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Organizational research generally does not use experiments or multivariate analysis to verify propositions. This paper indicates four types of designs that characterize such research. Suggestions are advanced for each type of design, which would improve the logical rigor of such research and thus provide better propositions for verification by means of experiments and multivariate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This part of the paper introduces some possible implementations of Self-Scaling Variable Metric algorithms based on the theory presented in Part I. These implementations are analyzed theoretically and discussed qualitatively. A special class of SSVM algorithms is introduced, which has the additional property of being invariant under scaling of the objective function or of the variables. Experimental results are provided for a particular case of this class. This case has been tested in comparison to the DFP algorithm on a variety of functions with up to 50 variables. The results indicate that the new method has substantial advantage for functions with a large number of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a critique of a study by Robert Ortner called "The Concept of Yield on Common Stock," which appears in this journal. The author discusses the benefits of using quantitative research techniques, as Ortner does, to analyze financial data. According to the article, one benefit of Ortner's method is that he is able to create a stock price forecast based on a number of assumptions. However, the author finds fault with Ortner's use of a mathematical formula for rate of return and how an investor will behave given corporate earnings.

In this paper, we investigate the stability problem in a purely qualitative environment, i.e., we assume that no quantitative information is available to the economist. (This is perhaps not quite correct, since we interpret the term purely qualitative to refer to a knowledge of the signs (-, +, 0) of the entries in certain matrices and vectors, so that 0 is treated as a sign, not as a quantitative magnitude.) In Samuelson's use of the correspondence principle, stability is hypothesized and the consequences for comparative statics are then investigated. In this use of stability analysis, the assumption of stability might well—in fact, usually does—involve introducing additional quantitative information concerning the characteristics of the system under study, in addition to any qualitative information the economist is assumed to possess. On the other hand, the analysis of the present paper is concerned with a much less complex problem, since we are going to treat our assumption of a purely qualitative environment very strictly—stability, if and when it occurs, must be qualitative stability, i.e., stability determined solely by the sign patterns (and not the quantitative magnitudes) of the elements of the matrices with which we deal. As a consequence of this, the comparative statics theorems that will be presented are derived under conditions such that stability is guaranteed, not assumed. As the language of the above paragraphs has perhaps indicated, we will be concerned in what follows with investigating the local stability properties of an economic system (Samuelson's "stability of the first kind in the small"), for a particular dynamic adjustment mechanism, i.e., a tâtonnement mechanism. The far more complicated problems associated with global stability are not considered. Section 2 of the paper states the characteristics of the model we will employ; section 3 states the basic theorem of the paper relating to qualitative stability giving necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix of signs to be stable; section 4 relates qualitative stability to the presence of comparative statics information, and section 5 contains some comments on applications of the concept of qualitative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on a solution for comparative static problems in which qualitative information is available but quantitative information is not. An additional property of the technique set out in the study can be incorporated directly into the system. The solution technique has been organized in the form of an algorithm, devised for maximum efficiency in use. The solution algorithm is designed to determine the sign pattern or patterns of the solution of a system of linear equations Ax = 0 where the signs of the elements of the matrix A are known but the numerical values are unspecified. The algorithm follows definite steps. The algorithm can be used to examine whether a determinant is invariant in sign with respect to changes in the numerical values of its elements.

The article discusses the use of group interviewing as a marketing research tool. In 1951 a study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the practice. Personal interviews were utilized in the study. Group interviewing was found to conserve both time and money as compared with mailed questionnaires. It was also seen as a more effective way to standardize controls. Group interviews appeared to decrease interviewer bias. Overall the group interviewing tactic proved successful according to researchers.

This article discusses statistical methods for studying relations between two sets of variable when each set contains more than one variable. Research results on canonical variate analysis and related techniques are presented. The author explores several statistical techniques for studying different questions about the relations between two sets of variables, and specifies how each technique is most appropriately used. Four specific measures are discussed regarding the similarity between two sets of variables. These measures are based on the sizes of the canonical correlations between the sets.

The article presents some notes on multiplier theory. According to the author this theory may be regarded as the specification of a set of relationships which the econometrist is to measure, or alternatively as of purely qualitative significance, its purpose being to explain one aspect of the determination of national income. In either context, the tendency in recent writings has been to develop a less aggregative approach as, for example, in the discussion of matrix multipliers. The author restates the static theory for an economy with a government and with foreign trade, and in order to achieve consistency with the social accounting approach makes a sharp distinction between firms and households. He analyses the effects on national income of changes in government spending and taxation without being confined to one type of tax and one type of spending. It is stated that the multiplier analysis of the determination of the level of national income is essentially a special case of general equilibrium theory, differing from it in respect of a number of simplifying assumptions.

Most so-called "theories" and "explanations" in the behavioral sciences tend to be formulated in qualitative terms which are often ill-defined. Hence, consequences can seldom be rigorously deduced from them, and those consequences that are extracted can seldom be conclusively tested. This paper reports the results of using a specifically designed research methodology to obtain and generalize a quantitative explanation of human behavior in multi-person, interactive games. The games are interactive in the sense that the payoff to one individual resulting from the selection of a particular strategy depends on the strategy selections of the other participants. In the early stages of this work the relevant independent variables were estimated by use of the subject's responses to a series of questions asked before his choice was made. Although these questions were formulated using operational definitions of the concepts, what they yielded were subjective measurements. The objective of the research, of which what is reported here is only a part, was to explain choices of individuals and groups in conflict situations.

Comments are made by the author on the article "Independence in Utility Theory With Whole Product Sets," by Peter C. Fishburn, published in a previous issue of the journal "Operations Research." This article relates to a matter of great national importance and as such should be carefully validated to avoid leading others into error. According to the author, Fishburn's article by title and major content deals with somewhat exotic concepts of utility and independence about which the author does not want to comment on. The author says that additive rating procedures are not generally applicable, for the reason that there would need to be some general logic not now available in support of their applicability. A more reasonable approach seems to be that a mathematical model should be constructed through which pertinent parameters are related to the attainment of an established objective. He says that in the general case, it seems reasonable that a valid rating procedure should begin with the definition of the objective in both qualitative and quantitative terms, and a mathematical model by which pertinent parameters are related to the attainment of the objective.

Characteristics of broad-aim programs are described, and it is argued that experimental design is inherently unsuitable for their evaluation. A qualitative study of development and change is proposed as an alternative. Aspects of such a qualitative study are discussed, including conceptual frameworks, ethical and value issues, and problems associated with data collection and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem is that of estimating the quantitative and qualitative character of the audience reading any given group of magazines. The tool for attacking this problem is factor analysis. Long used by psychologists and economists, this technique is well suited for a comprehensive approach to many marketing problems. The pairwise audience overlap for fifty-three magazines is analyzed for a nationwide sample of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of visual analysis in marketing research. Visual analysis refers to an exploratory technique used to identify significant factors of influence. An example of visual analysis is presented. The technique involves the use of cards representing one case or unit of observation. The cards are placed into categories based on the characteristics desired in the study. The cards are used to define patterns of characteristics. The researcher can use the cards to explore relationships.

Three considerations led to the decision to print in this form the material that follows. The first was the idea that the Academy of Management, among its purposes, should provide a FORUM for educators and others in the field to compare notes, have a constructive "go" at each-other and "talk out loud" on occasion on things that concern research (which is sometimes talked about more than done), teaching (which may well at times conflict with learning if we are to believe some of what we hear), and other activities of the profession (that may complete the reinforcing cycle to regenerate and strengthen the first two or make the first two nearly impossible.) (Should we not he concerned with the stated main purposes of our respective universities in a time when even they are hard put to maintain their integrities?) The second is the encouragement of dialogue across national and "business school" boundaries. The third is to dare to discuss with each other a somewhat sacred thing called "the" policy course! The first two items represent an American and an Italian observation. The third was an editorial response. Thereafter, the original writers were sharp enough to suggest that all three be printed. The editor then thought it might be appropriate to let someone else have a last word in a larger context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently developed techniques for traffic operational changes involving traffic signal control equipment are discussed Present practice is very largely based on intuition and qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis is limited because a general theory of traffic flow has not yet been developed Studies aimed at the eventual formulation of a theory of traffic flow are being conducted at the Road Research Laboratory (British), Brown University, the University of Michigan, and the University of California In combination with the flow theory the greatest promise appears to be in the simulation approach, some aspects of which are discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a clarification of the ordination's philosophy in ecology through theoretical examination of some of the more commonly used procedures and by proposing new method. Its discussions include: principal components analysis, minimization of quadratic loss functions, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and reference set methods. Based on findings, it proposes an improved metric that can utilize both quantitative and qualitative attributes. It also notes that some dangers of the uncritical use of principal components analysis are indicated and the classical reference stands methods for ordination are rejected.

The article presents a comparison between modern economics and the economic theory propounded by economist Alfred Marshall. It is noted that the present-day economics is inclined towards quantitative analysis while Marshall's economics was inclined towards qualitative analysis. The modern economic has ceased to lean against its methods from cognate fields of knowledge and now uses its own methods and terminology without accuracy. Marshall's economics, which was based on fundamental brainwork, has now been refined. Marshall viewed that the forces operative in the economic environment were known with an interdependency of functions. It is noted that the modern economics is a strong protest against all self-imposed functions that prohibit activity.

The relation between isolation and mental disorders in old age is analyzed to assess the prevalent assumption that age-linked isolation is an important correlate (if not cause) of mental illness in old age and to contribute to further understanding of social isolation in general. The sample consists of four subgroups drawn from the 1200 institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly persons who constitute the subjects of a series of studies in geriatric mental illness. Social, physical, and psychological characteristics of the four groups are analyzed quantitatively; qualitative analysis of case materials is used to trace the development of isolation and its relation to subjective and objective indicators of maladjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on problems of field work in planned communities. The dual entry and social location of a research team in a closed community are designed to take account of the local authority structure, in which management and residents may be at odds. Field observation after the fashion of the social anthropologist must be systematically checked through well-sampled field interviews. Without such check, initial hypotheses developed in the field generally prove sustained to an amazing and disquieting degree. Since immortality, even in the realm of ideas, is a singularly rare phenomenon and since it cannot be assumed that the field observer is invulnerable to error, statistical checks through mass interviewing have the merit of making for the occasional death of a hypothesis. According to their positions in the local social structure, informants prove variously co-operative in providing detailed data. Therefore, even when the population of informants is well-sampled, the bulk of qualitative data may come from a self-selected subgroup of the total sample.

The article focuses on the methodological analysis of feminism in relation to marital adjustment. The purpose here is to present a specific piece of middle-of-the-road research in its methodological setting. According to the author with the opposition of the qualitative and quantitative methodological camps, there tends to be a dissociation of criteria of scientific worth. Given this dissociation, a readily classified piece of scientific work may be judged only according to the criteria stressed in one methodological universe. There is ample evidence of growing awareness of the complementary relationship between quantitative and non-quantitative procedures. Quantitative and qualitative studies still tend to be evaluated within separate frameworks rather than by general criteria of scientific merit. While this dissociation exists throughout the entire sociological realm, illustrations may appropriately be restricted to studies of the family. The author presents an argument to mark the differences between these two sociological methods.

Until very recently the science of economics has been largely developed along the lines of metaphysical deductive reasoning from general observation, the conclusions reached have been principally based on qualitative methods, and the traditions of the science have tended toward a study and comparison of the theories and principles laid down by the great minds of the past, which are the basis of all our work, as of September 1926. The new application to economics of intensive inductive analysis, principally evidenced by the great development of statistical work, is distinctly an attempt to give the science a more definite basis and to solve its problems by so-called quantitative methods. It means a far-reaching endeavor to formulate the theories and principles of economics into concrete problems, and to attack them one by one, by intensive inductive methods, with a view to their definite solution. One of the best examples of evolutionary development of a science is astronomy. It is undoubtedly the oldest science and stands out as possibly the clearest and purest.

The article presents a qualitative study of depopulation in the Stonewall Magisterial rural district in Richmond County, Virginia, from 1900 to 1930. The effect of cityward migration upon the quality of the residual rural population is a matter of vital social significance. Yet, just as all rural areas are not alike, so the effects of migration are not everywhere the same. Broadly speaking, three types of rural areas may be distinguished. They are those adjacent to a small city, those affected by industrial development, and those remote from both city and industry. One single method of determining the qualitative nature of rural depopulation has been applied to each of these three types of rural locality. A different picture was found in each area, lending credence to the view that environmental influences largely determine the qualitative character of migration and its effects upon the residual rural population. It was revealed that Stonewall district is losing much of its better population. A new population, recruited from the lower classes is emerging.

Commentary is presented for the article "Limitations of the Scientific Method in Management Science," by Ernest H. Weinwurm, published in the April 1957 issue of the periodical "Management Science." The author notes that in his argument, Weinwurm disagrees with the philosophy of Merrill M. Flood, stated in his article "The Objective of TIMS," published in the January 1956 issue of "Management Science." Weinwurm believes that the nonquantitative factors involved in human relations need to be addressed.

Discusses the qualitative method participant observation, a research approach in which the major activity is characterized by a prolonged period of contact with subjects. Purpose of participant observation; Comparison between participant observer and observant participant; Need for systematic and complete field notes in the method.

This article presents a qualitative research on students who report emotional distress and have moral radical attitudes. The research was inspired by sociologist R.L. Kapur's discovery of an interesting change in the prevalence of reported emotional distress among students at Edinburgh University in Edinburgh, Scotland. Examining the relationship between radicalism and emotional distress the trend appears to be accepted as evidence of a genuine increase in the prevalence of emotional upset in the respective groups. This would imply that the distress is real, with individuals recognizing its presence by judging their emotional state against certain criteria, which had remained invariable over time and place. Alternatively, the reported differences are primarily due to changes in the propensity to report emotional upset students who simply have become less reluctant to confess to feelings of inadequacy, or their perception of what constitutes emotional distress. Emotional upset students altered feeling, a state which might have originally been designated morbid preoccupation is known as emotional disturbance. Alex Robertson

Analysis of references to the Voice of America (VOA) in Soviet media helps to throw light on the reactions of Communist officialdom to government's broadcasts. The analysis of official reactions was also expected to reveal something of the special sensitivities of the Soviet regime and its propagandists, and thereby lead to suggestions for the guidance of future American broadcast policy. Two main types of analysis were attempted with the textual references to the VOA culled from Soviet mass communication materials, a study of the general quantitative flow and differential distribution of references, essentially an examination of frequency of mention without regard to content and a study of the characteristics and the differential distribution of the content of the references to the VOA. Qualitative analysis was also called upon to supplement quantitative data. The use of standard subject categories and themes tended to yield, at best, only a very diffuse impression of the specific context of the Soviet attack on the VOA in any given period. This was in part a product of the fact that codes had of necessity to be general to incorporate the range of data, and in part a product of the fact that, once established, the codes had to be kept relatively constant to insure comparability from period to period.

Since the beginning of the social research, students have tried to combine the value of detailed qualitative applications with advantages of more formalized techniques which could be managed on a mass basis. A line along which such an integration could come about emerges. It is also invaluable at the end of a study for anyone who is not satisfied with the mere recording of the low correlations usually obtained. From the beginning, public opinion research has been badgered by the problem of "depth." Two philosophies of research have arisen, one wedded to the so-called depth interviewing, the other content with more objective methods of research. The author of this article is also the Director of Columbia University's Office of Radio Research, and a consultant on problems of public opinion research to various private and government organizations. His writings on radio research are well known.

This article discusses the needed research on the preceding chapters of the February 1960 issue of the journal "Review of Educational Research." The author of this article states that the materials of the preceding chapters point up the ever-present need for both quantitative and qualitative research in education. Many article are merely descriptive and informational. The number of hardcore research projects is small. All aspects of the adolescent need careful and thorough analysis. Finally the previous chapters needs a solid, theoretical framework of principles to guide readers in research in all dimensions.

Several methods of measuring attitudes of rural people have been used with varying degrees of confidence. Some researchers use only quantified scales while others rely most upon qualitative ratings. This article describes the validity and reliability of five qualitative ratings of attitudes toward housing four of which were specific verbal responses of interviewees. The fifth was a generalized rating of satisfactoriness of housing, which was made by the interviewer upon the basis of many specific responses both verbal and gestural. The four specific verbal responses are here regarded as independent ratings of housing satisfaction viewed from different perspectives. The data, which formed the basis for this report, were interview records concerning 517 homes selected to represent an approximate cross-section of housing in rural Pennsylvania. Qualitative ratings of attitudes toward housing were found by the tests, to be relatively valid and reliable. These results, however, should be considered suggestive rather than conclusive. Much remains to be done in the field of attitude testing of rural populations. Recent improvements in statistical tests of significance of qualitative classifications should prove helpful.

The article attempts to determine how a restrictive monetary policy affected the amounts, source, and cost of funds of sales finance and small loan companies. It is limited to the period between December 31, 1948 and June 30, 1934, which includes a period before and after the restrictive monetary situation from March 1951 to June 1933. Questionnaires were sent to one hundred companies to determine quantitatively and qualitatively what effect monetary policy had on their funds. Companies were segregated into sales finance and small loan groups, and then further broken down into size groups. As analysis of each division was made, qualitative and quantitative data were integrated to determine if variations were reactions to changing monetary policy. There was no discernible limitation in the total amount of funds used by these companies as an entity, but some companies were unable to get all the funds they wanted at rates they were willing to pay. This limitation was more than offset by the fact that larger companies could obtain additional funds at all times. The only possible limitation was of an indirect nature, caused by changes in terms of credit to the consumer, which were made under the influence of monetary policy.