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Objective: Hyperglycemia promotes inflammation through inducing the formation of AGE products, which bind with receptor AGE (RAGE) products in cell membranes, leading to the activation of necrosis factor–kappa beta (NF-κB). This study aimed to analyze the effects of tempeh-based supplement (TBS) preparations of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) tempeh against mRNA expressions of RAGE and NF-κB on the pancreas of a type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) mice model. Material and Methods: This research was a quasi-experiment, with pre and post-tests with a control design for blood glucose levels; and post-test only utilizing control for mRNA RAGE and NF-κB expressions. A total of 30 male mice, 8-10 weeks old, weighing 20-25 g were divided into 6 treatment groups: non-diabetic, Diabetic, Diabetic+metformin, Diabetic+TBS 10 mg/100 g BW, Diabetic+TBS 20 mg/100 g BW, and Diabetic+TBS 40 mg/100 g BW. STZ induction once a day for two days was preceded by NA to create a DM mice model; meanwhile, TBS was administrated once a day for 21 days. Results: The mean difference of fasting glucose levels in the diabetic+TBS 40 mg/100 g BW group was the highest when compared to the diabetic group (159.52±1.85) mg/dL. One-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in fasting glucose levels, RAGE and NF-κB expressions in the Diabetic+TBS group at various dosage levels compared to the diabetic control group. Relative mRNA expressions of RAGE and NF-κB were downregulated in the treatment group compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: TBS can decrease fasting blood glucose levels and downregulate relative mRNA expressions of RAGE and NF-κB in type 2 DM mice.

Fibrosis is common profound in diabetes condition, they characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix in tissue then cause tissue injury. The study aim to investigate effect of monoculture, conditioned media, and coculture fibroblast of NIH3T3 cells (NIH3T3 cells) in LPS-high glucose media (HG-LPS media) conditions on mRNA TGF-β and collagen secretion. The fibroblast NIH3T3 were cultured with various culture type there is mono culture NIH3T3 cells, conditioned media from macrophage RAW264.7 cells culture media, and coculture with RAW264.7 cells (ratio 1:1 and 1:2) in normal media (media containing 4500 µg/mL of glucose) and HG-LPS media (media containing LPS 0.25 µg/mL and D-glucose 5400 µg/mL). Our findings shows that the TGF-β mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 and NIH 3T3 cell coculture media with a culture ratio of 1:1 (Coculture 1:1) were the highest (p

Diabetes Type 2 can cause oxidative stress leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Soyferment-Tempeh, a fermented soybean product with aerobic and anaerobic R. oligosporus incubation has a high antioxidant content of isoflavones that can regulate oxidative stress in diabetes. In this study, we evaluate the effects of Soyferment-Tempeh on lipid profile, Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4), and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression in type 2 diabetic mice. A total of 30 mice with the age of eight weeks were divided into six groups as follows: A) nondiabetic, B) diabetic mice, C) diabetic mice with metformin, D), E), and F) diabetic mice with Soyferment-Tempeh doses of 10, 20, or 40mg/100g body weight (BW), respectively, were administered treatments orally by gavages. Blood was collected for assessment of blood glucose level, and lipid profile before and after 3 weeks of the administration. After sacrificing the mice, livers were used for RBP4 and PEPCK gene expression assessment. Supplementation with three different doses of Soyferment-Tempeh in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice for 21 days significantly (p0.05). These results demonstrate that supplementation with Soyferment-Tempeh decreases blood glucose level, atherogenic index, improves lipid profile, and decreases RBP4.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of purple sweet potato (PSP) yogurt on the lipid profile of Sprague Dawley rats. The PSP yogurt was made from fresh PSP (F-PSP) and its powder (P-PSP). The viscosity, pH, total titratable acid, proximate, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, and total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) between those yogurts were compared. Selected yogurt was given to Sprague Dawley rats for 4 weeks. Serum lipid profiles were determined after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. F-PSP yogurt has better physical, chemical and microbiological properties compared to P-PSP yogurt. The serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in F-PSP yogurt group was not significantly different compared to control group (P>0.05). However, the reduction of serum LDL cholesterol in F-PSP yogurt group was significantly higher than control group. The serum HDL cholesterol in the yogurt group decreased after 2 weeks of treatment, but it increased after 4 weeks of treatment. F-PSP yogurt could be used as an alternative functional food that could lower the blood cholesterol level because of the ability to reduce the LDL cholesterol level.

Background: Diabetes is a result of oxidative stress which causes the impaired function of pancreatic beta-cells. Fermented tempeh aerobic anaerobic (FETAA) containing gamma-aminobutyric acid and isoflavones can reduce oxidative stress in diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate FETAA in improving pancreatic β-cell function in diabetic mice. Methods: Twenty streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, divided into four groups (n = 5 each group): DM, DM + FETAA 10 mg/100 g BW, DM + FETAA 20 mg/100 g BW, DM + FETAA 40 mg/100 g BW as well as normal group (n = 5). DM mice were treated with FETAA for 21 days. Fasting glucose was determined using the GOD-PAP method, while insulin level was determined by ELISA. The homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) was calculated using the HOMA2 calculator, and the Pdx1 mRNA level was determined by Real Time-PCR. Results: The DM mice group treated with FETAA had lower glucose levels than the DM mice group. FETAA dosage of 40 mg/100 g BW was able to reduce the highest blood glucose levels (p 0.05). Conclusion: FETAA could improve HOMA-β, blood glucose levels, but did not affect Pdx1 mRNA expression.

Increased cholesterol level increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-2 (SREBP-2) is a transcription factor for the synthesis of cholesterol genes. SREBP-2 can induce the expression of HMG CoA Reductase (HMGR). HMGR is a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme. Indonesianin-5, derived from Mahogany seeds (Swietenia macrophylla K), is a flavonoid. Indonesianin-5 is known to have a hypocholesterolemic effect. This study aimed to analyze the mechanism of Indonesianin-5 to decrease LDL and cholesterol levels and the expression of hepatic SREBP-2 and HMGR. Rattus norvegicus were grouped into 5 groups: normal group (N), Hypercholesterolemia group (HC), Hypercholesterolemic groups given simvastatin (HC+Sim), 10 mg of Indonesianin-5 (HC+ 10 Ind-5) and 90 mg of Indonesianin-5 (HC+ 90 Ind-5). In silico analysis was used to determine the effects of Indonesianin-5. The expressions of SREBP-2 and HMGR were analyzed by the RT-PCR method. Indonesianin-5 inhibited the activity of the HMGR enzyme. Expression of SREBP-2 was high after induction of Indonesianin-5 (p<0.05). The expression of HMGR was high after induction of Indonesianin-5 (p<0.05). Indonesianis-5 inhibits HMG CoA reductase and increases gene expression of SREBP-2 and HMG CoA reductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes can cause oxidative stress leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Soyferment-Tempeh, a fermented soybean product with aerobic and anaerobic R. oligosporus incubation has a high content of isoflavones, which are antioxidants that can regulate oxidative stress in diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Soyferment-Tempeh on lipid profile and the expression of Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) genes in type 2 diabetic mice model. A total of 30 eight-week-old mice were divided into the following six groups: Nondiabetic, diabetic mice, diabetic mice with metformin, and diabetic mice with Soyferment-Tempeh doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/100 g BW/day, respectively. Treatments were administered orally by gavages. Before and after 3 weeks of treatment, blood was drawn to measure blood glucose levels and lipid profiles. After sacrificing the mice, livers were used for the assessment of RBP4 and PEPCK gene expression. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, supplementation with three separate doses of Soyferment-Tempeh for 21 days decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, atherogenic index, and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level significantly (p<0.001). RBP4 gene expression was significantly lower in the Soyferment-Tempeh of dose 10mg/100g BW treatment groups (p<0.05), but PEPCK gene expression was not significantly different (p>0.05). These results demonstrated that supplementation with Soyferment-Tempeh decreases blood glucose level, atherogenic index, improves lipid profile, and decreases RBP4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by an increase in serum lipid levels. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for many metabolic syndrome diseases because it triggers oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be reduced by endogenous antioxidant enzymes triggered by exogenous antioxidant compounds, such as 7-OH-2- (4-OH-3- methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one isolated from the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla King. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of 7- OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one compounds on cholesterol level, LDL level, Mn-SOD levels and SOD2 gene expression of hyperlipidemic rats. Thirty rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 6 groups, normal group (N), hyperlipidemia group (HL), hyperlipidemia group with simvastatin (P), hyperlipidemic group with 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3- methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one with dose 10 (F10), 30 (F30) and 90 (F90) mg/200g body weight (BW). Cholesterol and LDL were analyzed with CHODPAP method, Mn-SOD level was analyzed by ELISA method and SOD2 gene expression was analyzed by qPCR method. The decrease in cholesterol and LDL levels were most prevalent in group F90 with dose 90mg/200g BW of 7- OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one, with average difference each of them was 172.43mg/dL and 36.12mg/dL. The rats fed on highcholesterol diet exhibited a significant elevation in Mn-SOD levels (p<0.05) compared to normal group. The treated animals with 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3- methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one has the level of Mn-SOD is significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with hyperlipidemic group. Expression of SOD2 in group F90 has value close to normal group (p>0.05). 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3- methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one with dose of 90mg/200g BW improved cholesterol levels, LDL levels, Mn-SOD levels and SOD2 gene expression in hyperlipidemic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one isolated from mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) seeds on atherogenic index, expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and expression of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) genes in hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: A total of 25 rats male aged 8 weeks and weighing an average of 200 g were used. They were divided into five groups as follows: (I) normal (N), (II) hyperlipidemic (HL), (III) hyperlipidemic rats treated with simvastatin (HL+SV), (IV and V) hyperlipidemic rats treated with 30 or 90mg, respectively, of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one per 200 g body weight per day for 4 weeks. Atherogenic index (AI) was calculated from the levels of triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) while Nrf2 and GPx gene expressions were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: Two different doses of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one in hyperlipidemic rats significantly reduced their atherogenic index (p < 0.05). Nrf2 and GPx expression levels were lower than (p > 0.05) those of hyperlipidemic group. Conclusion: Seven-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one reduces the atherogenic index and expression levels of Nrf2 and GPx genes in hyperlipidemic rats. Thus, this compound has potential as an antihyperlipidemic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to a defect of insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are increasing evidence that active compounds of medicinal plants may be used to treat diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-chroman-4-one flavonoid compound of the Swietenia macrophylla King seed on homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) gene expression in diabetic rats. Materials and Method: Thirty Wistar rats were used with 5 in each group as follows: 1) normal rats; 2) diabetic rats; 3) diabetic rats with metformin; 4), 5) and 6) diabetic rats with a 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenly)-chroman-4-one 10, 30 and 90 mg/200 g body weight (BW) respectively. Blood glucose and insulin levels were analyzed before and after treatment. At the end of the study, the liver tissue was removed for quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. Results: Blood glucose levels decreased significantly (p<0.05) in diabetic rats with metformin and three different dosages of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenly)-chroman-4-one. Insulin levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in diabetic rats with metformin and diabetic rats with 10 mg/200 g BW of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenly)-chroman-4-one. HOMA-IR value decreased significantly (p<0.05) in diabetic rats with metformin and three different dosages of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenly)-chroman-4-one. There was a significant decrease of PEPCK gene expression in the group with 90 mg/200 g BW of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenly)-chroman-4-one. RBP4 gene expression showed a decline, but the difference between groups was not statistically different. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenly)-chroman-4-one increased insulin and decreased blood glucose level, HOMA-IR value and PEPCK gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Hyperglycemia increases inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Goat and soybean milks have been known to reduce inflammation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of goat milk and soybean milk kefir on IL-6 and CRP levels in diabetic rats. Materials and Method: A total of 25 male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) normal rats; 2) diabetic rats; 3) diabetic rats with intake of goat milk kefir; 4) diabetic rats with intake of soybean milk kefir; and 5) diabetic rats with combination of both types of kefir. Before kefir administration for 4 weeks, plasma glucose was measured. After treatment, plasma glucose, CRP and IL-6 levels were assessed. Results: There was a significant decline of plasma glucose in diabetic rats with goat milk kefir (p=0.021), and in diabetic rats with the combination of both goat milk and soybean milk kefir (p<0.001). After treatment, CRP level in diabetic rats was significantly higher when compared with those that had goat milk kefir (p=0.043). All of diabetic rats with kefir had IL-6 values significantly lower than diabetic rats without it (p=0.021). Conclusion: Both goat milk and soybean milk kefir can reduce IL-6 level, but only goat milk kefir can reduce CRP in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate order (ESRO), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are hematological parameters that reflect the presence of biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). This study evaluated the best haematological parameter in order to distinguish between EOC patients and healthy individuals. There were a total of 33 patients with EOC as subjects treated in Dr. Sardjito hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia and 32 volunteer subjects as controls. Curves of receiver operation, area under the curve, specificity, and sensitivity were estimated. To demonstrate EOC's presence, the ESRO was better than the hematological parameters of RDW, PLR, and NLR (AUC = 0.9245, 0.9010, 0.8351, and 0.7457, respectively; sensitivity and specificity = 83.3 and 90.6; 88.9 and 87.5; 100.0 and 68.8; and 94.4 and 53.1, respectively) at the cut-off points 1,125, 44.2, 163.2, and 2,551. Hence, ESRO is a better parameter to indicate the presence of EOC compared to RDW, PLR and NLR., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists., (© The author(s).)