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Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Animales de laboratorio criados en diferentes Bioterios muestran variaciones en sus características fisiológicas debido a la dieta, manejo, estado de salud, edad, vías de toma de muestras y otros factores. Por ello la importancia de determinar el perfil bioquímico de ratones y ratas convencionales del Bioterio de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (FCQ-UNA). En el estudio experimental se utilizaron 60 ratones Swiss y 60 ratas Wistar, machos y hembras, de 11 semanas de edad. Se determinaron distintos parámetros bioquímicos como los perfiles renal, hepático, lipídico y proteico, electrolitos, glicemia y hemoglobina glicosilada. Los animales no fueron expuestos a tratamientos químicos o farmacológicos que pudieran cambiar su estado fisiológico natural. El análisis comparativo de los resultados con los presentados en la literatura, demostraron claramente la existencia de variaciones intra-especie. Las diferencias más notorias se observaron en el perfil hepático; ya que, los niveles de transaminasas séricas de los animales presentaron valores por debajo de la establecida en la bibliografía consultada. Además, claramente se evidenció valores inferiores de glicemia en los animales del Bioterio de la FCQ-UNA comparados con Bioterios de la región. Este estudio estandarizó el perfil bioquímico de ratas y ratones convencionales del Bioterio de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la UNA, ofreciendo una herramienta valiosa a los investigadores para el análisis de sus resultados experimentales.

Las unidades de experimentación convencional de animal pequeño son instalaciones complejas de planificar y diseñar. Es por ello que a la hora de diseñar una nueva unidad puede resultar muy valioso recopilar la información que se encuentra disponible sobre unidades similares ya construidas para así poder analizar los diferentes modelos conceptuales y los flujos de trabajo que puedan servir de referencia para su diseño. En este trabajo, a través de expresiones gráficas estandarizadas, se estudia el modelo organizativo y el diseño conceptual de la unidad de experimentación convencional de animal pequeño de tres Institutos de Investigación Sanitaria acreditados por el Instituto de Salud Carlos III. A partir de la puesta en común de los resultados obtenidos del análisis de varios casos, se pueden sacar conclusiones que pueden ser de utilidad en el diseño de fututos centros, tanto para los investigadores como para los profesionales responsables de la programación funcional, diseño, construcción y puesta en funcionamiento de nuevos centros de experimentación convencional de animal pequeño.

Communication between scientists and animal technicians is considered important for creating a 'culture of care' in facilities that use animals in scientific research. For example, the Brown report, which investigated alleged failures of animal care at Imperial College London, noted the physical and social separation between animal technicians and scientists as a problem that delimited a culture of care. This paper seeks to better understand the communicative relationships between scientists and animal technicians in this context. We conducted a survey of scientists working in the UK who use animals in their research (n = 230), asking who they spoke with about various aspects related to using animals in research. We found that scientists communicated with technicians about operational issues, while they spoke with other scientists about experimental design as well as moral questions and concerns. We probe the meaning of these communicative relationships using narrative analysis of semi-structured, qualitative interviews conducted with consenting survey respondents (n = 14). Analytically, this paper seeks to bridge social network analysis with geographies of care through a shared concern with relations of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, health systems globally have seen a dramatic increase in the occupancy of intensive care units, with mechanical ventilators being a resource in high demand in the care of these patients. This article proposes a protocol for testing low-cost mechanical ventilators in pig models, as part of the development of locally manufactured biomedical equipment that can support the health crisis caused by the pandemic. The protocol addresses aspects that include the pre-test phase, anesthetic and airway management, laboratory monitoring, recovery and monitoring of the animal. This document presents to the academic community a validation protocol of a mechanical ventilator prototype in a pig specimen that can be a reference for its application and revalidation by other groups interested in the development of local and low-cost technologies.

El Laboratorio de Cirugía Experimental de la Universidad de Ciencia Médicas de Villa Clara cuenta con la tecnología necesaria para el montaje y desarrollo de técnicas y habilidades quirúrgicas y microquirúrgicas, las cuales son utilizadas por los profesionales y estudiantes en la docencia y la investigación biomédica. Se realizaron varias innovaciones con la recuperación de equipos, instrumentos y materiales en desuso; se creó el gimnasio quirúrgico conformado por modelos inanimados sintéticos, y se implementó el modelo «pollo», como técnica alternativa al uso de animales vivos en la experimentación animal. Se han desarrollado: importantes proyectos de investigación, entrenamientos de cirugía y microcirugía experimental, diversos programas docentes, y exitosos cursos internacionales con estudiantes y residentes. El laboratorio constituye un valioso aporte de alternativas éticas, económicas y sanitarias, que han favorecido la formación de recursos humanos y un servicio científico-técnico de calidad para la docencia y la investigación.

Copyright of Animal Technology & Welfare is the property of Institute of Animal Technology of Great Britain and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo señala que, desde la filosofía de la biología, se ha entendido a los animales de laboratorio como estándares, modelos, instrumentos y herramientas, entre otras acepciones, lo cual da cuenta de lo que denominamos el estatus ontológico y epistemológico de dichos organismos. Sin embargo, en los estudios indagados no se pone de manifiesto cuál sería el estatus ético de esos animales. Se argumenta, entonces, que esta situación está sustentada por una perspectiva especista, la que se propone superar a través de la biofilia y la bioética. El escrito concluye planteando algunos retos a futuro como, por ejemplo, reflexionar a profundidad de qué manera se podrían justificar éticamente los experimentos que empleen animales de laboratorio.

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Esta historia, anecdótica y ficticia presenta algunos de los conceptos éticos a considerarse en la experimentación con animales de laboratorio, pues son fuentes de conocimiento y modelos biológicos. El personaje principal es Francisco López, Pancho Ciencia, un estudiante de posgrado que descubre la relevancia del bienestar animal a partir de un adecuado control sanitario y de generar las condiciones ambientales aptas para su crianza y su uso. Comprende además el principio de las 3 R’s (reemplazo, reducción y refinamiento), elementos necesarios para trabajar con seres vivos en la investigación.

Background: epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that cardiovascular disease in adulthood is influenced by prenatal or early postnatal events, regardless of lifestyle-related risk factors. Objective: to characterize the heart morphometry in Wistar rats with intrauterine growth restriction and to determine the differences between adolescents and adults of both sexes as well as the association with some morphometric variables at birth. Methods: a total of 80 rats in the control group and 80 in the experimental group were studied. The following morphometric variables were analyzed in the newborns: weight, height in addition to size, weight and volume of the heart, all in millimeters. Results: low birth weight resulting from intrauterine growth restriction caused changes in heart morphometry, especially in heart weight and thickness of the left ventricle. These changes were observed in both sexes during adolescence and showed a slight predominance in adult males. Conclusions: these results led to an increased knowledge of the events involved in heart development in response to nutrient restriction in utero, which could contribute to the design of health strategies to reduce morbidity and perinatal mortality from heart diseases.

El uso de modelos animales para la experimentación se ha incrementado considerablemente en Colombia. Mientras en países desarrollados estos animales se producen en ambientes controlados bajo normas estrictas que garantizan la validez de los resultados de investigación, en Colombia la normatividad al respecto es precaria e imprecisa lo que ha llevado a que pocas instituciones mantengan los animales con los estándares requeridos para obtener resultados de investigación con el rigor que la comunidad científica internacional exige. En este artículo presentamos una breve revisión de la normatividad en el tema a nivel mundial y, finalmente, se mencionan algunas recomendaciones sobre ajgunos aspectos que debería integrar la normatividad colombiana para que se adecúe a las regulaciones internacionales.

Uma das estratégias mais utilizadas para o estudo das alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da oclusão coronariana é o uso do modelo do infarto experimental no rato. Entre outros fatores, esse fato é decorrência da similaridade com as alterações fisiopatológicas que ocorrem após o infarto, em humanos. Devemos considerar, entretanto, que esse modelo possui características que podem dificultar tanto o uso como a interpretação de eventuais resultados. Assim, essa revisão tem como objetivo discutir as principais características do modelo do infarto experimental no rato, abordando a técnica da oclusão coronariana, as consequências e os métodos de avaliação morfológica e funcional do infarto e suas implicações clínicas.Una de las estrategias que se utiliza más en el estudio de las alteraciones fisiopatológicas resultantes de la oclusión coronaria es el uso del modelo del infarto experimental en el ratón. Entre otros factores, este hecho resulta de la similitud con las alteraciones fisiopatológicas que ocurren tras el infarto, en humanos. Sin embargo, debemos tener en cuenta que este modelo tiene características que pueden dificultar tanto el empleo como la interpretación de eventuales resultados. Así, esta revisión tiene por objeto discutir las principales características del modelo del infarto experimental en el ratón, y que se aborde la técnica de la oclusión coronaria, las consecuencias y los métodos de evaluación morfológicos y funcionales del infarto y sus implicaciones clínicas.One of the most often used strategies to study the physiopathological alterations caused by coronary occlusion is the use of the experimental infarction model in rats. Among other factors, this is due to the similarities in the physiopathological alterations that occur after the infarction in humans. One must consider, however, that this model has characteristics that can hinder the use as well as the interpretation of eventual outcomes. Thus, this review aims at analyzing the main characteristics of the experimental infarction model in rats, discussing the coronary occlusion technique, the consequences and the methods of morphological and functional assessment of the infarction and its clinical implications.

Aotus es un primate neotropical nocturno usado como modelo experimental en investigaciones biomédicas. En 1979 el Centro de Reproducción y Conservación de Primates del Proyecto Peruano de Primatologia (CRCP-PPP) Iquitos- Perú, inició la cría en cautiverio del Aotus nancymae y el A. vociferans, siendo un objetivo de la crianza, la alta supervivencia de las crías. El presente estudio clasifica y describe la mortalidad en crías de un día a siete meses de edad, en el periodo 1988-2002 ocurridos en el CRCP. La información se obtuvo de los protocolos de necropsia realizados en A. nancymae (92=9%) y A. vociferans (67=16%), sobre un total de 1453 nacimientos (1033 A. nancymae y 420 A. vociferans). Las causas de mortalidad son neumonías (37%), ocurridos desde la primera semana hasta un mes de edad en ambas especies; procesos gastrointestinales (26%), que afectó a crías de ambas especies de uno a cuatro meses; rechazos de los padres (18%), cuadros asociados con traumas múltiples observado en crías de un día hasta el primer mes en ambas especies; desnutrición (15%), registrado en ejemplares de ambas especies a partir del primer mes; las causas no determinadas (10%) y trastornos de otros sistemas(3%).

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cualquier investigación donde se experimente con modelos animales exige que el estado microbiológico y genético de los mismos sea definido desde el principio y verificado periódicamente para garantizar la fiabilidad y certeza de los datos. Buscando producir ratones libres de patógenos murinos en Colombia, se importaron 173 reproductores no emparentados suizos albinos de la cepa ICR que se hospedaron bajo condiciones protocolizadas de aislamiento microbiológico en el Bioterio MPF de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia. Tras dos años de funcionamiento ininterrumpido, el control microbiológico demostró que los progenitores mantuvieron inalterada la flora con la cual fueron exportados a Colombia, que sus crías portan flora murina idéntica, y que la misma corresponde a la exigida internacionalmente. Diversas pruebas a la integridad de la barrera microbiológica condujeron a la detección y erradicación de un brote infeccioso por Parvovirus murino. El control reproductivo permitió mantener intacta la heterocigocidad de la cepa, denominada Udea:ICR(CD-1). In order to guarantee the accuracy of the data, experimentation with animal models requires well defined microbiological and genetic statuses with periodical verification. To produce murine pathogen free mice, an outbreeding program was set up by importing 173 non-related Swiss albino ICR breeders that were hosted under strict conditions of microbiological isolation in the animal facilities of the University of Antioquia Medical Faculty. After two years of uninterrupted reproduction, microbiological control demonstrated unaltered murine flora for both parents and offspring, the same with which original breeders were dispatched to Colombia, complying with current international standards. An outbreak of Murine Parvovirus (MPV) was timely detected and erradicated thanks to strict testing of microbiological barriers. The breeding program allowed the production of animals free of genetic contamination.

Se realizó un análisis donde se tomó como referencia obligada el conjunto de leyes y regulaciones más importantes puestas en vigor por los países miembros de la Comunidad Europea, quienes también han creado grupos de trabajo encargados del flujo de información de todo tipo, incluidas las nuevas legislaciones, uso de alternativas y el control sobre los procedimientos en los experimentos, entre otras funciones. Se incluyó también lo regulado en Canadá y EE.UU. y al referirse a Cuba se explica lo hecho hasta el presente en materia de protección con respecto al uso de los animales a través de las medidas dictadas por el Centro de Producción de Animales de Laboratorio. Se analizó la situación específica de los centros de investigación y docencia de Ciencias Médicas, señalando las deficiencias más comunes que pueden presentarse por la inadecuada aplicación de los principios éticos y las disposiciones secundarias orientadas por el Consejo de Organizaciones Internacionales de Ciencias Médicas. Finalmente, con el propósito de revertir los aspectos negativos, se sugieren los procedimientos necesarios a seguir por los Comité de Ética en cada centro y la Comisión Nacional de Ética Médica.An analysis was made taking as a compulsory reference the set of the most important laws and regulations put into effect by the member countries of the European Community that have also created working groups in charge of the flow of information of any type, including the new legislations, use of alternatives and the control of the procedures in the experiments, among other functions. It was also included what was established by Canada and the United States and, on referring to Cuba, it is explained what has been done up to now as regards the use of animals by a series of measurements taken by the Center of Production of Laboratory Animals. The specific situation of the research and teaching centers of Medical Sciences was approached, making emphasis on the most common deficiencies that may appear as a result of an inadequate application of the ethic principles and of the secondary resolutions of the Council of International Medical Sciences Organizations. Finally, the steps to be taken by the Ethic Committee in each center and by the National Medical Ethic Commission are suggested in order to face the negative aspects.

El microtest de densidad eritrocitaria es una técnica que se está valorando para el diagnóstico de hipoxia perinatal, patología que es de gran incidencia en los servicios de neonatología. Con esta técnica se mide el porcentaje de células nucleadas jóvenes de la serie roja. Como la sangre de rata coagula rápidamente se modificó la técnica original. Se utilizó esta técnica para hacer un estudio seriado en ratas jóvenes (de 1 a 14 d) y poseer así un grupo control para comparar sus valores con los de ratas hipóxicas. En los resultados se observó un descenso de los valores con la edad, lo cual debe ocurrir también en los niños posterior al nacimiento, por lo que se recomienda hacer un estudio similar en niños normales a término, para que sirva de patrón de comparación con los casos de hipoxiaThe erythrocyte density microtest is a technique that is being assessed for the diagnosis of perinatal hypoxia, a pathology with a high incidence in the neonatology services. This technique is used to measure the percentage of young nucleated red blood cells. As the rat blood coagulates rapidly, the original technique was modified. This technique was applied to conduct a serial study in young rats (from 1 to 14 days) and to have a control group to compare its values with those of hypoxic rats. In the results it was observed a decrease of the values with age, which should also occur in children after birth. Therefore, it is suggested to carry out a similar study in normal infants at term that will serve as a pattern of comparison with the cases of hypoxia

En las investigaciones biomédicas se precisa la utilización de los animales de laboratorio como biomodelos naturales o inducidos de diversas enfermedades o procesos morbosos, los cuales ayudan al estudio y la comprensión de la patogenia, fisiología y posibilidades de tratamiento de las mismas. En la endocrinología se utilizan para estudiar estos aspectos de las enfermedades de origen autoinmune o no relacionadas con este sistema, como la diabetes mellitus, disfunciones tiroideas, trastornos de la reproducción y del metabolismo, entre otras, además de constituir un arma importante para investigar las interrelaciones hormonales que ocurren en los individuos normales o enfermos. Se realizó una amplia revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema para brindar una información detallada sobre los modelos animales de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 utilizados en las investigaciones biomédicas, que comprendiera los que se obtienen de forma espontánea e inducida, así como la influencia sobre ellos, de los factores ambientales. Se concluyó que resulta de vital importancia para el logro de las investigaciones básicas in vivo mantener un control estricto de las condiciones ambientales en las que desarrollamos nuestras investigaciones y ampliar nuestros conocimientos sobre el tema.In biomedical research, it is necessary the use of laboratory animals as natural or induced models of different diseases or morbid processes that make easy the study and understanding of the pathogeny, physiology and possibilities of treatment of them. In endocrinology, they are utilized to study the aspects of the diseases of autoimmune origin or of those not related to this system, such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunctions, reproduction and metabolism disorders, among others. Besides, they are also an important tool to investigate the hormonal interrelations occurring in normal or sick individuals. A wide bibliographic review on this topic was made to give a detailed information about the animal models of type I diabetes mellitus used in biomedical research, including those obtained in a spontaneous or induced way, as well as the influence of the environmental factors on them. It was concluded that it is very important for the achievement of the basic research in vivo to maintain a strict control of the environmental conditions under which we develop our investigations and to improve our knowledge on this topic.

Para determinar el efecto del campo magnético de baja frecuencia sobre el proceso de cicatrización de la piel, se emplearon 30 ratones blancos línea Balb-C distribuidos en 6 grupos. Los 2 primeros sirvieron para conocer las características normales de la piel intacta con la aplicación o no de ese agente. Los 4 restantes permitieron determinar las particularidades macroscópicas y microscópicas de la piel de los animales luego de realizarse herida cutánea y aplicarse el campo magnético con la bobina de Helmholtz, cuya frecuencia es de 60 Hz e intensidad de 100 G. No se apreciaron modificaciones en la piel intacta por acción de ese agente. Sí pudieron constatarse cambios histológicos evidentes de aceleración del proceso reparativo en la zona de cicatrización en los animales sometidos al campo magnéticoTo determine the effect of the low frequency electromagnetic field on the wound healing process, 30 inbred white Balb C mice distributed into 6 groups were used. The first two groups served to find out the standard characteristics of the intact skin, with use or non-use of this agent. The other 4 groups served to determine the macroscopic and microscopic particularities of animals´skin after it being wounded and applied a magnetic field with a Helmholtz coil whose frequency is rated at 60 Hz and intensity at 100 G.Therewere no changes in the intact skin by action of this agent but evident histological changes in the speeding up of the repair process in the healing area could be observed in animals subjected to the magnetic field

Se evaluó la utilidad de un procedimiento experimental para desarrollar aterosclerosis carotídea en conejos. Se estudiaron 18 animales divididos en 3 grupos, con 6 animales cada uno. Los animales fueron alimentados mediante pienso suplementado con 0,5 y 1 % de colesterol (grupos I y II, respectivamente), en tanto el III (control) solo con pienso. Se hicieron determinaciones bioquímicas antes de comenzar el experimento y en las semanas 4, 8 y 12, posteriores a la dieta. Se observó un aumento significativo en el peso de los animales de los grupos I y II en la semana 8 para p < 0,05, se mantuvieron sin variaciones la hemoglobina y el hematócrito. El colesterol mostró un incremento significativo para los grupos I y II a partir de la semana 4 hasta el final. El estudio morfométrico dio como resultado que en los animales del grupo II en ambas carótidas había presencia de estrías adiposas, lo que demostró la utilidad de este modelo de aterosclerosis carotídeaThe advantages of an experimental procedure to develop carotid atherosclerosis in rabbits were evaluated. Eighteen animals distributed into 3 groups, 6 animals each, were examined. Animals were fed with fodder supplemented with 0.5 and 1% of cholesterol (group I and II respectively) whereas group 3 (control) was given only fodder. Biochemical determinations were performed before the experiments and at weeks 4, 8 and 12 after the dietary treatments. The animals´weight in groups I and II had significantly increased by the 8th week for a p< 0,05;hemoglobin and hematocrit values remained unchanged. Cholesterol substantially increased in groups I and II from the 4th week on. The morphometric study revealed that there were fatty streaks in both carotids of animals included in group 2, which proved the benefits of this experimental model of carotid atherosclerosis

Para la introducción terapéutica del preparado total de Petiveria alliacea es necesario demostrar la ausencia de efectos dañinos en órganos endocrinos tan importantes como las cápsulas suprarrenales, que intervienen de forma relevante en el mantenimiento de la presión arterial, y del equilibrio hidromineral. Para conseguir tales propósitos se realizó un estudio morfométrico de la corteza suprarrenal y se determinaron los valores séricos de sodio y potasio en ratas SHR de 3 meses de edad tratadas con preparado total de Petiveria alliacea, así como a sus controles respectivos. Se observó una disminución significativa en el tamaño de la capa glomerular en los animales tratados que pudiera provocar una disminución en los niveles de aldosterona en sangre. El aumento significativo de la corteza suprarrenal en estos animales pudiera estar relacionado con un aumento en la secreción del cortisol y esto a su vez favorecer la función renalFor the therapeutic introduction of the total preparation of Petiveria alliacea it is necessary to prove the absence of harmful effects in endocrine organs as important as the suprarenal capsules that play an important role in the maintenance of arterial pressure and of the hydromineral balance. To accomplish these objects a morphometric study of the suprarenal cortex was conducted and the serum values of sodium and potasium in SHR rats of 3 months of age treated with a total preparation of Petiveria alliacea and in their respective controls were determined. It was observed a signifcant reduction in the size of the glomerular layer among the treated animals that could provoke a decrease of the levels of aldosterone in blood. The considerable increase of the suprarenal cortex in these animals may be connected with a rise in the secretion of cortisol, which may favor at the same time the renal function

La axotomía de un nervio periférico conduce a la interrupción de la continuidad del axón, con degeneración walleriana en el segmento distal de la neurona. El proceso postraumático del nervio lesiona el axón y su vaina de mielina y el material dañado es invadido por fagocitos hematógenos, que remueven con el tiempo la gran mayoría de las fibras de mielina y otras células endoneurales. Este hecho permitió el seguimiento del trayecto nervioso intrapulmonar, después de la sección del tronco vago-simpático cervical en la rata, por la aparición en el proceso degenerativo de productos de desintegración de lípidos de la mielina, teñidos con Sudán III y IV. El objetivo del trabajo fue poner en evidencia y se demostró el trayecto de las fibras autónomas intrapulmonares y su relación con las divisiones más finas de los bronquios respiratorios, por la función que el sistema autónomo tiene en el asma bronquialThe axotomy of a peripheral nerve leads to the interruption of the continuity of the axon with wallerian degeneration in the distal segment of the neuron. The posttraumatic process of the nerve injures the axon and its sheath of myelin and the damaged material is invaded by haematogenous phagocytes that with the course of time remove most of the myelin fibers and other endoneural cells. This fact allowed to follow the nervous intrapulmonary pathway after the section of the vagosympathetic cervical trunk in the rat, due to the appearance in the degenerative process of products of the desintegration of lipids from myelin, stained with Sudan III and IV. The aim of this paper was to show the pathway of the autonomic intrapulmonary fibers and their relationship with the thinnest divisions of the respiratory bronchi, taking into account the function of the autonomic nervous system in bronchial asthma

Para valorar los efectos que sobre la volemia y la excreción urinaria de ratas hipertensas tiene la nifedipina o los diuréticos se tomaron ratas hembras de 250 ± 19 g, hipertensas; 9 recibieron nifedipina (0,06 mg/d); 10 furosemida (0,125 mg/d) y otras 9,1 mL/d de una cocción de Bidens pilosa. Los medicamentos fueron administrados por vía intraperitoneal, durante 5 d. Fueron medidas la presión arterial sistólica, el volumen sanguíneo corporal y la excreción urinaria. Las ratas hipertensas mostraron un volumen sanguíneo corporal superior a los controles negativos. La presión arterial sistólica de estos animales (160 ± 12,61 mmHg) descendió con los 3 medicamentos (113,75 ± 7,58 mmHg); el volumen sanguíneo corporal del grupo nifedipina se incrementó, mientras los de diuréticos fueron normales. Se concluyó que la nifedipina restablecía la presión arterial sistólica, pero no la volemia con lo que deja un grado de "encharcamiento" en el aparato cardiovascular, no así los diuréticosIn order to assess the effects of nifedipine or of diuretics on volemia and urinary excretion of hypertensive rats, hypertensive rats of 250 ± 19 g were studied. 9 received nifedipine (0.06 mg/d), 10 were administered furosemide (0.125 mg/d) and others received 9.1 mL/d of a cooking of Bidens pilosa. Drugs were intraperitoneally administered during 5 days. The systolic pressure, blood volume and urinary excretion were measured. The hypertensive rats’ blood volume was higher than that of the negative controls. The systolic pressure of these animals (160 ± 12.61 mmHg) decreased with the 3 drugs (113.75 ± 7.58 mmHg). The blood volume in the nifedipine group increased, whereas that of the rats that were taking diuretics was normal. It was concluded that nifedipine reestablishes the systolic pressure, but no volemia, and that it produces certain degree of "bloating" in the cardiovascular system, which is not observed with diuretics

Introduction: The plant Chenopodium ambrosioides is widely distributed in America. In Mexico, it is known as "epazote," in alternative medicine its oil is used as an anthelmintic, both for human and animal use. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract at a dose of 2000 mg/kg in Long Evans rats to observe or rule out signs of acute or chronic toxicity. Method: Ten 28-day-old Long Evans female rats were divided into two groups (control and experimental). The experimental group was administered the extract orally by an orogastric tube, after a fasting of 16 to 18 hours. Saline was given to the control group. Results: Administration of the extract did not cause mortality even though the rats showed signs of lethargy and drowsiness attributable to mild toxicity during the first post-administration hours. In subsequent observations, they showed behaviors similar to those of the control group. An increase in weight of experimental animals was observed in both groups. Conclusions: Chenopodium ambrosioides extract does not exhibit significant toxicity at the dose used (which marks the fixed dose procedure). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that cardiovascular disease in adulthood is influenced by prenatal or early postnatal events, regardless of lifestyle-related risk factors. Objective: to characterize the heart morphometry in Wistar rats with intrauterine growth restriction and to determine the differences between adolescents and adults of both sexes as well as the association with some morphometric variables at birth. Methods: a total of 80 rats in the control group and 80 in the experimental group were studied. The following morphometric variables were analyzed in the newborns: weight, height in addition to size, weight and volume of the heart, all in millimeters. Results: low birth weight resulting from intrauterine growth restriction caused changes in heart morphometry, especially in heart weight and thickness of the left ventricle. These changes were observed in both sexes during adolescence and showed a slight predominance in adult males. Conclusions: these results led to an increased knowledge of the events involved in heart development in response to nutrient restriction in utero, which could contribute to the design of health strategies to reduce morbidity and perinatal mortality from heart diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se calcularon los porcentajes de genes letales recesivos que en estado homocigótico, provocan mortalidad embrionaria tomando como base poblaciones de ratas y ratones no consanguíneos. El aporte de los genes letales recesivos se halló por la diferencia de la mortalidad embrionaria entre 2 grupos con diferentes variantes de apareamiento: sistema rotatorio y cruzamiento consanguíneo. Se comparó al efecto el número de cuerpos lúteos, fetos vivos y reabsorciones en 200 ratones y 160 ratas en los días 15 y 17 del embarazo. Solamente en las ratas se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos sistemas debido al efecto de los genes letales recesivos. La mortalidad embrionaria después de la implantación y en general fue de 5,05 y 4,25 % respectivamente.The percentages of recessive lethal genes that in homozygotic state cause embrionary mortality were calculated taking as a basis populations of non-consangineous rats and mice. The contribution of the recessive lethal genes was found by the difference of embrionary mortality between 2 groups with divergent matching variants: rotating system and consanguineous crossing. It was compared the number of corpora lutea, living fetuses, and reabsorptions in 200 mice and 160 rats on the 15th and 17th day of pregnancy. Only in rats there were found significant differences between both systems due to the effect of recessive lethal genes. Embrionary mortality after implantation and in general was of 5.05 and 4.25, respectively.

The positron emission tomography, PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) is a powerful noninvasive tool for clinical diagnosis and research in vivo by means of images used in humans and laboratory animals. We have developed exclusive equipment for the various animal models with the benefits of this technique for the study of different diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, alternatives methods are developed for the use of laboratory animals for teaching, research and surgical training. In our work we present a novel alternative to the use of rats, by developing a technique of plastination at room temperature. High-quality rat preparations from the anatomical dissection point of view were obtained, in order to indefinitely preserve them dry, the thoracic and abdominal organs conserve its natural volume and shape, maintaining their texture and color. No odors or hassles and toxic vapors of conventional preserving agents were found. This technique allows the collection of dry, completely biosafe and durable specimens in a short time and with excellent quality. Plastination in laboratory rats complements undergraduate and postgraduate anatomy studies perfectly. Also, radiology and surgery may benefit from this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: BALB/C//BIOULA mice are used in experiments studying parasites of the Mexican Leishmania species, determining IgG concentrations. Previous studies have shown that mice parasitized with Syphacia obvelata present high titers of IgG. The aim of this study was to determine if there is synergism in the immunological response of BALB/C//BIOULA mice with combined parasitism. Materials and methods: The animals were divided into four groups: Group A, without parasites; Group B, parasitized with Syphacia obvelata; Group C, with Mexican Leishmania; and Group D, with combined parasitism. Over two months, the mice were monitored using growth curves, coproparasitological diagnosis, and hematological and antibody titer evaluation through ELISA. Results: The growth curves indicated that mice with combined parasitism gained less weight and size, and possessed the highest quantity of Syphacia obvelata eggs and adult parasites. Statistically significant differences were found in the values of hematological parameters, and measurement of IgG concentration also showed that the highest quantity of IgG units occurred for sera of mice with combined parasitism. Conclusions: the results of the growth curves, the hematological tests and the IgG titers confirmed that there is a synergism in the response of rats parasitized with Syphacia obvelata and Mexican Leishmania. This may lead to false positive results when researchers conduct experiments with Mexican Leishmania on mice that are parasitized with Syphacia obvelata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los métodos usados para el genotipeo de los animales de laboratorio incluye el aislamiento del ácido Dexosirribonucleíco (ADN) de biopsias de tejido, seguidas de la amplificación mediante la técnica de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (RCP). Es importante para el desarrollo de esta técnica, poder contar con un molde de ADN de óptima calidad. La bibliografía reporta distintos métodos de extracción de diferentes tipos de tejidos, algunos basados en la hidrólisis con proteinasas, otros en exposición a ultrasonidos y otros usando detergentes o álcalis. Los métodos que utilizan la hidrólisis con proteinasas tienen como principio básico el uso de la proteinasa K, la cual digiere proteínas y remueve contaminantes a partir de las preparaciones de ácidos nucleicos. En este trabajo se propone la sustitución de la proteinasa K por la enzima Bromelina, la cual es una enzima digestiva proteolítica que contiene azufre y que es extraída del tallo y fruta de la piña (Ananas comosus(L) Merr. Bromeliáceas). El ensayo realizado permitió obtener un ADN de alta calidad, con una relación de absorbancia de 1,6-1,9, tanto para el ADN extraído de tejido de piel de oreja de ratón como de rata, encontrándose bandas en las pruebas de electroforesis de aproximadamente 23 Kb., bien definidas. El ADN extraído del tejido de oreja, tanto de ratón como de rata, fue probado para amplificar microsatélites mediante la técnica de la RCP. Los resultados obtenidos permiten proponer el uso de esta enzima como alternativa en la purificación de ADN, abaratando el proceso.

El conocimiento de las posibles puertas de entrada al organismo de agentes infecciosos es fundamental, entre otras cosas, para la adopción de las medidas profilácticas más adecuadas en cada caso. Las micosis y en especial las profundas sistémicas, por su intrínseca gravedad, no escapan a esta norma. En el caso de la puerta de entrada pulmonar se recurrió clásicamente y en primer lugar a la clínica acompañada de estudios paraclínicos como la radiología y las pruebas cutáneas de hipersensibilidad retardada con los antígenos correspondientes. Por su parte, las investigaciones experimentales en animales de laboratorio han sido reconocidas como herramientas relevantes en el mismo sentido. El presente trabajo lleva a cabo un encare de conjunto de experimentos realizados en ratones en Uruguay para investigar la viabilidad de la puerta de entrada respiratoria en la paracoccidioidomicosis, criptococosis y esporotricosis. Esos estudios, pioneros en la materia, han resultado importantes para la aceptación hoy día por todos los autores de la vía de entrada pulmonar habitual tanto en la criptococosis como en la paracoccidioidomicosis, así como de la posibilidad de la misma en casos de esporotricosis pulmonar seguidos muchas veces de generalización hemática.

This article reviews the treatment of research with laboratory animals as contained in Draft Legislation 222 of the Colombian Senate. The bill is compared with international norms, such as the ICLAS guidelines, the ETS 123 of the European Union and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. Finally, the main limitations of the bill are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment and alleviation of distrés, pain and suffering represent an important opportunity to improve the welfare of laboratory animals. The requirement to reduce suffering to a minimum is widely recognized and is central to many laws that regulate animal experimentation. This review gives a general introduction to these issues for users researches of animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A temporally defined schedule of delayed reinforcement was used to establish lever pressing by rats. A constant 8 s Td subinterval was introduced at different temporal locations into reinforcement cycle (64 s). The first response during Td produced reinforcement at the end of the cycle. Varying the temporal location of Td generated reinforcement delays of either 8 s, 24 s or 56 s. Three rats each were assigned to different delay duration. Response rates were considerably lower when Td was at the beginning of the cycle (56 s) than when the opportunity to respond was at the middle (24 s) and its end (8 s). The results are discussed focusing in the response rates and the convenience of responses per reinforcement proportion as an effectiveness acquisition measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the variations of water availability through the manipulation of Ť values, under different signaling conditions of subcycles, maintaining constant the water delivery probability (P). Data from this study show that in some rats were observed an increase in the frequency response associated with varying Ť. There were no systematic effects related to signals in subcycles. We analyze the functional difference between P and Ť and its relationship with the frequency and temporal distribution of response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce consistently the risks of contamination in the production of laboratory animals, the use of adequate facilities, standardized work procedures, validated production processes, quality assurance programs and documentation systems assuring a process based on the Good Manufacturing and Laboratory Practices guidelines is necessary. In this work, the Quality Assurance Programs for the certification and acceptance of laboratory animals at CENPALAB (National Center for the Breeding of Laboratory Animals): Cleaning and Desinfection Program, Environmental Monitoring Program, Staff Monitoring Program and Microbiological and Genetic Monitoring to the animals and Microbiological and Bromatological to the concentrated foods are described. The establishment of these programs allows to have useful document for the Quality Assurance System in the center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as goal to analyze the ethics of the care and use of experimental biomodels known as "laboratory animals". It does not pretend to establish a unique model, but to describe the items to be considered by institutions which produce, maintain and use laboratory animals for academic and/or productive purposes, in order to establish an institutional program for the care and use of animals with the highest scientist, technical and ethical standards. In the same way, it reviews the public perception on the topic and the ethical concerns about the use of laboratory animals in scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertiginous advance of the scientific technical revolution and the use not always rational and ethical of animals in research, has provoked that many researchers worry about the future of animal species used, which has been the topic of many studies in the last decade. Multiple regulations have been formulated and the application of ethical principles in research has been considered. This paper considers the use of alternative methods in research with animals whenever possible, reviews the principle of the three Rs and other related aspects and reflect on the responsibilities of the scientist with the end product of his/her results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the paper consisted of the evaluation of the economic impact and the water microbiological quality, by applying ozone disinfection. This technology has been installed in water bottled industry, as well as in facilities for the breeding of pathogenic germ-free animals located in the National Center of Laboratory Animal Production and in the Genetic and Biotechnology Engineering Center facilities, where the laboratory animals remain during different drugs evaluation. A procedure to estimate the applied ozone dose and the dissolved ozone concentration at the contact column exit was used. The use of a single contact stage in the practice was valid. The ozone applied in the water treatment as in the bottling of water, as in production units of laboratory animals has a high economic and technical feasibility as compared to other treatments. Ozone guarantees efficient water disinfection. An appropriate treatment for the elimination of microbiological contamination for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water bottled industry was not found. However, the water ozonization during the bottling process and sanitizing the plant lines, with a high dissolved ozone concentration, provides an adequate disinfection. The conventional thermal water treatment used for the consumption of laboratory animals is difficult and very expensive, being the annual production cost of the ozone treatment around seven times cheaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aotus is a nocturnal neotropical primate used as an experimental model in biomedical research. In 1979, the Center for Primate Reproduction and Conservation, Peruvian Project of Primatology (CRCP-PPP, initials in Spanish) in Iquitos, Peru, started rearing Aotus nancymae and A. vociferans in captivity. Achieving high offspring survival was one of the objectives. This study classifies and describes mortality of one-day to seven-month olds from 1988 through 2002 at CRCP. The information was obtained from the necropsy protocols conducted in A. nancymae (92=9%) and A. vociferans (67=16%), over a total of 1453 births (1033 A. nancymae and 420 A. vociferans). Mortality was due to pneumonias (37%) occurring from one week through one month of age in both species; gastrointestinal processes (26%), affecting offspring from one to four months of age from both species; parent rejection (18%), multiple-trauma observed in offspring one day to one month of age from both species; malnutrition (15%) starting at one month old in offspring of both species; undetermined causes (10%) and disorders of other systems (3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se evaluó la efectividad del método Túnel y se comparó con la técnica convencional de hematoxilina-eosina. Se estudió por ambas técnicas la histopatología de un carcinoma epidermoide y se observó que el método Túnel redujo los índices de apoptosisThe effectiviness of the TUNEL method was evaluated and compared with that of the conventional hematoxylineosin technique. The histopathology of a squamous cell carcinoma was studied by using both techniques and it was observed that the TUNEL method reduced the apoptosis indices

La corriente eléctrica directa (CED) ha sido utilizada en el tratamiento de tumores sólidos. Se realizó este estudio para demostrar el efecto antitumoral de ésta en un fibrosarcoma Sa-37 mediante hallazgos tumorales y peritumorales. Se le aplicaron 5 mA durante 30 min a un grupo de tumores, a través de electrodos de platino insertados en ellos. A otro grupo no se les suministró CED. Se observó una respuesta inflamatoria aguda y un retardo en los crecimientos en los tumores tratados con respecto a los no tratados. Se concluyó que la CED tiene una acción retardadora en el crecimiento de los tumores tratados por los altos porcentajes de necrosis inducidos en éstos y la estimulación del sistema inmune.Direct electric current (DEC) has been used in the treatment of the solid tumors. The aim of this study is demonstrate the antitumoral effect of it on a fibrosarcome Sa-37 through tumor and peritumoral findings. 5 mA during 30 minutes to a tumors group was applied through platinum electrodes inserted into it. Another group of tumors it not was applied DEC. It was observed in the treated tumors with respect to the untreated an acute inflammatory response and a growth delay of it. It was concluded that DEC has a delay action in the treated tumors growth due to the necrosis percentage high induced into the tumor and the stimulation of the immune system.

Los modelos animales que se utilizan en las investigaciones sobre el tiroides ayudan al estudio de los mecanismos patogénicos que conducen a la presentación de los desórdenes de esta glándula, dan la oportunidad de explorar nuevos tratamientos y formas de prevención. El objetivo de este trabajo fue brindar una información detallada sobre los biomodelos de enfermedades que afectan el tiroides, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, que comprenda los que se obtienen de forma espontánea o inducida, exponiendo los factores ambientales que influyen sobre ellos. En conclusión, se expresaron las ventajas que ofrecen estos biomodelos para los investigadores que se dedican a estudiar esta rama de la endocrinología, aunque no constituyan un reflejo exacto de lo que ocurre en el hombre y no necesariamente reúnan todas las características distintivas de la patología tiroidea en cuestión.The animal models used in the investigations on thyroid help to study the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the appearance of disorders of this gland, and give the opportunity to find new treatments and ways of prevention. The objective of this paper was to provide a detailed information on the biomodels of diseases affecting the thyroid, starting from a bibliographic review on this topic, including those obtained in a spontaneous or induced way, and explaining the environmental factors influencing them. To conclude, the advantages of these biomodels for the researchers devoted to study this branch of endocrinology were stressed, although they are not an exact reflex of what happens in man and they do not necessarily have all the distinctive features of thyroid pathology.

Se sabe que los modelos animales utilizados en las investigaciones sobre la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), ayudan al estudio de los mecanismos patogénicos que conducen a la presentación de esta enfermedad, acompañada de severa o moderada hiperglucemia, intolerancia a la glucosa y otras alteraciones metabólicas relacionadas con la misma, y dan la oportunidad de explorar nuevos tratamientos y formas de prevenir estos cuadros morbosos. Se brindó información detallada sobre los biomodelos de la DM2, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, que comprendió los que se originan espontáneamente y los que se logran de forma inducida. Se expusieron los factores ambientales que influyen sobre los mismos, y se describieron aquellos en los que se pueden presentar complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus no insulinodependiente. Se concluyó que estos biomodelos contribuyen al estudio de los mecanismos que originan esa afección y son de gran utilidad para los investigadores de esta rama de la Endocrinología, aunque no constituyan un reflejo exacto de esta enfermedad en el hombre.It is known that the animal models used in the research of type 2 diabetes mellitus help to study the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the presentation of this disease, accompanied of severe or moderate hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance and other metabolic alterations related to it, and give the opportunity to explore new treatments and ways of preventing these morbid clinical pictures. Detailed information is given on the biomodels of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on a bibliographic review made on this topic that included those which are spontaneously originated and the ones obtained in an induced way. The environmental factors influencing on them are explained and the biomodels that may present chronic complications of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus are also described. It was concluded that these biomodels contribute to the study of the mechanisms causing this affection and are very useful for researchers in this field of Endocrinology, although they are not an exact reflex of this disease in man.

Se realizó la evaluación del posible efecto irritante de un formulado (RLV) que se empleará como desodorante y que contiene como principio activo la hexamina, la cual es empleada como antiséptico urinario. Este formulado se aplicó por vía oftálmica en 6 conejos de la raza Nueva Zelandia, durante 7 días. Las valoraciones se basan en las observaciones macroscópicas de los posibles efectos adversos que se presentan en las estructuras oculares. Para esta evaluación nos basamos en el método propuesto por Draize, así como las guías de la OECD, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos la forma farmacéutica elaborada a una concentración del 3 % para el desodorante, no ocasiona irritación en las estructuras oculares.An evaluation of the possible irritant effect of a formulation (RLV) that will be used as a deodorant and whose active principle is hexamine, which is utilized as a urinary antiseptic, was made. This formulation was applied by ophthalmic route to 6 New Zealand breed rabbits during 7 days. The assessments take into consideration the macroscopic observations of the possible adverse effects that occur in the ocular structures. This evaluation is based on the method proposed by Draize, as well as on the guidelines of the OECD. According to the results obtained, the pharmaceutical form prepared at a concentration of 3 % for the deodorant does not cause irritation of the ocular structures.

El Amytal, producto norteamericano de síntesis, es un derivado del Barbital, o ácido dietilbarbitúrico, del cual proviene por sustitución en su fórmula química, de uno de los grupos Etil por uno Iso-amil.

Resumo Objetivando avaliar projetos submetidos ao Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais em relação ao uso de analgesia em cirurgia experimental, este trabalho avaliou 106 projetos, coletando as seguintes informações: metodologia do procedimento cirúrgico, utilização de analgesia, justificativa do não uso de analgésico e aplicação do grau de invasividade. Dos projetos avaliados, 64,2% empregaram técnica cirúrgica. Destes, 65,6% não utilizaram analgesia no pós-operatório, sendo a principal justificativa a de que o analgésico poderia alterar os resultados; em 17%, empregou-se a classificação de grau de invasividade de forma irregular. Assim, o estímulo e a divulgação dos conhecimentos relacionados a analgesia devem partir tanto dos comitês responsáveis quanto do corpo de pesquisadores.