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The design principles of acceptor1–acceptor2 copolymers featuring alternating diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and thienopyrrolodione (TPD) moieties are investigated. The investigated series of polymers is obtained by varying the aromatic linker between the two acceptor motifs between thiophene, thiazole, pyridine, and benzene. High electron affinities between 3.96 and 4.42 eV, facilitated by the synergy of the acceptor motifs are determined with optical gaps between 1.37 and 2.02 eV. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering studies reveal a range of film morphologies after thermal annealing, including face-on, end-on and superstructure edge-on-like crystallites. Conversely, all materials form thin edge-on layers on the polymer–air interface, as demonstrated by multi-elemental near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. The benefit of the electron-deficient linkers thiazole and pyridine is evident: In organic field effect transistors, electron mobilities of up to 4.6 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 are obtained with outstanding on/off current ratios of 5 × 105, facilitated by the absence of detectable hole transport in these materials. Viability for all-polymer solar cells is assessed in active layer blends with the donor polymer PM6, yielding a maximum average power conversion efficiency of 4.8% and an open circuit voltage above 1 V.

Over the past decades, organic electronics have attracted wide research attention in transistors. One of the devices is organic field effect transistors (OFET), which brought a great revolution for their excellent mechanical flexibility, lightweight, low-temperature deposition, low manufacturing cost and conformable large coverage area, in contrast to conventional silicon-based transistors. This paper highlights the overview of OFET structure, operation and electrical parameters that affect the performance. The influence of gate dielectric thickness, electrode width and channel length on the behavior of transistors in terms of threshold voltage, current ratio and saturation mobility value has also been discussed. The progress in the development of organic semiconductor materials is also outlined, which helps to resolve the power consumption issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A p-type (DiketoPyrroloPyrrole as organic semiconductor) Dual Gate OFET based biosensor is proposed for the detection of biomolecules in the nanocavity provided at the source end underlapping the region of the structure both at the top and at the bottom. Various biomolecules have been investigated for their effect on Drain current, ID which is a measure of sensitivity of the device. This device is then compared with different organic p-type semiconductor materials such as pentacene and tetracene based OFET biosensor. Drain current and sensitivity of these devices have also been calculated which shows that DPP (DiketoPyrroloPyrrole) based OFET biosensor has higher sensitivity of 3.0 x 10³ as compared to pentacene and tetracene based OFET biosensors. Simulation of these devices has been done in SILVACO ATLAS TCAD tool. The simulation results also show that the proposed device even shows higher sensitivity for high-k dielectrics such as HfO2, Ta2O5, TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives are widely studied for their semiconducting properties and the influence of the side-chain length on the crystal packing is reported, along with the thermal properties of three core-chlorinated NDIs with different fluoroalkyl side-chain lengths (CF3-NDI, C3F7-NDI and C4F9-NDI). The introduction of fluorinated substituents at the imide nitrogen and addition of strong electron-withdrawing groups at the NDI core are used to improve the NDI derivatives air stability. The new compound, CF3-NDI, was deeply analyzed and compared to the well-known C3F7-NDI and C4F9-NDI, leading to the discovery and solution of two different crystal phases, form α and solvate form, and a solid solution of CF3-NDI and CF3-NDI-OH, formed by the decomposition in DMSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design principles of acceptor1–acceptor2 copolymers featuring alternating diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and thienopyrrolodione (TPD) moieties are investigated. The investigated series of polymers is obtained by varying the aromatic linker between the two acceptor motifs between thiophene, thiazole, pyridine, and benzene. High electron affinities between 3.96 and 4.42 eV, facilitated by the synergy of the acceptor motifs are determined with optical gaps between 1.37 and 2.02 eV. Grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering studies reveal a range of film morphologies after thermal annealing, including face‐on, end‐on and superstructure edge‐on‐like crystallites. Conversely, all materials form thin edge‐on layers on the polymer–air interface, as demonstrated by multi‐elemental near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy. The benefit of the electron‐deficient linkers thiazole and pyridine is evident: In organic field effect transistors, electron mobilities of up to 4.6 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 are obtained with outstanding on/off current ratios of 5 × 105, facilitated by the absence of detectable hole transport in these materials. Viability for all‐polymer solar cells is assessed in active layer blends with the donor polymer PM6, yielding a maximum average power conversion efficiency of 4.8% and an open circuit voltage above 1 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated polymers exhibit significant potential for use in gas sensors owing to their flexibility and straightforward preparation. However, the performance of organic gas sensors based on such materials is currently suboptimal owing to their poor charge‐transport properties and limited selectivity. To address this limitation, a novel strategy that involves blending a chemically modified metal–organic framework (MOF) material, UiO‐66, with a conjugated polymer is developed. The MOF porous material is chemically modified with polar nitrogen‐containing functional groups (amino and nitro groups) to create gas molecule adsorption sites. To evaluate the impact of these modifications on the sensing performance, experiments that combined the sensing performance with a density functional theory simulation are conducted. The findings reveal that gas sensors fabricated using an amine‐functionalized MOF blended with conjugated polymers exhibit significantly higher sensitivity than home polymer devices, the sensing performance of the UiO‐66‐NH2/P3HT blend film improved by a factor of two with a sensitivity of ≈2%/ppm and an LOD of 0.001 ppt. Additionally, these devices exhibit exclusive NO2‐sensing performance for other gases such as CO2 and SO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Conjugated polymers exhibit significant potential for use in gas sensors owing to their flexibility and straightforward preparation. However, the performance of organic gas sensors based on such materials is currently suboptimal owing to their poor charge‐transport properties and limited selectivity. To address this limitation, a novel strategy that involves blending a chemically modified metal–organic framework (MOF) material, UiO‐66, with a conjugated polymer is developed. The MOF porous material is chemically modified with polar nitrogen‐containing functional groups (amino and nitro groups) to create gas molecule adsorption sites. To evaluate the impact of these modifications on the sensing performance, experiments that combined the sensing performance with a density functional theory simulation are conducted. The findings reveal that gas sensors fabricated using an amine‐functionalized MOF blended with conjugated polymers exhibit significantly higher sensitivity than home polymer devices, the sensing performance of the UiO‐66‐NH2/P3HT blend film improved by a factor of two with a sensitivity of ≈2%/ppm and an LOD of 0.001 ppt. Additionally, these devices exhibit exclusive NO2‐sensing performance for other gases such as CO2 and SO2.

In this work, naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives are widely studied for their semiconducting properties and the influence of the side-chain length on the crystal packing is reported, along with the thermal properties of three core-chlorinated NDIs with different fluoroalkyl side-chain lengths (CF3-NDI, C3F7-NDI and C4F9-NDI). The introduction of fluorinated substituents at the imide nitrogen and addition of strong electron-withdrawing groups at the NDI core are used to improve the NDI derivatives air stability. The new compound, CF3-NDI, was deeply analyzed and compared to the well-known C3F7-NDI and C4F9-NDI, leading to the discovery and solution of two different crystal phases, form α and solvate form, and a solid solution of CF3-NDI and CF3-NDI-OH, formed by the decomposition in DMSO.

In this work, the synthesis of BODIPY-phenyl-triazole labelled coumarins (BPhTCs) using a two-step approach is described. The influence of the BODIPY appending on the photophysical, electrochemical and thermal properties of the phenyl-triazole-coumarin precursors (PhTCs) was investigated. Band gap energies were measured by absorption spectroscopy (2.20 ± 0.02 eV in the solid and 2.35 ± 0.01 eV in solution) and cyclic voltammetry (2.10 ± 0.05 eV). The results are supported by DFT calculations confirming the presence of lowest LUMO levels that facilitate the electron injection and stabilize the electron transport. Their charge-transport parameters were measured in Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET) devices. BPhTCs showed an ambipolar transistor behavior with good n-type charge mobilities (10−2 cm2V−1s−1) allowing these derivatives to be employed as promising semiconducting crystalline and fluorescent materials with good thermal and air stability up to 250 °C.

Comprehensive Summary: A novel type of A‐type nanogrids (AGs) with axial and central chirality was synthesized via Friedel‐Crafts gridization of thiophenes and difluorenyl biaromatic derivatives, yielding 9%—30%. Additionally, the effect of stereoisomers of 1,1'‐binaphthyl difluorenols (BINDFOH) was investigated to demonstrate that R/S‐BINDFOH is more advantageous for the synthesis of AGs than Mix‐BINDFOH. Furthermore, tests on OFET memory devices showed that AGs have a larger storage window, indicating potential for data storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promising field of organic electronics has ushered in a new era of biosensing technology, thus offering a promising frontier for applications in both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of organic electronics' remarkable progress and potential in biosensing applications. It explores the multifaceted aspects of organic materials and devices, thereby highlighting their unique advantages, such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and low-cost fabrication. The paper delves into the diverse range of biosensors enabled by organic electronics, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors, thus showcasing their versatility in detecting biomolecules, pathogens, and environmental pollutants. Furthermore, integrating organic biosensors into wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is discussed, wherein they offer real-time, remote, and personalized monitoring solutions. The review also addresses the current challenges and future prospects of organic biosensing, thus emphasizing the potential for breakthroughs in personalized medicine, environmental sustainability, and the advancement of human health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of n-type organic semiconductor materials for transporting electrons as part of logic circuits is equally important to the development of p-type materials for transporting holes. Currently, progress in research on n-type materials is relatively backward, and the number of polymers with high electron mobility is limited. As the core component of the organic field-effect transistor (OFET), the rational design and judicious selection of the structure of organic semiconductor materials are crucial to enhance the performance of devices. A novel conjugated copolymer with an all-acceptor structure was synthesized based on an effective chemical structure modification and design strategy. PDPPTT-2Tz was obtained by the Stille coupling of the DPPTT monomer with 2Tz-SnMe3, which features high molecular weight and thermal stability. The low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the copolymer was attributed to the introduction of electron-deficient bithiazole. DFT calculations revealed that this material is highly planar. The effect of modulation from a donor–acceptor to acceptor–acceptor structure on the improvement of electron mobility was significant, which showed a maximum value of 1.29 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an average value of 0.81 cm2 V−1 s−1 for electron mobility in BGBC-based OFET devices. Our results demonstrate that DPP-based polymers can be used not only as excellent p-type materials but also as promising n-type materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports a one‐pot process used to synthesize poly[(linoleic acid)‐g‐(styrene)‐g‐(ε‐caprolactone)] (PLina‐g‐PSt‐g‐PCL) graft copolymers. The process was carried out by combining the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene with the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone from polymeric linoleic acid having hydroxyl groups and bromine groups in the main chain. The characterization of the products was achieved using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, size‐exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Subsequently, an organic field effect transistor (OFET) was fabricated with PLina‐g‐PSt‐g‐PCL graft copolymers as the insulator layer. Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was used as the active layer and prepatterned OFET substrates were used as the welding/discharge electrodes. To measure capacitance, an ITO/P3HT/PLina‐g‐PSt‐g‐PCL/Al structure was prepared using the same method. To obtain output and transfer current–voltage characteristics, electrical characterizations of OFET devices were conducted in darkness and an atmosphere of air. From a capacitance–frequency plot, the key characteristics of the devices, including the threshold voltage (VTh), field effect mobility, and current on/off ratio (Ion/off), were derived. The fundamental electrical parameters in the fabricated OFET devices based on styrene concentration were thoroughly examined. It was observed that the produced PLina‐g‐PSt‐g‐PCL OFETs display positive device characteristics such as low VTh, exceptional mobility, and Ion/off values. © 2023 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The choice of gate dielectric materials is fundamental for organic field effect transistors (OFET), integrated circuits, and several electronic applications. The operation of the OFET depends on two essential parameters: the insulation between the semiconductor layer and the gate electrode and the capacitance of the insulator. In this work, the electrical behavior of a pentacene-based OFET with a top contact / bottom gate was studied. Organic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and inorganic hafnium oxide (HfO2) were chosen as gate dielectric materials to lower the operation voltage to achieve the next generation of electronic applications. In this study, the performance of the OFET was studied using monolayer and bilayer gate insulators. To model and analyze a device's electrical properties, MATLAB was used. Two main parameters were studied: switching ratio (Ion/Ioff) and subthreshold swing (SS), as well as the effect of dielectric capacitance on the gate dielectric materials. The PVA/HfO2 bilayer gate dielectric gave the best results in Ion/Ioff ratio, SS and transconductance of 9.05´10-7, -1.52, and -4.99 x10-5A/V respectively, which is because the dielectric capacitance has increased.

In this research, we present the production of series of bottom-gate/bottom-contact hybrid thin-film transistors by utilizing a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as active layers. ZnO nanoparticles are used as electron acceptors in hybrid organic–inorganic-based thin-film transistors as well as electron extraction materials. The nanoparticles of ZnO were produced by the sol–gel protocol. The P3HT:ZnO nanocomposite layers were deposited on silicon dioxide using the spin-coating method. The experimental study indicated that the hysteresis phenomenon of the components can be controlled by varying the amount of ZnO nanoparticles in P3HT:ZnO hybrid blend active layers. As a result, a major improvement of electron transport was observed with the increase of ZnO nanoparticles amount in the active layer, indicates that trapping was reduced in the P3HT:ZnO/SiO2 insulator interface. Furthermore, with increasing the ZnO nanoparticles concentration in the active layer, a critical improvement in the reduction of the trap density at the active layer/SiO2 interface was noticed even without using a dielectric surface treatment. Therefore, these results indicate that the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the P3HT polymer has a crucial role in reducing the trap density in the active layer at the active layer/SiO2 insulator interface, thereby allowing the enhancement the transistor efficiency in terms of carrier mobility, on/off current ratio, threshold voltage, sub-threshold voltage, interface trapped, and density trapped carriers. The fabricated organic thin-film transistors, with significant hysteresis depended on ZnO nanoparticles in the active layer, prove a high possibility to use them for low-cost non-volatile memory thin-film transistors and sensing array applications. The best electrical performance was obtained with the OFET-PZ100 device. Finally, the output characteristics for this thin-film transistor was reproduced by using an analytic model, and good consistency between the different results has been illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of thieno[3,2- b ]thiophene (TT) flanked para -azaquinodimethane (p -AQM) based quinoidal conjugated polymers PAQM2TT-T , PAQM2TT-BT and PAQM3TT were designed in a strategy to extend the aromatic-quinoidal π-system. The three polymers were synthesized by Stille polycondensation, and their opto-electronic properties and device performance in field-effect transistors have been explored. From absorption spectroscopy, the polymers show low bandgaps (1.54–1.57 eV) and high HOMO energy levels. They exhibit typical p-type behavior according to the results of the characterization of the field-effect transistors with average charge carrier mobilities of 0.08 cm2 V−1 s−1 for PAQM2TT-T , 0.12 cm2 V−1 s−1 for PAQM2TT-BT and 0.05 cm2 V−1 s−1 for PAM3TT. This report presents an alternative π-extended quinoidal-donor strategy to control the molecular design and properties of new p -AQM-based conjugated polymers. • A novel monomer unit containing thienothiophene and p-azaquinodimethane moieties has been designed and synthesized. • Pi-extented aromatic-quinoidal systems have been prepared. • Bottom-gate top-contact field-effect transistors show mobilities up to 0.12 cm2 V−1 s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel conjugated donor-acceptor (D-A) type polymers (P1-P3) possessing thieno[3,2- b ]thiophenes (TT) as donors having different functional groups and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) as an acceptor were designed and synthesized via palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction. Their electronic and optical properties were investigated by UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies and cylic voltammetry analysis. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) of the polymers were fabricated using biodegradable and environmental-friendly khaya gum as a high dielectric layer to investigate their charge transport characteristics were at low voltage. All the polymers displayed a p-type field-effect behaviour, among which alkyl chain (C 9 H 19) substituted P2 exhibited the highest average saturated hole mobility, μ sat , 0.086 cm2 V−1 s−1, on/off current ratio, I on /I off = 1.0 × 103, and subthreshold swing, SS, 425 mV dec−1. The results presented in this work corroborate that the three novel TT-BT polymers have promising potential for electronic and optoelectronic applications, in particular, where tunability of the field-effect behaviour is essential for performance. [Display omitted] • Thienothiophene and benzothiadiazole based D-A polymers containing various functional groups. • Effects of different functional groups (4-CNPh, C 9 H 19 , Ph) on device performance. • A high OFET performance with maximum hole mobility of μ sat , 0.086 cm2/Vs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promising field of organic electronics has ushered in a new era of biosensing technology, thus offering a promising frontier for applications in both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of organic electronics’ remarkable progress and potential in biosensing applications. It explores the multifaceted aspects of organic materials and devices, thereby highlighting their unique advantages, such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and low-cost fabrication. The paper delves into the diverse range of biosensors enabled by organic electronics, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors, thus showcasing their versatility in detecting biomolecules, pathogens, and environmental pollutants. Furthermore, integrating organic biosensors into wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is discussed, wherein they offer real-time, remote, and personalized monitoring solutions. The review also addresses the current challenges and future prospects of organic biosensing, thus emphasizing the potential for breakthroughs in personalized medicine, environmental sustainability, and the advancement of human health and well-being.

A series of new anthracene/pyrene functionalized triarylamine‐based D‐π‐D' semiconductors are demonstrated as p‐channel material for high‐performance OFETs. The introduction of electron‐donating end‐caps and ethynyl styrylene bridged spacers at D‐π‐D' architecture modulated the self‐ordering, electron distribution, and field‐effect mobility. These molecules exhibited high‐lying HOMO of ∼4.8 eV, enabling the hole‐transporting property and reducing the energy barrier for charge injection. Organic field‐effect transistors fabricated on bottom‐gated top‐contact architecture containing pyrene end‐capped triarylamines with tert‐butylphenyl sidearm as active layer displayed high hole mobility of 2.5 cm2/Vs and on/off current ratio of 107, and the threshold voltage of −7 V. The highest performance was supported by the molecular order of the film, planarity, high HOMO, and electron‐donating nature of the end‐capping units, as illustrated by the SEM, XRD, and DFT studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based sensors have gained considerable attention for information perception and processing in developing artificial intelligent systems owing to their amplification function and multiterminal regulation. Over the last few decades, extensive research has been conducted on developing OFETs with steep subthreshold swings (SS) to achieve high-performance sensing. In this review, based on an analysis of the critical factors that are unfavorable for a steep SS in OFETs, the corresponding representative strategies for achieving steep SS are summarized, and the advantages and limitations of these strategies are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, a bridge between SS and OFET sensor performance is established. Subsequently, the applications of OFETs with steep SS in sensor systems, including pressure sensors, photosensors, biochemical sensors, and electrophysiological signal sensors. Lastly, the challenges faced in developing OFET sensors with steep SS are discussed. This study provides insights into the design and application of high-performance OFET sensor systems., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The performance of organic field‐effect transistors is still severely limited by factors such as contact resistance and charge trapping. Chemical doping is considered to be a promising key enabler for improving device performance, although there is a limited number of established doping protocols as well as a lack of understanding of the doping mechanisms. Here, a very simple doping methodology based on exposing an organic semiconductor thin film to an aqueous iodine solution is reported. The doped devices exhibit enhanced device mobility, which becomes channel‐length independent, a decreased threshold voltage and a reduction in the density of interfacial traps. The device OFF current is not altered, which is in agreement with the spectroscopic data that points out that no charge transfer processes are occurring. Kelvin probe force microscopy characterization of the devices under operando conditions unambiguously proves that an important reduction of the contact resistance takes place after their exposition to the iodine solution, reaching almost ohmic contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the data on the application of isoindigo derivatives in the chemistry of functional materials are analyzed and summarized. These bisheterocycles can be used in the creation of organic solar cells, sensors, lithium ion batteries as well as in OFET and OLED technologies. The potentials of the use of polymer structures based on isoindigo as photoactive component in the photoelectrochemical reduction of water, as matrix for MALDI spectrometry and in photothermal cancer therapy are also shown. Data published over the past 5 years, including works published at the beginning of 2021, are given.

• Two new copper(II)-phthalocyanines have been successfully synthesized. • Compounds not aggregate into the solution. • Peripheral substituted copper(II)-phthalocyanines exhibit high on/off ratio. • Non-peripheral substituted copper(II)-phthalocyanines show high mobility. New two tetra-peripheral/non-peripheral substituted copper(II)-phthalocyanines have been synthesized and characterized by using ATR-IR, MALDI-TOF/MS and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The electrical characterization and conducting properties of copper(II)-phthalocyanine compounds have been achieved in order to determine their use as a semiconductor layer in organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The OFETs characterization has been performed and the tetra-peripheral/non-peripheral substituted copper(II)-phthalocyanines OFET carrier mobility of about 1.31×10−3 cm2/V.s and 1.42×10−3 cm2/V.s, respectively. On/off current ratio of ∼103 and ∼102; threshold voltage of (-30 V, -32 V), respectively were measured. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electronics have become an active topic of research in the area of semiconductor transistors. Organic-field effect transistors (OFET) which uses special organic compounds have excellent mechanical flexibility, light weight, low temperature deposition, low manufacturing cost and conformable large coverage area in contrast to crystalline silicon based transistors. This article highlights the OFET operation along with the influence of gate dielectric thickness, electrode and channel width on the behavior of transistors in terms of threshold voltage, current ratio and saturation mobility value. Furthermore, review the perspective use of such devices in the advance sensing application including flexible/wearable electronics, and biosensors to highlight recent progress in this area. Here, the focus is on the optimal selection of organic semiconductor material and polymers to enhance stability and selectivity. Despite much progress, low power consumption is a major parameter needed to improve. Therefore various strategies are outlined such as high dielectric constant, less contact resistance, minimizing sub threshold slope to overcome the power consumption problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing the high molecular orientation and structurally ordered microstructure of organic semiconductor polymer thin films is beneficial for enhancing the charge transport of conjugated polymers and achieving high-performance organic electronic devices. In this work, we successfully developed large-area highly aligned films of a thiophene-based polymer, namely poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl) thieno [3,2-b] thiophene) (PBTTT), using the magnetic alignment method at a low magnetic field (0.12 T), which was assisted by superparamagnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@C. The aligned microstructure of the composite films is confirmed by systematic analysis that includes polarized optical microscopy, polarized UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and an atomic force microscope. Organic field effect transistors based on magnetic aligned composite film exhibit a 2.8-fold improvement in carrier mobility compared with the unaligned films. We hold a formation mechanism that the rapid magnetically induced self-assembly property of Fe3O4@C and its intermolecular interaction with polymer chains are key to the new method of preparing oriented thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is determined by the semiconductor/dielectric interface. In this work, we report the functionalization of an OFET dielectric with a novel electroactive self-assembled monolayer (SAM) based on a polychlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical derivative and its αH non electroactive counterpart. The influence of these SAMs on p- and n-type OFETs is explored. We observe that differences in the accessibility of the electronic energy levels of the PTM derivatives has a significant impact on the device performance. Both SAMs are hydrophobic, which lead to smoother pentacene films. In addition, the radical electroactive SAMs act as p-dopant in pentacene transistors and as charge trap in fullerene C60 OFETs. This approach can be useful for fabricating organic electronic devices with tailored properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzobisthiazole polymer with resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHBs) has been synthesized for both organic field-effect transistor and polymer solar cell applications. The properties of the hydrogen bonded polymer are compared with the reference polymer without RAHBs. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of the building block reveal that the RAHB interactions are formed between the carbamate hydrogen and imine nitrogen of the thiazoles. The hydrogen donor and acceptor are connected by π-conjugated molecular framework and the hydrogen-bridged quasi aromatic rings lock the conformation of the building block. The building block adopted a layered sandwich packing in crystal instead of slipped herringbone stacking which was often found in the crystal of benzobisthiazole derivatives. The polymer PCBTZ-TT with RAHBs showed deeper HOMO/LUMO energy level (about 0.2 eV) than reference polymer. The PCBTZ-TT demonstrated the hole mobility of 0.96 cm2·V−1·s−1 in field-effect transistor devices and achieved power conversion efficiency of 13.6% in solar cell devices with Y6 as acceptor without any additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low cost of organic starting materials and ease of their fabrication processes have propelled the development of various organic devices and have also generated a considerable research interest in the scientific community. These devices make use of organic materials in the form of dielectrics, conductive polymers, or small organic molecules deposited mainly on flexible substrates to bring about the advantages of stretchability and moldability. Focussed and dedicated R&D activities conducted in this field during the last few decades have led to the development of novel and efficient organic devices that hold tremendous promise of a highly optimistic future. This review provides an insight into the area of organic devices with a particular emphasis on organic light emitting diodes, organic field effect transistors, organic solar cells, and organic thermoelectric devices. It presents a comprehensive survey that includes important milestones, fabrication processes, and applications of these devices. New materials and processes that enabled the recent technological advancements have been highlighted and discussed for each device category. The current challenges of the field are also discussed with a glance at the future prospects and directions for this emerging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and characterization of a series of [1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) molecules disubstituted by hydroxy aliphatic chains in positions 2 and 7 (BTBT‐CnOH), where the intralayer molecular stacking alternates between a classical and an inverted herringbone mode as a function of whether the alkyl sides chains have an even or an odd number of carbon atoms are reported. This odd–even effect does not only affect the interlayer distance of the lamellar structures and the melting points, but also the electronic properties. The BTBT‐CnOH odd series develops a classical herringbone pattern with edge‐to‐edge S⋯S interaction chains linked together by face‐to‐edge S⋯S interaction chains with 2D mobility. However, the even series has only edge‐to‐edge interactions in an inverted herringbone organization and thus only a 1D conducting character. These two types of herringbone patterns have different field effect transistor characteristics and mobilities, those of the odd members being systematically higher than their even neighbors. This is the first example of an odd–even effect impacting the electronic properties of an organic semiconductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electronics have gained significant attention in the field of biosensors owing to their immense potential for economical, lightweight, and adaptable sensing devices. This review explores the potential of organic electronics-based biosensors as a revolutionary technology for biosensing applications. The focus is on two types of organic biosensors: organic field effect transistor (OFET) and organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensors. OFET biosensors have found extensive application in glucose, DNA, enzyme, ion, and gas sensing applications, but suffer from limitations related to low sensitivity and selectivity. On the other hand, OECT biosensors have shown superior performance in sensitivity, selectivity, and signal-to-noise ratio, owing to their unique mechanism of operation, which involves the modulation of electrolyte concentration to regulate the conductivity of the active layer. Recent advancements in OECT biosensors have demonstrated their potential for biomedical and environmental sensing, including the detection of neurotransmitters, bacteria, and heavy metals. Overall, the future directions of OFET and OECT biosensors involve overcoming these challenges and developing advanced devices with improved sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. The potential applications span diverse fields including human health, food analysis, and environment monitoring. Continued research and development in organic biosensors hold great promise for significant advancements in sensing technology, opening up new possibilities for biomedical and environmental applications.

A set of unique features, including large-area solution processing on flexible and stretchable substrates, make polymer semiconductors a promising material choice for a range of state-of-the-art applications in electronics, optoelectronics and sensing. Yet, an inherent weakness of polymer semiconductors remains their low dielectric constants, increasing their susceptibility toward unscreened dipoles. These dipoles are particularly prevalent at polymer-dielectric interfaces with high- k dielectrics, which are essential for the operation of devices such as low-voltage field-effect transistors. This shortcoming can be addressed by using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to passivate surfaces that impact charge transport. However, SAM-treatment also increases the hydrophobicity of surfaces and therefore poses a challenge for subsequent solution processing steps and complex packaging of devices. Here, we report low-voltage polymer transistors processed by spin coating of the polymer semiconductors on highly hydrophobic SAM-treated aluminum and hafnium oxide dielectrics (contact angles >100) through fine-tuning of the interfacial tension at the polymer-dielectric interface. This approach enables the processing and detailed characterization of near-amorphous (indacenodithiophene- co benzothiadiazole) as well as semicrystalline ( poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-thieno[3,2-b]thiophen )) polymer semiconductors. We demonstrate polymer transistors that exhibit high on-currents and field-independent, charge carrier mobilities of 0.8 cm ^2 V ^−1 s ^−1 at low operating voltages (

Organic memory transistors based on an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) structure were fabricated by employing a water-soluble polar polymer, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPSA). The thickness of PAMPSA films was varied from 180 nm to 1000 nm and thermally annealed (treated) at 170 °C for 30 min. The annealed PAMPSA films were optically transparent with naked eyes even though the absorbance at the wavelength range of ca. 190∼260 nm gradually increased with the film thickness. The devices with the annealed PAMPSA films showed p-channel transistor characteristics at low operation voltages (0∼-5 V) and delivered hysteresis of drain current due to the carbon radical-induced dipoles in the thermally annealed PAMPSA films. The best hysteresis characteristics were obtained at the film thickness of 450 nm, whereas the drain current was gradually decreased with the thickness of PAMPSA films. This result has been assigned to the trade-off effect between the capacitance decrease and the dipole increase the PAMPSA thickness increases. The optimized memory devices with the 450 nm-thick PAMPSA layers disclosed excellent retention characteristics during >10,000 cycles of writing-reading-erasing-reading memory tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly π‐extended butterfly‐shaped triarylamine dyads with aryleneethynylene spacer were constructed using an efficient synthetic route. These aryleneethynylene‐bridged dyads are highly fluorescent and exhibited high HOMO levels, and low bandgaps, which are suitable for high‐performance p‐type OFETs. The field‐effect transistors were fabricated through a solution‐processable method and exhibited promising p‐type performance with field‐effect mobility up to 4.3 cm2/Vs and high Ion/off of 108 under ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three polymers with general structure (D-A) n were designed and synthetized to investigate the interaction of strong donors and strong acceptors in polymer chain. They are based on different fused thiophenes (1Th : 4,4′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta [2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene; 2Th : 4,8-bis [(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene; 3Th : 4,8-bis(4-fluoro-5-(2-ethylhexyl)-thiophen-2-yl)benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b']bisthiophene) and N , N ′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-1,8:4,5-naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide (NDI). Fused benzo- and cyclopenta-thiophene derivatives were selected because they are known for their strong electron-donating properties. NDI was coupled with them in polymer chain because it is one of the best known electron withdrawing units. Such combination of donor and acceptor units is one of the strategies for obtaining low band gap conjugated polymers with semiconducting properties for many applications. The interaction of donors and acceptors is a key factor determining the properties of such polymers. The electrochemical and spectroscopic measurement were supported by DFT calculations. Moreover, organic field effect transistors (OFET) were fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of using the newly developed materials in electronic devices. [Display omitted] • Donor-acceptor polymers based on fused thiophene were characterized. • The results indicate complex relationships between structure and physicochemical properties. • Various properties of polymers influence the performance of OFETs. • Polydispersity and its multimodality are important factors influencing its electronic properties in solid state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PBIST bearing swallowtails demonstrated stable room temperature columnar oblique phase, with low clearing point. • Solution processable, printable liquid crystalline PBIST showed n-type mobility of 0.008 cm2V-1s-1. • High solubility and fluorescence quantum yield makes PBIST an ideal candidate to explore its electroluminescence. • 0.5 wt% doping of PBIST in CBP yielded a high EQE of 7% and a luminescence of 1787 cd/m2 in a solution processed OLED. • The high EQE of PBIST attributed to its high charge carrier mobility and triplet –triplet annihilation (TTA) process. Synthesis of highly fluorescent compounds is currently a critical requirement to facilitate the economical and metal-independent manufacture of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on a large scale. This study presents a highly soluble, swallow tail based electron deficient perylene bisimide (PBIST) exhibiting room temperature columnar oblique (Col ob) liquid crystalline behavior along with a high photoluminescence quantum yield, positioning itself as a promising candidate for efficient OLEDs. Incorporation of swallow tails helped in enhancing the solubility and reduction of the clearing points. This unique tailor-made molecular design with the liquid crystalline phase allowed a demonstration of n-type field effect mobility of 0.008 cm2 V−1s−1 when annealed in the liquid crystalline mesophase range (at 70 °C) which can be exploited in the fabrication of printable electronic devices. Capitalizing on the high charge transport and luminescence attributes of PBIST , a series of devices were fabricated by utilizing PBIST as a single emitter and dispersed at different concentrations of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 wt% in host material CBP. Impressively, doped devices featuring the CBP as a host at a 0.5 wt% PBIST concentration exhibited an external quantum efficiency (EQE) as high as 7 %, accompanied by a luminance of 1787 cd/m2. The high EQE is attributed mainly to the triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) process. This notable EQE enhancement signifies a substantial stride towards expanding the utility of multifunctional columnar self-assembled materials for the advancement of OLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New AZO-TZD derivatives (1–11) were synthesized using CSA as a catalyst. The compounds were studied by molecular docking. • A solvatochromic effects with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituent investigated. • Computational analysis of molecular geometry, optoelectronic properties, and ionization potential was conducted. • The role of different solvents, substituents, and the donor and acceptor properties of the synthesized compounds considered. • UV–visible spectrum analysis, shows acceptor–donor-acceptor characteristics resembling an organic field-effect transistor OFETs. Here, new AZO-TZD derivatives (1−11) were synthesized using cellulose sulphuric acid (CSA) as a catalyst to prepare diazonium salts and Knoevenagel condensation to produce final products. The prepared dyes were characterized by various methods including UV–Vis, FT-IR, MS, NMR spectroscopic techniques, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and elemental analysis to perform detailed structure elucidation. Then, in another attempt, solvatochromic absorption was studied using different solvents. Also, the effects of substituent with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups at their o -, m -, and p -position were investigated. To access a deeper understanding of molecular properties, computational analysis of molecular geometry, optoelectronic properties, and ionization potential was performed. The purpose of the calculations is to clarify the role of different solvents, substituents and donor and acceptor characteristics of the connected rings in the synthesized compounds. Analysis of the UV–Vis spectrum confirmed that these molecules have acceptor–donor-acceptor characteristics that resemble an organic field effect transistor (OFET). In other efforts to evaluate their use as antibacterial, anticancer and anti-Alzheimer agents and their interaction with four different types of enzymes, such as carotenoid dehydrosqualene synthase (PDB ID: 3ACX, gram-positive), aromatase (PDB Id: 4GL7) and acetylcholinesterase (PDB) Id: 7AIX), through UDP-3-O-Acyl- N -Acetylglucosamine Deacetylase (PDB ID: 5U39, gram-negative) and their anticancer docking calculations were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphdiyne particles (GDYP), newcomers of carbon family, were employed as nano-floating gates in organic field-effect transistor (OFET) memories. The charge-trapping layer was prepared by blending GDYP into a polystyrene (PS) matrix. The effect of GDYP doping ratio on memory performances was investigated, and the OFET memory with the optimal doping concentration of the GDYP (0.3 mg/mL) exhibits ambipolar memory behavior with a wide memory window as large as 86 V, excellent retention time over 104 s with a high ON/OFF current ratio of 7.5 × 105. This work demonstrates that graphdiyne is a promising charge-trapping material for high-performance nonvolatile OFET memory devices. [Display omitted] • Graphdiyne particles were employed as nano-floating-gate materials for nonvolatile OFET memory. • The effect of graphdiyne particles doping ratio on memory performances was systematically investigated. • The as fabricated OFET exhibits bipolar memory behavior, memory window up to 86 V, retention time over 104 s with ON/OFF current ratio of 7.5 × 105. • Graphdiyne particle is a promising charge trapping material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have designed a solution processable macroscopically oriented conductive polymer of fluorene dangled 3-pentadecylphenol (Polyfluorene pentadecyl benzene, PFLPDB) through side chain engineering and self-assembly approach. Initially fluorene was coupled with 3-pentadecylphenol (3-PDP) and further subjected to oxidative polymerisation in the presence of anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl3). Effects of polarity of the solvent and time on self-assembly process was studied using various microscopic techniques which suggested the formation of macroscopically oriented fibers having 20–30 nanometer diameter in chloroform with an electrical conductivity of (2.1・10–2 S・cm–1). Optical and electrochemical band gaps were calculated from the studies made by UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Its field effect transfer characteristics were further studied by fabricating an Organic field effect transistor (OFET) device having configuration (Si/SiO2/PFLPDB/Ag) and measured its field effect mobility (1.076 cm2・v–1・s–1) at 1 V and ON/OFF ratio of the device calculated as 1.82・103 suggests its application as an excellent active material for organic microelectronics.

Kendiliğinden Birikme, yüzeylerin fonksiyonelleştilmesi için etkili bir teknilerden biridir. Kendiliğinden biriken moleküller (Self-assembled monolayers, SAM), iletken/yarıiletken ve yalıtkan/yarıiletken yüzeyler üzerine oluşturulabilir ve çeşitli teknolojik uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kendiliğinden biriken tek katman molekülleri kullanılarak Organik Alan Etkili Transistörlerin yalıtkan/yarıiletken ara yüzeyi fonksiyonelleştirilerek aygıt performansı arttırılması amaçlanmıştır.

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In recent decades, conjugated polymers have been widely studied in organic electronics to produce low-cost transistors. Additionally, these polymers are doped with inorganic materials in order to improve the transistor performance in terms of mobility, on/off current ratio, and threshold voltage as well as to ease processability. In this study, we use various doping concentrations (0–50% in weight) of tungsten oxide (WO3) in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a well-studied organic semiconductor, to optimize the transistor performance. We treat spin-coated film of the hybrid P3HT:WO3 solution on hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS) as channels of commercial test chips including 20 transistors with their gold electrodes. Compared to using pristine P3HT, the proposed hybrid P3HT:WO3 formula which significantly improves the transistor performance. Almost 105 times larger mobilities, almost 10 times larger on/off current ratios, and nearly 22 V decrease in threshold voltages were achieved. It was also observed that the excess amount of WO3 doping leads to worse mobilities and on/off current ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, electronic sensors based on field effect transistors (FETs) have been broadly explored because of their high sensitivity and rapid detection. Among these sensors, FET sensors based on nanomaterials and nanowires have shown immense potential for the detection of a wide span of analytes. In the present investigation, polyaniline nanowires (PANI NWs) were synthesized by a two-step galvanostatic method and functionalized with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid). The organic field effect transistor (OFET) based on polyaniline nanowires (PANI NWs) functionalized with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid) was used for detection of Hg2+ ions. The detection ability of the OFET has been investigated by immersing a top-gate electrode in an aqueous solution with various Hg2+ ions concentrations. An increase in the drain current of the OFET was observed by the addition of incremental amounts of Hg2+ ions. The limit of detection (LOD) for this device is 0.1447 ppb with a sensitivity of 0.766 mA/ppb in a concentration window of 1 ppb to 15 ppb. The obtained relative standard deviation (RSD) for reproducibility and repeatability of the device was 7.898% and 14.22%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A through-plastic-via (TPV) three-dimensional (3D) integration approach is developed to integrate the organic field effect transistor (OFET) circuitry and the sensing/reference electrodes (SE/RE) for flexible bio-chemical sensor chips. Based on this approach, the SE can be fabricated using optimal processes on a different plastic substrate without concern of affecting the OFET part. Taking H+ detection as a proof-of-concept, it is demonstrated that a weak ion response (~7 mV induced by 0.2 pH) is amplified by 10 times through an integrated OFET common source amplifier. With close integration of the OFET amplifier and the SE, external noise influence can also be suppressed, beneficial for improving signal-to-noise ratio and improving the detection limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing the high molecular orientation and structurally ordered microstructure of organic semiconductor polymer thin films is beneficial for enhancing the charge transport of conjugated polymers and achieving high-performance organic electronic devices. In this work, we successfully developed large-area highly aligned films of a thiophene-based polymer, namely poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl) thieno [3,2-b] thiophene) (PBTTT), using the magnetic alignment method at a low magnetic field (0.12 T), which was assisted by superparamagnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@C. The aligned microstructure of the composite films is confirmed by systematic analysis that includes polarized optical microscopy, polarized UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and an atomic force microscope. Organic field effect transistors based on magnetic aligned composite film exhibit a 2.8-fold improvement in carrier mobility compared with the unaligned films. We hold a formation mechanism that the rapid magnetically induced self-assembly property of Fe3O4@C and its intermolecular interaction with polymer chains are key to the new method of preparing oriented thin films.

Fluorinated electroactive polymers (FEPs) are emerging as one of the most prominent classes of insulating materials found in organic electronic devices. Despite their broad application, those materials have fixed electronic properties that are difficult to be tuned in order to achieve optimal performance in different applications. This mini-review highlights the need for tailoring the electronic properties of FEPs and explores the different approaches our group has proposed as solutions to such problem. Those include strategies to obtain stable dielectric properties and thus stable OFET performance over a broad range of temperature, as well as strategies to make FEPs directly compatible with photolithography, which is the most widely used fabrication technique by the semiconductor industry. Last, a general strategy to introduce different functional groups on FEPs is presented, allowing the introduction of altogether new properties to those polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic alignment of molecules, which exploits the anisotropy of diamagnetic susceptibility, provides a clean and versatile approach to the structural manipulation of semiconducting polymers. Here, the magnetic-alignment dynamics of two molecular-weight ( M W ) batches of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based copolymer (PDVT-8) were investigated. Microstructural characterizations revealed that the magnetically aligned, high- M W ( M n = 53.7 kDa) PDVT-8 film exhibited a higher degree of backbone chain alignment and film crystallinity compared with the low- M W ( M n = 17.6 kDa) PDVT-8 film grown via the same magnetic alignment method. We found that as the M W increases, the degree of preaggregation of the polymer molecules in solution significantly increases and the aggregation mode changes from H-aggregation to J-aggregation through a cooperative assembly mechanism. These events improved the responsiveness of high- M W polymer molecules to magnetic fields. Field-effect transistors based on the magnetic aligned high- M W PDVT-8 films exhibited a 6.8-fold increase in hole mobility compared to the spin-coated films, along with a mobility anisotropy ratio of 12.6. This work establishes a significant correlation among chain aggregation behavior in solution, polymer film microstructures, magnetic responsiveness, and carrier transport performance in donor-acceptor polymer systems.

The development of electronic devices with enhanced properties of transparency and conformability is of high interest for the development of novel applications in the field of bioelectronics and biomedical sensing. Here, a fabrication process for all organic Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs) by means of large-area, cost-effective techniques such as inkjet printing and chemical vapor deposition is reported. The fabricated device can operate at low voltages (as high as 4 V) with ideal electronic characteristics, including low threshold voltage, relatively high mobility and low subthreshold voltages. The employment of organic materials such as Parylene C, PEDOT:PSS and 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS pentacene) helps to obtain highly transparent transistors, with a relative transmittance exceeding 80%. Interestingly enough, the proposed process can be reliably employed for OFET fabrication over different kind of substrates, ranging from transparent, flexible but relatively thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates to transparent, 700-nm-thick, compliant Parylene C films. OFETs fabricated on such sub-micrometrical substrates maintain their functionality after being transferred onto complex surfaces, such as human skin and wearable items. To this aim, the electrical and electromechanical stability of proposed devices will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting electronics circuits on a plastic flexible substrate are pertinent for biosensing applications due to their resilient nature, minimal processing conditions, lightweight and low cost. Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFET)-based amplifier for flexible biosensors have been proposed in this paper. To design flexible biosensing circuits, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) with Polycyclic Hydrocarbon is a suitable choice. It is a big challenge to build an organic circuit using graphene electrode due to its poor performance of N -type OFET, therefore it is advisable to use Pentacene as N - and P -type Organic semiconductors. Pentacene being one among the foremost totally investigated conjugated organic molecules with a high application potential because the hole mobility in OFETs goes up to 0.2 cm2/(Vs), which exceeds that of amorphous silicon. In biosignal process, the first and most important step is to amplify the biosignal for further processing. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) plays an essential role in biological signal measuring instruments like EEG, ECG, EMG modules which measure the heart, muscle and brain activities. The OTA designed using this OFET is adaptable for flexible sensor circuits and also it derives the transconductance of 67 which is similar to silicon OTA. The amplifier designed here gives unit gain of 42 dB with a frequency of 195 Hz which is suitable for low-frequency biosignal processing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]