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In this study, the protective effects of chlorophyllin, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in response to both potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) were investigated using the Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test in vivo. For this purpose, two groups were formed for tested chemicals, with a pre-treatment and a co-treatment for the antimutagenic group. When the results were compared with those of individuals exposed only to genotoxic metal doses, chlorophyllin, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b clearly decreased genotoxic activity of CoCl2 in both treatments. However, it seems that decrease in inhibition rate does not depend on the dose. The genotoxic activity of K2Cr2O7 increased in the treatments with chlorophyll a and b, being higher in the 48 ± 4 h pre- treatment, while the genotoxic activity of K2Cr2O7 with chlorophyllin increased in the co-treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the adaptive response induced by low doses of ultraviolet-B (UVB, 290-320 nm) radiation in the Drosophila wing spot test. Materials and methods: The adaptive response of Drosophila larvae to UVB light was studied by using a somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). The SMART system used was the wing spot test, which uses morphological markers of the wing blade. This in vivo test has shown to be very useful to study the induction of genetic damage in somatic cells, measuring loss of heterozygosity (LOH) resulting from gene mutation, mitotic recombination, chromosomal rearrangements or chromosome loss. Results: To determine the induction of adaptive response, two-day-old Drosophila larvae were first irritated with an adaptive dose (58.3 J/m2), followed by different challenge doses (178, 224, 288, 338, and 386 J/m2). When the results obtained in the different challenge doses were compared with those obtained following the application of adaptive plus challenge doses, significant decreases (74.7-80.8%) in a first experiment, and (65.6-78.4%) in a second experiment, were observed in the frequency of mutant spots on the wing blades. Conclusions: Our results show that in Drosophila the adaptive response can be stimulated in vivo by UVB exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, different concentrations of four benzyl derivatives (benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, benzoic acid and benzaldehyde) used as flavour ingredients were investigated for genotoxicity in in vitro. By taking blood from two healthy people comet assay was carried on to investigate the potential health damages of benzyl derivatives. For the evaluation of genotoxic effects, the tail moment and % tail DNA in the treated chemicals were compared to the solvent control, which is distilled water. The alkaline comet assay showed significantly increased tail moment and % tail DNA at 25 and 50mM concentrations of benzyl alcohol. Benzyl acetate increased both % tail DNA and tail moment at 50mM concentrations. While % tail DNA was statistically increased at 10mM and higher concentrations, tail moment has significant difference at 10 and 25mM concentrations of benzaldehyde. Benzoic acid has apoptotic effects at the concentrations higher than 5mM, for this reason we tested concentrations less than 5mM (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5mM). Only the highest concentration of benzoic acid increased both tail moment and % tail DNA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents study on the antigenotoxic effects of Citrus aurentium L. (Rutaceae) fruit peel oil (CPO) in combining with mutagenicity of two alkylating agents using the wing spot test of D. melanogaster. It notes that mutagens, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, ethylmethane-sulfonate, and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea were labeled as genotoxic. The wing spot test of D. melanogaster was found effective for the detection of antigenotoxic effects in vivo.

In this study, the protective effect of chlorophyllin in response to UVB was investigated using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test in Drosophila melanogaster (SMART). UVB doses of 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 J/cm² increased the frequency of all categories of spots, indicating that UVB was potentially genotoxic. Two distinct groups were formed as antimutagen pre-treatment and co-treatment. In the first group, 2-day-old Drosophila larvae were first exposed with three doses of chlorophyllin (1, 2.5, and 5 %) and then they were irradiated with the genotoxic (200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 J/cm²) doses of UVB at 72. In the second group, both chiorophyllin and UVB was ex posed to 3-day-old Drosophila larvae simultaneously. When the results were compared with the results of individuals irradiated only genotoxic doses, it was observed that chlorophyllin have decreased genotoxicity resulted from UVB. Decreasing rate in genotoxicity was higher at 2-day-old pre-treatment groups than at 72 hours co-treatment groups. The obtained results showed that three doses of chlorophyllin (1, 2.5, and 5 %) have given effective protection against UVB in Drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Food flavourings are an essential element in foods. Benzyl derivatives are the food additives which are used for increasing the taste of foods and beverages. In this study, different concentrations of four benzyl derivatives (benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid) used as flavour ingredients have been evaluated for genotoxicity in the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of Drosophila melanogaster. Third-instar larvae trans-heterozygous for two genetic markers mwh and flr, were treated at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 25 and 50mM) of the test compounds. Wings of the emerging adult flies were scored for the presence of spots of mutant cells, which can result from either somatic mutation or mitotic recombination. Also lethal doses of benzyl derivatives used as flavour ingredients were determined in the experiments. For the evaluation of genotoxic effects, the frequencies of spots per wing in the treated series were compared to the control group, which is distilled water. Chemicals used were ranked as benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid according to their genotoxic effects. The present study shows that intensive administration of benzyl derivatives used as flavouring agents may have a significant genotoxic effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]