beam generator through custom-designed metasurfaces to accomplish high resolution and large depth-of-focus imaging. These meta-axicons exhibit a high NA of up to 0.7 with an ability to generate Bessel beams with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 300 nm (~λ/2) and a depth of focus (DOF) of 153 μm (~261λ) in a broad spectral range of 500–700 nm. This excitation approach can provide a promising avenue for cutting-edge technology and applications related to Bessel beams for imaging along with a high axial resolution and an ultra-large depth of focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop a nomogram in cases with mismatch between subjective and Topolyzer cylinder, and based on the magnitude of the mismatch, customize a treatment plan to attain good visual outcomes post-laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Methods: The patients were evaluated preoperatively using corneal tomography with Pentacam. Five optimal corneal topography scans were obtained from the Topolyzer Vario were used for planning the LASIK treatment. For the nomogram purpose, the patients were divided into three categories based on the difference between the subjective cylinder and Topolyzer (corneal) cylinder. The first group (group 1) consisted of eyes of patients, where the difference was less than or equal to 0.4 D. The second group (group 2) consisted of eyes, where the difference was more than 0.4 D and the subjective cylinder was lesser than the Topolyzer cylinder. The third group (group 3) included eyes where the difference was more than 0.4 D but the subjective cylinder was greater than the Topolyzer cylinder. LASIK was performed with the WaveLight FS 200 femtosecond laser and WaveLight EX500 excimer laser. Assessment of astigmatism correction for the three groups was done using Aplins vector analysis. For comparison of proportions, Chi-square test was used. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The UDVA was statistically significantly different when compared between groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.02). However, the corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was similar among all the three groups (P = 0.1). Group 3 showed an increase of residual cylinder by −0.25 D, which was significant at intermediate and near reading distances (P < 0.05). Group 3 showed significantly higher target-induced astigmatism (TIA) compared to groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.01). The mean surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was the least in group 2, which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The outcomes for distance vision using our nomogram postoperatively were excellent, but further refinement for improving the near vision outcomes is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adjustment of the ocular accommodative system is an important phenomenon allowing for optimal vision at different distances. Aim: The study compared the refractive behaviour of the human eye under different ambient lighting conditions for different target brightness. Setting: Auto-refraction measurements were taken of the participants in the Department of Optometry at the University of Johannesburg. Methods: Five African participants from a single ethnic group aged between 20 years and 25 years, had 40 successive auto-refractor (Nidek AR 610) measurements taken on the right eye of each participant in a bright and dark room using the illuminated and dark targets (LL and DL); dark target in the illuminated and dark room (LD and DD). Results: A change in the refractive state of all participants was observed on LL and LD, except for one, who experienced myopic shifts. The largest significant difference in the variance-covariances and the means was approximately 2.40 dioptre (D). The other participants' shifts in means were approximately the same and varied between 1.00 D and 1.50 D stigmatic shift. For the DL to DD conditions all participants, except for one, underwent a hyperopic shift of about 0.50 D. Conclusion: The refractive behaviour of the human eye appears to be dependent on ambient light conditions as well as target illumination or luminance. Contribution: The study is scientific and clinical, and focuses on changes in refractive behaviour under different lighting conditions, falling within the scope of the journal. Key insights are that there is a change in the refractive behaviour of the eye under different ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a novel technique to overcome the depth‐of‐focus limitation in optical coherence tomography (OCT) using chromatic dispersion of zinc selenide lens. OCT is an established method of optical imaging, which found numerous biomedical applications. However, the depth scanning range of high‐resolution OCT is limited by its depth of focus. Chromatic dispersion of zinc selenide lens allows to get high lateral resolution along extended depth of focus, because the different spectral components are focused at a different position along axes of light propagation. Test measurements with nanoparticle phantom show 2.8 times extension of the depth of focus compare to the system with a standard achromatic lens. The feasibility of biomedical applications was demonstrated by ex vivo imaging of the pig cornea and chicken fat tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To present a case of a 62-year-old patient implanted with multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) who underwent a bilateral IOL exchange due to positive dysphotopsia. In an attempt to reduce the symptoms and compensate for the loss of multifocality, we implanted an aspheric monofocal IOL with enhanced intermediate function in one eye and a spherical monofocal IOL in the other eye. Observations: The patient presented with complaints of halo and glare, measured with a simulator, following the implantation of segmented multifocal IOLs two years earlier. The uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/20 in both eyes. Before presentation at our clinic, a laser capsulotomy had been performed on the right eye. We proceeded with a bilateral IOL exchange. Because of capsular insufficiency in the right eye, we implanted a spherical monofocal three-piece IOL in the ciliary sulcus with optic capture. In the left eye, we used a monofocal IOL with an enhanced intermediate function. Two weeks postoperatively, UDVA (monocularly) was 20/20 in OD and OS, the uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) was 20/32, and the uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) was 20/50. Binocularly, UDVA was 20/20, UIVA was 20/25 and UNVA was 20/25. The patient reported a marked decrease in halos and glare. Conclusions and importance: When planning IOL exchange surgery, in cases of intolerance to multifocal IOLs, the clinician should consider the dilemma of loss of multifocality. Recent developments in monofocal IOL technology present new options to improve visual function in cases of multifocal IOL explantation.

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Current optoacoustic (OA) microscopy configurations often have narrow focal ranges that limit their use for fast volumetric imaging applications. Herein, the focal range of OA microscopes is extended by matching the elongated optical illumination profile of a Bessel beam with the pencil beam acoustic sensitivity profile of a broadband axicon detector. An inverted OA microscope is developed with interchangeable optical illumination and acoustic detection units to assess the working distance and resolutions retained with several combinations of illumination and detection profiles. Matching Bessel illumination with axicon detection extends the depth of focus 17‐fold over traditional configurations. Imaging a tilted mouse ear with the matched Bessel−axicon configuration reveals vasculature over a working distance exceeding 4.2 mm with optical resolution, while affording a sixfold increase in imaging volume over the same scanning duration compared with configurations using standard Gaussian illumination, demonstrating this approach's promise for increasing applications for OA microscopy in preclinical research.

When an optical system and a digital image sensor are combined, it is known that pixel size of the sensor affects digital images. In particular, the DOF was not represented in a simple formula due to the influence of pixel size. To consider the effect of pixel size on digital images, we set the ratio, fC/fN, between the cut-off frequency of the optical system, fC, and the Nyquist frequency of the imaging device, fN, as the parameter expressing the effect of the pixel size. By using the parameter, we derived that the DOF can be expressed as a simple formula. For confirming the DOF formula, we measured the DOF of a microscope combined a digital image sensor. The values calculated from the DOF formula that we derived were consistent with the experimentally measured results.We propose our formula expressing the DOF when an optical system and a digital image sensor are combined

With over a billion adults worldwide currently affected, presbyopia remains a ubiquitous, global problem. Despite over a century of study, the precise mechanism of ocular accommodation and presbyopia progression remains a topic of debate. Accordingly, this narrative review outlines the lenticular and extralenticular components of accommodation together with the impact of age on the accommodative apparatus, neural control of accommodation, models of accommodation, the impact of presbyopia on retinal image quality, and both historic and contemporary theories of presbyopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical optical properties of a Gaussian laser beam in two-photon or multiphoton fluorescence imaging, including the beam spot size, depth of focus, and intensity profile, are investigated for spatially locating nanoscale solutes in and surrounding the microvessels of rat brain.

Abstract Introduction To report the outcomes in near vision, optical quality and pupil diameter of a new pharmacological therapy (FOV tears) for presbyopia. Methods This was a prospective, consecutive, interventional, non-comparative clinical study in which 117 presbyopic patients were given one drop of the novel therapy (FOV tears) in each eye, followed 2 h after the instillation of the eye drop by an evaluation of the binocular uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) and uncorrected distance visual acuity. The objective scatter index and pupil diameter under photopic and scotopic conditions before and after instillation were also assessed. The patients were divided into two groups according to their age, with group 1 patients being 41 and 50 years old and group 2 patients, between 51 and 65 years old. Results The mean age of the patients was 50.2 years. The mean UNVA before the use of the eye drop was 0.35 LogMAR, which improved to 0.16 LogMAR at 2 h after the use of the eye drop (p = 0.000). Nine patients did not show an improvement in UNVA, but no patient showed a loss of lines. Fourteen patients (11.9%) reported headaches as a side effect of the therapy. Conclusion This pharmacological therapy improved near vision by one or more lines (mean improvement 0.18 lines) in 92.3% of the patients at 2 h following the instillation of the eye drops. The group with the youngest patients gained more lines than the group with the oldest patients.

Purpose: The AT LARA 829MP is a next-generation extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL) providing continuous vision over a range of distances. The aim of this prospective multi-centre randomised trial was to compare two EDOF IOLs and one monofocal IOL. Methods: Cataract patients between 50 and 80 years were randomised for bilateral implantation with either the AT LARA 829MP (EDOF), the TECNIS Symfony (EDOF) or the CT ASPHINA 409MP (monofocal). Follow-up was at 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month and 4 to 6 months. Results: A total of 211 patients were randomised and included in the final analysis. Monocular depth of focus was significantly better for AT LARA 829MP eyes compared with that for TECNIS Symfony at all thresholds (p = 0.024, 0.001 and 0.006, for 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 logMAR respectively) with no significant difference for binocular depth of focus. LARA eyes had significantly better monocular depth of focus at all levels compared with ASPHINA eyes (all p < 0.0001), while there was no significant difference between Symfony and ASPHINA eyes at 0.1 logMAR and 0.2 logMAR. Both EDOF IOLs were significantly better than the monofocal ASPHINA at all levels for binocular depth of focus (LARA: all p < 0.0001; Symfony: all p = 0.002). Distance visual acuity was similar for all IOLs at 6 months; intermediate and near visual acuity were significantly better for the EDOF IOLs than for the monofocal (p < 0.0001). Refraction improved in all groups relative to baseline. Contrast sensitivity was higher with the CT ASPHINA 409MP but both EDOF lenses had a better spectacle independence rate. At 6 months, all IOLs were well centred with no cases of tilt. No general safety issues were raised for any of the groups. Conclusion: The two EDOF intraocular lenses investigated provided good visual outcomes with comparable visual acuity at all distances. The AT LARA 829MP provided the widest monocular depth of focus at 0.1 and 0.2 logMAR, with a clear superiority compared with the monofocal IOL. TECNIS Symfony was superior to the monofocal control at 0.3 logMAR. Spectacle independence and patient satisfaction were comparable. Trial registration: Trial registered on https://clinicaltrials.gov/ under the identification NCT03172351 (date of registration 1 June May 2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging technique has emerged as a non- or minimally invasive modality in the clinical pathogenesis such as deep tissue examining and optical biopsy etc. The OCT imaging increases the Depth of Focus (DoF) by devising mechanisms to increase an Optical Transfer Function (OTF) of the imaging system. This is achieved through an apodization technique on the surface of lens in conjugation with the femtosecond Bessel-type laser beam. An investigation on postulation of OTF through a masked aperture, or specifically a micro-dot is investigated to measure variations of intensity profile at the optical coordinates in the radial as well as axial directions. The intensity variations in the radial and axial coordinates are calibrated to obtain the information, which significantly helps in devising of OCT imaging system. A theoretical investigation of OTF matching the experimental relationship between spot size and DoF in response to obscuration ratio is presented in this paper. This mathematical approach could be applied to different types of masking functions by meticulously exploring the parameters of optical coordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movable super-diffraction optical needle (MSON) is a tightly focused beam like a "needle", which can realize vector scanning on the focusing plane. Not only does it have a long focal depth, but its resolution also exceeds the diffraction limit. The modulation and control technology required for generating MSON by oblique incidence is explored in this manuscript for the purpose of processing high-aspect-ratio, sub-wavelength structures. As the optical needle generated by traditional methods is static and sensitive to variation of the angle information of the incident beam, here we introduce a confocal scanning system by using a two-dimensional galvanometer system, a scan lens, and a tube lens to control the oblique incidence angle. The effects of the oblique incidence angle on the resolution, depth of focus, uniformity, and side lobes of the MSON were analyzed. Further, the voltage-controlled liquid crystal located between the scan lens and the 2D galvanometer system can be used to compensate for the additional phase difference caused by oblique incidence. The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of depth of focus to resolution. By modulating and controlling the light field, the MSON with high aspect ratio (7.36), sub-diffractive beam size (0.42λ), and long depth of focus (3.09λ) has been obtained with homogeneous intensity, and suppressed side lobes. High speed, high axial positioning tolerance, and high-resolution laser processing can also be achieved, which removes the restrictions presented by traditional laser processing technology, for which high resolution and long depth of focus cannot be achieved simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a depth camera lens design composed of eight glass lenses, where the field of view is 100°, the focal length is 1.88 mm, and the F/# is 2. The lens design requires the lens to be fixed and the object distance to be fixed at −745.964 mm. The depth of focus ranges from −0.0047 mm to 0.0096 mm and can be obtained by selecting a spatial frequency of 60 lp/mm for the Through-focus MTF optimization design. The object distance ranges from negative infinity (-∞) to −250 mm (for the depth of field), the MTF is greater than 0.73 at 60 lp/mm, the lateral color difference is less than 1.58 μm, the optical distortion is less than 1%, and the relative illumination is greater than 64%. When conducting tolerance analysis, we select a spatial frequency requirement of tolerance MTF>0.3. At an object distance of −745.964 mm, the lens resolution can reach 80 lp/mm. The object distance is -∞, and the lens resolution is above 59 lp/mm. The object distance is −250 mm, and the lens resolution can reach over 43 lp/mm. In this work, the depth camera lens is designed to have an object distance shooting range of −6 m to −0.25 m. When the object distance is −6 m, the object depth resolution is 61 mm; while at the object distance of −0.25 m, the object depth resolution is 0.1045 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate different intraocular lens (IOL) designs and to determine whether extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses provide a higher depth of field (DOF) than the rest considering both subjective and objective measurements. Methods: A total of 100 eyes undergoing cataract surgery were divided into six groups depending on the IOL implanted: bifocal designs were Tecnis ZMB and ZLB (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, USA), trifocal designs were Finevision (PhysIOL, Liège, Belgium) and AT LISA Tri (Carl Zeiss Meditec., Jena, Germany) and EDOF designs were Symfony (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, USA) and MiniWell (SIFI MedTech, Catania, Italy). Subjective DOF was obtained from defocus curves for the range of vergences which provide a VA over 0.1 LogMAR and 0.2 LogMAR. Aberrometry was measured and Visual Strehl Optical Transference Function (90%) was used to quantify objectively the DOF. Results: Symfony IOL group showed better subjective and objective DOF compared to the rest of IOL groups, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). Comparison between subjective and objective DOF showed that subjective measures were higher for all IOLs, being these differences statistically significant for all groups when compared with objective measures (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Objective and subjective measures of DOF are not comparable due to differences in methodologies and criterions to define the level of degradation acceptance. Nevertheless, both objective and subjective measures demonstrate a greater DOF for EDOF designs compared to bifocal and trifocal IOLs, being the Symfony IOL the one providing higher levels of subjective and objective DOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel optical setup to project a flat plane onto a spherical surface. Our proposed method employs putting a curved mirror in the optical path of the projection optics. The curved mirror is placed at the initial image plane formed by a relay lens. This initial image is then re-imaged at the spherical surface. Thus, our optical setup enables having a focused image on a spherical surface. To determine the radius of the curved mirror at the initial image position, we calculated it by paraxial equation. The result is confirmed by optical simulations and demonstrated with a prototype optical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the clinical efficacy of pinhole soft contact lenses for presbyopia correction. Twenty participants with presbyopia wore pinhole soft contact lenses in the non-dominant eye for 2 weeks. Manifest refraction, Goldmann binocular visual field tests, contrast sensitivity tests, and biomicroscopic examinations were performed along with evaluations of questionnaire responses and the binocular corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA), distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), and depth of focus, both before and after 2 weeks of lens wear. DCNVA at 33 and 40 cm and DCIVA at 50 and 70 cm showed significant improvements after pinhole lens wear (P-value: <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, and 0.046, respectively), with no changes in the binocular visual field and binocular CDVA. Contrast sensitivities under photopic and mesopic conditions decreased at some frequencies; however, visual function questionnaire scores significantly improved (all P-values <0.001). These findings suggest that pinhole contact lenses effectively correct presbyopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To report the outcomes in near vision, optical quality and pupil diameter of a new pharmacological therapy (FOV tears) for presbyopia.Methods: This was a prospective, consecutive, interventional, non-comparative clinical study in which 117 presbyopic patients were given one drop of the novel therapy (FOV tears) in each eye, followed 2 h after the instillation of the eye drop by an evaluation of the binocular uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) and uncorrected distance visual acuity. The objective scatter index and pupil diameter under photopic and scotopic conditions before and after instillation were also assessed. The patients were divided into two groups according to their age, with group 1 patients being 41 and 50 years old and group 2 patients, between 51 and 65 years old.Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.2 years. The mean UNVA before the use of the eye drop was 0.35 LogMAR, which improved to 0.16 LogMAR at 2 h after the use of the eye drop (p = 0.000). Nine patients did not show an improvement in UNVA, but no patient showed a loss of lines. Fourteen patients (11.9%) reported headaches as a side effect of the therapy.Conclusion: This pharmacological therapy improved near vision by one or more lines (mean improvement 0.18 lines) in 92.3% of the patients at 2 h following the instillation of the eye drops. The group with the youngest patients gained more lines than the group with the oldest patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar’s (GEO SAR) high orbit and low relative speed, the integration time reaches up to hundreds of seconds for a fine resolution. The short revisit cycle is essential for remote sensing applications such as disaster monitoring and vegetation measurements. Three-dimensional (3D) scene imaging mode is crucial for long-term observation using GEO SAR. However, this mode will bring a new kind of space-variant error in elevation. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of the elevation space-variant error. First, the decorrelation problems caused by the spatial variation are presented. Second, by combining with the SAR imaging geometry, the elevation spatial variation is decomposed into two-dimensional (2D) space variation of range and azimuth. Third, an imaging algorithm is proposed to solve the 3D space variation and improve the focusing depth. Finally, simulations with dot-matrix targets and distributed targets are performed to validate the imaging method.

Purpose: Akreos AO and Kontur AB are two commonly used intraocular lenses (IOLs) in Iran. This study was designed to evaluate the visual performance of these lenses. Methods: In a comparative interventional study, 35 patients (70 eyes) were recruited, and each IOL was implanted in one eye of the patients, randomly. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, aberrometric analysis, and depth of focus were evaluated 1 month and 3 months postoperatively. A visual quality questionnaire was also filled for each eye, and the results were compared. Results: Mean age of the patients was 60.97 ± 7.00 years. BCVA was not significantly different between the two eyes, before, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively (p > 0.05 for all). Photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity was not different between the two lenses instead of photopic 18 cycles per degree, 3 months postoperatively and in mesopic 6 cycles per degree 1 month postoperatively (p = 0.034 and p = 0.002, respectively). Aberrometric factors including HoRMS, Total RMS, and Higher order without Z(4,0) were not significantly different between the two lenses (p > 0.05 for all), but they were slightly lower for Akreos AO. Post-operative distance-corrected visual acuity for intermediate and near vision were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Visual performance of Akreos AO and Kontur AB is similar. However, contrast sensitivity and aberrometric parameters are slightly better for Akreos AO IOL.

The Bessel–Gauss beam has outstanding features, such as long depth of focus (DOF) and super resolution for nondestructive imaging inspection. However, most approaches for generating a nondiffractive beam have mainly focused on extending the DOF. In this study, the ultra-long high-resolution Bessel–like beam was first demonstrated in a sub-THz wave range (140 GHz). An axicon lens having an apex angle of 110° was used to generate the highly focused Bessel–like beam. To extend the depth of focus, we varied the incident beam angle on the axicon by moving the first lens distance. With the newly developed beam profiler, 3D beam profiles were acquired for characterizing in detail the beam propagation. As a result, even if the depth of focus was 72 times (154 mm) the source wavelength (2.143 mm), the focusing beamwidth was simultaneously maintained at 1.4 times (3.0 mm) the wavelength (i.e., the near-wavelength beamwidth). An ultra-long needle beam of near-wavelength size can promote the applicability of the sub-THz imaging technique in noninvasive sensing applications, such as computer tomography, materials inspection, and through-the-wall-imaging.

The movable super-diffraction optical needle (MSON) is a tightly focused beam like a “needle”, which can realize vector scanning on the focusing plane. Not only does it have a long focal depth, but its resolution also exceeds the diffraction limit. The modulation and control technology required for generating MSON by oblique incidence is explored in this manuscript for the purpose of processing high-aspect-ratio, sub-wavelength structures. As the optical needle generated by traditional methods is static and sensitive to variation of the angle information of the incident beam, here we introduce a confocal scanning system by using a two-dimensional galvanometer system, a scan lens, and a tube lens to control the oblique incidence angle. The effects of the oblique incidence angle on the resolution, depth of focus, uniformity, and side lobes of the MSON were analyzed. Further, the voltage-controlled liquid crystal located between the scan lens and the 2D galvanometer system can be used to compensate for the additional phase difference caused by oblique incidence. The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of depth of focus to resolution. By modulating and controlling the light field, the MSON with high aspect ratio (7.36), sub-diffractive beam size (0.42λ), and long depth of focus (3.09λ) has been obtained with homogeneous intensity, and suppressed side lobes. High speed, high axial positioning tolerance, and high-resolution laser processing can also be achieved, which removes the restrictions presented by traditional laser processing technology, for which high resolution and long depth of focus cannot be achieved simultaneously.

A novel type of zone plate (ZP), termed an inverse‐phase composite ZP, is proposed to gain a deeper focus than the standard diffraction‐limited depth of focus, with little reduction in spatial resolution. The structure is a combination of an inner ZP functioning as a conventional phase ZP and an outer ZP functioning with third‐order diffraction with opposite phase to the inner ZP. Two‐dimensional complex amplitude distributions neighboring the focal point were calculated using a wave‐optical approach of diffraction integration with a monochromatic plane‐wave illumination, where one dimension is the radial direction and the other dimension is the optical‐axis direction. The depth of focus and the spatial resolution were examined as the main focusing properties. Two characteristic promising cases regarding the depth of focus were found: a pit‐intensity focus with the deepest depth of focus, and a flat‐intensity focus with deeper depth of focus than usual ZPs. It was found that twice the depth of focus could be expected with little reduction in the spatial resolution for 10 keV X‐ray energy, tantalum zone material, 84 nm minimum fabrication zone width, and zone thickness of 2.645 µm. It was also found that the depth of focus and the spatial resolution were almost unchanged in the photon energy range from 8 to 12 keV. The inverse‐phase composite ZP has high potential for use in analysis of practical thick samples in X‐ray microbeam applications. A novel type of zone plate, i.e. an inverse‐phase composite zone plate, is proposed and examined with the aim of achieving deeper focus with little reduction in spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School aged children with progressive myopia show large accommodative lags to blur only cue which is suggestive of a large depth of focus (DOF). While DOF measures are lacking in this age group, their blur detection and discrimination capacities appear to be similar to their non-myopic peers. Accordingly, the current study quantified DOF and blur detection ability in progressive myopic children showing large accommodative lags compared to their non-myopic peers and adults. Blur sensitivity measures were taken from 12 children (8-13 years, 6 myopes and 6 emmetropes) and 6 adults (20-35 years). DOF was quantified using step changes in the lens induced defocus while the subjects viewed a high contrast target through a Badal lens at either 2 or 4D demand. Blur detection thresholds (BDT) were tested using a similar high contrast target in a 2-alternate forced-choice paradigm (2AFC) at both the demands. In addition to the large accommodative lags, micro fluctuations and DOF were significantly larger in myopic children compared to the other groups. However, BDTs were similar across the three groups. When limited to blur cues, the findings of a large DOF coupled with large response lags suggests that myopes are less sensitive to retinal defocus. However, in agreement to a previous study, refractive error had no influence on their BDTs suggesting that the reduced sensitivity to the defocus in a myopic eye appears to be compensated by some form of an adjustment in the higher visual processes to preserve the subjective percept even with a poor retinal image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a brief analytical review of papers dealing with the use of simple binaryphase diffractive structures in multifocal artificial eye lenses (intraocular lenses) to increase the focal region. The results of theoretical studies of the influence of spherical aberrations of the eye, the optical power of the diaphragm (pupil diameter), and the duty cycle of the structure on the depth of focus (limits of clear vision) are given. The intensity distribution in diffraction orders (foci) in the simplest binary diffractive-refractive intraocular lenses is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key determinants of the range of clear focus in pre-presbyopes and their relative contributions to the difference between subjective range of focus and objective accommodation assessments have not been previously quantified. Fifty participants (aged 33.0 ± 6.4 years) underwent simultaneous monocular subjective (visual acuity measured with an electronic test-chart) and objective (dynamic accommodation measured with an Aston open-field aberrometer) defocus curve testing for lenses between +2.00 to −10.00 DS in +0.50 DS steps in a randomized order. Pupil diameter and ocular aberrations (converted to visual metrics normalized for pupil size) at each level of blur were measured. The difference between objective range over which the power of the crystalline lens changes and the subjective range of clear focus was quantified and the results modelled using pupil size, refractive error, tolerance to blur, and ocular aberrations. The subjective range of clear focus was principally accounted for by age (46.4%) and pupil size (19.3%). The objectively assessed accommodative range was also principally accounted for by age (27.6%) and pupil size (15.4%). Over one-quarter (26.0%) of the difference between objective accommodation and subjective range of clear focus was accounted for by age (14.0%) and spherical aberration at maximum accommodation (12.0%). There was no significant change in the objective accommodative response (F = 1.426, p = 0.229) or pupil size (F = 0.799, p = 0.554) of participants for levels of defocus above their amplitude of accommodation. Pre-presbyopes benefit from an increased subjective range of clear vision beyond their objective accommodation due in part to neural factors, resulting in a measured depth-of-focus of, on average, 1.0 D.

The purpose of this work was to find plausible predictors among optical parameters that may explain the inter-individual differences in subjective amplitude of accommodation not explained by age. An exploratory multivariable regression analysis was carried out retrospectively on a dataset with 180 eyes from 97 subjects (ages ranged from 20 to 58years). Subjective amplitudes of accommodation were recorded with the use of a custom-made Badal system. A commercial aberrometer was used to obtain each eye's wavefront during the full range of accommodation. The plausible predictors under study were pupil diameter in the unaccommodated eye, its reduction with accommodation; fourth- and six-order Zernike spherical aberration, their reduction with accommodation, and subjective refraction. At a significance level of 0.05, only fourth- and sixth-order Zernike spherical aberration were found to be predictors of subjective amplitude of accommodation not explained by age, each explaining on their own less than 5% of the variance, and about 9% together. All other optical parameters explained less than 2%. Spherical aberration did not explain the greater variability for younger eyes than for older eyes. The remainder variability in amplitude of accommodation not explained by age or spherical aberration was about ±2.6D for 20year-old subjects, ±1.5D for 40year-old subjects, and about ±0.6D for 55year-old subjects. Optical factors do not seem to account for much of the inter-individual differences in subjective amplitude of accommodation. Most of the variability not explained by age must be due to anatomical differences and physiological, psychological, or other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel diffraction limit implied geometric lens imaging (DLI-GLI) model considering diffraction effect on a finite number of pixels in elemental image (EI). • 3D depth priority-oriented integral imaging (DPO-II) showing variations of the lateral resolution (LR) within enhanced depth of focus (DoF) range. • DPO-II has largest DoF and another has largest resolution within some part of DoF in the on-axial DPO-spot size diagram (DPO-SD). • The numerically induced 3 geometrical structures based on the proposed model show the similar results with measurements of the optical experiments on the built-up DPO-asymmetric II (DPO -AII) system. We propose a novel diffraction limit implied geometric lens imaging (DLI-GLI) model considering diffraction effect on a finite number of pixels in elemental image (EI)and 3D depth priority-oriented integral imaging (DPO-II) showing variations of the lateral resolution (LR) within enhanced depth of focus (DoF) range graphically. We assigned 3 representative gaps between lens array and display panel including gap at conventional DPII to find the optimized DoF and enhanced LR. We show that the number of pixels in an elemental lens (EL), and focal length and width of the lens determine practical LR and DoF at the focal plane, and the numerically induced DOP-II with two specified DPO-gaps which are larger than focal length have the enhanced LR and DoF comparing with those of the conventional DPII presenting the optimized LR and DoF near to two DPO-gaps. We show that one of the DPO-gaps has largest DoF and another has largest resolution within some part of DoF in the on-axial DPO-spot size diagram (DPO-SD). Though this DPO-SD, it is expected that the various 3D geometric imaging configurations according to the application fields of 3D imaging could be designed as well. Finally, we verified that the numerically induced 3 geometrical structures based on the proposed model show the similar results with measurements of the optical experiments on the built-up DPO-asymmetric II (DPO-AII) system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the impact of the depth of focus on subjective refraction and distribution of myopic and hyperopic refractions. Methods: A total of 450 eyes of 305 subjects in the age range of 23–34 years were recruited for the study. A distribution of refractions was examined using a traditional method of the subjective refractometry on the basis of point-like posterior focus notion. Correction of the results was made on the assumption that the emmetropic eye retains high visual acuity when applying convex lenses with values which are fewer or equal to the depth of focus values. The following values of the depth of focus were used: ±0.55 D, ±0.35 D and ±0.2 D for visual acuity 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0, respectively. Results: Application of the traditional method of refractometry produced the following occurrence of refractions: hypermetropia 59.3%, myopia 22% and emmetropia 18.7%. After correction of the initial results of values of the depth of focus the distribution of refractions was as follows: hypermetropia 12.7%, myopia 22% and emmetropia 65.3%. Conclusion: The traditional method of subjective refractometry with application of trial lenses was developed on the basis of data of large optical aberrations and significant depth of focus which values should be taken into account during interpretation of results of subjective refractometry. Our data regarding to prevalence of emmetropic refraction falls in line with basic science provisions in respect of the physiology of the eye.

The aim of this review is to investigate the role of depth of focus (DoF) as a potential confounding variable in the measurement of the amplitude of accommodation (AoA). The role of DoF in human vision is briefly summarised, and it is noted that the prevalent method of measuring AoA is the push-up method. Factors influencing the effect of DoF on the push-up and other methods of measuring AoA are reviewed in detail. DoF is shown to add substantial measurement error in the routine assessment of accommodation when the AoA is measured by methods involving subjective judgement of an object’s clarity. Reliable compensation for this source of error is not realistically possible because of the complexity of the aetiology of DoF, and its inter-individual and intra-individual variation. The method of measurement also influences the extent of the error. It is concluded that methods of measurement of AoA that exclude DoF should be preferred.