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Objective:To determine the ratio between width of hamular notches and maxillary central incisors' width at cervical, incisal and contact points. Study Design: Cross–sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Prosthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi from Feb 2010 to Aug 2010. Materials and Methods:Impressions of the maxillary jaw of 125 subjects were made and casts were obtained. A precise caliper was used to make the measurement ofthe widths of the maxillary central incisors at three different levels; the incisal edge (IW), at the level of interdental contact points (ConW) and in the cervical region(CerW).The hamular width (HW) was measured between the most mesial demarcation point of the left and the right hamular notches.The ratios between the hard palate width (HW) and maxillary central incisor widths at all the three levels (IW, ConW, CerW) were calculated.Data was analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: Of the125 subjects, 52 (41.6%) were males and 73 (58.4%) were females while mean age of the subjects was 26.56 years. Ratios HW/CerW, HW/IW and HW/ConWwere calculated as 6.08+0.18mm, 5.9+0.17mm and 5.81+ 0.17mm. Conclusion: The HW can be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary central incisor.

Background: Pakistan is a Lower and Middle Income Country with a scarcity of resources for mental health services but high prevalence of mental health problems particularly anxiety and depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been deemed an empirically supported treatment for anxiety disorders among children, but evidence is lacking from countries like Pakistan. Objective: The present project translated and adapted the Coping Cat Program, a CBT based program for children and adolescents having anxiety disorders, for Pakistani children. Method: The translated (Urdu) version of Coping Cat program was tested (N = 24) using repeated measure and a between group design in an orphanage school setting over a period of 6 months. The outcome measures were the Screen for Children Anxiety Related Disorders and the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Results: Intent-to-Treat analysis indicated significant decreases in self-reported anxiety sensitivity (n[superscript 2] = 0.69); anxiety (n[superscript 2] = 0.50); generalized anxiety disorder (n[superscript 2] = 0.44) and panic disorder (n[superscript 2] = 0.30) in the treated group from pre- to follow-up compared to the control group. Therapists rated treatment protocol as easy to implement and 80% of participants rated the treatment manual as useful and effective. Conclusion: The Coping Cat program appeared culturally appropriate for this group, has implementation feasibility and clinical utility for the children having anxiety related problems. Further research is needed to evaluate its effectiveness as an indicated preventive intervention for Pakistani children.

In recent decades, the use of pesticides has become fundamental to agricultural growth. However, the persistent and toxic nature of pesticides has led to significant concerns regarding their ecological and human health consequences. Therefore, for a better understanding of pesticide contamination and its potential risks, here we assessed the levels of five emerging pesticides—acetochlor, imidacloprid, MCPA, atrazine, and allethrin—in soil samples from ponds used for irrigation and in drinking water samples from nearby areas in Lahore, Pakistan. Our findings revealed that 100% of the samples were contaminated, posing substantial ecological and human health risks. Based on the toxic units (TUsum), all the soil samples showed higher toxic pressure, exceeding acute and chronic toxicity thresholds for earthworms, while 100% of water samples posed chronic toxicity risks to crustaceans and 10% to algae. Pollution index (PI) analysis further classified 100% of the soil samples and 10% of the water samples as highly polluted. These findings show high-pesticide residues in both soil and water and highlight immediate risk assessment and mitigation measures to protect non-target organisms. This preliminary information can be used to adopt risk assessment monitoring programmes and help higher authorities in making policies and guidelines to mitigate the escalating risk for ecology and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Court of England and Wales in the case of R (Detention Action) v Lord Chancellor , ruled that the Lord Chancellor had acted lawfully due to the way he operated the Detention Duty Advice Scheme (hereafter "DDAS"). The DDAS is a publicly funded legal service provided to detainees in immigration detention centres. Under it, all detainees are eligible to receive up to 30 minutes of free advice from legal representatives. This approach to detention has been critiqued by scholars on the grounds that a lack of time is afforded to detainees. Some research has been undertaken on the lack of availability of publicly funded legal advice in detention. However, existing literature has yet to canvass the issue in relation to the relaxation of the rules in 2018, whereby contracts were awarded to legal aid providers that lacked experience of dealing with detainees. In this article, I address this lacuna by arguing that detainees were hindered from accessing good-quality legal advice as a result of the lack of experience and expertise of the newer providers. Therefore, I will consider ways of remedying the current dysfunctional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In R (on the application of Begum) v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ms Shamima Begum was deprived of her British citizenship by the Secretary of State for the Home Department, as she had chosen to flee to Syria, and aligned herself with Islamic State of Iraq and Levant. To safeguard the UK's national security, the Supreme Court held that Ms Begum could not return to the UK to challenge the legality of the decision to deprive her of her citizenship. Accordingly, this matter was recently heard in the Special Immigration Appeals Commission whilst Ms Begum remained outside the UK. This piece argues that, as a result of this decision, the equilibrium of power has further shifted in favour of the executive/Secretary of State for the Home Department. This has the effect of attenuating the powers of the appellate bodies to hear cases regarding deprivation of citizenship matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myzus persicae (M. persicae) is now considered a threat to agricultural crops due to economic losses. Numerous synthetic insecticides applied every year against M. persicae, are reported to be unsafe for environment, humans, and beneficial insects. Furthermore, several species of Myzus have been found to develop resistance due to over application of these insecticides. Therefore, it is required to find some novel insecticide that would be safe for the environment as well as for humans. In the current study, two major pure constituents α-pinene and β-caryophyllene were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against M. persicae using a fumigant toxicity assay. Furthermore, impact of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene on expression of five different genes, e.g., HSP 60, FPPS I, OSD, TOL and ANT responsible for reproduction, dispersion, and growth of M. persicae has also been investigated. To perform fumigant toxicity assay, five different concentrations (3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 and 6 µL L-1) of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene were prepared. Lethal concentration (LC) was calculated, and gene expression studies were executed through qRT PCR at LC30 of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene. Both constituents demonstrated excellent fumigant toxicity effects against M. persicae at all five concentrations. However, α-pinene shows significantly better results (98%) as compared to β-caryophyllene (80%) after 72 h at 6 µL L-1 of dose. The highest upregulation in expression was demonstrated at LC30 dose of α-pinene in five in three out of five genes understudy (TOL, ANT, and FPPS I). Conversely, two genes HSP 60 and OSD demonstrated downregulation at LC30 dose of β-caryophyllene. Conclusively, our results highlighted the promising insecticidal potential of both compounds α-pinene and β-caryophylleneby interfering with the reproduction and development related processes in M. persicae, allowing us to recommend the phytoconstituents under investigation as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition is most prevalent in the children particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Statistics have revealed a horrible picture about children suffering from Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies. Nonetheless, there is burgeoning demand for nutrient dense foods. In this perspective, nutritional value of the biscuits was enhanced by supplementing wheat flour with lentil and oat flour (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%). Chemical composition of different flours indicated that oat flour had higher ash and fiber content, whereas highest fat and protein were reckoned in lentil flour. The composite flour (WF: LF: OF; 50: 25: 25) showed highest concentrations of nutrients like ash (3.76%), fat (4.09%), fiber (2.96%) and protein (12.50%). Addition of supplement flour shad significantly affected the dough rheological properties. Nutrient composition of lentil-oat supplemented biscuits evaluated in terms of moisture (3.22-4.30%), ash (0.45-1.71%), fat (19.71-27.40%), fiber (0.20-2.56%) and protein (5.44-8.90%), carbohydrate (56.64-69.80%), iron (3.3-5.90 mg/100g), zinc (0.56-3.59 mg/100g) and energy value (528.26-588.76 Kcal). Spread factor of such biscuits varied between 45.90 and 56.00. The highest acceptability for biscuits was observed when wheat flour was supplemented with lentil and oat flour at 15% level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry sector is the most vibrant segment of the agriculture system plays a vital role in the supply of healthy meat products. Broiler production effectiveness is greatly associated with feed formulation. Although, broiler exhibits a relatively fast growth rate, the nutritional profile of its meat has been criticized under conventional human dietary regimes. In the current study, the dietary inclusion of quinoa was assessed to improve broiler growth performance, carcass quality, and health by analyzing different growth, hematological and biochemical, immunological parameters. In the present study, the chicken was fed with 50 g/kg, 100 g/kg, and 200 g/kg quinoa enriched diets in two different experimental groups during the growth phase or finisher phase while chicken fed with diet without quinoa were as control. The 50 g/kg quinoa supplemented chicken group revealed a substantial difference in growth performance in comparison with the control group. In addition, the examination of quinoa dietary supplementation on carcass quality exhibited variable behavior. Further, all the study groups fed with quinoa during the growth phase revealed no remarkable difference in the hematological profile in contrast to the control group except for the chicken group fed (50 g/Kg) during the finisher phase for hemoglobin levels. Likewise, all the quinoa enriched diet given chicken groups showed no significant difference in serum biochemical profile in contrast to the control group except for the 50 g/Kg quinoa fed chicken group during the finisher phase for total globulin levels. In addition, the examination of quinoa dietary supplementation on the broiler serum lipid profile was also assessed and birds exhibited variable behavior as the result of quinoa dietary supplementation. Evaluation of short-term immune response after quinoa supplementation assessed and birds exhibited no marked significance on expression outcomes of interleukin/cytokines (IL 1 beta, IL-6, IL-10) assessed by qRT-PCR analysis. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of broiler fed with quinoa seeds can enhance the growth performance and the carcass quality of broiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endolysosomal system not only is an integral part of the cellular catabolic machinery that processes and recycles nutrients for synthesis of biomaterials, but also acts as signaling hub to sense and coordinate the energy state of cells with growth and differentiation. Lysosomal dysfunction adversely influences vesicular transport-dependent macromolecular degradation and thus causes serious problems for human health. In mammalian cells, loss of the lysosome associated membrane proteins LAMP1 and LAMP2 strongly affects autophagy and cholesterol trafficking. Here we show that the previously uncharacterized Drosophila Lamp1 is a bona fide ortholog of vertebrate LAMP1 and LAMP2. Surprisingly and in contrast to lamp1 lamp2 double-mutant mice, Drosophila Lamp1 is not required for viability or autophagy, suggesting that fly and vertebrate LAMP proteins acquired distinct functions, or that autophagy defects in lamp1 lamp2 mutants may have indirect causes. However, Lamp1 deficiency results in an increase in the number of acidic organelles in flies. Furthermore, we find that Lamp1 mutant larvae have defects in lipid metabolism as they show elevated levels of sterols and diacylglycerols (DAGs). Because DAGs are the main lipid species used for transport through the hemolymph (blood) in insects, our results indicate broader functions of Lamp1 in lipid transport. Our findings make Drosophila an ideal model to study the role of LAMP proteins in lipid assimilation without the confounding effects of their storage and without interfering with autophagic processes. Abbreviations: aa: amino acid; AL: autolysosome; AP: autophagosome; APGL: autophagolysosome; AV: autophagic vacuole (i.e. AP and APGL/AL); AVi: early/initial autophagic vacuoles; AVd: late/degradative autophagic vacuoles; Atg: autophagy-related; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; Cnx99A: Calnexin 99A; DAG: diacylglycerol; eMI: endosomal microautophagy; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; FB: fat body; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Hrs: Hepatocyte growth factor regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LD: lipid droplet; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Lpp: lipophorin; LTP: Lipid transfer particle; LTR: LysoTracker Red; MA: macroautophagy; MCC: Manders colocalization coefficient; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast MTORC: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex; PV: parasitophorous vacuole; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; Snap: Synaptosomal-associated protein; st: starved; TAG: triacylglycerol; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFEB/Mitf: transcription factor EB; TM: transmembrane domain; tub: tubulin; UTR: untranslated region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been used to cure human diseases since decades. Silybum marianum, a medicinal plant, is regarded as a source of secondary metabolites with therapeutic value against liver diseases and diabetes. The present study was conducted to enrich the production of secondary metabolites in the vegetative parts of Silybum marianum using elicitation strategy in hydroponic system with different elicitors. The elicitors of fungus Aspergillus niger (0.2 g/L), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (100 µM) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (1 ppm) were added in hydroponic medium, individually and in combination form to the 15 days old plant. The elicitor-treated plants were harvested at different time points (24-144 h; increment 24 h) and their biochemical parameters like phenolics, flavonoids, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed. The results showed hyperaccumulation of these biochemical contents, especially in response to MeJA (100 µM), followed by AgNPs (1 ppm) and co-treatment of AgNPs (1 ppm) with other elicitors. The results revealed that the treatment with MeJA (100 µM) exhibited the highest flavonoid (304 µg g-1), phenolic (372 µg g-1), and SOD (16.2 U g-1) contents. For NO levels, the maximum value of 198.6 nmole g-1 was achieved in response to the treatment with MeJA + Green synthesized AgNPs (100 µM + 1 ppm). Our findings depicted an enhanced production of medicinally important plant secondary metabolites and antioxidants; hence, the method applied in this study can play a significant role to improve therapeutic values of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of avian species diversity and abundance at the Taunsa Barrage Ramsar site was carried out from September 2019 to March 2020. Taunsa Barrage is an important wetland for international and local migratory birds, including waterfowls, waders, and long-distance migrant avifauna. Data were collected by direct counts made on four-point transects representing a disturbance gradient due to humans and different habitats. Species diversity indices, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and other statistical methods were used to analyze data. A total of 150 avian species of 19 orders and 53 families were recorded. These included 66 migrant species and 84 resident species. The spotting of ten globally threatened species also highlights the importance of wetland for avian species. On average, 1511 ± 373 (mean ± SD) species of birds were recorded every month. Shannon's diversity index indicated that Transect Point 2 had higher species diversity ( H ′ = 3.779), followed by Transect Points 3, 4, and 1 ( H ′ = 3.769 , H ′ = 3.491 , and H ′ = 3.457 , respectively). Evenness index showed that birds evenly distributed in September (E = 0.5584) than November (E = 0.310 9). ANOVA showed a significant difference (F = 4.800 , df = 3 , P = 0.002) of avian diversity and abundance among the transect points. But there was no statistically significant interaction between months (F = 1.23 , df = 6 , P = 0.233). The results showed that the Taunsa Barrage Ramsar site harbors plenty of resident migratory and threatened bird species. Hence, it is important to protect its habitat and need to protect avian diversity by overcoming major threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three energy‐rich protein (ERP) bars were prepared to meet the daily recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for the protein of Pakistani athletes. The bars were developed using dates, cheddar cheese (CC), whey protein isolate (WPI), roasted chickpea flour, and rice flour in different proportions. Bar #1 contained 64 g dates, 16 g dried apricots, 12 g WPI, and 8 g ripened CC. Bar #2 contained the same proportion of these ingredients with an addition of 12.5 g roasted chickpea flour, while bar #3 contained 6.25 g roasted rice and 6.25 g roasted chickpea flour. All the ingredients were homogeneously mixed into paste to form bars weighing 100–110 g per serving size. These bars were studied for the compositional analysis (moisture, protein, and lipid content), protein characterization through sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), and in vitro determination of the angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE‐I) antihypertensive activity. Moisture and lipid content in bars were 22% and 0.057%–0.313%, respectively, while protein, fiber, and ash contents varied from 22.3% to 23.6%, 6.66 to 5.81, and 2.12% to 2.44%, respectively. The minimum energy content was recorded (272.70 Kcal/100 g) in bar #1 while bar #3 showed the highest energy content 274.65 Kcal/110 g with the addition of (5%) roasted chickpea and rice flour, respectively. Electrophoresis analysis of proteins in bar # 1 (cheese +WPI) showed the four bands at 62, 24, 20, and 12 kDa. Bar #2 (10% roasted chickpea flour) showed some additional bands at 40, 36, 34, and 28 kDa while relatively lower antihypertensive activity than bars #1 and 3. The study revealed that adding 10% roasted chickpea flour (bar #2) increased the protein content and diversity in proteins. It provided 40% proteins to athletes and could be helpful to meet their R.D.A. by consuming two bars/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) is most prevalent and affecting a large number of children in Pakistan. Ready‐to‐use therapeutic food (RUTF) is a tackling strategy to overcome the PEM in Pakistan. The present research was designed to formulate RUTF from different indigenous sources. After conducting some preliminary trials, 14 RUTF formulations were developed by mixing peanut, mung bean, and chickpea alone as well as in various combinations with the addition of sugar, powdered milk, oil, and vitamin‐mineral premix. Freshly prepared RUTF was stored at room temperature (20 ± 5°C) and packed in aluminum foil for 90 days to investigate the microbiological analysis (total plate count and mold count), water activity (Aw), peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. All the parameters showed significant (p <.05) differences among peanut, chickpea, and mung bean‐based RUTF except water activity. The storage days and interaction between treatments and storage days also showed a significant (p <.05) effect on water activity, total plate count, mold count, peroxide value, and TBA of RUTF formulations. The present study revealed that the peanut, chickpea, and mung bean can be used in the formulation of RUTF due to their shelf stability and help to mitigate the PEM in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nelumbinis semen is commonly known as lotus seeds that have been used as a vegetable, functional food, and medicine for 7,000 years. These are low caloric, a rich source of multiple nutrients and bioactive constituents, which make it a unique therapeutic food. N. semen plays an important part in the physiological functions of the body. Nowadays, people are more conscious about their health and desire to treat disease naturally with minimal side effects. So, functional foods are getting popularity due to a wide range of essential constituents, which are associated to decrease the risk of chronic diseases. These bioactive compounds from seeds are involved in anti‐adipogenic, antioxidant, antitumor, cardiovascular, hepato‐protective, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐fertility, anti‐microbial, anti‐viral, hypoglycemic, etc. Moreover, the relationship between functional compounds along with their mechanism of action in the body, their extraction from the seeds for further research would be of great interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 outbreak and its medical distancing phenomenon have effectively turned the global healthcare challenge into an opportunity for Telecare Medical Information Systems. Such systems employ the latest mobile and digital technologies and provide several advantages like minimal physical contact between patient and healthcare provider, easy mobility, easy access, consistent patient engagement, and cost-effectiveness. Any leakage or unauthorized access to users' medical data can have serious consequences for any medical information system. The majority of such systems thus rely on biometrics for authenticated access but biometric systems are also prone to a variety of attacks like spoofing, replay, Masquerade, and stealing of stored templates. In this article, we propose a new cancelable biometric approach which has tentatively been named as "Expression Hash" for Telecare Medical Information Systems. The idea is to hash the expression templates with a set of pseudo-random keys which would provide a unique code (expression hash). This code can then be serving as a template for verification. Different expressionswould result in different sets of expression hash codes, which could be used in different applications and for different roles of each individual. The templates are stored on the server-side and the processing is also performed on the server-side. The proposed technique is a multi-factor authentication system and provides advantages like enhanced privacy and security without the need formultiple biometric devices. In the case of compromise, the existing code can be revoked and can be directly replaced by a new set of expression hash code. The well-known JAFFE (The Japanese Female Facial Expression) dataset has been for empirical testing and the results advocate for the efficacy of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, pasting properties of wheat varieties were investigated through rapid viseo analyzer (RVA). Stareh eontent was determined by Megazyme kit method varied from 68.88 to 72.73%. Pasting properties indieated variability from 65.25 to 67.80 °C (pasting temperature), 3.22 to 6.00 min (peak time), 1330 to 1784 eP (peak viseosity), 645 to 1002 eP (trough viseosity), 1799 to 2565 eP (final viseosity) 685 to 782 eP (breakdown viseosity) and 1154 to 1563 (setbaek viseosity). Stareh eontent and seven parameters observed from RVA profiles of various wheat varieties were evaluated for their inter-dependenee. Stareh eontent indieated a signifieantly positive assoeiation with trough viseosity (r = 0.926*) and final viseosity (r = 0.917*). Present data show that peak viseosity had significant and positive relationship with setbaek (r = 0.879*) and trough viseosity (r = 0.976**). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most prevalent exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) to biological systems has directed health organizations to reduce its safe dosage and the stringent regulation by developed countries that led to ban of BPA-based (Bisphenol analogues) baby bottles. This in turn has opened a new window for ongoing entry of bisphenol analogues into consumer market. Recently, there has been tremendous growth in both production and application of bisphenol analogues to achieve the "BPA-free" claim. Nevertheless, due to growing epidemiological evidence concerning the toxicological effects of these bisphenol analogues in both in vivo and in vitro systems, the debate regarding the safety concerns over bisphenols is back. Structural analogues of bisphenol A had been identified in food products, human and environment matrices. Present review is an attempt to recapitulate the presence of bisphenols in food and environment matrices as well as their concerning physiological effects in animal models and human groups. But, due to structural analogy of these substitutes, their endpoints on biological functions are comparable to original compound or in certain situations, more harmful than original compound. Unfortunately, other potentially harmful alternatives are emerging and it is therefore advised that the replacement of bisphenol A with other structural analogues must be executed with great care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to find the comparative ameliorative role of Moringa oleifera leaf and flower extracts against sodium arsenate induced genotoxic, morphometric and morphological changes in mice embryo. Seven to eight week old pregnant females (N=44) with body weight of 20-25g at gestation day zero were divided randomly in groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K). Group A was of control while all others were experimental groups and administered with selected doses of sodium arsenate as toxicant (6mg/kg B.W and 12mg/kg/B.W) and Moringa oleifera leaf and flower extracts as antidote (150mg/kg and 300mg/kg B. W). Significant (p<0.05) amelioration at dose 300mg/kg of Moringa oleifera leaf extract was observed against sodium arsenate induced morphological abnormalities like micromelia, excencephally, cryptothalmia, anopthalmia, laproschisis and morphometric changes like fetus weight, head circumference, crown rump and snout length were observed. Significant protection of DNA was showed in Moringa oleifera leaf extract treated groups (27.50±2.51) as compared to sodium arsenate (66.25±2.75). So concluded that sodium arsenate induced teratogenicity can be decreased using Moringa extract especially of Moringa oleifera leaf extract as it contains bioactive compounds like phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 gene (STAT6) is an important player of inflammatory pathways. The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of STAT6 to the risk of asthma or IgE has been studied in several populations. We examined STAT6 SNP in relation to asthma risk among Pakistani individuals, suffering from asthma. We genotyped STAT6 SNP rs1059513 using SNaPshot minisequencing assay. SNP association analysis was statistically confirmed by linkage disequilibrium calculator and online SHEsis software. Significance of differences between asthmatics and control group was tested for genotypes and allele frequencies. Our results indicated that STAT6 polymorphism rs1059513 has no association with asthma in Pakistani population as any difference in allele frequency and genotype was not observed between asthmatics and controls. The present study to date is very first of genetic variation in STAT6 and asthma risk, designed for evidence of the STAT6 involvement in asthma risk in Pakistani population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern part of the Punjab province is blessed with a warm climate favorable for cotton production. Most of the rural families are dependent on cotton for socio-economic survival. Therefore, they utilize huge financial resources on pesticides to get maximum cotton production for sustainable rural livelihoods. However, lack of information about safe usage of pesticides may result not only in wastage of resources but also causes harmful effects. Therefore, the present study has been designed to assess the knowledge level of farmers about safe use of pesticides. From southern part of the Punjab, district Khanewal was selected for in-depth analysis about knowledge and behavior of pesticide users. A sample of 160 respondents was selected randomly and data from them was collected through interviews. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analyzing. Results depict that instructions regarding safe use of pesticides application was ranked 1st due to highest weighted score with value of 581. Based on ranking of health and environmental effects of pesticides, headache (health hazard) and ground water pollution (environmental hazard) were ranked 1st as perceived by farmer respondents. There is a need for training of farming community concerning safe usage of pesticides to avoid its health and the environmental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of a locally isolated strain of Lactobacillus brevis MF179529 (LB) with commercial probiotic (CP), and yeast (Y) on growth performance and meat quality of chicken. One-day old Cobb broiler chicken (n=270) were randomly allocated into six groups (A-F) having 45 birds in each group. Groups, A-E were continuously given 1g of different probiotics (LB, CP, Y, LB+CP, LB+CP+Y, respectively) in 10 L of drinking water for 42 days except group F (Negative Control) which was given plain drinking water. Feed consumption and weight gain were recorded on weekly basis. Subsequently, at day 42, birds were slaughtered and breast meat samples were processed for meat quality parameters. FCR of groups A, D and E was significantly lower than group F. Similarly, group A displayed high body weight compared to B, C and F groups (p<0.05). Among color attributes, L* (groups A-E) and b* (Group A, C-E) were significantly higher than group F, while a* of group A was higher (p<0.05) than groups C and F. The results indicate that supplementation of LB alone and in combination with, commercial probiotics lead to significant improvement (p<0.05) in growth rate, total proteins, mineral and fat contents as well as color attributes and tenderness of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated various physico-chemical properties of wheat and evaluated their correlation with cookie attributes. Results showed that damaged starch in wheat varieties ranged from 6.28 to 10.97%. SDS-sed. and AWRC values were recorded as 18.20-30.50 mL and 43.91-66.85%, respectively. WSRC, SOCSRC, SUCSRC and LASRC values varied over a wide range as 50.83-69.64%, 56.66-82.03%, 75.79-106.97% and 79.43-121.20%, respectively. Physical analyses of cookies made with wheat varieties indicated 25.20-26.60 cm width, 5.80-6.40 cm thickness and 39.38-45.86 spread factor and 2.17-3.91 kg hardness. Important correlations were reported between water absorption and SDS sedimentation (r=0.912*). Likewise, a positive relationship was found between damaged starch and SUCSRC (r=0.985**). Spread factor was found to be negatively correlated to ash (r= -0.977**), protein(r= -0.892*), SOCSRC (r= -0.952*), WSRC (r= -0.892*) and hardness (r= -0.990**).Correlation studies indicated that physico-chemical characteristics of flour are imperative in the evaluation of cookie making quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and association of Temporomandibular joint problems with age, gender and span of edentulous period in completely edentulous patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration: Prosthodontic Department of Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore from 1st August 2019 to 31st October 2019. Methodology: Hundred completely edentulous patients seeking complete denture treatment, with no complain of Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) were divided into six age groups, Span of edentulous period was divided in to 4 groups. Examination was carried out for presence or absence of Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discomfort that includes patients with pain, clicking, limited mouth opening and patients with head, neck muscles pain. Results: Higher prevalence of TMJ problems was found among female (54%), as compared to the male (46%) patients. Clicking was the most prevalent problem reported in males (17.4%), whereas Head and neck muscle pain was the most prevalent problems in females (14.8%). All TMJ problems (clicking, TMJ pain, limited mouth opening and head and neck muscle pain) were most prevalent in edentulous period of 1-5 years. Association of TMJ problems with age and gender and span of edentulous period was found using Chi Square test. Statistically insignificant association was found with all the parameters. Significance level set at p < 0.05. Conclusion: TMJ problems were most prevalent in early edentulous period of 5 years and had no significant association with age and gender and span of edentulous period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to find out the effect of UV irradiation of Aspergillus niger at different concentrations of wheat bran as carbon source (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5%) on the production of xylanase. Submerged fermentation was carried out in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks using vogel's medium at 35°C for five days. UV irradiated A. niger has significantly increased the xylanase production as compared to parent strains. Twenty minutes exposure of A. niger was considered suitable for the production of xylanase. Wheat bran concentration (3.5%) was considered best substrate for xylanase production than corn cobs and sugarcane baggasse. Maximum xylanase production was observed at 30°C with pH 5.6. Molecular mass of the purified xylanase was found to be 27.2 KDa by SDS-PAGE. Total protein present in crude enzyme was calculated as 188 mg/ml. Crude xylanase showed specific activity of 41.22 IU/mg protein. Partially purified xylanase showed protein content of 80.6 mg/ml. The novelty of this study is basic sources used are indigenous and cheap for production of xylanase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is persistent elevation in blood pressure for 3-4 weeks. Estimated global prevalence of hypertension suggested that by the Year 2025 (29%) of adult worldwide are suffering from hypertension (1.56 billion). Hypertension complications are hemorrhage, atherosclerosis, renal artery stenosis, angina pectoris end organ damage, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and retinopathy. Along with other drug class Calcium channel blocker are also used for the treatment of hypertension. In this study the possible action of the n-hexane leaves fraction of the Androsace foliosa on isolated rabbit aorta was examined. Antihypertensive activity was examined in the existence of standard agonist like phenylephrine and antagonist like Verapamil. Phenylephrine (PE 1µM) high K+ was used to steady the tissue materials. Additionally to observe the calcium channel blocking effect the tissues were treated with n-hexane segment of A. foliosa leaves. Aortic tissues were treated 4-5intervals with Ca+2- free preparation earlier to control calcium reaction curve (CRCs). Verapamil is utilized as standard calcium channel inhibitory mediator and is used as an antagonist. The Af. n-hexane leaves fraction completely inhibited the precontractions induced by Phenylephrine (1µM) and K+ (80 mM) precontractions, with EC50 standards of 1.0mM (0.3-1.0mg/mL) and 4.90mM (1-3mg/mL), respectively. Androsace foliosa n-hexane leaves fraction was tested for calcium channel inhibitory effect on isolated rabbit aorta. A. foliosa nhexane leaves segment at the dosage of 1mg/mL block the calcium channel approximately (35±5%). Consequence indicates that A. foliosa n-hexane leaves segment block calcium channel in the similar manner as compared to the standard calcium channel blocker drug (verapamil). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to characterize one Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterococcus ratti showing admirable antimicrobial potential. Out of 54 LAB strains isolated from herbivores, cell free supernatant (CFS) of one strain E. ratti was active against wide range of pathogens including Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. PCR amplification of enterocin genes indicated presence of entL50 A and entP. Time kill assay of foodborne pathogens in the presence of CFS further confirmed its bactericidal property. The antimicrobial component was stable at a wide range of pH (4-10) and temperature (4-100°C). The loss of activity with proteinase k and pepsin treatment indicated its proteinaceous nature. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed production of short peptides of 20 and 30KDa Bioautography revealed 20kDa fraction was active against MRSA. Scanning Electron Micrograph further indicated that its bactericidal action involves damage to the cell wall. Our findings suggest safe nature of E. ratti MF183967 for consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, we investigated the hydroxymethylfurfural and furosine content in different products prepared (home-made) and collected from market (commercially processed) include cookies, bread, fried potatoes. The detection of hydroxymethylfurfural and furosine was done through high pressure liquid chromatography. In this study, hydroxymethylfurfural content of different products was observed from 0.076 to 3.605 mg/kg. Moreover, the furosine content of the home-made and commercially processed foods was found in the range of 2.62-16.10 mg/kg. Present study indicated that highest level of hydroxymethylfurfural was detected in potato chips while, highest furosine level was found in the commercially produced cookies. The presence of the hydroxymethylfurfural and furosine in food products accentuates the safety issue and present findings established that processing conditions could be optimized to achieve desirable processing effects with enhanced consumer safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study investigated the effect of chemically (acid) modified starch on quality attributes of cookies. Cookies were supplemented with chemically modified starch at various levels (5, 10 and 15%) and their physicochemical and sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed that cookies substituted with varying levels of chemically modified starch indicated width (30.8-31.7 cm), thickness (5.2-5.4 cm) and spread factor (57.03-60.96). Color determined in term of L8 , a8 and b8 values were found as 67.44-70.25, 3.47-3.75 and 32.22-32.70, respectively. Chemical composition of cookies indicated moisture (2.10-3.21%), ash (0.40-0.43%), fat (21.10-22.93%), fiber (0.083-0.107%) and protein (5.41-5.69%). Hardness values of fresh cookies ranged between 2.29 and 2.71 kg. Our results showed that substitution of wheat flour with chemically modified starch up to 10% could be an effective approach to improve overall quality of cookies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New bovid remains are recovered from Dhok Pathan type locality of Northern Pakistan. The assemblage presents seven bovid species Pachyportax latidens, P. cf. nagrii, Selenoportax cf. vexillarius, Tragoportax punjabicus, T. cf. salmontanus, Elachistoceras khauristanensis and Gazella lydekkeri. The boselaphines are predominant at the type locality. The taxa are consistent with a Late Miocene-Early Pliocene age of the deposits. The findings expand our knowledge on the dental anatomic features of the described species that existed in the Middle Siwalik Subgroup during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, two newly developed methods, namely the exp $$(-~\Phi (\xi ))$$ method and the modified Kudryashov method are used to extract the exact solutions of the nonlinear fractional Phi-4 equation in the sense of conformable time-fractional derivative. The obtained solutions confirm the significant features of the proposed methods in handling the conformable time fractional Phi-4 equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of heavy metals in blood is an important occupational environmental toxicology screening procedure. The aim of study was to determine the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in blood samples of iron and steel foundry workplace exposed workers under routine clinical laboratory conditions. The method was employed for the quantitative determination of lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel in workplace environment particulate matter blood samples from iron and steel foundry workers and in unexposed controls. The results indicate that lead, chromium and nickel levels of the exposed workers are significantly higher those of the controls. Nickel Concentration (μg/L) in high P value=0.0306 and Chromium Concentration (μg/L) in P value=0.0295in worker population as compared to controls. Lead showed highest Absorption concentration in serum from particulate matter to Serum 47.3(μg/L). Absorption concentration of nickel in serum 16.5(μg/L) was lower than lead observed in worker’s population. Absorption concentration of cadmium and chromium in serum from particulate matter -152(μg/L) observed very low. The results also show the need for immediate improvements in workplace ventilation and industrial hygiene practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extinct tragulids Dorcatherium minus and Dorcatherium sp. were recorded from the Chinji Formation of Pakistan. Furthermore, Dorcatherium minus is relatively rare in Middle Miocene site of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon, Chakwal district, Punjab province, Pakistan. The referred specimens comprise isolated dental elements and mandible fragments. The presence of tragulids in Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon during Middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan suggests a humid habitat with abundant cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present investigation was to determine chemical composition and antioxidant activity of sorghum and millet. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene assay and total phenolic content (TPC). Individual phenolic acids were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. TPC ranged 0.166-0.362 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g in sorghum and 0.275-0.305 mg GAE/g in millet. The major phenolic acid identified in sorghum was chlorogenic acid (11.90-39.10 μg/g) while in millet was m-coumaric acid (21.50 μg/g). DPPH was found to be 88.4-94.2% in sorghum and 47.1-48.2% in millet. β-carotene revealed wide range in sorghum (16.8-43.0%) and millet (20.6-28.8%). Sorghum had higher antioxidant activities and phenolic acids than millet. Cookies were prepared from wheat-sorghum and wheat-millet composite flour at ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Cookies were evaluated for organoleptic properties and found highly acceptable at 10 and 20% level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribonucleases belonging to the RNase T2 family are enzymes associated with the secretory pathway that are almost absolutely conserved in all eukaryotes. Studies in plants and vertebrates suggest they have an important housekeeping function in rRNA recycling. However, little is known about this family of enzymes in protostomes. We characterized RNase X25, the only RNase T2 enzyme in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that RNase X25 is the major contributor of ribonuclease activity in flies as detected by in gel assays, and has an acidic pH preference. Gene expression analyses showed that the RNase X25 transcript is present in all adult tissues and developmental stages. RNase X25 expression is elevated in response to nutritional stresses; consistent with the hypothesis that this enzyme has a housekeeping role in recycling RNA. A correlation between induction of RNase X25 expression and autophagy was observed. Moreover, induction of gene expression was triggered by oxidative stress suggesting that RNase X25 may have additional roles in stress responses. Phylogenetic analyses of this family in protostomes showed that RNase T2 genes have undergone duplication events followed by divergence in several phyla, including the loss of catalytic residues, and suggest that RNase T2 proteins have acquired novel functions. Among those, it is likely that a role in host immunosuppression evolved independently in several groups, including parasitic Platyhelminthes and parasitoid wasps. The presence of only one RNase T2 gene in the D. melanogaster genome, without any other evident secretory RNase activity detected, makes this organism an ideal system to study the cellular functions of RNase T2 proteins associated with RNA recycling and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. On the other hand, the discovery of gene duplications in several protostome genomes also presents interesting new avenues to study additional biological functions of this ancient family of proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]