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Abstract Background Nutritional disorders of phosphorus (P), due to deficiency or toxicity, reduce the development of Eucalyptus spp. seedlings. Phosphorus deficiency often results in stunted growth and reduced vigor, while phosphorus toxicity can lead to nutrient imbalances and decreased physiological function. These sensitivities highlight the need for precise management of P levels in cultivation practices. The use of the beneficial element silicon (Si) has shown promising results under nutritional stress; nevertheless, comprehensive studies on its effects on Eucalyptus spp. seedlings are still emerging. To further elucidate the role of Si under varying P conditions, an experiment was conducted with clonal seedlings of a hybrid Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla, A207) in a soilless cultivation system. Seedlings were propagated using the minicutting method in vermiculite-filled tubes, followed by treatment with a nutrient solution at three P concentrations: a deficient dose (0.1 mM), an adequate dose (1.0 mM) and an excessive dose (10 mM), with and without the addition of Si (2mM). This study assessed P and Si concentration, nutritional efficiency, oxidative metabolism, photosynthetic parameters, and dry matter production. Results Si supply increased phenolic compounds production and reduced electrolyte leakage in seedlings provided with 0.1 mM of P. On the other hand, Si favored quantum efficiency of photosystem II as well as chlorophyll a content in seedlings supplemented with 10 mM of P. In general, Si attenuates P nutritional disorder by reducing the oxidative stress, favoring the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and photosynthetic parameters in seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings are sensitive to P deficiency and toxicity and Si has shown a beneficial effect, attenuating P nutritional disorder by reducing the oxidative stress, favoring the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and photosynthetic parameters.

ABSTRACT Environmental influences and genetic variability can promote, within the same species, variations between plants with intrinsic traits to the seeds. This work aimed at investigating the divergence among Handroanthus serratifolius mother trees from traits related to the physiological quality of seeds. Seeds collected from 13 mother trees were submitted to tests germination, electrical conductivity (EC), cold, controlled deterioration, and accelerated aging. Five replications of 50 and 25 seeds each were used for the cold test and other tests, respectively. The average data per mother tree were submitted to cluster analysis by the methods of Ward, k-means, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The mother trees were grouped into 4 clusters by the Ward’s and K-means methods, and confirmed by the PCA, but with varying cluster compositions. Cluster 2 grouped the mother trees with lower seed quality as demonstrated by the lowest values for most of the evaluated traits, but the highest EC and the second-highest value for the germination uncertainty index. On the other hand, cluster 4 grouped the mother trees with better seed quality. Of the 22 evaluated traits, eight are probably suitable for discarding due to their little contribution to the original variability. The results of the different clustering methods indicate significant differences between the mother trees regarding the physiological quality of seeds, showing that these parameters may be used to guide breeding programs aiming to produce high-quality seeds and seedlings of H. serratifolius.

With the increase in cultivated areas, one of the great challenges faced by eucalyptus growers is abiotic stresses, especially because new areas are often affected by water deficit. Therefore, the identification of tolerant genotypes is important to overcome this problem. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize the germinative and physiological performance of eucalyptus species under abiotic stress. Four Eucalyptus species (E. brassiana, E. camaldulensis, E. saligna, and E. urophylla) were evaluated in two experiments. In the first experiment, the germination potential was assessed under two temperatures (25 and 35 °C) and 11 water potentials of the substrate: 0 (deionized water), -0.05, -0.10, -0.15, -0.20, -0.25, -0.30, -0.40, -0.60, -0.80, and -1.0 MPa. In the second experiment, the species were evaluated in a protected environment under two water regimes comprised by 60% and 20% of the maximum water retention capacity by the soil of the pots. Regarding germination, E. saligna was the most sensitive species to stress, showing only 48% germination on 0 MPa potential (35 °C) and under substrate water deficit it reduced 50% germination on -0.21 MPa (25 °C) and -0.16 MPa potential (35 °C). On the other hand, E. brassiana maintained germination at both temperatures and reduced half of its germination at potentials of -0.33 MPa (25 °C) and -0.32 MPa (35 °C). In protected environment, the physiological metabolism of plants decreased under lower water availability. E. saligna was the species with the highest reduction for the rate of net assimilation and efficiency in water use. In addition, E. camaldulensis showed better physiological performance under water deficit. Thus, E. brassiana and E. camaldulensis would be the most suitable species to be used for breeding program aiming to improve water deficit tolerance. E. saligna is indicated for places with a mild climate and with good water availability. The behavior of the species between the experiments showed that under certain conditions there are correspondences in performance, which indicates that this type of experiment assists in the characterization of species, especially when considering the establishment and initial plant development.

The objective of this study was to evaluate plant growth-promoting bacteria in eucalyptus, associated with different levels of ammonium sulfate, to know the benefits to initial plant growth, determining which nitrogen level and bacterial isolate is the most effective. Five bacterial isolates and one control without inoculation were used, besides 4 levels of ammonium sulfate, 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg dm-3 N, in a factorial scheme and randomized block design, set in a 20-L pot, with Eucalyptus urophylla clone AEC144. Height, diameter, dry matter, leaf area, Spad index, Ntotal and photosynthesis were evaluated. The isolates UESBJMR32E and UESBJNR32E promote initial growth in eucalyptus plants associated with intermediate doses of ammonium sulfate.

ABSTRACT - The electrical conductivity test (EC) used to evaluate seed vigor is directly related to the integrity of cell membranes, but its use in forest species is still restricted. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the efficiency of the EC test to evaluate physiological parameters regarding seed quality and the genetic variability among Handroanthus serratifolius mother trees. Seeds from 15 mother trees were evaluated for germination (G%) and germination speed index (GSI). In the EC test, the seeds were imbibed in two water volumes (75 and 100 mL) at 20 and 25 °C, and the electrical conductivity was measured after five imbibition periods (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h). The germination test data were submitted to a randomized block design (RBD) analysis of variance and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test. The EC test was conducted as an RBD in a split-split plot scheme, with interaction unfolding by polynomial regression analysis. The mother trees were divided into four groups regarding G% and SGI. The EC test separated the mother trees into a larger number of groups, regardless of temperature, volume, and imbibition period. In conclusion, the EC test consisting of imbibition 25 seeds in 75 mL of deionized water at 20 °C for 48 h is suitable for evaluating the physiological quality of seeds and the variability among mother trees of Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. O. Grose.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the genotype x environment (GxE) interaction in open-pollinated Eucalyptus saligna progenies for simultaneous selection for greater stability and adaptability for wood volume, as well as to compare the selection strategies through combined and individual analyses in three environments. Three experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates and six plants per plot, with 102 to 122 progenies. Three years after planting, survival rate and wood volume were evaluated. The genetic parameters were estimated by the maximum restricted likelihood and best linear unbiased prediction (REML/Blup) methods, and the stability and adaptability analysis was conducted using the harmonic mean of the relative performance of genetic values (HMRPGV). The highest survival rate (82%) was observed in Sabinópolis and the highest volume (120 m³ ha-1) in Lençóis Paulista. The mean heritability of progenies for the two analyzed variables was considered high, and the genetic correlations between survival rate and volume were weak for all sites. The G×E interaction was significant and of the complex type, with genotype correlation between sites of 47%, indicating that the ranking of the best progenies differed in each studied environment. The analysis of stability and adaptability indicated the possibility of selecting progenies with good performance in the three environments; however, to improve the quality of the evaluated characteristics, it is necessary to select specific progenies for each environment.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate nutrient use efficiency in interspecific hybrids of eucalypt, as an aid in the development of forest breeding programs for areas with limited nutrients. To do this, five clones were evaluated at 2.25 years of age from hybrids resulting from crosses of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5). The experimental design was of randomised blocks, with single-tree plots and 35 replications. For the study, four trees of average performance were cut down (replications) from each treatment (clone); the biomass, and content and efficiency of use of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were determined in the wood, bark, leaves and branches. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the F-test, and the means compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability. It was found that the average for biomass allocation was greater (66.2%) for the wood, followed by the branches (13.2%), leaves (11.0%) and bark (9.6%). The C2 and C5 clones stood out as the most efficient in the use of P, Ca and Mg in the wood. The use of genotypes which are efficient in the use of nutrients is essential to the sustainability of forest ecosystems, reducing nutrient export in proportion to the biomass produced. Also, the recommendation of genotypes which are efficient in the use of nutrients for sites of poor soil fertility can optimise productivity in these locations.

The period of germination and the establishment of seedlings are important factors for the survival of species, mainly in places where availability of water is limited, as in the Caatinga region. In this sense, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of water stress on the germination of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth seeds. Three lots (L 1 , L 2 e L 3 ) were used, corresponding to the production years of 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Before the germination test, the seeds were submitted to scarification in concentrated sulfur acid for 30 minutes. To induce water deficit, polyethyleneglicol (PEG 6000) was used, in the following osmotic potentials: - 0,3; -0,6; -0,9, -1,2 and -1,5 MPa and water (0 MPa) under the temperatures of 25 and 30 ºC. The features the experiment evaluated were: percentage of germination and of normal seedlings, germination speed index and the dry mass of seedlings. The germinating process of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth seeds is jeopardized from water potentials inferior to -0,6 MPa at 25 and 30 °C; water potentials equivalent or inferior to -1,2 MPa inhibit the formation of normal seedlings in both temperatures; the tolerance to water stress simulated with PEG 6000 is variable among seedling lots and germination temperatures.

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número de repetições, de plantas por parcela e de medições necessário para avaliação de caracteres de crescimento em testes clonais de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.). Foram avaliados dados de altura, diâmetro à altura do peito e volume de madeira, em três testes clonais, realizados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 30 (testes 1 e 2) e 10 clones (teste 3), com seis repetições de seis (teste 1) e de 10 (testes 2 e 3) plantas. As avaliações foram realizadas dos 14 aos 74 meses de idade. Foram estimados os coeficientes de repetibilidade e de determinação, bem como os efeitos do acréscimo na frequência das medições sobre a eficiência seletiva. O volume de madeira é a característica com maior variabilidade na parcela e menor repetibilidade; portanto, exige maior número de plantas para que se obtenha elevada exatidão na estimativa do valor real do indivíduo. Em testes clonais de híbridos de Eucalyptus grandisxE. urophylla, recomenda-se o uso de três repetições, com seis plantas por parcela, e de três avaliações, em idades superiores a 2 anos, para que se alcance acurácia seletiva em torno de 90%.

With the expansion of the cultivation of eucalyptus into areas with limited water resources, recommending genotypes which are tolerant to low water availability is important in order to maximize productivity under such conditions. The aim of this work therefore was to evaluate five hybrids of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (H1 to H5) subjected to four irrigation regimes in the greenhouse: daily (IR1), every two days (IR2), every four days (IR4) and every six days (IR6). The following characteristics were evaluated: photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g s), leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf relative water content, photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content index. Evaluations of A, g s and E were carried out on two occasions: 1 - under stress, at the end of the interval between irrigations for each treatment; and 2 - in recovery, 48 h after irrigation for all plants in the experiment. On average, there was reduction of 25 and 40% in A values, 40 and 55% in g s, 15 and 22% in E, and 96 and 103% in Ψw respectively in those plants under regimes IR4 and IR6, compared to under IR1. Stomatal conductance had only partially recovered 48 h after irrigation, and due to being more sensitive, its changes are a good indication of water stress. Hybrid H3 is the most tolerant and H5 the most sensitive to a reduction in water availability in soil.

Caesalpinia leiostachya (Benth.) Ducke (Caesalpiniaceae) is a Brazilian legumenous tree whose seeds present different sizes and shapes, with dormancy imposed by a waterproof coat. In order to improve that quality of lot, seeds were classified by width in sieves of circular meshes (13, 14, 15, 16 and 17) and manually separated by shape in elongate, round and angular. Masses of 1000 seeds were determined and the thickness of each width and shape seedclass was measured, and coat permeability of the seeds classified by the width was investigated. Seeds were scarified in concentrated sulphuric acid and submitted to the germination test. Both final percentage and speed of germination index were evaluated. The classification of the seeds improved the quality of the lot, and the coat permeability was not affected by seed width. Elongated-flat seeds are of low physiological quality and should be discarded. Masses of 1000 seeds, percentage final and speed of germination increased with the width of the seeds. Both elongated and angular seeds had similar germinative behavior, and round seeds are of greater thickness and of superior physiological quality.Caesalpinia leiostachya (Benth.) Ducke (pau-ferro) é uma leguminosa arbórea nativa do Brasil, cujas sementes são de diferentes tamanhos e formas, apresentando dormência imposta pela impermeabilidade do tegumento à água. Objetivando melhorar a qualidade do lote, as sementes foram classificadas pela largura em peneiras de crivos circulares (números 13, 14, 15, 16 e 17) e a seguir separadas manualmente pela forma em alongadas, arredondadas e angulares. Foi determinada a massa de 1.000 sementes, medida a espessura de cada classe de largura e forma e investigada a permeabilidade do tegumento em função da largura das sementes. As sementes foram escarificadas em ácido sulfúrico concentrado e submetidas ao teste de germinação, sendo avaliados a porcentagem final e o índice de velocidade de germinação. A classificação das sementes melhorou a qualidade do lote, e a largura das sementes não afetou a permeabilidade do tegumento. As sementes alongadasachatadas são de baixa qualidade fisiológica e devem ser descartadas. As sementes alongadas e angulares tiveram comportamento germinativo similar, e as sementes arredondadas tiveram maior espessura e melhor qualidade fisiológica. A massa de 1.000 sementes, a capacidade germinativa e a velocidade de germinação aumentaram com a largura das sementes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de clones de Eucalyptus spp. em diferentes regimes hídricos, em casa de vegetação, visando subsidiar trabalhos de melhoramento quanto à tolerância ao estresse hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido por 73 dias, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 18 x 4 (18 clones e quatro regimes de irrigação: diária e a cada dois, quatro e seis dias), com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se o incremento relativo em altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas, área foliar, matéria seca de folhas, de caule e de raízes, razão raiz/parte aérea, taxa líquida de fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração e potencial hídrico foliar. As avaliações fisiológicas foram realizadas um dia antes e um dia depois da irrigação de cada tratamento. Todas as características apresentaram diferenças significativas tanto entre os genótipos quanto entre os regimes hídricos. As estimativas do coeficiente de determinação genotípico apresentaram valores acima de 0,86 quanto às características de crescimento e entre 0,46 e 0,84 com relação às fisiológicas. Em geral, os clones apresentaram reduções nas características analisadas à medida que a freqüência de irrigação diminuiu, mas em proporções variáveis entre eles. Foi possível identificar material genético promissor para trabalhos de melhoramento visando à tolerância ao estresse hídrico.The aims of this work were to evaluate the growth and physiological traits of eucalypt clones submitted to four irrigation regimes, in a greenhouse, and to subsidiary breeding programs to resistance to water stress. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, and a factorial scheme 18 x 4 (18 clones and four irrigation regimes: daily; every two days; every four days; every six days) with four replications during 73 days. It was evaluated the relative growth rate at height, root collar diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, dry matter of the leaves, stem and roots, the root-shoot ratio, the net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf water potential. The physiological evaluations were performed one day before and one day after the irrigation in each treatment. All the evaluated characters presented significant difference among genotypes and water regimes. The estimates of genotypic determination coefficient presented values over 0.86 for growth traits and between 0.46 and 0.84 for physiological ones. The genotypes generally presented reduction in their traits as the frequency of irrigation was decreased, although in variable proportions among them. It was possible to identify promising genotypes for breeding aiming the resistance to drought stress.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabeleceruma metodologia específica para a condução doteste de envelhecimento acelerado para lotes desementes de Sebastiania commersoniana. Para tanto,foram utilizados três lotes de sementesacondicionadas em embalagens de vidro, pano eplástico, e armazenadas por seis meses, em bancadade laboratório. No teste de envelhecimento acelerado(EA), foram estudados os períodos de envelhecimentode 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas, a 42 e 45 ºC.O teste de EA foi conduzido pelo método gerbox.O envelhecimento das sementes foi feito emcâmaras modelo jaqueta d’água. Após cada períodode envelhecimento, as sementes foram submetidasao teste de germinação, em quatro repetições de25 sementes, avaliando a porcentagem e o índicede velocidade de germinação. O delineamentoexperimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado,no esquema fatorial 3 x 6, para cada temperatura.As médias entre os lotes foram comparadas peloteste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, e o comportamentode cada lote foi analisado por regressão polinomial.O período de envelhecimento recomendado para obranquilho é de 96 horas a 45 ºC.The objective of this work was toestablish a specific methodology for the acceleratedaging test in Sebastiania commersoniana seeds.Three seed lots were used, which were packed insmall bottle container, cloth, and plastic, and storedat room temperature for six months. Severalperiods of aging were studied (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and120 hours) at 42 and 45 oC in the accelerated aging(AA) test. Accelerated aging test was conducted bythe gerbox method. The aging of the seeds wasdone in water jacket model chambers. After eachperiod of aging, the seeds were submitted to thegermination test, in 4 repetitions of 25 seeds,evaluating the percentage and the speed germinationindex and comparing the results with the germinationstandard test. The adopted experimental line wasthe whole fortuitous in the factorial 3 x 6 scheme,to each temperature. The mean among seed lotswere compared by Tukey test at 5% of probability.The behavior of each seed lots was analysed bypolynomial regression. The period of recommendedaging is 96 hours at 45 ºC.

The present study investigated myrtle rust and gall wasp from non-commercial eucalypt taxa with potential to hybridization. We selected 38 genotypes from 18 species of Corymbia and Eucalyptus (Symphyomyrtus) genus. Two rust inoculations were evaluated using inoculums from rose apple and eucalypt, and natural gall occurrence in a high pest infestation condition. Corymbia was more susceptible to rust than Eucalyptus genus, and it was observed severity variation due to the sources of rust inoculum. Species that belong to Exsertaria and Transversaria (Latoangulatae) sections were more susceptible to gall wasp, and Corymbia species showed no development of gall.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of temperature (10, 20, 30, 20/10 and 30/10ºC) and period of storage on electrical conductivity (EC) in four seed lots of corn (Zea mays L.), as well as the mineral composition of the soaking solution. EC test determines indirectly the integrity of seed membrane systems, and is used for the assessment of seed vigor, because this test detects the seed deterioration process since its early phase. The research comprised determinations of water content, germination, accelerated aging (AA), cold (CT) and EC vigor tests, and determinations of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ release to the solution, after seed soaking of four corn seed lots. The evaluations were performed each four months during a period of 16 months. For statistical analysis, a completely randomized split plot design was used with eight replications. Except for seed lots stored at 10ºC, all vigor evaluations revealed a decline in vigor, but AA and CT showed more sensitiveness to declines of seed physiological quality than EC. Potassium was the main leached ion regardless of the storage temperature.O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da temperatura (10, 20, 30, 20/10 e 30/10ºC) e do período de armazenamento, sobre os resultados do teste de condutividade elétrica e, também, sobre a composição mineral da solução de embebição de quatro lotes de sementes de milho. O teste de condutividade elétrica baseia-se na integridade do sistema de membranas celulares, e é usado para a determinação do vigor de sementes, pois permite detectar as primeiras manifestações do processo de deterioração. Foram determinados: o teor de água das sementes, a germinação, vigor (testes de envelhecimento acelerado, de frio e de condutividade elétrica) e os conteúdos de Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+ na solução de embebição das sementes, usada para determinar a condutividade elétrica. Para a análise estatística foi usado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com oito repetições. Com exceção do armazenamento a 10ºC, todas as avaliações revelaram redução no vigor das sementes, porém os testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de frio mostraram maior sensibilidade aos declínios da qualidade fisiológica da semente do que o teste de condutividade elétrica. O K foi o ion lixiviado em maior quantidade, independentemente da temperatura de armazenamento.

Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. é uma planta nativa da Região Nordeste que vem sendo progressivamente cultivada do Maranhão ao Rio de Janeiro. A planta apresenta grande potencial para arborização, cerca viva e produção de madeira. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da procedência e tamanho das sementes sobre a germinação e vigor. Para tanto, realizou-se um experimento no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), em Areia, PB, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3x3, com os fatores procedência (Areia, Usina e Arara) e classes de tamanho (sementes pequenas, médias e grandes), em quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram analisadas as seguintes características: peso de 100 sementes, dimensões das sementes (comprimento, largura e espessura), porcentagem, primeira contagem e velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca da raiz primária e hipocótilo e massa seca dos cotilédones. Constatou-se que a germinação não foi influenciada pelo tamanho das sementes, no entanto, ela foi significativamente influenciada pela procedência. Os testes de primeira contagem e de velocidade de germinação não se mostraram adequados para avaliação do vigor das sementes, sendo este mais bem avaliado pela massa seca dos cotilédones e hipocótilo. O vigor das sementes, apresentou relação direta com o seu tamanho, justificando-se a adoção de classes de tamanho para a formação de mudas.Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. is a native species from the Northeast region, Brazil, which has been increasingly cultivated from the States of Maranhão to Rio de Janeiro. It presents great potential for urban forestry, hedging and wood production. The present research had as objective to evaluate the influence of the provenance and seed size on the germination and vigor of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. An experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis of CCA-UFPB, Areia, Paraíba State, Brazil in a completely randomized design with the treatments arranged in a 3x3 factorial, with three provenances and three size classes , four replicates of 25 seeds. The following characteristics were analyzed: 100-seed weight, seed dimensions, percentage and first counting, germination speed, length and weight of dry matter of primary root and hypocotyl and weight of cotyledon dry matter . It was verified that the germination was not influenced by seed size, however, it was influenced strongly by the provenance. The tests of first count and germination speed were not shown appropriate for seed vigor evaluation, being this better appraised by cotyledon and hypocotyl dry matter. Seed vigor was directly related with size, being thus justified the use of size classes for seedling production.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a existência e a magnitude da variabilidade genética para a eficiência de utilização de fósforo, conduziu-se o experimento em casa de vegetação, usando 18 famílias de meios-irmãos de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, submetidas a três doses de fósforo (0, 200 e 400 mg/dm³ de P2O5). O experimento foi disposto em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 18 x 3, num total de 54 tratamentos, com três repetições de duas plantas, e foi conduzido em vasos com 7 dm³ de solo. Aos 120 dias após o transplantio das mudas, foram avaliados a altura e o diâmetro do coleto; a massa seca de raízes, caule, galhos, folhas, parte aérea e total, a relação raiz-parte aérea; e o teor, o conteúdo e a eficiência de utilização de fósforo nas folhas e no caule das plantas. As famílias responderam positivamente à adubação fosfatada, porém de forma diferenciada para cada característica, apresentando tendência de estabilização na maior dose testada. A adição de 400 mg/dm³ de P2O5 causou maior absorção de P, porém não proporcionou a maior produção de matéria seca, resultando em menor eficiência de utilização de P nesta condição. Em geral, o material testado apresentou baixa variabilidade genética, mas foi possível identificar materiais promissores para as características avaliadas.

Foram avaliados os ganhos totais preditos por diferentes critérios de seleção, em seis características de crescimento em famílias de meios-irmãos de Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A situação simulada consistiu na seleção de 25% das 44 famílias estudadas, e de 17% das plantas dentro dessas famílias, proporcionando, assim, uma seleção de 4,25% dos indivíduos constantes do ensaio. Os critérios de seleção empregados foram: seleção direta e indireta; índice clássico de Smith & Hazel, com quatro pesos econômicos, e índice de Pesek & Baker, em três situações. Os critérios de seleção utilizados mostraram-se semelhantes entre si, com ligeira superioridade do índice clássico quando se estabeleceu como vetor de pesos econômicos o coeficiente de variação genética associado a cada uma das características analisadas.Total gains predicted by various selection criteria were evaluated, based on six characteristics of growth in half-sib families of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The simulated situation consisted of selection of 25% among 44 families studied and of 17% of the plants in these families, totalizing a selection of 4.25% of the constant individuals of the essay. The selection criteria used were: direct and indirect selection; classical index of Smith & Hazel, with four economic weights, and index of Pesek & Baker, in three situations. The criteria used were similar to each other, with a slight superiority for the classical index when the genetic variation coefficient associated with each analysed characteristic was established as the vector of economic weights.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer uma metodologia específica para a condução do teste de envelhecimento acelerado para lotes de sementes de Sebastiania commersoniana. Para tanto, foram utilizados três lotes de sementes acondicionadas em embalagens de vidro, pano e plástico, e armazenadas por seis meses, em bancada de laboratório. No teste de envelhecimento acelerado (EA), foram estudados os períodos de envelhecimento de 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas, a 42 e 45 ºC. O teste de EA foi conduzido pelo método gerbox. O envelhecimento das sementes foi feito em câmaras modelo jaqueta d’água. Após cada período de envelhecimento, as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação, em quatro repetições de 25 sementes, avaliando a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 3 x 6, para cada temperatura. As médias entre os lotes foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, e o comportamento de cada lote foi analisado por regressão polinomial. O período de envelhecimento recomendado para o branquilho é de 96 horas a 45 ºC.

RESUMO A paineira-rosa (Ceiba speciosa St. Hil. - Malvaceae) é uma espécie arbórea com grande importância na recuperação de ecossistemas degradados e cuja madeira e paina são usadas em diversas atividades econômicas. O presente estudo avaliou a variabilidade e a repetibilidade para caracteres biométricos de frutos e sementes e qualidade de sementes entre árvores matrizes de C. speciosa. Foram coletados frutos de 36 árvores matrizes, determinando-se em cinco frutos o diâmetro, comprimento, massa fresca e seca e número de sementes e em 100 sementes, o comprimento, diâmetro e peso de 100 sementes. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pela germinação e testes de vigor: índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado (EA), condutividade elétrica (CE) e submersão das sementes em água, em quatro repetições de 25 sementes, exceto para CE e submersão, em que as repetições continham 40 sementes. Após os testes de EA e submersão, as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação. As médias de árvores matrizes foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott e estimou-se o coeficiente de determinação genotípico, repetibilidade e correlação entre caracteres. As características avaliadas apresentam variabilidade significativa entre as árvores matrizes e estão sob baixa influência ambiental. As correlações entre caracteres biométricos com o processo germinativo e qualidade de sementes são baixas. Os coeficientes de repetibilidade são altos e a avaliação de cinco frutos e 100 sementes por árvore matriz e o uso de quatro repetições nos testes de germinação e vigor possibilitam boa confiabilidade na determinação da variabilidade da espécie.

With the expansion of the cultivation of eucalyptus into areas with limited water resources, recommending genotypes which are tolerant to low water availability is important in order to maximize productivity under such conditions. The aim of this work therefore was to evaluate five hybrids of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (H1 to H5) subjected to four irrigation regimes in the greenhouse: daily (IR1), every two days (IR2), every four days (IR4) and every six days (IR6). The following characteristics were evaluated: photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g s), leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf relative water content, photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content index. Evaluations of A, g s and E were carried out on two occasions: 1 - under stress, at the end of the interval between irrigations for each treatment; and 2 - in recovery, 48 h after irrigation for all plants in the experiment. On average, there was reduction of 25 and 40% in A values, 40 and 55% in g s, 15 and 22% in E, and 96 and 103% in Ψw respectively in those plants under regimes IR4 and IR6, compared to under IR1. Stomatal conductance had only partially recovered 48 h after irrigation, and due to being more sensitive, its changes are a good indication of water stress. Hybrid H3 is the most tolerant and H5 the most sensitive to a reduction in water availability in soil.

ABSTRACT Seed germination and seedling development are strongly influenced by water availability and temperature, therefore, knowledge of the tolerance limits against these factors can generate subsidies to improve the multiplication and conservation strategies of native tree species. This study evaluates the effects of water stress on the germination of Tabebuia roseoalba, Handroanthus chrysotrichus, and H. impetiginosus seeds at two temperatures. Germination was performed on paper rolls moistened with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solutions for the osmotic potentials of 0 (water);-0.05;-0.10;-0.15;-0.20;-0.30;-0.40;-0.60;-0.80 and-1.00 MPa. Germination tests were conducted at 25 and 30 °C, under 8 h photoperiod. Statistical analyses for each studied species followed a randomized complete block design, in a 2 × 10 split-plot scheme (plots - two temperatures and subplots - ten water potentials). The percentage of germination and normal seedlings, as well as the germination speed and synchronization indexes, were evaluated. The germination of T. roseoalba, H. chrysotrichus, and H. impetiginosus seeds decreased with increasing water deficit and at higher rates when associated with higher temperatures. The results demonstrate that the species sensitivity to water deficits induced by PEG 6000, increases with rising temperatures. T. roseoalba and H. chrysotrichus exhibited a germination tolerance range between-0.80 and-1.00 MPa. Furthermore, H. impetiginosus is more sensitive and displayed a tolerance range between-0.60 and-0.80 MPa.

Nitrogen deficiency and toxicity, primarily in its ammonium form (NH4+), can suppress plant growth and development. The use of silicon (Si) or salicylic acid (SA) may be an alternative to minimize the harmful effects of nutrient imbalances caused by NH4+, thereby improving the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. The aim of the present study was to assess the action of fertigation-applied Si and SA foliar spraying in mitigating NH4+ toxicity and deficiency in eucalyptus clonal seedlings. Two experiments were performed with eucalyptus clonal seedlings (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis), in a greenhouse. Both were carried out using a 4x2 factorial design and four concentrations of NH4+ (5, 15, 30 and 60 mmol L-1), in the absence and presence of Si (2 mmol L-1), in experiment I; or with and without SA foliar application (10-2 mmol L-1), in experiment II, with six repetitions. Nitrogen content rose as a result of increasing N-NH4+ concentration in the nutrient solution, and Si supplied via the nutrient solution was efficient in increasing the Si content in eucalyptus seedlings. The rise in N-NH4+ concentration favored the maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus, but high N-NH4+ concentration increased energy loss through fluorescence and decreased the efficiency of photosystem II. The addition of Si to the nutrient solution proved to be beneficial to the photosynthetic apparatus by decreasing F0 at 15 and 30 mmol L-1 of NH4+; and Fm at all NH4+ concentrations studied. In addition, the beneficial element also increases Fv/Fm at all NH4+ concentrations studied. SA foliar application was also efficient in reducing photosynthetic energy losses by decreasing F0 and Fm at all NH4+ concentrations studied. However, SA only increased the Fv/Fm at the high concentrations studied (30 and 60 mmol L-1 of NH4+). Nitrogen disorder by deficiency or N-NH4+ toxicity reduced shoot dry mass production. The addition of Si to the nutrient solution and SA foliar application increased shoot dry mass production at all N-NH4+ concentrations studied, and benefitted the photosynthetic apparatus by decreasing fluorescence and improving the quantum efficiency of photosystem II as well as dry mass production.

The present study evaluated the dendrometric, chemical and basic density wood from five hybrids of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla at 2.25 years old. The experiment was implemented in 3.5 x 2 meters spacing, with 35 replicates of a single tree. Four replicates were harvester, we evaluated the diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m above the ground), total and commercial height, biomass of leaves, branches, wood and bark, volume with and no bark and volume of bark. Besides it was obtained discs at 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% of commercial height and at DBH for the determination of wood density and chemical characterization of wood. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey’s test at 5 % probability. Clones of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla exhibited different growth highlighting the C5 with greater volumetric and biomass. The basic density wood is higher when assessed at base of tree, but it was verified similar values in other positions of the stem. Among the clones, the basic density wood of C5 is higher than C3 and C4 and C2 is higher than C3. The chemicals wood characteristics were similar among clones of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla . Despite the evaluation have been performed on young plants, 2.25 years old, the clones have demonstrated satisfactory potential in Jaboticabal, SP.

The objetive of this work was to evaluate the influence of intergenotypic competition in open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus and its effects on early selection efficiency. Two experiments were carried out, in which the timber volume was evaluated at three ages, in a randomized complete block design. Data from the three years of evaluation (experiment 1, at 2, 4, and 7 years; and experiment 2, at 2, 5, and 7 years) were analyzed using mixed models. The following were estimated: variance components, genetic parameters, selection gains, effective number, early selection efficiency, selection gain per unit time, and coincidence of selection with and without the use of competition covariates. Competition effect was nonsignificant for ages under three years, and adjustment using competition covariates was unnecessary. Early selection for families is effective; families that have a late growth spurt are more vulnerable to competition, which markedly impairs ranking at the end of the cycle. Early selection is efficient according to all adopted criteria, and the age of around three years is the most recommended, given the high efficiency and accuracy rate in the indication of trees and families. The addition of competition covariates at the end of the cycle improves early selection efficiency for almost all studied criteria.

The efficiency of methods in adequately interpreting the nutritional status of Eucalyptus spp. rooted cuttings remains unknown. The aim was to evaluate the quality of diagnoses obtained using the critical level (CL), diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) methods to assess the nutritional status of Eucalyptus spp. rooted cuttings, based on two different yield indicators. The data were obtained from commercial nursery and calibration experiments, using seven nutrients as treatments (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, B and Fe) and four concentrations per nutrient, arranged in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The Eucalyptus spp. clone used in the experiments was AEC 0144. A total of 222 rooted cuttings were obtained from the experimental area and commercial nurseries and the following were determined: leaf nutrient content, whole plant dry matter (DM) content and the Dickson quality index (DQI). Diagnostic accuracy in the experimental plots was ascertained by comparing the diagnosis with plant response as a function of adding the corresponding nutrient. Five measures of accuracy were used to test the efficiency of the diagnostic methods: total accuracy, accuracy for deficiency and sufficiency, deficiency ratio, efficiency ratio, and the net increase in in DM and DQI. The performance of diagnostic methods varied between CL, DRIS and CND, and among the nutrients studied. Given that the seedling production system is largely more controlled, where environmental variations are minimal, and considering that the different diagnostic methods exhibited distinct performance in terms of assessing the true nutritional status of eucalyptus rooted cuttings, the CL method is the most indicated for this situation, due to its better performance in evaluating the nutritional status of most nutrients and easy implementation.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986612Muitos estudos têm recomendado o uso de parcelas pequenas na experimentação florestal, porém, não consideram o aumento da competição intergenotípica que isto acarreta e que pode resultar na seleção incorreta dos materiais genéticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar sete covariáveis de competição sobre o caráter volume de madeira em dois testes de progênies de Eucalyptus spp. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com seis repetições de 10 plantas. As sete covariáveis analisadas foram índice de competição de Hegyi (IC), autocompetição (AT), alocompetição (AL), média da autocompetição (MAT), média da alocompetição (MAL) e média aritmética dos quatro (M4) e oito vizinhos mais próximos (M8). Essas covariáveis foram avaliadas individualmente bem com em todas as suas possíveis combinações, obtendo-se estimativas de componentes de variâncias e suas alterações com o emprego das mesmas. A competição influenciou os resultados de análises de testes de progênies de eucalipto, em que, autocompetição e alocompetição interferem de forma diferenciada. As covariáveis mais influentes são a MAT, a MAL e o IC. A rotina de análise que apresentou melhores resultados foi a que incluiu as covariáveis IC/MAT, sendo eficiente na redução do efeito competicional em testes de progênies de eucalipto.

Many studies have recommended the use of small plots for forest experiments, although they do not consider the inter-genotype competition increase. If this competition is not isolated from the mathematicsmodel, it can lead to incorrect selection of genetic materials. The aim of this work was toevaluate the effect of seven competition covariates in two Eucalyptus spp. progeny tests. Data from the two half-sib eucalyptusprogenies were analyzed, using the randomized blocks design. The seven analyzed covariates were HegyI¿scompetition index (IC), self-competition (AT), alo competition (AL), self-competition mean (MAT), alocompetition mean (MAL), and arithmetic means of four (M4) and eight (M8) nearest neighbors. Individualand combined analyses of covariates were used for the wood volume trait. All the variance components and the changes caused by covariates use were evaluated. The competition affects theresults of eucalypt progeny analysis in different ways, according to its type, self or alo competition. Most influential covariates were MAT, MAL and IC. Most promising results of competition effects reduction wereobserved for the IC/ MAT covariates inclusion in eucalypt progeny tests.

The effect of competition is an important source of variation in breeding experiments. This study aimed to compare the selection of plants of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus with and without the use of competition covariables. Genetic values were determined for each family and tree and for the traits height, diameter at breast height and timber volume in a randomized block design, resulting in the variance components, genetic parameters, selection gains, effective size and selection coincidence, with and without the use of covariables. Intergenotypic competition is an important factor of environmental variation. The use of competition covariables generally reduces the estimates of variance components and influences genetic gains in the studied traits. Intergenotypic competition biases the selection of open-pollinated eucalypt progenies, and can result in an erroneous choice of superior genotypes; the inclusion of covariables in the model reduces this influence.

With the aim of evaluating Eucalyptus spp. for early selection efficiency, the height (HGT), diameter at breast height (DBH) and individual wood volume (VOL) of two clonal tests were assessed at the ages of 25, 50, and 72 months. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, containing 30 treatments (clones), 6 replications and linear plots, one of them with 6 plants and the other with 10 plants, at the spacing of 3.0m x 3.0m. Variance analysis for each trait and age were carried out in the trials. The estimates of genotypic determination coefficient and the correlation between the early and mature ages for each trait were obtained. In order to confirm the viability of early selection, a simulated selection was performed at young and mature ages, adopting 30% of selection proportion for each trait and age considered. The genetic gains were estimated by using both direct and indirect selection. There were significant differences among clones evaluated in the two experiments for all traits and ages. Based on the results obtained for DBH in eucalyptus clonal tests, the use of early selection at the age of 2 years is feasible.

With the aim of evaluating Eucalyptus spp. for early selection efficiency, the height (HGT), diameter at breast height (DBH) and individual wood volume (VOL) of two clonal tests were assessed at the ages of 25, 50, and 72 months. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, containing 30 treatments (clones), 6 replications and linear plots, one of them with 6 plants and the other with 10 plants, at the spacing of 3.0m x 3.0m. Variance analysis for each trait and age were carried out in the trials. The estimates of genotypic determination coefficient and the correlation between the early and mature ages for each trait were obtained. In order to confirm the viability of early selection, a simulated selection was performed at young and mature ages, adopting 30% of selection proportion for each trait and age considered. The genetic gains were estimated by using both direct and indirect selection. There were significant differences among clones evaluated in the two experiments for all traits and ages. Based on the results obtained for DBH in eucalyptus clonal tests, the use of early selection at the age of 2 years is feasible.

Em certas espécies vegetais, a distinção entre variedades pode ser realizada com base em aspectos morfológicos das plantas, o que permite a identificação mesmo quando não apresentam flores e/ou frutos. Diante disso, realizou-se o presente trabalho cujo objetivo foi a caracterização morfológica e o agrupamento de plantas de rambutan. Foram avaliados: altura da planta (cm), diâmetro e geometria da copa (entre linhas e entre plantas,em cm), diâmetro do tronco (cm) e disposição dos ramos no tronco, tamanho de folhas efolíolos (comprimento e largura, em cm), número de folíolos,comprimento da ráquis (cm),comprimento do pecíolo (cm), área foliar (cm2), vigor das plantas, sensibilidade ao frio,formato dos folíolos, pilosidade, coloração dos folíolos (faces superior e inferior), tipo de nervação e disposição dos folíolos na ráquis. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de agrupamento pelo método UPGMA, a partir da distância de Mahalanobis. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o uso de descritores morfológicos é eficiente nadeterminação de divergência genética entre os materiais de rambutan estudados, não sendo,porém, possível sua distinção visual, por não existir uma característica discriminatória satisfatória.In some vegetable species, the distinction between varieties can be made based on morphological aspects of the leaves, permitting the differentiation even when these ones do not display flowers and/or fruits. Consequently, the present research was conducted, aiming at the morphological characterization and grouping of rambutan plants. Were evaluated: plant height (cm), cup diameter and geometry (between lines and plants, in cm), trunk diameter (cm), leaves and leaflet size (length and width, in cm), leaflet number, stem length (cm),length of the petiolate (cm), left area (cm²), plant vigor, cold sensibility, leaflet format,pilosity, coloration of the leaflet (inferior and superior sides), veining type and leaflet disposition in the stem. The data were submitted to analysis of grouping by the UPGMA Clustering Method, starting from the Mahalanobis distance. Based on the results obtained,it can be concluded that the use of morphological descriptors is efficient in determining the genetic divergence between the materials of rambutan studied, but visual distinction is not possible, because no outstanding characteristic exists.

Foram avaliadas três formas de parcelas experimentais (retangular, uma linha - linear e parcela de uma árvore - STP) em testes clonais de Eucalyptus spp, utilizando-se três experimentos, cada um com 18 clones. Foram usados três modelos de análise (mínimos quadrados ordinários - ANOVA tradicional, modelos mistos com fator clone fixo ou com fator clone aleatório - REML/BLUP). Os dois primeiros modelos apresentaram resultados similares. Com REML/BLUP houve estreitamento das predições em relação às amplitudes obtidas com as médias, e essa redução foi proporcionalmente maior com parcelas retangulares e STP. O ordenamento dos clones também foi similar com esses dois tipos de parcelas. É provável que com parcelas STP haja um balanço compensatório das alocompetições, pois se pode trabalhar com maior número de repetições e menor custo. Portanto, com parcelas STP haverá economia de recursos e sem prejuízos para o Programa de Melhoramento Florestal.Three experimental plot forms (rectangular, one line - linear and single tree plot - STP) were evaluated for Eucalyptus spp clonal tests, using three experiments with 18 clones each. Three analysis models (ordinary least square - traditional ANOVA, mixed models with fixed clone factor or with random clone factor- REML/BLUP) were used. The first and second models showed similar results. With REML/BLUP, there was a reduction in the range of prediction compared to the amplitudes obtained employing the means. This reduction was proportionally higher with rectangular and STP plots. The ranking of clones was also similar to these two types of plots. Probably, there was a compensatory balance of alocompetition with STP plots, because it is possible to work with a higher number of repetitions and lower costs. Therefore, the use of STP plots results in resource saving, preventing losses in forest breeding programs.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o uso do teste de condutividade elétrica para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Albizia hassleri (Chod) Burkart. provenientes de diferentes matrizes. O teste de condutividade elétrica foi realizado a 25 ºC, com cinco repetições de 20 sementes embebidas em 75 mL de água destilada por 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h. O teste de germinação foi conduzido a 25 ºC com cinco repetições de 20 sementes por 19 dias. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias de matrizes, comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Adicionalmente, procedeuse ao estudo de correlações entre os resultados de condutividade elétrica com os do teste de germinação e ao ajuste de regressões entre os valores de sementes com protrusão de radícula e de plântulas normais em função dos valores de condutividade elétrica, em cada período de embebição das sementes. Verificou-se grande variabilidade entre as matrizes, tanto no teste de germinação quanto no de condutividade elétrica. Os resultados de condutividade elétrica apontaram baixas estimativas de correlações com os obtidos no teste de germinação. As equações de regressão apresentaram baixos valores de coeficiente de determinação, denotando-se a grande variabilidade dos resultados. Pode-se concluir que o teste de condutividade elétrica não foi adequado para discriminação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de A. hasslerii provenientes de diferentes árvores-matriz.The objective of this research was to study the electrical conductivity test to evaluate the physiological quality of Albizia hassleri (Chod) Burkart. seeds. Sixteen mother tree plants were used and the conductivity test was performed at 25 ºC with the use of 75 mL of distilled water in periods of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, with five replications of 20 seeds. The germination test was carried out at 25 ºC, and the final count was made on the 19th day. A completely randomized experimental design was used and the data were submitted to the variance analysis and the Scott-Knott test at 5% of probability to compare the mother tree means. Besides, correlations were performed between the electrical conductivity results and the germination percentage and normal seedlings and also the regression between both variables. A high variability was verified among the mother trees, both in the germination and in the electrical conductivity test. The results showed low correlation between the germination percentage and electrical conductivity. The regression between the electrical conductivity and germination presented a low determination coefficient. These data demonstrated that the electrical conductivity test was not adequate to discriminate the physiological seed quality of A. hasslerii obtained from different mother trees.

O conhecimento sobre a composição eestrutura de comunidades florestais é fundamentalpara embasar ações de conservação e restauração.O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar olevantamento florístico e descrever a estrutura dacomunidade arbórea de um remanescente florestallocalizado no município de Guariba, Estado de SãoPaulo. Foram alocadas 30 parcelas de 10 x 10 m,para amostrar os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivoscom diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ³ 5 cm.Foram encontradas 54 espécies, pertencentes a 47gêneros, distribuídos em 32 famílias botânicas,com índice de diversidade (H’) de 2,67 eequabilidade (J) de 0,20. As famílias Meliaceae eFabaceae apresentaram maior riqueza em espécies.Calophyllum brasiliensis, Astronium graveolens,Scheffera morototoni, Xylopia aromatica eProtium widgrenii destacaram-se como as espéciesde maior valor de importância. Foram amostrados420 indivíduos. A presença de espécies do cerradosugere condição de ecótono e a dominância de umaespécie higrófila indica saturação hídrica em parteda área. A distribuição dos indivíduos em classesde tamanho revelou uma comunidade emregeneração com a maioria dos indivíduos com até15,0 cm de DAP e distribuídos entre 7 e 14,9 m,e com estoques de jovens tanto das espéciespioneiras como secundárias podendo garantir ofuturo da comunidade. Em termos sucessionais aárea estudada encontra-se em estádio de médiopara avançado.Knowledge of the composition andstructure of arboreal communities is paramount forconservation and restoration efforts. The mainobjectives of this study were to characterize thearboreal species floristic composition and describethe structure of the arboreal community of aremaining forest located at the municipality ofGuariba, State of São Paulo. Thirty plots of 10 x 10 mwere allocated. In each plot, diameter and heightwere measured for each individual tree withdiameter at breast height (dbh)) ³ 5 cm. Fifty-fourspecies were present, distributed into 47 generaand 32 families with Shannon’s diversity index(H’) 2.67 and equability (J) of 0.20. Meliaceae andFabaceae were the families that presented thehighest richness. Among the species with thehighest importance values were Calophyllumbrasiliensis, Astronium graveolens, Schefferamorototoni, Xylopia aromatica e Protiumwidgrenii. A total of 420 individual trees weresampled. The presence of cerrado species suggestsecotonal condition and the abundance of ahygrophilic species indicates water saturation inparts of the studied area. The size structureanalysis indicated a community in regenerationwith the majority of the individuals under 15 cmdbh and distributed between 7 and 14.9 m high.Moreover, a stand of young individuals waspresented, from pioneers as well as secondaryspecies, possibility ascertaining the future of thecommunity. In terms of succession, the areainvestigated is characterized as in medium toadvanced stages.

Este estudo avaliou qualitativa e quantitativamente o banco de sementes de dois remanescentes florestais, de um povoamento de Eucalyptus robusta e de três áreas de reflorestamento com espécies nativas, localizados em uma várzea do rio Mogi-Guaçu, Luiz Antônio (21°31´S e 47°55´W), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram usadas 12 parcelas de 10 x 10 m distribuídas sistematicamente em cada área de estudo. Em cada parcela foram distribuídas aleatoriamente quatro subparcelas de 0,5 m x 0,5 m. Duas subparcelas foram usadas para coletar a serapilheira e duas para coletar o solo a 0-5 cm de profundidade. A amostragem foi realizada em setembro de 2001, nos remanescentes naturais e no povoamento de eucalipto e, em setembro de 2002, nas áreas reflorestadas. As amostras foram acondicionadas em vasos de plástico e incubadas com irrigações periódicas para a germinação das sementes por um período de sete meses, em dois ambientes de casa de vegetação: um a 100% de luz solar e outro sob tela com 70% de redução de luz solar. Na composição do banco de sementes de todas as áreas amostradas, houve predominância de espécies pioneiras dos primeiros estádios de sucessão. As espécies arbóreas mais importantes foram Aloysia virgata e Cecropia hololeuca. Os reflorestamentos com espécies nativas proporcionaram um banco de sementes com maior diversidade de espécies arbóreas nativas do que o povoamento de eucalipto. Este estudo indicou que a similaridade entre as florestas plantadas e as nativas deverá aumentar ao longo do tempo.The objective of this study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitatively the seed bank of two natural forest remainders, one Eucalyptus robusta plantation and three reforestation areas with native species, located in a riparian area of Mogi-Guaçu River floodplain, in Luiz Antonio County (21°31´S and 47°55´W), São Paulo State, Brazil. The evaluation was carried out in 12 plots of 10 x 10 m systematically distributed in each area. Four subplots of 0.5 m x 0.5 m were randomly distributed in each plot. Two subplots were used to evaluate the seed bank in the litter and two in the soil sample at the 0 - 5 cm depth. The sampling was accomplished in September 2001 in the natural forest remainders and in the eucalyptus plantation and, in September 2002, in the reforested areas. The soil and the litter were conditioned in plastic pots, and incubated with periodic irrigations for the seed germination during seven months, in two greenhouse environment conditions: one at 100% sunlight and the other, under a screen that provides a 70% sunlight reduction. In the composition of all sample area seed banks, there was a predomination of pioneer species at the early successional stages. The most important arboreal species were Aloysia virgata and Cecropia hololeuca. The reforestation with native species provided a seed bank with a greater diversity of native arboreal species than the eucalyptus plantation. The present study indicates that the similarity between the planted and natural forest should be enhanced over the time.

Com a procura de alternativas por parte dos produtores e de novas opções pelos consumidores, o mercado de frutas exóticas tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço no Brasil. O rambutan encontra-se entre as frutíferas com potencial de mercado, sendo, no entanto, necessário maior conhecimento sobre a cultura, como adequada escolha de genótipos para cada região e manejo do pomar. Diante disso, realizou-se o presente trabalho, na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, que teve por objetivo as caracterizações morfológica e química de frutos de rambutan, verificando a distinção de genótipos e distância genética entre os materiais. Foram avaliados: tamanho do fruto, comprimento dos filamentos, espessura da casca, tamanho da semente, peso do fruto, peso da casca, peso da semente, porcentagem de polpa, teores de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), ácido ascórbico e acidez titulável. Realizaram-se ainda observações quanto a: coloração da casca, filamentos e polpa, aderência da polpa à casca, aderência da polpa à semente e presença de tegumento da semente na polpa. Com base nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, pode-se concluir que os materiais A51 e B03 apresentam maior conjunto de características desejáveis, sendo promissores aos produtores na instalação de novos plantios da cultura.With the increase in the search of alternatives by the producers, and of new options for the consumers, the market of exotic fruits has been gainig more space in Brazil. The rambutan is among the fruits with market potential, however it is necessary more knowledge about the culture, appropriate genotype choice for each area and handling of the orchard. Considering that, the present research was accomplished at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, aiming to study the morphologic and chemical characterization of rambutan fruits, verifying the genotype distinction and the genetic distance among the materials. It was evaluated: fruit size, filament length, peel thickness, seed size, fruit, peel and seed weight, pulp percentage, soluble solid contents (ºBrix), ascorbic acid and titrable acidity. Morever, the following observations were conducted: peel coloration, filaments and pulp, adherence of the pulp to the peel, adherence of the pulp to the seed and presence of tegument of the seed in the pulp. Based on the obtained results in this research, it can be concluded that the materials A51 and B03 present a better group of desirable characteristics, revealing to be promising for the producers in the installation of new culture plantings.

O trabalho objetivou descrever e avaliar a estrutura da regeneração de espécies arbóreas em dois remanescentes naturais e em três áreas reflorestadas com espécies nativas e em um povoamento de Eucalyptus robusta, situados em área de várzea do rio Mogi-Guaçu, Luiz Antônio, SP (21º31'S e 47º55'W). Foram amostradas 40 subparcelas de 2 m² em cada remanescente natural e sub-bosque de eucalipto e 60 subparcelas de 3,5 m² em cada área reflorestada. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbóreos de regeneração com altura > a 10 cm e diâmetro do caule até a altura do peito (DAP) < 5,0 cm e analisados separadamente, em quatro classes de altura, a diversidade florística, a regeneração natural (Rn%), o valor de importância (VI) e a similaridade da regeneração com indivíduos de DAP > 5 cm. Foram identificados 1.990 indivíduos, pertencentes a 24 famílias, 46 gêneros e 51 espécies. Cabralea canjerana, Psidium cattleyanum, Nectandra megapotamica, Acacia polyphylla e Syzygium cumini estavam entre as espécies mais representadas nas quatro categorias de tamanho. O reflorestamento com espécies nativas em áreas degradadas da várzea do rio Mogi-Guaçu promoveu a regeneração natural com biodiversidade superior aos remanescentes naturais de florestas ciliares sob efeito de borda e contribuiu para com o processo de restauração de ecossistemas florestais. O povoamento de Eucalyptus robusta com cerca de 20 anos de idade favoreceu a regeneração de espécies climácicas e secundárias.The phytosociology of the woody stratum of both young regenerating individuals and seed banks are quality indicators of heterogeneous reforestations. The objetive of this research was to evaluate the structure of regeneration of the arboreal species in two natural remainders, in three areas reforested with native species and in a Eucalyptus robusta settlement located in a floodplain of Mogi-Guaçu river in Luiz Antônio County (21°31´S and 47°55´W), São Paulo, Brazil. Sampling was collected in 40 subplots of 2 m²in of each natural remainder and each eucalyptus sub-forest, as well as 60 subplots of 3.5 m²in each area reforested. All individuals with height > 10 cm and diameter at breast height (DBH) < 5.0 cm were measured and analyzed separately in four height classes according to floristic diversity, similarity, density, frequency, dominance, importance value and natural regeneration. A total of 2,010 individuals were identified, belonging to 24 families, 46 genera and 51 species. The species with greater importance values were Cabralea canjerana, Psidium cattleyanum, Nectandra megapotamica, Acacia polyphylla and Syzygium cumini, well represented in the four height classes. Reforestation with native species in a degraded Mogi-Guaçu River floodplain promoted natural regeneration with more biodiversity than in natural remainders submitted to border effect, and contributed to the forest ecosystem restoration process. The 20-year-old Eucalyptus robusta plantation promoted the regeneration of climax and secondary species.

The work had as objective to verify the efficiency of vigour tests for identification of the physiologic potential in four lots of seeds of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. The study was developed at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. Four lots of seeds from three places of São Paulo state were used: lots I and II, collected in the municipal district of Jaboticabal in 2000 and 2001; lot II,: collected in Santa Rita do Passa Quatro and lot IV, Luiz Antonio, both in 2001. To break seed dormancy the seeds used in all the tests were escarified with sulfuric acid during 50 minutes, and washed in running water during 20 minutes. The evoluations were: seed moisture content, germination percentage, first count test, germination speed index and electric conductivity with different numbers of seeds (50, 75, 100) put to soak in plastic containing 50 and 75mL of water, to the temperature at 250C, during for 72 hours. The seeds of the lot originating from lot III, presented physiologic potential superior to the other studied lots. The tests of electric conductivity, first count, and index of germination speed were appropriate for evaluation of the physiologic potential of the lots. For the electric conductivity test other studies are necessary, involving a larger number of lots, seeking the use possibility a pattern vigour test, while the tests of first count and index of germination speed were appropriate for evaluation of the vigour.O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a eficiência dos testes de vigor para identificação do potencial fisiológico em sementes de Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes – UNESP/Jaboticabal/SP, utilizando-se quatro lotes de sementes: sendo lotes I e II, coletados no município de Jaboticabal em 2000 e 2001, respectivamente lote III em Santa Rita do Passo Quatro e lote IV, em Luiz Antonio, ambos em 2001. Para superação da dormência, realizou-se a escarificação das sementes com ácido sulfúrico durante 50 minutos e lavagem em água corrente durante 20 minutos. Foram avaliados: teor de água, percentual de germinação, primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação e condutividade elétrica, realizada com diferentes quantidades de sementes (50, 75, 100), postas para embeber em copos de plástico contendo 50 e 75mL de água deionizada, durante 72 horas à 250C. As sementes do lote III apresentaram potencial fisiológico superior às sementes dos demais lotes estudados. Para o teste de condutividade elétrica são necessários outros estudos, visando à possibilidade de uso como teste padrão de vigor para a espécie, enquanto que os testes de primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação mostraram-se adequados para avaliação do vigor dos lotes.

The genetic divergence in 20 Eucalyptus spp. clones was evaluated by multivariate techniques based on 167RAPD markers, of which 155 were polymorphic and 12 monomorphic. The measures of genetic distances were obtained by thearithmetic complement of the coefficients of Jaccard and of Sorenso-Nei and Li and evaluated by the hierarchical methods ofSingle Linkage clustering and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Independent of the dissimilaritycoefficient, the greatest divergence was found between clones 7 and 17 and the smallest between the clones 11 and 14. Cloneclustering was little influenced by the applied procedure so that, adopting the same percentage of divergence, the UPGMAidentified two groups less for the coefficient of Sorenso-Nei and Li. The clones evidenced considerable genetic divergence,which is partly associated to the origin of the study material. The clusters formed by the UPGMA clustering algorithmassociated to the arithmetic complement of Jaccard were most consistent.

Em certas espécies vegetais, a distinção entre variedades pode ser realizada com base em aspectos morfológicos das plantas, o que permite a identificação mesmo quando não apresentam flores e/ou frutos. Diante disso, realizou-se o presente trabalho cujo objetivo foi a caracterização morfológica e o agrupamento de plantas de rambutan. Foram avaliados: altura da planta (cm), diâmetro e geometria da copa (entre linhas e entre plantas, em cm), diâmetro do tronco (cm) e disposição dos ramos no tronco, tamanho de folhas e folíolos (comprimento e largura, em cm), número de folíolos, comprimento da ráquis (cm), comprimento do pecíolo (cm), área foliar (cm2), vigor das plantas, sensibilidade ao frio, formato dos folíolos, pilosidade, coloração dos folíolos (faces superior e inferior), tipo de nervação e disposição dos folíolos na ráquis. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de agrupamento pelo método UPGMA, a partir da distância de Mahalanobis. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o uso de descritores morfológicos é eficiente na determinação de divergência genética entre os materiais de rambutan estudados, não sendo, porém, possível sua distinção visual, por não existir uma característica discriminatória satisfatória.

O conhecimento sobre a composição e estrutura de comunidades florestais é fundamental para embasar ações de conservação e restauração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento florístico e descrever a estrutura da comunidade arbórea de um remanescente florestal localizado no município de Guariba, Estado de São Paulo. Foram alocadas 30 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, para amostrar os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm. Foram encontradas 54 espécies, pertencentes a 47 gêneros, distribuídos em 32 famílias botânicas, com índice de diversidade (H’) de 2,67 e equabilidade (J) de 0,20. As famílias Meliaceae e Fabaceae apresentaram maior riqueza em espécies. Calophyllum brasiliensis, Astronium graveolens, Scheffera morototoni, Xylopia aromatica e Protium widgrenii destacaram-se como as espécies de maior valor de importância. Foram amostrados 420 indivíduos. A presença de espécies do cerrado sugere condição de ecótono e a dominância de uma espécie higrófila indica saturação hídrica em parte da área. A distribuição dos indivíduos em classes de tamanho revelou uma comunidade em regeneração com a maioria dos indivíduos com até 15,0 cm de DAP e distribuídos entre 7 e 14,9 m, e com estoques de jovens tanto das espécies pioneiras como secundárias podendo garantir o futuro da comunidade. Em termos sucessionais a área estudada encontra-se em estádio de médio para avançado.

Caryota urens (Lam.) Mart., embora muito utilizada, há poucas informações sobre produção de mudas; desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a morfologia do diásporo (semente com o endocarpo aderido) e da plântula. Frutos de Caryota urens (Lam.) Mart. foram coletados de matrizes localizadas no município de Jaboticabal-SP, no dia 01 de agosto de 2003. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes Hortícolas do Departamento de Produção Vegetal e no Laboratório de Morfologia do Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, FCAV/UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal. Após a colheita, o epicarpo e o mesocarpo dos frutos foram removidos por meio de atrito manual contra a peneira sob água corrente. Os diásporos foram enxaguados em água corrente e secos à sombra por 24 horas. Efetuou-se a semeadura de 100 diásporos em bandejas de plástico transparente (50 x 25 x 0,6 cm), contendo uma camada de 5 cm do substrato vermiculita média umedecida. O sistema foi mantido em condições não controladas de laboratório. Nas regas, utilizou-se água destilada com nistatina a 0,2% para minimizar a contaminação por fungos e foram realizadas sempre que se observou a necessidade de reposição de água no substrato. As faces externa e interna dos diásporos, bem como o embrião, foram esquematizados com auxílio de câmara clara acoplada ao estereomicroscópio. Foram retiradas amostras representativas de cada fase do processo germinativo. Estas foram fixadas em FAA (formalina – ácido acético – álcool etílico) para posterior análise. As amostras foram documentadas por meio de esquemas, com auxilio de câmara clara acoplada ao estereomicroscópio, para a documentação e descrição dos eventos morfológicos externos. O início da germinação dos diásporos de Caryota urens L. ocorreu entre 9 e 60 dias, com a abertura de um opérculo circular no diásporo, por onde é emitida uma estrutura bulbosa e oca, denominada pecíolo cotiledonar. Essa estrutura é um alongamento do cotilédone único, que internamente passa a funcionar como órgão de absorção de reservas, denominado haustório. Com o crescimento do pecíolo cotiledonar, o material de reserva (endosperma) vai sendo consumido gradativamente. O pecíolo cotiledonar cresce aproximadamente até 5 cm, quando então se inicia uma dilatação em sua extremidade. Na extremidade dessa região dilatada, inicia-se o crescimento da raiz primária e a abertura de uma fenda longitudinal, por onde emerge a parte aérea, a plúmula. A plúmula é composta pela primeira folha juvenil completa (eófilo) revestida por uma bainha. Nesta fase observa-se o aparecimento de raízes secundárias. A primeira folha de Caryota urens L. é pinada, com 2 pinas de forma triangular assemelhando-se à cauda de peixe. A nervação é paralela, com nervuras largas, dispostas longitudinalmente.

ABSTRACT Among the most widely used tests for evaluating seed vigor, electrical conductivity (EC) stands out as one of the most promising due to its speed and simplicity. This study aimed to verify if the EC test could be used to evaluate the physiological quality of seed lots of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. A seed lot, which was classified by seed tegument color and size, was used based on seed retention in round-hole screens, sizes 11 and 15, constituting 10 sub-lots. Prior to germination and the EC test, the seeds were immersed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 minutes in order to overcome tegument dormancy. During the EC test, we soaked seeds in 75 mL of water at 25 ºC and tested eight soaking periods (2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) and two seed quantities (25 and 50) per replicate. The EC test, regardless of the number of seeds or soaking period, was not adequate for evaluating the physiological quality of color- or size-classified seed lots from P. moniliformis Benth. .