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Ilio-sacral screw is a technique for posterior pelvic fixation. In spite of its benefits, it had not performed commonly in Iran because of its difficulties. We changed this technique to insert the screw under CT-Scan guide with lical anesthesia to increase image quality and decrease neurological complications and performed it in two patients. In both cases the screws were inserted in correct position without any complication."n"n

Byline: H. Shojaei, S. Borjian, Pour. Shooshtari, S. Shirani Objectives: To establish a baseline of a hospital's problem, it is recommended to conduct a surveillance of clean (class I) surgical [...]

With the widespread internet usage, digital contents are easily distributed throughout the world. To eliminate concerns of producers and owners of digital contents, watermarking techniques are extensively being used. Robustness against intentional and unintentional attacks is a major quality of watermarking systems. Since different attacks tend to target different parts of the frequency spectrum, in this paper we propose a framework for blind watermarking which determines the type of attack that the image has gone through before extracting the watermark. Within this framework, we propose an attack classification method to identify the region of the frequency spectrum that is less damaged. The watermark which is redundantly spread throughout the spectrum can be extracted from the less damaged regions. Experimental results show functionality of the framework by producing better results in comparison with well-known blind watermarking techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inappropriate body composition represents impaired energy and nutrient intake and can be a risk factor for many diseases, especially for cardiovascular disease. Different methods have been suggested for the estimation of body fat volume and its distribution. However, they may be either expensive or hazardous for some groups of patients. Sonography is a very accessible technique, which may be used for the evaluation of visceral and subcutaneous fat volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sonographic prediction of body fat and its distribution in subcutaneous and visceral compartments.Methods: During a three-month period, we conducted sonographic evaluations for visceral and subcutaneous fat in 106 patients who were admitted to our hospital. The subcutaneous fat was measured at the para-umbilical region and visceral fat was measured in the right para-renal space. The results were compared with the data obtained from the body mass index (BMI) and bioelectric impedance analysis.Results: The mean age of the patients was 58.8 years, and the mean BMI was26.48 +/- 0.33. The mean values of fat percent and fat mass obtained by the electric-method were 31.07 +/- 0.81% and 22.12 +/- 0.68 kg, respectively. The respective mean values of subcutaneous and visceral fat obtained by sonography were 20.50+/-0.56 mm and 24.14 +/- 0.58 mm. The correlation between BMI and subcutaneous fat was 0.85 (p value < 0.0001) and the correlation between BMI and visceral fat was0.46 (p value < 0.0001).Conclusion: Sonography is a reliable and available method for the estimation of body fat and its distribution in cardiovascular patients, in subcutaneous and visceral compartments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We sought to evaluate the routine echo-Doppler screening of carotid artery stenosis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: A total of 2179 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting alone or with other cardiac surgery at Tehran Heart Center, Tehran-Iran, between January 2005 and January 2006 were included in this retrospective study. Carotid Doppler was performed for 1604 (81.48%) of these patients. Results: The patients' age ranged between 20 and 84 years (mean: 58.33, SD: 10.08 years). Of the 1604 patients studied, 1186 (73.9%) were men, 592 (36.9%) had diabetes, 598 (37.3%) were smokers, and 194 (12.1%) cases had significant left main stenosis. Twenty-one (1.3%) patients had significant carotid stenosis (> 60% stenosis), which constituted 0.9% of all the bypass surgery candidates. Post-operative cerebrovascular accident was not detected in any of the patients with significant carotid stenosis, but cerebrovascular accident occurred in 22 (1.4%) of the patients without carotid stenosis. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was conducted in 15 patients. In our univariate analysis, female gender (p value = 0.023), hypertension (p value = 0.055), peripheral vascular disease (p value < 0.001), and age (p value = 0.001) were significant in the development of carotid stenosis. Conclusion: Pre-operative duplex carotid screening seems to be necessary in patients when there is hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, female gender, and advanced age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiral CT is a rapidly growing method for noninvasive visualization of post-operative complications, including post-operative complications in CABG (coronary artery bypass graft). In the recent years, several different, yet more efficient types have been introduced with progressive improvement in the diagnostic accuracy in the detection of post-operative complications. The introduction of 64-slice technology, which allows high resolution as well as reconstructed images, has resulted in further progress in the diagnostic process. This kind of diagnostic equipment will spread rapidly in the world. Although studies with large numbers of patients regarding spiral CT as a routine diagnostic method have not been reported, there is great need for it all over the world. In this article, we intend to review the spiral CT findings of non-graft complications in patients after cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microarray is a powerful tool for simultaneous study of the behaviour of thousands of genes through analysis of produced images. The correct segmentation of each ‘spot’ of the microarray image is a critical step in the analysis of the results of an experiment. A graph-based method is proposed which automatically performs the segmentation. The performance of the algorithm is tested both on real and simulated images. The proposed algorithm successfully detected spots of different sizes and shapes under the presence of variable noise levels. The simulation results proved that the suggested approach has high segmentation accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used data from the baseline survey from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme to determine the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes among a representative samples of 12 514 adults living in 3 cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes was 17.3%, 66.3% and 5.6% respectively. Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were 40.3%, 35.3%, and 9.1% respectively. The rates for dyslipidaemia were 14.4%, 7.1% and 6.5% respectively, and 54.6% of diabetics were aware of their disease and 46.2% were under treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is between 0.9% and 6.7%, which significantly increases in-hospital and out-hospital costs. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of significant carotid stenosis and its risk factors in CABG.Methods: In total, 2044 consecutive patients undergoing elective CABG were investigated through a pre-operative duplex scanning of the carotid arteries. The relation of age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and coronary disease with carotid stenosis was evaluated.Results: The prevalence of carotid stenosis was 7.6%. The multivariate analysis showed that age over 55 and left main coronary disease were significant independent risk factors for carotid stenosis. Female gender, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes were the risk factors in the univariate logistic regression model.Conclusion: Carotid stenosis is prevalent in CABG candidates. It seems that age >/=55 years and left main coronary disease are the independent risk factors for carotid stenosis in CABG patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CMOS photodetectors and imaging systems have shown that they possess adequate performance characteristics to replace CCDs or PMTs in some biomedical applications, thereby providing low power, portable, and cheap integrated bioimaging systems. Some advanced solutions, like novel active pixel sensors that detect ultra-low light levels, and avalanche photodiodes that are integrated in CMOS and perform single photon detection, are addressed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fluorescence-based spectroscopy and imaging techniques provide qualitative and quantitative diagnostic information on biological systems. In this paper, we report on the design, fabrication, and testing of a miniaturized wireless fluorescence imaging device for noninvasive clinical diagnosis and screening of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract. The system includes three submodules: optical imaging, electronics control and image acquisition, and information processing and transmission. These modules were individually developed and tested before being integrated into a battery-powered wireless device. The final integrated system is mounted in a customized, compact cylindrical housing. The performance of each individual module and the overall integrated system has been evaluated using fluorescent phantoms. It has been demonstrated that the miniaturized device can acquire spectrally resolved fluorescence images and transmit the image stream wirelessly. An important outcome of this feasibility study is the identification of important technological issues and pathways for future prototype development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An affine motion model provides better motion representation than a translational motion model. Therefore, it is a good candidate for advanced video compression algorithms, requiring higher compression efficiency than current algorithms. One disadvantage of the affine motion model is the increased number of motion vector parameters, therefore increased motion vector bit rate. We develop and analyze several simulation based approaches of entropy coding for orthonormalized affine motion vector (AMV) coefficients, by considering various context-types and coders. In our work we expand the traditional idea of a context type by introducing four new context types. We compare our method of contexts-type and coder selection with context quantization. The best of our contexts-type and coder solutions produces 4% to 15% average AMV bit-rate reductions over the original VLC approach. For more difficult content AMV bit rate reduction up to 26% is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The multiple description coding method proposed in this paper provides the least amount of degradation, caused by loss of descriptors, for those areas of the image which are of greater interest. This is achieved by employing a nonlinear geometrical transform to add redundancy mainly to the area of interest followed by a partitioning of the transformed image into subimages which are coded and transmitted separately. Simulations show that this approach yields acceptable performance even when only one descriptor is received. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We have developed novel progressive scalable region-of-interest (ROI) image compression schemes with rate-distortion-complexity tradeoff based on vector quantization. Residual vector quantization (RVQ) equips the encoder with a multi-resolution apparatus which is useful for rate-distortion tradeoff. Having all advantages of RVQ, jointly suboptimized RVQ provides a distortion-complexity adjustment. The systems are unbalanced in the sense that the decoder has less computational requirements than the encoder. The proposed jointly suboptimized RVQ method provides an interactive tool for fast ROI-based browsing from image archives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We propose a new method for error concealment of shape information in MPEG-4 video bit streams that are transmitted over error prone channels. The proposed method employs a MAP estimator with a Markov random field (MRF) as the image a priori model. The MRF is designed for binary shape information and its parameters are adapted based on the information of neighboring blocks. Our experimental results show that the proposed concealment method restores missing shape blocks with high accuracy. Compared to the median filtering method, our method restores 20% more missing shape data, with a much greater subjective improvement. The proposed algorithm requires a relatively small number of integer multiplications and additions and simple logic operations, making it suitable for real-time implementations [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract Objectives We aimed to evaluate the changes over time in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate of hypertension in intervention and reference areas of a comprehensive community trial with reference area. Methods Data from independent sample surveys before and after implementation of the program (2001 vs.2007) were used to compare differences in the intervention and references areas over time. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg in non-diabetic patients and ≥130/80 mmHg in diabetic individuals and or taking antihypertensive medications. Interventional activities included educational strategies at population level as well as for hypertensive patients, their families and health professionals. Results The study population of the baseline survey included 6175 (48.7% males) in the interventional area and 6339 (51.3% male) in the reference area. The corresponding figures in the post-intervention phase was 4717 (49.3% male) in the interventional area and 4853 (50.7% male) individuals in the reference area. The prevalence of hypertension had a non-significant decrease from 20.5%to 19.6%, in the interventional area whereas in the reference area, it increased from 17.4% to 19.6% (P = 0.003). If we consider Bp ≥ 140/90 in diabetic and non-diabetic patients as hypertension definition, the prevalence of hypertension in the interventional areas had a non-significant decrease from 18.9% in 2001 to 17.8% in 2007, whereas in the reference area, it had a significant rise from 15.7% to 17.9% (P = 0.002) respectively. Awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension had better improvement in urban and rural part of the interventional area compared to reference area. The awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension increased significantly in the age groups of more than 40 years, as well as in all groups of body mass index in interventional areas without significant change in the reference area. Mean systolic blood pressure of study population in the interventional area decreased from 116.13 ±19.37 to 112.92 ± 18.27 mmHg (P < 0.001) without significant change in reference area. Conclusions This comprehensive and integrated program of interventions was effective in tackling with the prevalence of hypertension, and may improve the awareness, treatment and control rates of this disorder in a developing country setting.

To reliably transmit video over error-prone channels, the data should be both source and channel coded. When multiple channels are available for transmission, the problem extends to that of partitioning the data across these channels. The condition of transmission channels, however, varies with time. Therefore, the error protection added to the data at one instant of time may not be optimal at the next. In this paper, we propose a method for adaptively adding error correction code in a rate-distortion (RD) optimized manner using rate-compatible punctured convolutional codes to an MJPEG2000 constant rate-coded frame of video. We perform an analysis on the rate-distortion tradeoff of each of the coding units (tiles and packets) in each frame and adapt the error correction code assigned to the unit taking into account the bandwidth and error characteristics of the channels. This method is applied to both single and multiple time-varying channel environments. We compare our method with a basic protection method in which data is either not transmitted, transmitted with no protection, or transmitted with a fixed amount of protection. Simulation results show promising performance for our proposed method.

Randomized experiments are a powerful methodology for data-driven evaluation of decisions or interventions. Yet, their validity may be undermined by network interference. This occurs when the treatment of one unit impacts not only its outcome but also that of connected units, biasing traditional treatment effect estimations. Our study introduces a framework to accommodate complex and unknown network interference, moving beyond specialized models in the existing literature. Our framework, termed causal message-passing, is grounded in high-dimensional approximate message-passing methodology. It is tailored for multiperiod experiments and is particularly effective in settings with many units and prevalent network interference. The framework models causal effects as a dynamic process where a treated unit's impact propagates through the network via neighboring units until equilibrium is reached. This approach allows us to approximate the dynamics of potential outcomes over time, enabling the extraction of valuable information before treatment effects reach equilibrium. Utilizing causal message-passing, we introduce a practical algorithm to estimate the total treatment effect, defined as the impact observed when all units are treated compared to the scenario where no unit receives treatment. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach across five numerical scenarios, each characterized by a distinct interference structure., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Identification of seizure sources in the brain is of paramount importance, particularly for drug-resistant epilepsy patients who may require surgical operation. Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), which may or may not be frequent, are known to originate from seizure networks. Delayed responses (DRs) to brain electrical stimulation have been recently discovered. If DRs and IEDs come from the same location and the DRs can be accurately localized, there will be a significant step in identification of the seizure sources. The solution to this important question has been investigated in this paper. For this, we have exploited the morphology of these spike-type events, as well as the variability in their temporal locations, to develop new constraints for an adaptive Bayesian beamformer that outperforms the conventional and recently proposed beamformers even for identifying correlated sources. This beamformer is applied to an array (a.k.a mat) of cortical EEG electrodes. The developed approach has been tested on 300 data segments from five epileptic patients included in this study, which clinically represent a large population of candidates for surgical treatment. As the significant outcome of applying this beamformer, it is very likely (if not certain) that for an epileptic subject, the IEDs and DRs originate from the same location in the brain. This paves the way for a quick identification of the source(s) of seizure in the brain.

Background: T 2 mapping is a valuable technique in cardiac MR imaging that offers insights into the microstructural characteristics of myocardial tissue. However, it was shown that myocardial T 2 relaxation times (T 2 ) measured vary significantly depending on sequence, sequence parameters, and field strength., Purpose: To assess T 2 variability and image quality in cardiac T 2 maps using four variants of the gradient-spin echo (GraSE) sequence, having different methods of blood signal suppression (double inversion recovery (DIR) and improved motion-sensitized driven equilibrium (iMSDE) and with and without the addition of fat saturation (FS)., Study Type: Prospective., Population: 48 healthy volunteers (46.7 +/- 21.5 years, 24 male) with no cardiac history., Field Strength/sequence: GraSE sequence with DIR (GraSE DIR ), with iMSDE (GraSE iMSDE ) and FS (GraSE DIR -FS) and with both iMSDE and FS (GraSE iMSDE -FS) at 1.5T., Assessment: Global T 2 from three short axis myocardial slices. and image quality assessments using a 5-point Lickert scale (1, (non-diagnostic) to 5, (excellent)) were conducted to evaluate the impact of DB and FS techniques on myocardial T 2 measurements and image quality., Statistical Tests: Paired t-tests or non-parametric equivalents for comparisons between sequences. The Bland-Altmann plots and Pearson rank correlation analyses, as appropriate. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: The mean global T 2 values for GraSE DIR , GraSE DIR -FS, GraSE iMSDE , and GraSE iMSDE -FS, were 52.84 ± 5.72 msec, 54.98 ± 3.59 msec, 53.9 ± 4.05 msec, and 55.14 ± 4.28 msec, respectively, with no significant differences (P = 0.092). High image quality scores (>4 out of 5) were obtained for all sequence variants with no significant differences between them (P = 0.11)., Data Conclusion: All GraSE sequence variants exhibited approximately the same results and variations in the DB technique and addition of FS did not have significant impact on myocardial T 2 values., Level of Evidence: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1., (© 2023 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Portland cements (PCs) and cement blends are multiphase materials of different fineness, and quantitatively analysing their hydration pathways is very challenging. The dissolution (hydration) of the initial crystalline and amorphous phases must be determined, as well as the formation of labile (such as ettringite), reactive (such as portlandite) and amorphous (such as calcium silicate hydrate gel) components. The microstructural changes with hydration time must also be mapped out. To address this robustly and accurately, an innovative approach is being developed based on in situ measurements of pastes without any sample conditioning. Data are sequentially acquired by Mo K α 1 laboratory X-ray powder diffraction (LXRPD) and microtomography (µCT), where the same volume is scanned with time to reduce variability. Wide capillaries (2 mm in diameter) are key to avoid artefacts, e.g. self-desiccation, and to have excellent particle averaging. This methodology is tested in three cement paste samples: (i) a commercial PC 52.5 R, (ii) a blend of 80 wt% of this PC and 20 wt% quartz, to simulate an addition of supplementary cementitious materials, and (iii) a blend of 80 wt% PC and 20 wt% limestone, to simulate a limestone Portland cement. LXRPD data are acquired at 3 h and 1, 3, 7 and 28 days, and µCT data are collected at 12 h and 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Later age data can also be easily acquired. In this methodology, the amounts of the crystalline phases are directly obtained from Rietveld analysis and the amorphous phase contents are obtained from mass-balance calculations. From the µCT study, and within the attained spatial resolution, three components (porosity, hydrated products and unhydrated cement particles) are determined. The analyses quantitatively demonstrate the filler effect of quartz and limestone in the hydration of alite and the calcium aluminate phases. Further hydration details are discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© Jaime Fernandez-Sanchez et al. 2024.)

This work proposes a new formulation for common spatial patterns (CSP), often used as a powerful feature extraction technique in brain-computer interfacing (BCI) and other neurological studies. In this approach, applied to multiple subjects' data and named as hyperCSP, the individual covariance and mutual correlation matrices between multiple simultaneously recorded subjects' electroencephalograms are exploited in the CSP formulation. This method aims at effectively isolating the common motor task between multiple heads and alleviate the effects of other spurious or undesired tasks inherently or intentionally performed by the subjects. This technique can provide a satisfactory classification performance while using small data size and low computational complexity. By using the proposed hyperCSP followed by support vector machines classifier, we obtained a classification accuracy of 81.82% over 8 trials in the presence of strong undesired tasks. We hope that this method could reduce the training error in multi-task BCI scenarios. The recorded valuable motor-related hyperscanning dataset is available for public use to promote the research in this area.

Purpose: This study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the gradient-spin echo- (GraSE-) based short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence (GraSE-STIR) in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging compared to the conventional turbo spin echo- (TSE-) based STIR sequence, specifically focusing on image quality, specific absorption rate (SAR), and image acquisition time., Methods: In a prospective study, we examined forty-four normal volunteers and seventeen patients referred for CMR imaging using conventional STIR and GraSE-STIR techniques. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), image quality, T 2 signal intensity (SI) ratio, SAR, and image acquisition time were compared between both sequences., Results: GraSE-STIR showed significant improvements in image quality (4.15 ± 0.8 vs. 3.34 ± 0.9, p = 0.024) and cardiac motion artifact reduction (7 vs. 18 out of 53, p = 0.038) compared to conventional STIR. Furthermore, the acquisition time (27.17 ± 3.53 vs. 36.9 ± 4.08 seconds, p = 0.041) and the local torso SAR (<13% vs. <17%, p = 0.047) were significantly lower for GraSE-STIR compared to conventional STIR in short-axis plan. However, no significant differences were shown in T 2 SI ratio ( p = 0.141), SNR ( p = 0.093), CNR ( p = 0.068), and SAR ( p = 0.071) between these two sequences., Conclusions: GraSE-STIR offers notable advantages over conventional STIR sequence, with improved image quality, reduced motion artifacts, and shorter acquisition times. These findings highlight the potential of GraSE-STIR as a valuable technique for routine clinical CMR imaging., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sadegh Dehghani et al.)

Background: The presence of the severe thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) in cardiac surgery patients is associated with adverse post-operative outcome. However, the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and aortic plaque burden remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the predictive factors of TAC in patients candidate for cardiac surgery., Methods: Patients who underwent thoracic CT scan prior to cardiac surgery between August 2020 to April 2021 were included. Of 556 patients, 209 (36.7%) had a thoracic aortic calcium score (TACS) ≥ 400 mm [3] and were compare with the remaining patients. Predictors of severe TAC were assessed through stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis., Results: The patients with TACS ≥ 400 had a higher mean age (67.3 ± 7.1 vs. 55.7 ± 10.6; p < 0.001) with a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus (40.7% vs. 30.8%; p = 0.018), dyslipidemia (49.8% vs. 38.6%; p = 0.010), hypertension (60.8% vs. 44.7%; p < 0.001), opium addiction (18.2% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.023), peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (7.7% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.005) as compared with TACS < 400. The multiple determinants of TAC were PVD (OR = 2.86) followed by opium addiction, diabetes and age., Conclusions: Thoracic CT scan prior to cardiac surgery for patients with older age, diabetes, opium addiction and PVD is recommended. Our study could serve as a foundation for future research endeavors aimed at establishing a risk score for TAC., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: In the current study, we aimed to report the short- and mid-term outcomes of patients undergoing valve-sparing aortic root reimplantation (VSARR) and our center's experience with the procedure., Methods: Forty patients with aortic root aneurysms underwent VSARR at our center from 2010 until 2022. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of these patients and extracted the relevant data. After carefully examining the aortic valve, the surgeon decided to perform Bentall or David's procedure during the operation., Results: The study population comprised 31 (77.5%) men and nine (22.5%) women, with a mean age of 55.35 ± 15.40. One patient developed hemodynamic instability post-surgery in the hospital and died from multi-organ failure. Another patient had severe AI in the intraoperative echocardiography, and aortic valve replacement with a prosthetic graft was performed during the same operation. In pre-operation echocardiography, 25 (62.5%) patients had severe, nine (22.5%) had moderate, and six (15%) had mild AI. In the in-hospital post-operation follow-up echo, AI was improved, and no patients had severe AI (P < 0.001). Only eight patients had moderate AI in post-one-year follow-up echo exams, while the rest had mild AI., Conclusion: David's procedure showed excellent mid-term results in our center, with only one in-hospital mortality., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Brain interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), as one of the hallmarks of epileptic brain, are transient events captured by electroencephalogram (EEG). IEDs are generated by seizure networks, and they occur between seizures (interictal periods). The development of a robust method for IED detection could be highly informative for clinical treatment procedures and epileptic patient management. Since 1972, different machine learning techniques, from template matching to deep learning, have been developed to automatically detect IEDs from scalp EEG (scEEG) and intracranial EEG (iEEG). While the scEEG signals suffer from low information details and high attenuation of IEDs due to the high skull electrical impedance, the iEEG signals recorded using implanted electrodes enjoy higher details and are more suitable for identifying the IEDs. In this review paper, we group IED detection techniques into six categories: (1) template matching, (2) feature representation (mimetic, time-frequency, and nonlinear features), (3) matrix decomposition, (4) tensor factorization, (5) neural networks, and (6) estimation of the iEEG from the concurrent scEEG followed by detection and classification. The methods are compared quantitatively (e.g., in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity), and their general advantages and limitations are described. Finally, current limitations and possible future research paths related to this field are mentioned., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None Declared., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Suppressor of Ty homolog-5 (SPT5) discovered in the yeast mutant screens as a suppressor of mutation caused by the insertion of the Transposons of yeast (Ty) element along with SPT4, with which it forms a holoenzyme complex known as DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF) and plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription. SPT5 is a highly conserved protein across all three domains of life and performs critical functions in transcription, starting from promoter-proximal pausing to termination. We also highlight the emerging role of SPT5 in other non-canonical functions, such as the regulation of post-translational modifications (PTM) and the transcriptional regulation of non-coding genes. Also, in brief, we highlight the clinical implications of SPT5 dysregulation., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest exist, according to the authors., (© Copyright by the Author(s). Published by Cell Physiol Biochem Press.)