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Circular supply chains have received increasing attention due to their contributions to the reduction of resource waste and the improvement of resource utilisation efficiency. To comprehensively and systematically gain deeper insight into circular supply chain practices, this paper adopts a dual perspective and proposes a hybrid method considering the relationship between the circular supply chain practices in each link to analyse critical circular supply chain practices. Specifically, first, a system of circular supply chain practices based on the 3R principle (reduce, reuse and recycle) of the circular economy and the whole supply chain process is built. Then, a hybrid method integrating fuzzy set theory, the Delphi method and a Bayesian network is proposed to identify the critical criteria of circular supply chain practices. The results show that using mechanised and automatic equipment, extending the service life of products through technological innovation, using energy-saving technology, working with middlemen to develop measures to encourage consumers to return secondhand products after use and working with middlemen to motivate consumers to buy products using recyclable materials are the top five critical practices. Firms should consider the priority of practices from the perspective of the whole supply chain. Finally, some corresponding suggestions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The article examines the relevance of specific Industry 4.0 (I4.0) solutions for enterprises in Poland. It also verifies whether there is a positive relationship between the level of digital sophistication of enterprises and their innovation and competitiveness, and whether there is a need to cooperate with external entities in the implementation of these technologies. Design: A survey of 673 enterprises in Podkarpackie Voivodeship and a qualitative survey of 23 experts from Lubuskie Voivodeship were conducted. Data from the quantitative survey were analyzed using the tetrachoric correlation coefficient, the statistical significance test for differences in shares, and logit regression. An Internet query was also conducted. Findings: The research shows that the most complex solutions are still relatively the least implemented. More companies have advanced software than I4.0 solutions. Digital sophistication is higher for medium and large entities, companies with foreign participation, those with a presence in foreign markets, as well as those belonging to the region's strategic innovation industries and companies in the market services sector. The share of entities expecting to increase profits and revenues, as well as R&D expenditures and increase innovation was significantly higher among digitally advanced entities. It was confirmed that implementing digital innovations requires cooperation with external partners. Digital solutions are key to innovative industries in Lubuskie, and public support for digital transformation of businesses is present. Research limitations: The main limitation is the lack of overall domestic survey data. Practical implications: The presence of relevant organizations supporting the successful implementation of I4.0 technologies is needed. They provide expertise for companies. Companies can become more competitive and sustainable by implementing IT solutions. However, dissemination of knowledge about the benefits of I4.0 technologies is required, as well as public support for digital transformation. Social implications: In the face of shrinking labor resources, automation and robotization, with fewer workers, will allow production to be maintained at current levels. Originality: The originality of the article lies in the analysis of the level of digitization versus the innovation and competitiveness of companies, and the analysis of the importance of various external partners for the implementation of I4.0 technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In targeted ad creation, the consumer's ad preferences can be estimated using in-depth semantic analysis and real-time user interactions to predict the probability that a consumer will accept a creative idea in the foreseeable future. If we can say that interactive advertising is the first phase of digital advertising and programmatic advertising is the second phase, then intelligent advertising will be the third phase of digital advertising. For example, digital advertising in its nascent years was often referred to as interactive advertising because of its interactive nature, which distinguished it from conventional advertising, which was largely one-way communication between advertisers and consumers. As the rise of interactive advertising and programmatic advertising was attributable to many technological, economic, and social factors, the emergence of intelligent advertising is seemingly driven by big data, algorithms, and cloud computing. [Extracted from the article]

Knowing that the demand for advertising in a growing e-commerce market cannot be sufficiently addressed in a traditional advertising operation model, advertisers and e-commerce platforms apply artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in advertising to improve efficiency and meet the market demand. From observations in the Chinese advertising market over the past five years, the authors gain insight into how AI technologies are applied in the advertising process and propose that the advertising process powered by AI technologies is composed of four steps: consumer insight discovery, ad creation, media planning and buying, and ad impact evaluation. This new advertising process, which is supported by a data-based platform with algorithms at its core, is tool based, synchronized, and highly efficient. AI has reorganized and upgraded the traditional advertising process and improved advertising efficiency; however, the new process is still born out of the traditional process and is not yet a reengineered one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a supply chain, buyers and suppliers usually try to supply goods or services based on medium or long-term contracts. When executing a supply contract, two partners are required to mutually agree on cooperation in order to successfully respond to uncertain market situations or a supply chain failure. The outcome of the partnership is assessing and considering renewal upon termination of the contract. A partnership after several contract renewals is often viewed as a strategic partnership. Strategic partnership can become more effective and show further growth. Blockchain, which has recently gained attention in the digital commerce market, has technical characteristics that can be used in cooperation between partners. The company's activity is closely related to the need for cargo transportation. Today, the workflow process of delivery is being complicated by the low speed of the logistics cycle, long flow of documents and the presence of errors in them, and security issues. The objective of the research is to define the improvement of the transport logistics system of an industrial enterprise. To define the efficiency, we need to implement blockchain technology, which will solve existing problems in the field of supply management. In this study, the implementation stages of blockchain technology are considered and profitability is defined for future research. Since the analysis revealed the interdependence and mutual influence of transport and information support in the processes of transportation, we recommend using the performance indicators of the processes of transport and information logistics. Using the method of analyzing the types and consequences of potential problems, it was found that the main reason that the management of a chemical enterprise should first of all pay attention to complex with a continuous production cycle, is the timely execution of all operations preceding the shipment of finished products by a vehicle from the manufacturer. In second place in terms of importance and degree of influence on the transportation process is the execution of documentation, which directly affects the timing of transportation. Their delay leads to a delay in the departure of transport from the territory of the plant and, as a result, the financial costs of storing finished products in and out of the warehouse increase. As a result of the study, the logistics system of enterprises is considered to be one of the most complex and well-functioning mechanism. Despite the wide variety of interpretations of the basic concepts, it is concluded that the study will use the interpretation of definitions such as logistics, transport logistics, system, transport and transport logistics system. The orientation of the implementation of blockchain technology to the technological side of logistics reduces risks and significantly increases stability, since it forms its practical orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In advertising agencies, insight is frequently sought to solve advertising problems. However, the ideation process of the account planner is not well understood. Viewing account planning through a lens of absorptive capacity suggests that planning is about identifying and assimilating external information about consumers for use in the creative process. Account planners thus need to search deliberately for insight and work hard to express it to the creatives, who then exploit it to develop powerful creative ideas. The study adopts an in-depth grounded theory investigation of the insight phenomenon among 20 Sydney-based account planners. The findings reveal that identifying and applying insight is a highly creative process. The account planner uses research, personal knowledge domains, challenging conventions, borrowed sources, and central narrative extension to search for insights. However, because not all insights are equal, this study also uncovered what account planners consider quality insight. These include attributes of originality, relatability, usability, and vision. These findings provide guidelines for marketers and account planners who seek insight in framing an advertising message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note explores an increasingly prominent, but often neglected, communication group in China's cyberspace--the online 'influential' (big Vs or verified users)--who shape public perceptions, including on foreign policy issues. Examining threads on Sino-Japanese relations on Weibo reveals a diverse ecosystem that includes not only established media agencies and government agencies, but public intellectuals, whose role and presence are quite central. An analysis of the content of posts finds that influential have similarly diverse viewpoints on Sino-Japanese relations; some have broken with the conflict-focused discourses that have prevailed on Weibo, reflecting a competing narrative espousing the need for greater pragmatism towards Japan. The findings call into question the argument that social media necessarily trends toward greater nationalism. Key words online influential, China's cyberspace, Sino-Japanese relations, INTRODUCTION The sweeping trends of media commercialization and digitalization have dramatically reconfigured the political communication landscape in China (Shirk 2011; Yang 2009; Zhao 2008). Although the official media still hold [...]

Drugs are sold on both dark web services and on social media, but research investigating these drug purchases online is still emerging. The aim of this study is to analyze risk factors associated with buying drugs online. Utilizing theories of criminology and addiction research, it was hypothesized that social bonds, low levels of self-control, and poor mental health are associated with buying drugs online. Additionally, it was predicted that purchases of drugs online would mediate the relationship between low self-control and regular drug use. Participants of this nationwide study were 15 to 25 years old living in the United States (N = 1,212) and Spain (N = 1,212). Measures of impulsivity, a sense of mastery, social belonging, psychological distress, excessive behaviors (drinking, gambling and internet use) were utilized to predict purchasing drugs online. Two percent of the U.S. and Spanish respondents reported buying drugs online with 77% of them utilizing social media services to buy drugs. Results from multinomial logistic regression, penalized maximum-likelihood logistic regression, and binary mediation regression models indicated that buying drugs online was associated with lower self-control, higher psychological distress, and excessive gambling behavior and excessive Internet use. Having online friends was not a risk factor, but having strong social bonds with offline friends served as a protective factor. Additionally, buying drugs online mediated the relationship between low self-control and regular use of drugs. Results indicate that more focus should be placed on mainstream social media services as sources of drug acquisition as online drug buyers have multiple self-control and mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out-of-home advertisers demand measurable and reliable results to better determine and control the success both before and after the launch of an advertising campaign. The evaluation of out-of-home media effectiveness as part of advertising campaigns remains a largely unexplored field of study, especially in an emerging market like South Africa's. By analysing the contents of out-of-home advertising campaigns' media planning strategies and results, this study aimed to investigate whether the effectiveness of out-of-home media formats are evaluated and validly confirmed by South African advertisers. Findings of the study revealed the general lack of effective evaluation techniques for reliably measuring out-of-home media formats' effectiveness in achieving stated communication objectives. Furthermore, results confirm the significant campaign evaluation opportunities provided by the integration of out-of-home media with technology and other mechanisms to receive on- or offline interactivity from audiences with advertised brands. This is particularly useful while the development of reliable out-of-home media measurement metrics is still underway across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main extralinguistic markers of influence in the Chinese medical and cosmetic advertising media discourse are nonverbal, linguocultural conceptual, cultural and historical, cognitive and psychological markers. The article is devoted to a research of cognitive and psychological markers of influence. In the article the most frequency cognitive and psychological markers of influence in the Chinese medical and cosmetic media advertising become known: the built-in messages (unusual decision, motivation to activity, conversations with others and stories about others). The fact that such markers as metaphorical communication and expansion of mass media images, consciousness fragmentation are more significant for the Chinese linguistic culture is established. The research clearly demonstrates that such markers of influence as choice illusion, destruction of time feeling and activization of submodalities are less common in the Chinese medical and cosmetic media advertising. The article contributes to the development of discursive linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, cultural linguistics, discourse theory and influence theory, media linguistics on the example of advertising media, lexicology and Chinese language stylistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Washington Media Scholars case competition, students analyze media data and create media plans. Generous scholarship money is awarded to the top two teams in the Media Scholars case competition, and unlike the NSAC, each individual student on those teams receives a scholarship. Students who are reluctant to take on leadership roles in large NSAC teams often feel more confident competing in teams of two in the Washington Media Scholars case competition. [Extracted from the article]

Advertising practitioners' opinions about newspaper advertising for national accounts are important to the newspaper industry. Since the mid-twentieth century newspapers' revenues from national advertising accounts have declined steadily. The authors report the results of a survey examining what large-agency media specialists think of newspapers as a national-account advertising medium in comparison with other media options. Findings suggest that newspapers fall short as an advertising medium for such accounts on several decisional dimensions, especially in comparison with network television, and that judgments about newspapers hold constant regardless of the personal, professional, and agency backgrounds of the respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of media buyers involved in the purchase of international media was carried out to assess the character of international advertising and the factors used to select media vehicles. It was found that international advertising, as opposed to local-country advertising by international corporations, is a relatively small portion of total advertising activity and tends to be concentrated on a well-defined target audience of business executives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising theory and practice require that media plans be developed and evaluated in terms of advertising exposures, or other desired communication effects, rather than media vehicle exposures. This often means that, when evaluating media schedules in terms of effective reach, for example, media vehicle audience ratings must be weighted. Also, optimum levels of message frequency typically must be feasible within an appropriate time frame. This article focuses on how leading advertising agencies implement theoretical constructs concerning effective reach when evaluating media plans. Media executives from 91 leading advertising agencies describe their agencies' procedures for weighting audience ratings, including the magnitude of weights typically applied to vehicle audience estimates in major media categories. Alternative definitions of effective reach and rationale supporting the use of various time intervals for media plan evaluation are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests and evaluates the best available methods for estimating the duplicated audience of pairs of television programs, pairs of magazines and television-magazine pairs. Previous research in audience duplication estimation is surveyed, and the best existing methods for some situations are found to be inadequate or nonexistent. Improved estimation methods are provided for these cases. In particular, new models are developed for estimating the duplication of audiences of different episodes of a television program, and for estimating duplication of audience within particular target markets. The various models are empirically tested using diary data from a large, national sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in media planning theory suggest that an important element of the media decision-making process should be the evaluation of reach and frequency in terms of advertising exposures or communication effects rather than vehicle exposures. The extent to which these theoretical extensions are practiced by leading U.S.-headquartered advertising agencies is the topic of this article. Over 90 media directors provide information concerning a number of media planning practices. These include the extent to which communication effects data are used in evaluating media plans, the adequacy of various commercial sources of such data, and whether communication effects data are used to weight media vehicle audiences to estimate potential advertising audiences or impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts a comparative analysis of advertisers with in-house agency vs. those using an independent advertising agency. Issues under consideration are: 1. The relationship between the advertisers and the advertising agency. 2. Advertiser's satisfaction with the compensation system, i.e.. 15% commission. 3. Evaluation of advertising agency performance, i.e., creative. media buying, and other services. 4. The importance of advertising to the company's marketing mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the variety of new computer applications, the most important is the development of decision models for media selection. This article discusses the development of decision models in general, the development of a practical media decision model which grew out of disillusionment with linear programing, the ways that this model's requirements for new data are being met, and the implications of the model for the future of the advertising business. After reading this article, read the succeeding one, "How Practical Is the Media Model?" by Joseph St. Georges (pp. 31-33). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data-driven marketing refers to marketing strategies focused on information from the study of available customer data. The goal of a data-driven marketing campaign is to enhance customer experience, increasing marketing ROI, and drive sales. This, in turn, refines customer experience as it helps identify areas of improvement for marketers, and guarantees customer satisfaction. [Extracted from the article]

This paper analyzes optimal media planning strategies in a pricing-advertising competition model where firms can use mass and specialized advertising. We find that although targeted advertising avoids the wasting of ads, firms might find it optimal to mix specialized advertising with the mass media. We also show that the characteristics of the specialized media available crucially affect the outcome of price competition between firms, which can range from a full fragmentation of the market into local monopolies to lower average prices (compared to the case where firms had only mass advertising available). Regarding welfare, we prove that although the use of specialized advertising can lower consumer surplus and drive a fragment of consumers out of the market, this advertising technology is welfare-improving, and can be Pareto superior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision-making models must be distinguished from instructional models. Use of the computer in media selection involves decision models which entail assumptions that can be no better than the general state of the advertising art. The ascendency of operations research in advertising generated a huge appetite for data without answering the essential questions on which the validity of any media model depends These questions turn out to represent the continuing unresolved agenda of communications research and do not lend themselves to the type of generalization which is necessary for a working model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a fitting conclusion to the preceding one, "Practical Media Decisions and the Computer," by William T. Moran. Mr. St. Georges deals with the stages by which media decision makers will realize the potential of the computerized media decision model. He raises serious questions about the requirements and potential sources of necessary data, but shows why the model eventually will enhance rather than inhibit media judgment and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most scholars believe that the current era is the era of information and media. These are media that have caused the acceleration of social and cultural changes and various patterns of lifestyles in the world are introduced by them. It can be said that, in the contemporary era, the importance of media especially modern media is the most important amongst other factors in changing lifestyles. Therefore, given the importance of this issue, the evaluation of adherence to religious lifestyle and the impact of mass media on it is studied among citizens (aged 15-65 year old) of the Metropolis city of Tabriz [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of media options, spiraling inflation in advertising cost, the growing number of advertisers i.e., more brands in each category of product, and the inability of the advertising budgets to keep up inflation are some of the factors that increase the need for serious media planning and buying. Media planners today can juggle between various permutations and combinations for perfect media mix. Just few years ago, the choice was restricted to only few programmes. But today there are 24-hour channels devoted to news, sport, and movies with sub categories in each. Clients allocate huge amount for media, the prices for purchasing ads in the TV media have risen rapidly. As a consequence clients demand wants better proof than ever before that their money is well spent. Previously media buying was easy. The ability of the media buying was limited and the agencies had to distribute time slot, based on availability clients go beyond air time. The negotiating skill, good relationship with media owners, leads to good TV media buy. The study was carried out with so many aspects related to TV media buying of International ad-agencies in India with the following set of objectives. To find out the crucial factors that determines the TV media buying, to examine the media buying technique , and to evaluate the problem faced by the ad-agency in media buying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the common sentiment created around the so-calledArab spring, upon the basis of a narrative developed and disseminated by the mass media as well as in the specialist literature with regard to these complex, varied, and consequential events. It concerns a vision which gathers and promotes an awakening of social dignity through actions of popular revolt and protest, a demand for political change which has cost the peace and lives of too many people, of entire societies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Public health policy calls for intervention programmes to reduce loneliness in the ageing population. So far, numerous loneliness interventions have been developed, with effectiveness demonstrated for few of these interventions. The loneliness intervention described in this manuscript distinguishes itself from others by including multiple intervention components and targeting individuals and their environment. Intervention components included a mass media campaign, information meetings, psychosocial group courses, social activities organised by neighbours, and training of intermediaries. The aim of this manuscript is to study the effects of this integrated approach on initial and long-term outcomes. Methods A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test intervention study was conducted among non- institutionalised elderly people aged 65 years and over to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention by comparing the intervention community and the control community. Data on outputs, initial and long-term outcomes, and the overall goal were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Data of 858 elderly people were available for the analyses. To assess the effect linear regression analyses with adjustments for age, gender, church attendance, and mental health were used. In addition, the process evaluation provided information about the reach of the intervention components. Results After two years, 39% of the elderly people were familiar with the intervention programme. The intervention group scored more favourably than the control group on three subscales of the initial outcome, motivation (-4.4%, 95% CI-8.3-0.7), perceived social support (-8.2%, 95% CI-13.6-2.4), and subjective norm (-11.5%, 95% CI-17.4-5.4). However, no overall effects were observed for the long-term outcome, social support, and overall goal, loneliness. Conclusions Two years after its initiation the reach of the intervention programme was modest. Though no effect of the complex intervention was found on social support and loneliness, more favourable scores on loneliness literacy subscales were induced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the horoscope, which is one branch of beliefs involving prediction and fortune-looking based on star which became a phenomenon in the life of society nowadays. This belief that has existed since the time of Prophet Ibrahim AS continues to grow and remains to the day. The main objective of this study is to identify the factor or factors that leading the students to involve in the horoscope. In fact, the study is intended to provide awareness to the Muslim community to be more aware of and sensitive to this activity that seems normal but is able to undermine and demolish faith institutions. Result shows that the mass media is the main factor in students' involvement in their horoscope and it assumes the horoscope is for entertainment only, unaware of the consequences that would damage the faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ileti-s-im is the property of Universite Galatasaray, Faculty of Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the role of the main actors and their interests in the creation of Brazil Communications Company (EBC, a media corporation owned by the Brazilian Government). By reflecting on the system of political media, the goal is to understand how EBC and commercial mass media interact with the political and the economical fields. Through a historical, comparative and systemic approach one presents the debate about the consequences of the creation of a public service broadcasting company in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues. Only a limited amount of research has been conducted to explore whether there are socioeconomic status differences in responses to mass media. However, the methodological quality of this evidence has not been assessed, limiting confidence in conclusions that can be drawn regarding study outcomes. A systematic review of the effectiveness of anti-tobacco mass media campaigns with socially disadvantaged groups was conducted, and the methodological quality of included studies was assessed. Approach. Medline, The Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, Embase and Web of Science were searched using MeSH and keywords for quantitative studies conducted in Western countries prior to March 2012. A methodological quality assessment and narrative analysis of included studies was undertaken. Key Findings. Seventeen relevant studies (reported in 18 papers) were identified; however, weak study designs and selection bias were common characteristics, limiting strong conclusions about effectiveness. Using predominantly non-cessation related outcome measures reviewed papers indicated mixed results for mass media tobacco control campaign effectiveness among various social groups. Most studies assessed mass media impact on low socioeconomic status groups rather than highly socially disadvantaged groups. Implications. Methodological rigour of evaluations in this field must be improved to aid understanding regarding the effectiveness of mass media campaigns in driving cessation among disadvantaged groups. Conclusion. The results of this review indicate a gap in methodologically rigorous research into the effectiveness of mass media campaigns among socially disadvantaged groups, particularly the highly disadvantaged.[Guillaumier A, Bonevski B, Paul C. Anti-tobacco mass media and socially disadvantaged groups: A systematic and methodological review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:698-708] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the trends of media ownership structure in Latvia since it joined the European Union. Gathering data about various types of media owners, concentration and the diversity of opinion in the Latvian mass media environment is evaluated. Secondly, an essential matter associated with media operations is the transparency of the media ownership structure; therefore context of the judicial and media self-regulation is provided. Thirdly, the article examines several cases of changes in media ownership, reflecting significant processes - the influence of politicians on media, the hiding of the real identities of media owners through use of foreign companies, change of journalism and media culture due to change of ownership. The article analyzes changes in the media system during the economic recession between 2008 and 2011, since during this period several significant changes in the media ownership structure occurred. The article contains data from LR Register of Enterprises, interviews with media owners, and information from other sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pregled is the property of University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pregled is the property of University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Globalization of media discourse by establishing virtual world space, developing communication media has created new patterns of action and new ways of interaction and social relations, which led to a complex reordering of human interaction patterns in space and time, resulting in twentieth century, an increase in public space. Globalization is now a globalization of media and communications-information companies. These large companies are concerned with growth, which means they must develop relations with other powers in the state. Therefore, can claim to act as the fourth power in the state, with a civic purpose and commitment to denouncing human rights abuses? Decisive factor that contributed to the expansion of globalization is undoubtedly the media. Mass media have recently taken a magnitude that has never met before. Internet, television, press access to information of all people, regardless of what side of the globe they are, and with great speed. We begin today to speak more than a media culture, which compete with the traditional form of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizenship represents the permanent legal and political relationship that exists between the state and the individual. Citizenship is often defined in terms of legislation and accompanying political debates, far from the realities experienced by citizens. Due to the lack of uniformity between laws of different countries regarding the criteria for granting citizenship, an individual can be found in a position to have more than one citizenship or in a position where his/her right to citizenship is denied. We are facing a citizenship conflict that bears the concept of multi-nationality or even of statelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pregled is the property of University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In November 2009, the Slovenian government implemented a new participatory tool called "Predlagam vladi" ("I propose to the government") in order to include citizens in the governmental policy process, which aimed to increase active citizen participation and connect citizens and civil society with the government. At a declarative level of the proponent (the government), the use of this e-tool promotes inclusion, openness, accessibility, and deliberative communication. Although the web portal received almost no publicity in the mass media, citizens largely grasped the new opportunity for broader access to the policy process. This study focuses mainly on the deliberative character of the governmental portal on three specific levels: structure and architecture, openness to citizens, and concrete proposals and comments. By critically evaluating deliberative communication and the role of new media in such practical projects, the authors explain how these new opportunities are limited and, by debating deliberation and public sphere, determine important obstacles that prevent such projects from being deliberately effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic feature of crises from the end of the XX century to the beginning of the XXI centuries is their indisputable impact on the field of information, both locally, regionally, sub-regionally or even the globally. Among the basic actors in the field of media and conflict, we should first take into account mass media. Therefore, the role and function of mass media in international, political or economic conflict is the subject of our analysis. The authors suggest a theoretical, typological model for the function of media within the framework of conflict. This model describes four basic ideal types of mass media functioning in the structure of the conflict: 1) Media is an actor in the conflict and supports one of the sides; 2) Media is an actor in the conflict and keeps secret about it; 3) Media does not participate in the conflict and only informs on it; 4) Media does not participate in the conflict and does not inform on it. This is based on suggested models by authors who analyzed the media coverage of the economic conflicts of 2006 to 2009 between Russia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. An empirical study has shown the validity and explanatory abilities of the developed "Peace-conflict journalism multidimensional approach". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Promotion is an essential stage of any product life cycle. All firms either concerned with single or multiple products promote their products. Advertising is the most dominated form of promotion for most of the products. Our research focuses on firms which produces a multiple range of products and advertise them using available media options. The budget constraint forms the major restriction. The existing research in media allocation of multiple products ignores the market segmentation and formulates the media plan assuming all segments alike. In this paper we formulate a media planning problem for allocating the available budget in multiple media that are found suitable for the advertising of multiple products considering marketing segmentation aspect of advertising. The objective is to maximize the total reach in all the segments. Goal programming technique is used to solve the problem. A case study is presented to show the real life application of the model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the run up to the elections, parties have several ways of communicating with voters. In this article, we focus on one piece of the puzzle: advertisements of political parties in the mass media. More specifically, we are interested in the choice of candidates within these advertisements. In countries where parties are the dominant actor, they are faced with a choice: not all candidates can be promoted in the campaign, as this would be too costly and inefficient. Thus, the first question we want to answer is which factors determine candidate choice in political advertisements? Secondly, does candidate choice in political advertisements have an effect on the subsequent coverage in media as well? Agenda setting research has shown that as far as issues are concerned, advertisements do set the media agenda. We use a content analysis of seven magazines and newspapers that was collected in the run up to the 2009 regional elections in Flanders, the largest region of Belgium. The results indicate that both internal party hierarchy, as well as external visibility of candidates determines candidate choice in political advertisements. Furthermore, the agenda setting effect of political advertisements is confirmed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subservience of the media is axiomatic in the construction of an enemy that serves the State for all purposes. Thus, the Colombian government has used a high dose of legal and illegal violence, based on a deviant interpretation of democracy, in order to magnify terrorism as the only problem to solve. However, the "enemy" is an otherness produced by the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Taiwan is one of several leading countries in the mobile music context. Accordingly, Taiwan's experiences in promoting mobile music service diffusion are of importance and interest to international practitioners and researchers. Applying Rogers' innovation diffusion theory, this study aims to employ econometric models to investigate whether the diffusion of mobile music service adoption is affected by external influences (e.g. mass media advertising, salespeople, and service providers), internal influences (e.g. interactions and imitations among acquaintances), or a combination of such influences. Design/methodology/approach - To determine which influence best explained the diffusion of mobile music adoptions, the external, internal, and Von Bertalanffy mixed influence diffusion models were tested in this study. GNUS, a strongly functional language and environment to statistically explore data sets, was used to estimate the parameters of each model. The performance of each diffusion model was then examined using the Akaike AIC and Schwarz BIC statistics. Findings - Findings indicated that the Von Bertalanffy mixed influences model best describes the diffusion pattern of mobile music service adoption and that acquaintances' influence in terms of interactions is the dominant factor influencing mobile music service adoption decision in Taiwan. Originality/value - How managers of a mobile music service provider can use the internal and external influences interchangeably to effectively accelerate the mobile music diffusion at the different stage of product lifecycle is presented in this study. Indeed, the mobile music service is one of the most important industries worldwide not only because its penetration rate in many countries is over 50 percent, but also because of its killer applications. In light of this, the study contributes highly to theoretical and empirical examinations because the diffusion of the mobile music services within a society is the essence of the development/usage of the m-commerce or music industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article synthesizes a large subset of the academic literature on media literacy education. It first argues that media literacy is mostly defined in terms of the knowledge and skills individuals need to analyze, evaluate, or produce media messages. These knowledge and skills mainly relate to four key facets of the mass media phenomenon, i.e. media industries, media messages, media audiences, and media effects. Subsequently, it evaluates what is empirically known about the effectiveness of media literacy practices. Suggestions are made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the world today is so significantly shaped by media technologies, it has become crucial for organizations, institutions and political parties to embrace this phenomenon in order for them to be able to communicate their message and programmes effectively. If they fail to do so, they in effect fail to exist in the public consciousness. Mass media hugely influence how culture is created: intelligence, artistic talent and technological innovation become visible through the media. The Roman Catholic Church, the world's largest religious organization has, for the longest time, on the one hand denied the influence of the media, while on the other hand calling it 'the work of evil'. When the Church eventually came to acknowledge the media as a powerful force, it proceeded to use this power as a mouthpiece for its authorities. The Catholic Church is still not wholly at ease with the media. The question is whether the Catholic Church has sufficiently familiarized itself with how the media function, in order to utilise the media to communicate the Church's message to a large public audience. Against the background of ecclesial documents this article investigates the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the media as it has developed over the past 50 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The premise of this article is that the reaction of the Argentine mass media system to the 2008 international financial crisis exhibits peculiar features due to the country's history over the last three decades, when economic crises became part of the "Argentine normalcy" rather than the exception. To present the argument for this premise, the article points out relevant events in Argentine history over the last 35 years, emphasizing the sequence of economic, political, and social crises, the structure of Argentina's mass media system, its main actors, the process of concentration of ownership, which is considered of "conglomerate nature," and the characteristics of the news coverage of the 2008 international financial crisis by the main media groups. On the threshold of this crisis, the Fernández administration promoted a media reform bill, which led to a major clash with the most important mass media owners. The law, passed by Congress in October 2009, stirred up criticism directed by large media groups against the government - criticism that had started during the international financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article combines three concepts of communication research - media dependency, trust in mass media, and the use of media and alternative information sources - to answer several research questions: Is there a relationship between individual perception of media dependency and trust in the media? Does use of media or alternative nonmedia sources correlate with the feeling of being dependent on mass media? And is there an association between use of media or alternative sources and the level of trust in mass media? Based on a representative telephone survey, this study seeks answers to these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The introduction of new technologies and a steep growth of the media sector are making the media planning more difficult and complex than ever. In the visual and printed media where the competition is fierce the readership is uncontrollably variable. This study focuses on modeling of media planning to provide efficient allocation of the budgeted funds to reach maximum number of clients when there are unknown variables in control.This study offers an alternate method to the classical linear and linear goal programming techniques by taking in account the unknown effects of the readership variant. The resultant model is Monte Carlo simulation based. It is arrived by use of "RISKOptimizer" optimization software, which is recently introduced and is a simultaneous application of the Monte Carlo simulation and genetic algorithm. The results obtained by this method were compared with the results of the linear method and are found more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in Parbhani district of Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. Three talukas were selected randomly and from each taluka 4 villages and from each village 10 farmers were selected which contribute 120 respondents who are watching the programme "Amachi Mati Amachi Manse" on Sahyadri channel regularly. The televiewers were interviewed with the help of a well structured interview schedule and responses were analyzed by using frequency, percentage and Pearson's correlation coefficient formula. The findings reveal that majority (80.00 per cent) of the televiewers were from 'medium' perceived effectiveness category and more than half (50.83 per cent) of them reported that they understand the information in the programme 'to some extent'. Majority (59.17 per cent) of the televiewers were from 'middle' age. The variables like education, annual income, occupation, social participation, extension contact and mass media exposure were positively and significantly related with perceived effectiveness of televiewing farmers. Whereas, age was negatively and significantly related with perceived effectiveness of televiewing farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]